Genworth Financial (GNW) 10-K2022 FY Annual report

Table of Contents

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “will” or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements we make relating to potential dividends or share repurchases; future return of capital by Enact Holdings, Inc. (“Enact Holdings”), including share repurchases, and quarterly and special dividends; the cumulative amount of rate action benefits required for our long-term care insurance business to achieve break-even; future financial performance and condition of our businesses, including confirmation from the government sponsored enterprises (“GSEs”) that Genworth has achieved two consecutive quarters of financial metrics to satisfy certain conditions to remove the GSEs’ restrictions placed on Enact Holdings and the impact to Genworth’s equity upon adopting new accounting guidance related to long-duration insurance contracts; liquidity and future strategic investments, including new senior care services and products; future business and financial performance of CareScout LLC (“CareScout”); as well as statements we make regarding the potential impacts of the coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”). Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions, which are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements due to global political, economic, inflation, business, competitive, market, regulatory and other factors and risks, including but not limited to, the items identified under “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors.” We therefore caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

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PART I

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires, “Genworth,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Genworth Financial, Inc. on a consolidated basis. References to “Genworth Financial” refer solely to Genworth Financial, Inc., and not to any of its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

Genworth Financial, through its principal insurance subsidiaries, offers mortgage and long-term care insurance products. Genworth Financial is the parent company of Enact Holdings, a leading provider of private mortgage insurance in the United States through its mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Genworth Financial’s U.S. life insurance subsidiaries offer long-term care insurance and also manage in-force blocks of life insurance and annuity products which are no longer sold.

On September 20, 2021, Genworth Financial, through its wholly owned subsidiary Genworth Holdings, Inc. (“Genworth Holdings”) completed a minority initial public offering (“IPO”) of 18.4% of Enact Holdings. The minority IPO resulted in Enact Holdings becoming a newly created public company traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market exchange under the ticker symbol “ACT.” Genworth Financial maintains control of Enact Holdings through an indirect majority voting interest and accordingly, Enact Holdings remains a consolidated subsidiary of Genworth Financial in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Enact segment predominantly includes Enact Holdings and its mortgage insurance subsidiaries. There are minor financial reporting differences between our Enact segment and the standalone financial results of Enact Holdings, which are separately disclosed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Notwithstanding these differences, we commonly make references to “Enact,” our “Enact segment” and our “U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries” throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which generally can be viewed as references to Enact Holdings and its mortgage insurance subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.

We report our business results through three operating business segments: Enact; U.S. Life Insurance (which includes our long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed annuities businesses); and Runoff (which includes the results of non-strategic products which have not been actively sold since 2011). In addition to our three operating business segments, we also have Corporate and Other activities which include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are reported outside of our operating segments, including certain international mortgage insurance businesses and discontinued operations.

Item 1. Business

Strategic Priorities

In 2022, we achieved one of our strategic priorities, reducing the debt of Genworth Holdings, the issuer of our outstanding public debt, to approximately $1.0 billion. During 2022, Genworth Holdings repurchased $130 million and early redeemed the remaining $152 million principal amount of its debt due in 2024 and repurchased $13 million of its debt due in 2034, reducing its total outstanding indebtedness to $887 million. We may be willing to further reduce Genworth Holdings’ debt if we have excess liquidity and Genworth Holdings’ debt is trading at attractive market prices. In addition, although still subject to GSE confirmation, we believe we have met the conditions associated with certain restrictions imposed by the GSEs on Enact and expect the restrictions to be lifted in early 2023, see “—Regulation—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Other U.S. Regulation and Agency Qualification Requirements” for additional details. The removal of the GSE restrictions is an important milestone that eliminates the more stringent capital requirements imposed by the GSE restrictions and allows for equal competition with Enact’s peers. We believe these achievements have improved our financial position and flexibility to invest in our growth initiatives and return capital to shareholders.

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Genworth remains focused on its remaining four strategic priorities:

Given the significant improvement in the results of operations and financial position of Genworth Financial and its subsidiaries, and the reduction of Genworth Holdings’ debt, on May 2, 2022, Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which Genworth Financial may repurchase up to $350 million of its outstanding Class A common stock. Pursuant to the program, Genworth Financial repurchased 16,173,196 shares of its common stock at an average price of $3.94 per share for a total cost of $64 million during 2022. Given we have reduced Genworth Holdings’ debt to below $1.0 billion and believe we have met the GSE conditions, we intend to accelerate the pace of share repurchases in 2023. However, the timing and number of future shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors, including stock price, trading volume, and general business and market conditions. The authorization has no expiration date and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time.

Enact Holdings initiated a quarterly dividend program in 2022 and paid a special dividend during the fourth quarter of 2022. In addition, on November 1, 2022, Enact Holdings authorized a share repurchase program under which it may repurchase up to $75 million of its outstanding common stock. Genworth Holdings has agreed to participate in order to maintain its overall ownership at its current level. Enact Holdings began share repurchases under the program in the fourth quarter of 2022. As the majority shareholder, Genworth Holdings received $206 million from these capital returns in 2022. We expect these returns of capital, along with the redemption of Genworth Holdings’ February 2024 debt, to provide greater free cash flow to deploy towards Genworth growth and shareholder return initiatives. These improvements to our liquidity and financial flexibility also led to issuer credit rating upgrades of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings in February 2023 by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and during 2022 by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”), Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) and S&P, which we believe is important to enhancing our competitiveness and financing capabilities.

Stabilizing our U.S. life insurance business continues to be one of Genworth’s long-term goals. We will continue to execute this objective primarily through our multi-year long-term care insurance in-force rate action plan. Premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on our long-term care insurance policies are critical to the business. We continue to manage our U.S. life insurance business on a standalone basis. Accordingly, the U.S. life insurance business will continue to rely on its consolidated statutory capital, significant claim and future policy benefit reserves, prudent management of its in-force blocks and actuarially justified in-force rate actions on its long-term care insurance policies to satisfy policyholder obligations. Our U.S. life insurance business continued to make progress on its multi-year long-term care insurance in-force rate action plan, receiving approvals of approximately $549 million of incremental annual premiums for the year ended December 31, 2022. Of that aggregate amount, we are awaiting the final disposition of a small number of the approvals as we work through implementation mechanics. In aggregate, we estimate that the cumulative economic benefit of our long-term care insurance multi-year in-force rate action plan through 2022 was approximately $23.5 billion on a net present value basis, of the total expected amount required of $30.3 billion as of December 31, 2022. We continue to work closely with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) and state regulators to demonstrate the broad-based need for actuarially justified rate increases and associated benefit reductions in order to pay future claims.

In terms of our longer-term priorities, we are focused on advancing Genworth’s senior care growth initiatives, including through fee-based services, advice, consulting and other products offered by CareScout, an indirect subsidiary of Genworth Financial. We see meaningful opportunities to provide these services to address the needs of elderly Americans, as well as their caregivers and families. CareScout’s first focus area will be in fee-based services. A piloted launch is expected to occur in the first half of 2023 focused initially on Genworth’s existing long-term care insurance policyholders. The fee-based services will include a digital platform, where we

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hope to curate a broad marketplace that matches consumers’ long-term care needs with a network of preferred providers. CareScout has been a market leader in providing long-term care assessments and care support through a network of clinicians nationwide. We will seek to further invest in CareScout’s existing clinical assessments business, where we see attractive opportunities for growth. As we expand the business, there may be other potential future growth opportunities, namely options that assist in funding long-term care needs and expanding CareScout’s products and services to international markets. We see potential in CareScout and believe it will play a vital role in our senior care growth strategy. During 2022, we invested approximately $20 million in CareScout and intend to make additional investments in 2023 to develop our care services business and clinical assessment capabilities. Genworth will strive to maintain a disciplined approach in its capital allocation strategy going forward, balancing investments in growth initiatives with returning value to shareholders.

Enact

Through Enact Holdings and its mortgage insurance subsidiaries, we have been providing private mortgage insurance products and services in the United States since 1981 and operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Enact is engaged in the business of writing and assuming residential mortgage guaranty insurance. The insurance covers a portion of the unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans where the loan amount exceeds 80% of the value of the home (“low down payment mortgages” or “high loan-to-value mortgages”) and protects lenders and investors against certain losses resulting from nonpayment of loans secured by mortgages, deeds of trust, or other instruments constituting a first lien on residential real estate. Private mortgage insurance facilitates the sale of mortgages to the secondary market, including to private investors as well as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government-sponsored enterprises and are collectively referred to as the “GSEs.” Credit protection and liquidity through secondary market sales allow mortgage lenders to increase their lending capacity, manage risk and expand financing access to prospective homeowners, many of whom are first time home buyers. At present, mortgage insurance products are primarily geared towards secondary market sales to the GSEs. Enact’s mortgage insurance products predominantly insure prime-based, individually underwritten residential mortgage loans.

The overall U.S. residential mortgage market encompasses both primary and secondary markets. The primary market consists of lenders originating home loans to borrowers to support home purchases, which are referred to as purchase originations, and loans made to refinance existing mortgages, which are referred to as refinancing originations. The secondary market includes institutions buying and selling mortgages in the form of whole loans or securitized assets, such as mortgage-backed securities. The GSEs are the largest participants in the secondary mortgage market, buying residential mortgages from banks and other primary lenders as part of their governmental mandate to provide liquidity and stability in the U.S. housing finance system.

The GSE charters generally require credit enhancement for low down payment mortgages to be eligible for purchase by the GSEs. Such credit enhancement can be satisfied if a loan is insured by a GSE-qualified insurer, the mortgage seller retains at least a 10% participation in the loan, or the seller agrees to repurchase or replace the loan in the event of a default. Private mortgage insurance satisfies the GSEs’ credit enhancement requirement and historically has been the preferred method lenders have utilized to meet this GSE charter requirement. As a result, the nature of the private mortgage insurance industry in the United States is driven in large part by the business practices and mortgage insurance requirements of the GSEs. In furtherance of their respective charter requirements, each GSE maintains eligibility criteria to establish when a mortgage insurer is qualified to issue coverage that will be acceptable to the GSEs for their portfolio. For more information about the financial and other requirements of the GSEs for Enact Holdings and its mortgage insurance subsidiaries, see “—Regulation—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Other U.S. Regulation and Agency Qualification Requirements.”

Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our Enact segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Enact segment.”

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Products and services

Enact offers the following mortgage insurance products:

Primary mortgage insurance

Substantially all of Enact’s policies are primary mortgage insurance, which provides protection on individual loans at specified coverage percentages. Primary mortgage insurance is placed on individual loans at the time of origination and is typically delivered to Enact on a loan-by-loan basis. Primary mortgage insurance can also be delivered to Enact on an aggregated basis, whereby each mortgage in a given loan portfolio is insured in a single transaction after the point of origination.

Customers who purchase primary mortgage insurance select a specific coverage level for each insured loan. A customer may choose the coverage percentage established by a GSE in order to be eligible for purchase by that particular GSE or for loans not sold to the GSEs, the customer determines its desired coverage percentage. Generally, Enact’s risk across all policies written is approximately 25% of the underlying primary insurance in-force, but may vary from policy to policy, typically between 6% and 35% coverage. The loan amount and coverage percentage determine Enact’s risk in-force on each insured loan.

Enact files premium rates, as required, with the insurance departments of U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Premium rates cannot be changed after the issuance of coverage. Premium payments for primary mortgage insurance coverage are typically made by the borrower and are referred to as borrower-paid mortgage insurance. Loans for which premiums are paid by the lender are referred to as lender-paid mortgage insurance. In either case, the payment of premium to Enact is generally the responsibility of the insured. Premiums are generally calculated as a percentage of the original principal balance and may be paid on a monthly or annual basis, as a single premium paid at the time of mortgage origination or split, where an initial lump sum premium is paid at the time of mortgage origination in addition to subsequent monthly payments.

Pool mortgage insurance

Pool mortgage insurance transactions provide coverage on a finite set of individual loans identified by the pool policy. Pool policies contain coverage percentages and provisions limiting the insurer’s obligation to pay claims until a threshold amount is reached (known as a “deductible”) or capping the insurer’s potential aggregate liability for claims payments (known as a “stop loss”) or a combination of both provisions. Pool mortgage insurance is typically used to provide additional credit enhancement for certain secondary market mortgage transactions. Pool insurance generally covers the excess of the loss on a defaulted mortgage loan that exceeds the claim payment under the primary coverage, if such loan has primary coverage, as well as the total loss on a defaulted mortgage loan that did not have primary coverage. In another variation, generally referred to as modified pool insurance, policies are structured to include both an exposure limit for each individual loan, as well as an aggregate loss limit or a deductible for the entire pool. Currently, Enact has an insignificant amount of pool insurance in-force.

Enact also performs fee-based contract underwriting services for its customers. Contract underwriting services provide customers outsourced scalable capacity to underwrite mortgage loans. Enact’s underwriters can underwrite the loan on behalf of its customers for both investor compliance and mortgage insurance, thus reducing duplicative activities and increasing Enact’s ability to write mortgage insurance for these loans. Under contract underwriting agreement terms, Enact agrees to indemnify its customers against losses incurred in the event it makes material errors in determining whether loans underwritten by its contract underwriters meet specified underwriting or purchase criteria, subject to contractual limitations. As a result, Enact assumes credit and processing risk in connection with its contract underwriting services.

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Underwriting and pricing

Enact establishes and maintains underwriting guidelines based on its risk appetite. Enact’s guidelines require borrowers to have a verified capacity and willingness to support their obligation and a well-supported valuation of the collateral. Enact’s underwriting guidelines incorporate credit eligibility requirements that, among other things, limit its coverage to mortgages that meet its thresholds with respect to borrower Fair Isaac Company (“FICO”) scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, documentation requirements and maximum debt-to-income ratios. All loans must pass through its eligibility rules to ensure proper discharge of loans not meeting its guidelines and to maintain thorough underwriting standards.

Enact’s underwriting guidelines are largely consistent with those of the GSEs. Many of its customers use the GSEs’ automated loan underwriting systems for making credit determinations. Enact generally accepts the underwriting decisions and documentation requirements made by the GSEs’ underwriting systems, subject to its review as well as certain limitations and requirements.

FICO developed the FICO credit scoring model to calculate a score based upon a borrower’s credit history. Enact uses the FICO credit score as one indicator of a borrower’s credit quality. Typically, a borrower with a higher credit score has a lower likelihood of defaulting on a loan. FICO credit scores range up to 850, with a score of 620 or more generally viewed as a “prime” loan and a score below 620 generally viewed as a “sub-prime” loan. Generally, “A minus” loans are loans where the borrowers have FICO credit scores between 575 and 660 and have a blemished credit history. The weighted average FICO score of Enact’s primary insurance in-force was 743 as of December 31, 2022.

Loan applications for primary mortgage insurance are either directly reviewed by Enact (or its contract underwriters), or as noted below, by lenders under delegated authority. In either case automated underwriting systems may be utilized. For non-delegated underwriting, customers submit loan files to Enact and Enact individually underwrites each application to determine whether it will insure the loan. Enact uses its mortgage insurance underwriting system to perform non-delegated underwriting evaluations, and its underwriting staff is dispersed throughout the United States. In addition to its employees, Enact uses domestically based, contract underwriters to assist with underwriting capacity and drive efficiency.

Enact delegates to eligible lender customers the ability to underwrite mortgage insurance based on its delegated underwriting guidelines. To perform delegated underwriting, customers must be approved by Enact’s risk management team. Enact regularly performs quality assurance reviews on a statistically significant sample of delegated loans to assess compliance with its guidelines. Enact also offers a post-closing underwriting review when requested by customers for both non-delegated and delegated loans. Upon satisfactory completion of this review, Enact agrees to waive its right to rescind coverage under certain circumstances.

Pricing is highly competitive in the mortgage insurance industry, with industry participants competing for market share, customer relationships and overall value. Recent pricing trends have introduced an increasing number of loan, borrower, lender and property attributes, resulting in expanded granularity in pricing and a shift from traditional published rate cards to dynamic pricing engines that better align price and risk. Enact’s risk-based pricing engine was developed to evaluate returns and volatility under both the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (“PMIERs”) capital framework and its internal economic capital framework, which is sensitive to economic cycles and current housing market conditions. The model assesses the performance of new business under expected and stress scenarios on an individualized loan basis, which is used to determine pricing and inform risk tolerance and seeks to optimize economic value by balancing return and volatility.

Enact seeks to charge premium rates commensurate with the underlying risk of each loan insured. Enact’s proprietary pricing platform provides a more flexible, granular and analytical approach to selecting and pricing risk and its use allows Enact to adjust its risk tolerance by quickly changing prices in response to evolving economic conditions, new analytical insights or industry pricing trends.

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Loss mitigation

Enact’s loss mitigation and claims department is led by seasoned personnel who are supported by default tracking and claims processing capabilities within their integrated platform. Enact’s loss mitigation staff is also actively engaged with the GSEs and servicers regarding appropriate servicing and loss mitigation practices. Enact has granted loss mitigation delegation to the GSEs and servicers, whereby they perform certain loss mitigation efforts on Enact’s behalf. Moreover, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (“CFPB”) mortgage servicing rule obligates servicers to engage in early intervention and loss mitigation efforts with a borrower prior to foreclosure. These efforts have traditionally involved loan modifications intended to enable qualified borrowers to make restructured loan payments or sell the property, thereby potentially reducing claim amounts. Borrower forbearance plans offered by the GSEs, including as a result of COVID-19, allow deferred or reduced payments for borrowers experiencing financial hardship under certain circumstances. At the conclusion of the forbearance term, a borrower may either bring the loan current, defer any missed payments until the end of the loan, or modify the loan through a repayment plan or extension of the mortgage term. Enact’s goal is to keep borrowers in their homes. If a loan becomes delinquent, Enact works closely with the customer, investor and servicer to attempt to cure the delinquency and allow the homeowner to retain ownership of the property.

Claims result from delinquencies that are not cured, or from losses on short sales, other third-party sales or deeds-in-lieu of foreclosure that Enact approves. Under the terms of Enact’s primary insurance master policy, customers are required to file claims within 60 days of the earliest of: (i) the date the customer acquired title to the underlying property (typically through foreclosure); (ii) the date of an approved short sale (or other third-party sale of the underlying property); or (iii) the date a request is made by Enact to file a claim. Upon review and determination that a filed claim is valid, Enact may pay the coverage percentage specified in the certificate of insurance and related expenses, pay the amount of the claim required to make the customer whole, commonly referred to as the “actual loss amount,” following the approved sale or pay the full claim amount and acquire title to the property.

Claim activity is not evenly spread across the coverage period of loans Enact insures. The number of delinquencies may not correlate directly with the number of claims received because the rate at which delinquencies are cured is influenced by borrowers’ financial resources and circumstances, as well as regional economic differences. For those loans that fail to cure, whether delinquency leads to a claim principally depends upon the borrower’s equity at the time of delinquency and the borrower’s or the insured’s ability to sell the home for an amount sufficient to satisfy all amounts due under the mortgage loan.

When claim notices are received, Enact reviews the loan and servicing files to determine the appropriateness of a claim amount. Failure to deliver the required documentation or Enact’s review of such documentation may result in a rescission, cancellation or claim denial. Enact’s insurance policies allow for the reduction or denial of a claim if the servicer does not materially comply with its obligations under Enact’s policies, including the requirement to pursue reasonable loss mitigation actions. Enact also periodically receives claim notices that request coverage for costs and expenses associated with items not covered under its policies, such as losses resulting from property damage to a covered home. Enact actively reviews claim notices to ensure it pays only for covered expenses. A reduction in the claim amount paid relative to the amount requested in the claim notice is deemed to be a curtailment.

When reviewing loan and servicing files in connection with the delinquency or claims process, Enact may also decide to rescind coverage of the underlying mortgages or deny payment of claims. Enact’s ability to rescind coverage is limited by the terms of its master policies. Enact may rescind coverage in situations where, among other things, (i) fraudulent misrepresentations were made or materially inaccurate information was provided regarding a borrower’s income, debts, intention to occupy a property or property value or (ii) a loan was originated in material violation of Enact’s underwriting guidelines.

Consideration is given to an insured’s appeal of rescinded coverage. If Enact agrees with the appeal, it takes the necessary steps to reinstate insurance coverage and reactivate the loan certificate or otherwise address the

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issues raised in the appeal. If the parties are unable to agree on the outcome of the appeal, the insured may choose to pursue arbitration or litigation under the terms of the applicable master policy and challenge the results. Subject to applicable limitations in Enact’s policies and by state law, legal challenges to Enact’s actions may be brought several years after the disposal of a claim. For additional information regarding Enact’s master policies, see “—Regulation—U.S. Insurance Regulation—Policy forms.”

From time to time, Enact enters into agreements with policyholders to accelerate claims and negotiate an agreed-upon payment amount for claims on an identified group of delinquent loans. In exchange for the accelerated claim payment, mortgage insurance is canceled, and Enact is discharged from any further liability on the identified loans.

Distribution and customers

Enact distributes its mortgage insurance products through a dedicated sales force located throughout the United States, including in-house sales representatives. Enact’s sales force utilizes a digital marketing program designed to expand its customer reach beyond traditional sales. Enact’s sales force primarily markets to financial institutions and mortgage originators that impose a requirement for mortgage insurance as part of the borrower’s financing.

Enact’s industry presence has enabled it to build active customer relationships with mortgage lenders across the United States. Enact’s customers are broadly diversified by size, type and geography and include large money center banks, non-bank lenders, national and local mortgage bankers, community banks and credit unions. Enact’s principal mortgage insurance customers are originators of residential mortgage loans who typically determine which mortgage insurer or insurers they will use for the placement of mortgage insurance written on loans they originate. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 30% of new insurance written in Enact was attributable to its largest five lender customers, of which 18% was attributable to its largest customer. No other customer exceeded 10% of Enact’s new insurance written during 2022, and no customer had earned premiums that exceeded 10% of Enact’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. For more information on the potential impacts due to customer concentration, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Enact Holdings’ reliance on key customers or distribution relationships could cause a loss of significant sales if one or more of those relationships terminate or are reduced.”

Competition

Enact’s principal sources of competition are U.S. federal, state and local government agencies and other private mortgage insurers. Enact also competes with mortgage lenders and other investors, the GSEs, portfolio lenders who self-insure, reinsurers, and other capital markets participants who may utilize financial instruments designed to mitigate risk.

U.S. federal, state and local government agencies. Enact and other private mortgage insurers compete for mortgage insurance business directly with U.S. federal agencies, principally the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), and to a lesser extent, state and local housing finance agencies. Enact’s competition with government agencies is principally on the basis of price and underwriting guidelines. In contrast to private mortgage insurers, government agencies generally have less restrictive guidelines and apply a flat pricing structure regardless of an individual borrower’s credit profile. As a result, we believe borrowers with lower FICO scores are more likely to secure mortgage loans with coverage by government agencies and borrowers with higher FICO scores are more likely to secure mortgage loans with coverage by private mortgage insurers.

Private mortgage insurers. The U.S. private mortgage insurance industry is highly competitive. Enact competes on pricing, underwriting guidelines, customer relationships, service levels, policy terms, loss mitigation practices, perceived financial strength (including comparative financial strength ratings), reputation, product features, and effective use and ease of technology. There are currently six active mortgage insurers, including Enact.

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GSEs, portfolio lenders, reinsurers and other capital markets participants. Enact also competes with various participants in the mortgage finance industry including the GSEs, portfolio lenders, reinsurers and other participants in the capital markets. Enact competes with these participants primarily based on pricing, policy terms and perceived financial strength. The GSEs enter into risk sharing transactions with financial institutions designed to reduce the risk of their mortgage portfolios. Competition also comes from portfolio lenders that are willing to hold credit risk on their balance sheets without credit enhancement. In addition, investors can make use of risk-sharing structures designed to mitigate the impact of mortgage defaults in place of private mortgage insurance. Finally, although their presence is a fraction of what it was in the past, there are products designed to eliminate the need for private mortgage insurance, such as “simultaneous seconds,” which combine a first lien loan with a second lien loan in order to meet the 80% loan-to-value threshold required for sale to the GSEs without certain credit protections.

U.S. Life Insurance

Our U.S. Life Insurance segment includes long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed annuity products, and services and solutions that help families address the financial challenges of aging. We currently offer individual long-term care insurance policies to customers who contact us directly (subject to state availability); however, we no longer accept applications for new group long-term care insurance policies but will accept new applications and issue new coverage certificates on current open group cases on certain group policy forms. In 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional life insurance and fixed annuity products; however, we continue to service our existing retained and reinsured blocks of business.

Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our U.S. Life Insurance segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—U.S. Life Insurance segment.”

Long-term care insurance

We established ourselves as a leader in long-term care insurance over 40 years ago and remain a leading insurer. We believe our experience, hedging strategies and reinsurance reduce some of the risks associated with these products.

In-force rate actions

As part of our strategy for our long-term care insurance business, we have been implementing, and expect to continue to pursue, significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on older generation blocks of business in order to bring those blocks closer to a break-even point over time and reduce the strain on earnings and capital. We are also requesting premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on newer blocks of business, as needed, some of which will be significant, to help bring their loss ratios back towards their original pricing. For all of these in-force rate action filings, we received 139 filing approvals from 35 states in 2022, representing a weighted-average increase of 48% on approximately $1,143 million in annualized in-force premiums, or approximately $549 million of incremental annual premiums. Of that aggregate amount, we are awaiting the final disposition of a small number of the approvals as we work through implementation mechanics. We also submitted 139 new filings in 37 states in 2022 on approximately $1,226 million in annualized in-force premiums. In aggregate, we estimate that we have achieved approximately $23.5 billion, on a net present value basis, of approved in-force rate increases since 2012. We continue to work closely with the NAIC and state regulators to demonstrate the broad-based need for actuarially justified rate increases and associated benefit reductions in order to pay future claims.

The approval process for in-force rate actions and the amount and timing of the premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions approved vary by state. In certain states, the decision to approve or disapprove a rate increase can take a significant amount of time, and the approved amount may be phased in over time. After approval, insureds are provided with written notice of the increase and increases are generally applied on the insured’s next policy anniversary date. As a result, the benefits of any rate increase are not fully realized until the implementation cycle is complete and are, therefore, expected to be realized over time.

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Because obtaining actuarially justified rate increases and associated benefit reductions is important to our ability to pay future claims, we will consider litigation against states that decline to approve those actuarially justified rate increases. In January 2022, we began litigation with two states that have refused to approve actuarially justified rate increases.

For certain risks related to our long-term care insurance business and in-force rate increases, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—The inability to obtain in-force rate action increases (including increased premiums and associated benefit reductions) in our long-term care insurance business could have a material adverse impact on our business, including our results of operations and financial condition.”

Life insurance

Life insurance products provide protection against financial hardship after the death of an insured. Some of these products also offer a savings element that can help accumulate funds to meet future financial needs. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries previously sold term, whole, universal and term universal life insurance products, and also previously sold an index universal life insurance product and linked-benefit products, combining a universal life insurance contract with a long-term care insurance rider. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries continue to hold in-force blocks of these products.

Fixed annuities

Fixed annuity products help individuals create dependable income streams for life or for a specified period of time and help them save and invest to achieve financial goals. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries previously sold traditional fixed annuity product offerings, including single premium deferred annuities, single premium immediate annuities and structured settlements. We also previously offered a fixed indexed annuity that provides an annual crediting rate that is based on the performance of a defined external index rather than a rate that is declared by the insurance company. The external indices we use are the S&P 500^® and the Barclay’s U.S. Low Volatility ER II Index. Our fixed indexed annuity product may also provide guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”). Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries continue to hold in-force blocks of these products.

Runoff

The Runoff segment includes the results of products which have not been actively sold since 2011, but we continue to service our existing blocks of business. These products primarily include variable annuity, variable life insurance and corporate-owned life insurance, as well as funding agreements. We may explore periodic issuances of funding agreements for asset-liability management and liquidity purposes.

Selected financial information and operating performance measures regarding our Runoff segment are included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Runoff segment.”

Corporate and Other Activities

Our Corporate and Other activities include debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, eliminations of inter-segment transactions and the results of other businesses that are reported outside our operating segments, including certain international mortgage insurance businesses and discontinued operations. We have a presence in the private mortgage insurance market in Mexico and prior to 2022, our minority ownership (through Enact Holdings) of a joint venture in India was also included in Corporate and Other activities. This joint venture, which offers mortgage guarantees against borrower defaults on housing loans from mortgage lenders in India, is now reported in our Enact segment and its financial impact was minimal during 2022, 2021 and 2020.

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On March 3, 2021, we completed a sale of our entire ownership interest of approximately 52% in Genworth Mortgage Insurance Australia Limited (“Genworth Australia”), our former Australian mortgage insurance business, through an underwriting agreement and received $370 million in net cash proceeds. This business, along with a settlement agreement associated with a lawsuit related to alleged losses incurred by AXA S.A. (“AXA”) from mis-selling complaints subsequent to the sale of our lifestyle protection insurance business in 2015, is reported as discontinued operations and its financial position, results of operations and cash flows are separately reported for the applicable periods prior to sale. See note 23 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.

Selected financial information regarding our Corporate and Other activities is included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Corporate and Other Activities.”

Risk Management

Risk management is a critical part of our business. We have an enterprise risk management framework that includes risk management processes relating to strategic priorities and risks (including emerging risks), product development and pricing, management of in-force business, including certain mitigating strategies and claims risk management, credit risk management, asset-liability management, liquidity management, investment activities (including derivatives), model risk management, portfolio diversification, underwriting and loss mitigation, financial databases and information systems, information technology risk management, data security and cybersecurity, business acquisitions and dispositions, operational risk assessment capabilities and overall operational risk management.

We have identified the following as the most significant risk types to our business: credit risk, market risk, insurance risk, housing risk, model risk, operational risk and information technology risk. Related to these identified risk types, we have classified our top risks and report these risks to both senior management and the risk committee of Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors. In addition, we attempt to identify, understand and manage emerging risks. We have processes in place to identify emerging risks, with the ultimate goal of mitigating adverse impacts to our business.

Our risk management framework includes seven key components: risk type key attributes (to ensure full coverage); identification of risk exposures to identify top risks; business strategy and planning; governance; risk assessment (both qualitative and quantitative); risk appetite and limits; and stress testing. Our risk management framework also includes an assessment and implementation of company and business risk appetites, the identification and assessment of risks, a proactive decision process to determine which risks are acceptable to be retained (based on risk and reward considerations, among other factors) and the ongoing management, monitoring and reporting of material risks.

Our U.S. life insurance business continues to pursue significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on its long-term care insurance in-force block. In support of this initiative, we have developed processes that include experience studies to analyze emerging experience, reviews of in-force product performance, an assumption review process, and comprehensive monitoring and reporting. In connection with these processes, our risk management team works closely with the U.S. life insurance business to ensure proper governance and to better align the development of assumptions with the identified risks.

As part of our evaluation of overall in-force product performance, new product initiatives and risk mitigation alternatives, we monitor regulatory and rating agency capital models as well as internal economic capital models to determine the appropriate level of risk-adjusted capital required. We utilize a stress testing framework to assess the risk of loss to our capital resources based upon the portfolio of risks we underwrite and retain and upon our asset and operational risk profiles. Our commitment to risk management involves the ongoing review and expansion of internal risk management capabilities aligned with industry best practices.

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Operations and Technology

Service and support

Enact Holdings and its U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries have introduced technology enabled services to help their customers (lenders and servicers) as well as their consumers (borrowers and homeowners). Enact Holdings heavily relies upon information technology and a number of critical aspects are highly automated. The U.S. life insurance companies also heavily rely upon information technology to support and improve their overall operations. Enact Holdings and the U.S. life insurance companies both accept insurance applications, issue approvals, process claims and reconcile premium remittance through electronic submissions. For Enact Holdings, in order to facilitate these processes, direct connections have been established with many of its customers and servicers’ systems to enable the selection of its mortgage insurance products and to allow for direct communication. Enact Holdings and the U.S. life insurance companies also provide their customers secure access to their web-based portals to facilitate transactions and provide customers with access to their account information. Enact Holdings and the U.S. life insurance companies regularly upgrade and enhance their systems and technology in an effort to achieve their goals of expanding their capabilities, improve productivity and enhance the customer experience.

Operating centers

We have established scalable, low-cost operating centers in Virginia and North Carolina. In addition, through an arrangement with an outsourcing provider, we have a team of professionals in India and the Philippines who provide a variety of services primarily to our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries and certain corporate functions, including data entry, transaction processing and functional support.

In June 2022, we outsourced operational servicing of our life insurance and fixed annuity blocks to a third-party servicer. In connection with the outsourcing, we will convert certain administrative systems to those used by the third-party servicer over the next three years. There was no impact to the servicing of our long-term care insurance products because they were not a part of the third-party outsourcing agreement.

Reinsurance

We reinsure a portion of our annuities, life insurance, long-term care insurance and mortgage insurance with unaffiliated reinsurers. In a reinsurance transaction, a reinsurer agrees to indemnify another insurer for part or all of its liability under a policy or policies it has issued for an agreed upon premium. We participate in reinsurance activities in order to minimize exposure to significant risks, limit losses, and provide additional capacity for future growth. We also obtain reinsurance to meet certain capital requirements, including sometimes utilizing intercompany reinsurance agreements to manage our statutory capital positions. However, these intercompany agreements do not have an effect on our consolidated U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) financial statements as they eliminate in consolidation.

We enter into various agreements with reinsurers that cover individual risks, group risks or defined blocks of business, primarily on a coinsurance, yearly renewable term or excess of loss basis. These reinsurance agreements spread risk and minimize the effect of losses. Under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, the reinsurer agrees to reimburse us for the ceded amount in the event a claim is paid. Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge our obligations as the primary insurer. In the event that reinsurers do not meet their obligations under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, reinsurance recoverable balances could become uncollectible. Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and/or reserves ceded to reinsurers. The amounts recoverable from reinsurers, net of allowance for credit losses, were $16.4 billion and $16.8 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

We focus on obtaining reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration risk with our reinsurers at least annually.

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U.S. Life Insurance

Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have established standards and criteria for our use and selection of reinsurers. In order for a new reinsurer to participate in our current program, without collateralization, we require the reinsurer to have a S&P rating of “A-” or better or a Moody’s rating of “A3” or better and a minimum capital and surplus level of $350 million. If the reinsurer does not have these ratings, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries generally require them to post collateral as described below. In addition, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries may require collateral from a reinsurer to mitigate credit/collectability risk. Typically, in such cases, the reinsurer must either maintain minimum specified ratings and risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratios or provide the specified quality and quantity of collateral. Similarly, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have also required collateral in connection with books of business sold pursuant to indemnity reinsurance agreements and have been required to post collateral when purchasing books of business.

Reinsurers that are not licensed, accredited or authorized in the state of domicile of the reinsured (“ceding company”) are required to post statutorily prescribed forms of collateral for the ceding company to receive reinsurance credit. The three primary forms of collateral are: (i) qualifying assets held in a reserve credit trust; (ii) irrevocable, unconditional, evergreen letters of credit issued by a qualified U.S. financial institution; and (iii) assets held by the ceding company in a segregated funds withheld account. Collateral must be maintained in accordance with the rules of the ceding company’s state of domicile and must be readily accessible by the ceding company to cover claims under the reinsurance agreement. Accordingly, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries require unauthorized reinsurers that are not so licensed, accredited or authorized to post acceptable forms of collateral to support their reinsurance obligations.

The following table sets forth our exposure to the principal reinsurers in our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022:

In our long-term care insurance business, we manage risk and capital through utilization of external reinsurance in the form of coinsurance. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have executed external reinsurance agreements to reinsure approximately 20% of all sales of its newer individual long-term care insurance products that have been introduced since early 2013. External new business reinsurance is dependent on a number of factors, including price, availability, risk tolerance and capital levels. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries also have executed external reinsurance agreements to reinsure sales of some of their older blocks of long-term care insurance products (10% of new business issued from 2003 to 2008; 20% to 30% of new business issued from 2009 to 2011; and 40% of new business issued from 2011 to early 2013). Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries also have external reinsurance on some older blocks of business which includes a treaty on a yearly renewable term basis on business that was written between 1998 and 2003. This yearly renewable term reinsurance provides coverage for claims on those policies for 15 years after the policy was written. After 15 years, reinsurance coverage ends for policies not on claim, while reinsurance coverage continues for policies on claim until the claim ends. The 15-year coverage on the policies written in 2003 expired in 2018; therefore, any new claims will

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not have reinsurance coverage under this treaty. Since 2013, we have seen, and may continue to see, an increase in our benefit costs as policies with reinsurance coverage exhaust their benefits or terminate, and policies which are not covered by reinsurance go on claim. Over time, there can be no assurance that affordable, or any, reinsurance will continue to be available.

Enact

Enact Holdings, through Enact Mortgage Insurance Corporation (“EMICO”), its principal U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, reinsures a portion of its mortgage insurance risk to reduce the risk of loss and to obtain capital credit towards the financial requirements of the GSEs’ PMIERs. The reinsurance coverage is provided by a panel of reinsurance partners each currently rated “A-” or better by S&P or A.M. Best. These reinsurers are contractually required to collateralize a portion (typically 20% to 30%) of the reinsurance exposures consistent with PMIERs. Enact Holdings’ credit risk transfer program distributes risk to both highly rated counterparties through traditional excess of loss reinsurance, as well as to investors of mortgage insurance-linked notes through collateralized special purpose reinsurance entities. Individual book year transactions have been structured as excess of loss coverage where both the attachment and detachment points of the ceded risk tier are within the PMIERs capital requirements at inception, providing both loss protection and PMIERs capital credit. Each reinsurance treaty has a term of 10 years or more and provides a unilateral right to commute prior to the full term, subject to certain performance triggers.

As of December 31, 2022, 89% of Enact Holdings’ risk in-force was reinsured. Since 2020 and through December 31, 2022, Enact Holdings executed $2.6 billion of credit risk transfer transactions across both traditional reinsurance arrangements and mortgage insurance-linked note transactions. Through traditional reinsurance transactions, Enact Holdings executed $1.1 billion of excess of loss reinsurance coverage with highly rated reinsurers covering its 2020 to 2022 book years. Through mortgage insurance-linked note transactions, Enact Holdings executed $1.5 billion of excess of loss reinsurance coverage, supported by capital markets investors, covering a portion of its 2014 to 2021 book years. Reinsurance transactions, including the transactions with collateralized special purpose reinsurance entities, provided an aggregate of approximately $1,578 million of PMIERs capital credit as of December 31, 2022.

For additional information related to reinsurance, see note 8 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Ratings

Financial Strength Ratings

Ratings with respect to the financial strength of operating subsidiaries are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Ratings are important to maintaining public confidence in us and our ability to market our products. Rating organizations review the financial performance and condition of most insurers and provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders.

As of February 16, 2023, EMICO was rated in terms of financial strength as follows:

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As of February 16, 2023, our principal life insurance subsidiaries were rated in terms of financial strength by A.M. Best as follows:

A.M. Best ratings range from “A++” to “D.” A.M. Best states that its “B-” rating is assigned to companies that have a fair ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations while “C++” is assigned to those companies that have a marginal ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations.

The financial strength ratings of our operating companies are not designed to be, and do not serve as, measures of protection or valuation offered to investors. These financial strength ratings should not be relied on with respect to making an investment in our securities.

We also solicit a rating from HR Ratings on a local scale for Genworth Seguros de Credito a la Vivienda S.A. de C.V., our Mexican mortgage insurance subsidiary, with a short-term rating of “HR1” and long-term rating of “HR AA.” For short-term ratings, HR Ratings states that “HR1” rated companies are viewed as exhibiting high capacity for timely payment of debt obligations in the short term and maintain low credit risk. The “HR1” short-term rating category is the highest of six short-term rating categories, which range from “HR1” to “HR D.” For long-term ratings, HR Ratings states that “HR AA” rated companies are viewed as having high credit quality and offer high safety for timely payment of debt obligations and maintain low credit risk under adverse economic scenarios. The “HR AA” long-term rating is the second-highest of HR Ratings’ eight long-term rating categories, which range from “HR AAA” to “HR D.”

Credit Ratings

In addition to the financial strength ratings for our operating subsidiaries, rating agencies also assign credit ratings to the debt issued by our intermediate holding company, Genworth Holdings. In addition, S&P and A.M. Best assign credit ratings to Genworth Financial. These ratings are typically notched lower than the financial strength ratings of our primary operating subsidiaries, reflecting Genworth Holdings’ reliance on dividends from the operating subsidiaries to service its debt obligations. The unsecured debt ratings may be used in evaluating Genworth Holdings’ debt as a fixed-income investment and are therefore important to our ability to raise capital through the issuance of debt and other forms of credit.

Credit ratings are assigned based on the risk that an entity may not meet its contractual financial obligations as they come due. Rating organizations review the financial performance and credit condition of issuers to provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and the ability to meet debt holder obligations.

As of February 16, 2023, Genworth Holdings’ senior unsecured debt was assigned the following credit ratings:

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Ratings actions

On February 16, 2023, S&P upgraded the credit rating of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings to “BB-” from “B+” with an outlook of stable and upgraded the financial strength rating of EMICO to “BBB+” from “BBB.” Previously, on March 11, 2022, S&P upgraded the credit rating of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings to “B+” from “B” and affirmed its “BBB” financial strength rating of EMICO.

On November 10, 2022, A.M. Best affirmed the financial strength rating of “C++” of GLIC and GLICNY with an outlook of stable and downgraded the financial strength rating of GLAIC to “B-” from “B” with an outlook of negative. In addition, A.M. Best upgraded the credit rating of Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings to “b+” from “b” with an outlook of stable.

On July 21, 2022, Moody’s upgraded the credit rating of Genworth Holdings to “Ba2” from “B1” and provided a Stable outlook, and upgraded the financial strength rating of EMICO to “Baa1” from “Baa2.”

S&P, Moody’s, Fitch, A.M. Best and HR Ratings review their ratings periodically and we cannot assure you that we will maintain our current ratings in the future. These and other agencies may also rate our Company or our insurance subsidiaries on a solicited or an unsolicited basis. We do not provide non-public information to agencies issuing unsolicited ratings and cannot ensure that any agencies that rate our Company or our insurance subsidiaries on an unsolicited basis will continue to do so.

For information on adverse credit rating actions related to our Company, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business and adversely affected our results of operations, financial condition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us.”

Investments

Organization

Our investments department includes asset management, portfolio management, derivatives, risk management, operations, accounting and other functions. Under the direction of our Chief Investment Officer, it is responsible for managing the assets in our various portfolios, including establishing investment and derivatives policies and strategies, reviewing asset-liability management and performing asset allocations.

We use both internal and external asset managers to take advantage of expertise in particular asset classes. We internally manage certain asset classes for our insurance operations, including public government, municipal and corporate securities, structured securities, commercial mortgage loans, privately placed debt securities, public equity securities and derivatives.

We manage our assets to meet diversification, credit quality, yield and liquidity requirements of our policy and contract liabilities by investing primarily in fixed maturity securities, including government, municipal and corporate bonds and mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. We also hold commercial real estate mortgage loans, limited partnerships and other invested assets, which include derivatives, bank loans and short-term investments. Investments for our particular insurance company subsidiaries are required to comply with our risk management requirements, as well as applicable insurance laws and regulations.

Our primary investment objective is to meet our obligations to policyholders and contractholders while increasing value to our stockholders by investing in a diversified, high-quality portfolio, comprised primarily of income producing securities and other assets. Our investment strategy focuses on:

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We are exposed to three primary sources of investment risk:

We manage credit risk by analyzing issuers, transaction structures and any associated collateral. We continually evaluate credit performance, including the probability of a credit default and estimated loss in the event of such a default for stressed or distressed investments. We also manage credit risk through industry and issuer diversification and asset allocation practices. For commercial mortgage loans, we manage credit risk through property type, geographic region and product type diversification and asset allocation.

We manage interest rate risk by monitoring the relationship between the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities, seeking to manage interest rate risk in both rising and falling interest rate environments, and using various derivative strategies, where appropriate and available. For further information on our management of interest rate risk, see “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

We manage private equity risk related to our limited partnership investments through fund manager, vintage, industry and issuer diversification and sector allocation practices.

Fixed maturity securities

Fixed maturity securities, including tax-exempt bonds, consist principally of publicly traded and privately placed fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Fixed maturity securities represented 77% and 82%, respectively, of total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

We invest in privately placed fixed maturity securities to increase diversification and obtain higher yields than can ordinarily be obtained with comparable public market securities. Generally, private placements provide us with protective covenants, call protection features and, where applicable, a higher level of collateral. However, our private placements are not as freely transferable as public securities because of restrictions imposed by federal and state securities laws, the terms of the securities and the characteristics of the private market.

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The following table presents our public, private and total fixed maturity securities by the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”) designations and/or equivalent ratings, as well as the percentage, based upon fair value that each designation comprises. Certain fixed maturity securities that are not rated by an NRSRO are shown based upon internally prepared credit evaluations.

Based upon fair value, public fixed maturity securities represented 68% and 70%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Private fixed maturity securities represented 32% and 30%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

We diversify our corporate securities by industry and issuer. As of December 31, 2022, our combined holdings in the 10 corporate issuers to which we had the greatest exposure was $1.8 billion, which was approximately 3% of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. The exposure to the largest single corporate issuer held as of December 31, 2022 was $269 million, which was less than 1% of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. See note 4 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on diversification by sector.

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For further information related to our investments portfolio see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investments and Derivative Instruments.”

Commercial mortgage loans, equity securities, limited partnerships and other invested assets

Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial properties, including multi-family residential buildings. Commercial mortgage loans are stated at principal amounts outstanding, net of unamortized premium or discount, deferred expenses and allowance for credit losses. We diversify our commercial mortgage loans by both property type and geographic region. See note 4 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on distribution across property type and geographic region for commercial mortgage loans. See notes 4 and 16 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on our interest in equity securities and limited partnerships.

See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on our derivative instruments. Selected financial information regarding our other invested assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is included under “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investments and Derivative Instruments.”

Regulation

Our businesses are subject to extensive regulation and supervision.

General

Our insurance operations are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations. U.S. state insurance laws and regulations (“Insurance Laws”) regulate most aspects of our U.S. insurance businesses, and our U.S. insurers are regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. Our non-U.S. insurance operations are principally regulated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. Our insurance products and businesses also are affected by U.S. federal, state and local tax laws, and the tax laws of non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our securities operations, including our insurance products that are regulated as securities, such as variable annuities and variable life insurance, also are subject to U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. securities laws and regulations. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), U.S. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), state securities authorities and similar non-U.S. authorities regulate and supervise these products.

The primary purpose of the Insurance Laws regulating our insurance businesses and their equivalents in the other countries in which we operate, and the securities laws affecting our variable annuity products, variable life insurance products and our broker/dealer, is to protect our policyholders, contractholders and clients, not our stockholders. These laws and regulations are regularly re-examined and any changes to these laws or new laws may be more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

Insurance and securities regulatory authorities (including state law enforcement agencies and attorneys general or their non-U.S. equivalents) periodically make inquiries regarding compliance with insurance, securities and other laws and regulations, and we cooperate with such inquiries and take corrective action when warranted.

In addition, the Insurance Laws governing our operations generally require that a person obtain the approval of the applicable insurance regulator prior to acquiring control, and in some cases prior to divesting its control, of an insurer. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent an investment in or a change of control involving us, or one or more of our regulated subsidiaries, including transactions that our management and some or all of our stockholders might consider desirable.

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U.S. Insurance Regulation

Our U.S. insurers are licensed and regulated in all jurisdictions in which they conduct insurance business. The extent of this regulation varies but Insurance Laws generally govern the financial condition of insurers, including standards of solvency, types and concentrations of permissible investments, establishment and maintenance of reserves, credit for reinsurance and requirements of capital adequacy and the business conduct of insurers, including marketing and sales practices and claims handling. In addition, Insurance Laws usually require the licensing of insurers and agents, and the approval of policy forms, related materials and the rates for certain lines of insurance. For example, in most states where our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are licensed, premium rates are required to be filed before the authorization is granted to charge premiums. In some states, these premium rates must be approved before their use. Likewise, changes in premium rates must be filed and receive approval. In general, states may require actuarial justification on the basis of the insurer’s loss experience, expenses and future projections. In addition, states may consider general default experience in assessing the premium rates charged by U.S. mortgage insurers.

The Insurance Laws applicable to us and our U.S. insurers are described below. Our U.S. mortgage insurers are also subject to additional Insurance Laws applicable specifically to mortgage insurers discussed below under “—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation.”

Insurance holding company regulation

Our primary U.S. insurance companies are domiciled in the following states: Delaware, New York, North Carolina and Virginia and (except for our captive insurers) they are required to register as members of an insurance holding company system under their domiciliary state’s insurance holding company act. They are also required to submit annual reports to the state insurance regulatory authority identifying the members of the insurance holding company system and describing certain transactions between the insurer and any member of its insurance group that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. All transactions between an insurer and an affiliate must be fair and reasonable, and certain transactions are subject to prior approval by the domiciliary state insurance regulator. In addition, most states have adopted insurance regulations setting forth detailed requirements for cost sharing and management agreements between an insurer and its affiliates.

Our U.S. insurers’ ability to pay dividends or other distributions is regulated by their domiciliary state insurance regulators. In general, our U.S. insurers may pay dividends only from earned surplus under Insurance Laws and U.S. life insurers may not pay an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution without prior regulatory approval. Our U.S. life insurers’ domiciliary states generally define an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution as a dividend or distribution that, together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of:

In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends or other payments by our insurers to group affiliates (such as payments under a tax sharing agreement or for employment or other services) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to our policyholders or contractholders.

Acquisition of control of a U.S. insurer requires the prior approval of the insurer’s domiciliary state insurance regulator. The domiciliary states of our U.S. insurers also require prior notice of a divestiture of control. Control is generally presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10% or more of the voting securities of the insurer or any parent company of the insurer. The commissioner’s approval of an application to acquire control of an insurer is generally based on the experience, competence and financial strength of the applicant, the integrity of the

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applicant’s board of directors and executive officers, the acquirer’s plans for the management and operation of the insurer, and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the acquisition. Certain other states where the U.S. insurer is licensed require the applicant to submit a filing with respect to the acquisition’s impact on competition in the state. These provisions may not require acquisition approval but can lead to imposition of conditions on an acquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation.

All states have adopted the NAIC Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act which requires an insurer to regularly undertake a confidential internal assessment of material and relevant risks (the “ORSA”) and upon the insurance regulator’s request, submit a confidential high-level summary assessment of the material and relevant risks associated with an insurer or insurance group’s current business plan and the sufficiency of capital and liquidity resources to support those risks (the “ORSA Summary Report”). Under ORSA, we are required to:

NAIC model laws and regulations regarding insurance group governance, risk assessment and regulatory supervision became state accreditation standards in January 2020. The NAIC Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure Model Act and Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure Model Regulation (the “Corporate Governance Model Act and Regulation”) require insurers to provide detailed information regarding their corporate governance practices to their lead state and/or domestic regulator. The Corporate Governance Model Act and Regulation was adopted by every state as of December 31, 2020. Amendments to the NAIC Holding Company System Model Act authorize U.S. state insurance regulators to lead or participate in the group-wide supervision of certain international insurance groups. These amendments became an NAIC accreditation requirement on January 1, 2020 and have been adopted by all states.

The NAIC created a regulatory framework applicable to the use of captive insurers in connection with Regulation XXX and Regulation AXXX transactions. Among other things, the framework calls for more disclosure of an insurer’s use of captives in its statutory financial statements and narrows the types of assets permitted to back statutory reserves that are required to support the insurer’s future obligations. The NAIC implemented the framework through an actuarial guideline (“AG 48”), which requires the actuary of the ceding insurer that opines on the insurer’s reserves to issue a qualified opinion if the framework is not followed. The requirements of AG 48 became effective in all states as of January 1, 2015, and in December 2016, the NAIC adopted a revised version of AG 48 (“Updated AG 48”), with revisions applicable to new policies issued and new reinsurance transactions entered into on or after January 1, 2017. AG 48 and Updated AG 48 do not affect reinsurance arrangements that were pre-existing as of January 1, 2015, and the changes set forth in Updated AG 48 do not affect reinsurance arrangements that were pre-existing as of January 1, 2017. The NAIC also adopted the Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing Model Regulation, which contains the same substantive requirements as Updated AG 48. As of November 11, 2022, 25 states, including Virginia, which is the domestic state regulator for GLAIC, one of our principal life insurance subsidiaries, had adopted the model regulation, eight states were considering adoption and five other states rely on AG 48 and Updated AG 48. This model regulation became an NAIC accreditation standard effective September 1, 2022, and enforcement began on January 1, 2023.

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Long-term care insurance rate increase regulation

In general, we implement rate increases on our long-term care insurance policies in accordance with the laws of the state in which a policy was issued. In 2019, the NAIC established the Long-Term Care Insurance Task Force to address efforts to create a national standard for reviewing and approving long-term care insurance rate increase requests. This task force is charged with developing a consistent national approach for reviewing rate increase requests that results in actuarially appropriate increases being granted by the states in a timely manner and eliminates cross-state rate subsidization, among others. As of December 2022, the task force has been focused on implementing the Long-Term Care Insurance Multistate Rate Review Framework that was adopted by the NAIC’s Executive Committee in April 2022. We continue to work closely with state regulators on our in-force long-term care insurance rate action plan (including increased premiums and associated benefit reductions) to achieve a shared goal of assuring Genworth’s U.S. life insurance businesses can honor their policyholder commitments in the future.

Periodic reporting

Our U.S. insurers must file reports, including detailed annual financial statements, with insurance regulatory authorities in each jurisdiction in which they do business, and their operations and accounts are subject to periodic examination by such authorities.

Policy forms

Our U.S. insurers’ policy forms are subject to regulation in every U.S. jurisdiction in which they transact insurance business. In most U.S. jurisdictions, policy forms must be filed prior to their use, and in some U.S. jurisdictions, forms must be approved by insurance regulatory authorities prior to use.

Market conduct regulation

The Insurance Laws govern the marketplace activities of insurers, affecting the form and content of disclosure to consumers, product illustrations, advertising, product replacement, sales and underwriting practices, and complaint and claims handling, and these provisions are generally enforced through periodic market conduct examinations.

Statutory examinations

Insurance departments in U.S. jurisdictions conduct periodic detailed examinations of the books, records, accounts and business practices of domestic insurers. These examinations generally are conducted in cooperation with insurance departments of two or three other states or jurisdictions representing each of the NAIC zones, under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. State insurance departments may also conduct examinations of non-domiciliary insurers licensed in their states.

Guaranty associations and similar arrangements

Most jurisdictions in which our U.S. insurers are licensed require those insurers to participate in guaranty associations which pay contractual benefits owed under the policies of impaired or insolvent insurers. These associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on each member insurer in a jurisdiction on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by such insurer in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer is engaged. Some jurisdictions permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets.

Aggregate assessments levied against our U.S. insurers were not significant to our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

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Policy and contract reserve sufficiency analysis

The Insurance Laws of our U.S. life insurers’ domiciliary jurisdictions require each such insurer to conduct annual analyses of the sufficiency of their life and health insurance and annuity reserves. Other jurisdictions where insurers are licensed may have certain reserve requirements that differ from those of their domiciliary jurisdictions. In each case, a qualified actuary must submit an opinion stating that the aggregate statutory reserves, when considered in light of the assets held with respect to such reserves, make good and sufficient provision for the insurer’s associated contractual obligations and related expenses. If such an opinion cannot be provided, the insurer must establish additional reserves by transferring funds from surplus. Our U.S. life insurers submit these opinions annually to their insurance regulatory authorities. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries annually conduct a statutory cash flow testing process to support their opinions. Different reserve requirements exist for our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries. See “—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—State regulation—Reserves.”

Surplus and capital requirements

Insurance regulators have the discretionary authority, in connection with maintaining the licensing of our U.S. insurers, to limit or restrict insurers from issuing new policies, or policies having a dollar value over certain thresholds, if, in the regulators’ judgment, the insurer is not maintaining a sufficient amount of surplus or is in a hazardous financial condition. We seek to maintain capital management and new business strategies to support meeting related regulatory requirements.

Risk-based capital

The NAIC has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a Risk-Based Capital for Insurers Model Act (“RBC Model Act”). All 50 states and the District of Columbia have adopted the RBC Model Act or a substantially similar law or regulation. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate and business risk. The capital requirement for each is generally determined by applying factors which vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premium and reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action.

Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital (“TAC”) to its authorized control level RBC (“ACL RBC”). The minimum level of TAC before corrective action commences (“Company Action Level”) is two times the ACL RBC or three times the ACL RBC with a negative trend. If an insurer’s ACL RBC falls below specified levels, it would be subject to different degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level, ranging from requiring the insurer to propose actions to correct the capital deficiency to placing the insurer under regulatory control. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries’ reported RBC ratio measures the ratio of TAC to our Company Action Level.

As of December 31, 2022, the RBC of each of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the level of RBC that would require any of them to take or become subject to any corrective action in their respective domiciliary state. The consolidated RBC ratio of our U.S. domiciled life insurance subsidiaries was approximately 291% and 289% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Group capital

The NAIC has developed a group capital calculation (“GCC”) tool using an RBC aggregation methodology for all entities within the insurance holding company system, including non-U.S. entities. The GCC provides regulators with an additional tool for conducting group-wide supervision and enhances transparency into how capital is allocated. In December 2020, the NAIC adopted amendments to the Holding Company System Model Act and Regulation. The amendments adopt a Group Capital Calculation Template and Instructions (“GCC Template and Instructions”) as well as an annual filing requirement for the GCC. The amendments were adopted by Virginia, our insurance holding company group’s lead state, in 2022.

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During 2021, certain insurance groups agreed to voluntarily submit data to lead states using the newly adopted template as part of a trial implementation phase. Based on the trial results and feedback from these insurance groups, the NAIC implemented changes to the GCC Template and Instructions.

In May 2022, the Group Capital Calculation Working Group of the NAIC adopted the 2022 GCC Instructions and Template, which will be used by a number of states, including Virginia, for year end 2022 filings. The GCC also adopted guidance for insurance regulators to use in reviewing GCC submissions in the form of changes to the NAIC Financial Analysis Handbook. It is unclear how the development of group capital measures by the NAIC will interact with existing capital requirements for U.S. insurance companies.

Statutory accounting principles

U.S. insurance regulators developed statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) as a basis of accounting used to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurers. Since insurance regulators are primarily concerned with ensuring an insurer’s ability to pay its current and future obligations to policyholders, statutory accounting conservatively values the assets and liabilities of insurers, generally in accordance with standards specified by the insurer’s domiciliary jurisdiction. Uniform statutory accounting practices are established by the NAIC and are generally adopted by regulators in the various U.S. jurisdictions.

Due to differences in methodology between SAP and U.S. GAAP, the values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are materially different from those reflected in financial statements prepared under SAP.

Regulation of investments

Each of our U.S. insurers is subject to Insurance Laws that require diversification of its investment portfolio and which limit the proportion of investments in different asset categories. Assets invested contrary to such regulatory limitations must be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus, and in some instances, regulations require divestiture of such non-complying investments. We believe the investments made by our U.S. insurers comply with these Insurance Laws.

In June 2021, the NAIC adopted new investment risk factors for fixed-income assets that were applied to a life insurers’ RBC formula beginning with calendar year end 2021. These new factors, which apply to 20 different ratings categories compared to the prior six categories, provide additional granularity to the risk charges applied across insurer investment portfolios. Generally, the new factors have a more gradual increase by rating compared to the previous factors, with lower factors for more highly rated fixed-income assets within each of the previous six categories and higher factors for lower rated fixed-income assets within the same category. Our required capital increased modestly for our U.S. life insurers as a result of the application of these new factors.

Reinsurance collateral regulation

On September 22, 2017, U.S. federal authorities signed a covered agreement with the European Union (“EU”) on matters including reinsurance collateral. This agreement requires U.S. states to adopt, within five years from the execution of the covered agreement, laws removing reinsurance collateral requirements for reinsurance ceded to a qualifying non-U.S. reinsurer domiciled in an EU jurisdiction. Additionally, in December 2018, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative entered into a covered agreement with the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). The U.K. covered agreement extended the covered agreement between the U.S. and the EU to the U.K. after the withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU (“Brexit”) on January 31, 2020, and it largely reflects the provisions of the covered agreement between the U.S. and the EU and incorporates the same timeframes contained within it.

Under the terms of both covered agreements, as of September 1, 2022, state credit for reinsurance laws that result in non-U.S. reinsurers subject to the covered agreements being treated less favorably than U.S. reinsurers

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may be pre-empted by the applicable covered agreement. Accordingly, in 2019, the NAIC adopted revisions incorporating the provisions of the covered agreement into its Credit for Reinsurance Model Law and Model Regulation, which became an NAIC accreditation standard as of September 1, 2022, with enforcement beginning on January 1, 2023. All 50 states have adopted the Credit for Reinsurance Model Law and Model Regulation.

Federal regulation of insurance products

Most of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries’ variable annuity products, some of their fixed guaranteed products, and all of their variable life insurance products are registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and are subject to regulation by the SEC. See “—Other Laws and Regulations—Securities regulation.” The entities that offer these products that are broker/dealers, as defined by the SEC, are also regulated by FINRA and may be regulated by state securities authorities. Federal and state securities regulation similar to that discussed below under “—Other Laws and Regulations—Securities regulation” affects investment advice and sales and related activities with respect to these products. U.S. mortgage insurance products and insurers are also subject to federal regulation discussed below under “—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation.” In addition, although the federal government does not comprehensively regulate the business of insurance, federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including taxation, financial services regulation, and pension and welfare benefits regulation, can also significantly affect the insurance industry.

Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation

COVID-19 Pandemic

In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was passed. The CARES Act included numerous measures to assist businesses and individuals impacted by COVID-19. In addition, the CARES Act along with programs announced by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) and the GSEs all include provisions that allow deferred or reduced payments, commonly referred to as “forbearance,” for borrowers facing hardship due to COVID-19. Generally, the CARES Act required mortgage servicers to provide up to 180 days of forbearance for borrowers with a federally backed mortgage loan who asserted they had experienced a financial hardship related to COVID-19. The forbearance could be extended for an additional 180 days, up to a year in total, or shortened at the request of the borrower. On February 25, 2021, the FHFA announced that borrowers with a mortgage backed by the GSEs who are in an active COVID-19 forbearance plan as of February 28, 2021 may request up to two additional forbearance extensions for a maximum of 18 months of total forbearance relief. Currently, the GSEs do not have a deadline for requesting an initial forbearance. Even though most foreclosure moratoriums expired at the end of 2021, federal laws and regulations continue to require servicers to discuss loss mitigation options with borrowers before proceeding with foreclosures. These requirements could further extend the foreclosure timeline, which could negatively impact the severity of loss on loans that go to claim.

State regulation

General

Mortgage insurers generally are limited by Insurance Laws to directly writing only mortgage guaranty insurance business to the exclusion of other types of insurance. Mortgage insurers are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements, but certain states and other regulators impose another form of capital requirement on mortgage insurers, requiring maintenance of a risk-to-capital ratio not to exceed 25:1. EMICO, Enact Holdings’ primary U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, had a risk-to-capital ratio of 12.9:1 and 12.3:1 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The North Carolina Department of Insurance’s (“NCDOI”) current regulatory framework by which EMICO’s risk-to-capital ratio is calculated differs from the capital requirements of the GSEs as discussed under “—Other U.S. Regulation and Agency Qualification Requirements.”

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The NAIC established a Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Working Group (the “MGIWG”) to determine and make recommendations to the NAIC’s Financial Condition Committee as to what, if any, changes to make to the solvency and other regulations relating to mortgage guaranty insurers. The MGIWG continues to work on revisions to the NAIC’s Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act (the “MGI Model”), including revisions to Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 58—Mortgage Guaranty Insurance, and to develop a mortgage guaranty supplemental filing. In October 2022, the MGIWG released a revised exposure draft of the MGI Model. The proposed amendments of the MGI Model are expected to be finalized by the MGIWG in the spring of 2023. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of this process, whether any state will adopt the amended MGI Model or any of its specific provisions, the effect changes, if any, will have on the mortgage guaranty insurance market generally, or on our business specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with any such changes, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other regulatory initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Dividend restrictions

Similar to U.S. life insurers, a mortgage insurers’ ability to pay dividends or other distributions is regulated by their domiciliary state. Our principal mortgage insurers must deliver notice to the commissioner of any dividend or distribution within 5 business days after declaration of the dividend or distribution, and at least 30 days before payment thereof. Any distribution, regardless of amount, requires that same 30-day notice to the commissioner, but also requires the commissioner’s affirmative approval before being paid. Under the insurance laws of the State of North Carolina (our mortgage insurance subsidiaries’ primary state of domicile) an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution is defined as a dividend or distribution that, together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of: (i) 10% of the mortgage insurer’s statutory surplus as of the immediately prior year end; or (ii) the statutory net income during the prior calendar year.

In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends and distributions or other payments by mortgage insurers (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employment or other services) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to policyholders.

Reserves

Insurance Laws require our U.S. mortgage insurers to establish a special statutory contingency reserve in their statutory financial statements to provide for claims and other expenses in the event of significant economic declines. Annual additions to the statutory contingency reserve must be at least 50% of net earned premiums as defined by Insurance Laws. These contingency reserves generally are held until the earlier of (i) the time that loss ratios exceed 35% or (ii) 10 years, although regulators have granted discretionary releases from time to time. However, approval by the NCDOI, the primary domiciliary regulator for our U.S. mortgage insurers, is required for contingency reserve releases when loss ratios exceed 35%. The establishment of the statutory contingency reserve is funded by premiums that would otherwise generate net earnings that would be reflected in policyholder surplus. This reserve reduces the policyholder surplus of our U.S. mortgage insurers, and therefore, their ability to pay dividends to our holding companies. The statutory contingency reserve for our U.S. mortgage insurers was approximately $3.6 billion and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Federal regulation

In addition to federal laws directly applicable to mortgage insurers, the laws and regulations applicable to mortgage originators and lenders, purchasers of mortgage loans such as the GSEs, and governmental insurers such as the FHA and VA indirectly affect mortgage insurers. Moreover, mortgage origination and servicing transactions are subject to compliance with various state and federal laws. Changes in federal housing legislation

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and other laws and regulations that affect the demand for private mortgage insurance, or the way in which such laws and regulations are interpreted or applied, may have a material effect on private mortgage insurers. For example, in December 2020, the FHFA published the Enterprise Capital Framework final rule, which includes significantly higher regulatory capital requirements for the GSEs over current requirements. Higher GSE capital requirements could ultimately lead to increased costs to borrowers of GSE loans, which in turn could shift the market away from the GSEs to the FHA or lender portfolios. Such a shift could result in a smaller market for private mortgage insurance. Legislation or regulation that changes the role of the GSEs or ends conservatorships of the GSEs could have a material adverse effect on Enact Holdings and our business. Likewise, any legislation or regulation that increases the number of people eligible for FHA or VA mortgages could have a materially adverse effect on Enact Holdings’ ability to compete with the FHA or VA.

The Homeowners Protection Act of 1998 (“HOPA”) provides for the automatic termination, or cancellation upon a borrower’s request, of the borrower’s obligation to pay for private mortgage insurance upon satisfaction of certain conditions, although mortgage servicers may continue to keep the coverage in place at their expense. HOPA applies to owner-occupied residential mortgage loans regardless of lien priority and to borrower-paid mortgage insurance closed after July 29, 1999. HOPA requires lenders to automatically terminate a borrower’s obligation to pay for mortgage insurance coverage once the loan-to-value ratio reaches 78% of the original value. A borrower generally may also request cancellation of mortgage insurance from the lender once the actual payments reduce the loan balance to 80% of the home’s original value. For borrower-initiated cancellation of mortgage insurance, the borrower must have a “good payment history” as defined by HOPA.

The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 (“RESPA”) applies to most residential mortgages insured by private mortgage insurers. Mortgage insurance is considered to be a “settlement service” for purposes of loans subject to RESPA. Subject to limited exceptions, RESPA precludes our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries from providing services to mortgage lenders or other settlement service providers free of charge, charging fees for services that are lower than their reasonable or fair market value, and paying fees for services that others provide that are higher than their reasonable or fair market value. In addition, RESPA prohibits persons from giving or accepting any portion or percentage of a charge for a real estate settlement service, other than for services actually performed. Although many states prohibit mortgage insurers from giving rebates, RESPA has been interpreted to cover many non-fee services as well. Mortgage insurers and their customers are subject to the possible sanctions of this law, which may be enforced by the CFPB, state insurance departments, state attorneys general and other enforcement authorities.

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), the Fair Housing Act and the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) also affect the business of mortgage insurance in various ways. ECOA, for example, prohibits discrimination against certain protected classes in credit transactions. The Fair Housing Act generally prohibits discrimination in the terms, conditions or privileges in residential real estate-related transactions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, familial status or national origin. Numerous courts have held that the Fair Housing Act prohibits discriminatory insurance practices. The FCRA governs the access and use of consumer credit information in credit transactions and requires notices to consumers in certain circumstances. The FCRA also imposes restrictions on the permissible use of credit report information and requires mortgage insurance companies to provide adverse action notices to consumers in the event an application for mortgage insurance is declined or offered at less than the best available rate for the loan program applied for due to information contained in a consumer’s credit report.

Other U.S. Regulation and Agency Qualification Requirements

The GSEs impose eligibility requirements that private mortgage insurers must satisfy in order to be approved to insure loans purchased by the GSEs. Effective December 31, 2015, each GSE adopted the original PMIERs, which set forth operational and financial requirements that mortgage insurers must meet in order to remain eligible. On September 27, 2018, the GSEs issued revisions to the PMIERs, which became effective on March 31, 2019. The PMIERs aim to ensure that approved insurers possess the financial and operational capacity

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to serve as strong counterparties to the GSEs throughout various market conditions. The PMIERs are comprehensive, covering virtually all aspects of our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries’ business and operations as private mortgage insurers of GSE loans, including internal risk management and quality controls, underwriting, claim processing and loss mitigation, among other aspects. In addition, the PMIERs require private mortgage insurers to obtain the prior consent of the GSEs before taking certain actions, which may include entering into various intercompany agreements and commuting or reinsuring risk, among others. Each approved mortgage insurer is required to provide the GSEs with an annual certification and a quarterly report as to its compliance with PMIERs. The financial requirements of PMIERs mandate that a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) must meet or exceed “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s risk in-force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions and are subject to a floor amount). In addition, except under certain circumstances, the PMIERs prohibit private mortgage insurers from engaging in certain activities such as insuring loans originated or serviced by an affiliate.

Under PMIERs, Enact is subject to operational and financial requirements that private mortgage insurers must meet in order to remain eligible to insure loans that are purchased by the GSEs. Since 2020, the GSEs have issued several amendments to PMIERs, which implemented both permanent and temporary revisions to PMIERs. Many of the provisions are no longer applicable, but for loans that became non-performing due to a COVID-19 hardship, PMIERs was temporarily amended with respect to each non-performing loan that (i) had an initial missed monthly payment occurring on or after March 1, 2020 and prior to April 1, 2021 or (ii) is subject to a forbearance plan granted in response to a financial hardship related to COVID-19, the terms of which are materially consistent with terms of forbearance plans offered by the GSEs. The risk-based required asset amount factor for the non-performing loan is the greater of (a) the applicable risk-based required asset amount factor for a performing loan were it not delinquent, and (b) the product of a 0.30 multiplier and the applicable risk-based required asset amount factor for a non-performing loan. In the case of (i) above, absent the loan being subject to a forbearance plan described in (ii) above, the 0.30 multiplier is applicable for no longer than three calendar months beginning with the month in which the loan became a non-performing loan due to having missed two monthly payments. Loans subject to a forbearance plan described in (ii) above include those that are either in a repayment plan or loan modification trial period following the forbearance plan unless reported to the approved insurer that the loan is no longer in such forbearance plan, repayment plan, or loan modification trial period. The PMIERs amendment dated June 30, 2021 further allows loans that enter a forbearance plan due to a COVID-19 hardship on or after April 1, 2021 to remain eligible for extended application of the reduced PMIERs capital factor for as long as the loan remains in forbearance. In addition, the PMIERs amendments made permanent revisions to the risk-based required asset amount factor for non-performing loans for properties located in future Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”) Declared Major Disaster Areas eligible for individual assistance.

In September 2020, subsequent to the issuance of Enact Holdings’ senior notes due in 2025, the GSEs imposed certain restrictions (the “GSE Restrictions”) with respect to capital on Enact. In May 2021, in connection with their conditional approval of the then potential partial sale of Enact Holdings, the GSEs confirmed the GSE Restrictions will remain in effect until the following collective conditions (“GSE Conditions”) are met for two consecutive quarters: (a) EMICO obtains “BBB+”/“Baa1” (or higher) rating from S&P, Moody’s or Fitch and (b) Genworth achieves certain financial metrics. EMICO maintained the requisite ratings for two consecutive quarters prior to the end of 2022. Given Genworth’s strengthened financial position, including achieving its strategic priority to reduce its outstanding public debt at Genworth Holdings to approximately $1.0 billion, we believe Genworth fully satisfied the financial metric conditions for two consecutive quarters during the fourth quarter of 2022. We expect the GSE Restrictions to be lifted in the first quarter of 2023, subject to GSE review and confirmation.

Prior to the satisfaction of the GSE Conditions, the GSE Restrictions require:

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Until the GSE Conditions imposed in connection with the GSE Restrictions are met, Enact Holdings’ liquidity must not fall below 13.5% of its outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2022, after taking into account debt service to date, Enact Holdings must maintain holding company liquidity of approximately $203 million. Enact Holdings had $453 million of cash, cash equivalents and invested assets as of December 31, 2022.

Fannie Mae agreed to reconsider the GSE Restrictions if Genworth Financial were to own 50% or less of Enact Holdings at any point prior to their expiration. Our current plans do not include any additional minority sales resulting in Genworth Financial owning less than 80% of Enact Holdings.

In their respective letters approving credit for reinsurance and other credit risk transfer transactions against PMIERs financial requirements, the GSEs require U.S. mortgage insurers not to exceed a maximum statutory risk-to-capital ratio of 18:1 or they reserve the right to re-evaluate the amount of PMIERs credit indicated in their approval letters. Freddie Mac has also imposed additional requirements on our option to commute these reinsurance agreements. Both GSEs reserved the right to periodically review the reinsurance and credit risk transfer transactions for treatment under PMIERs.

As of December 31, 2022, Enact had estimated available assets of $5,206 million against $3,156 million net required assets under PMIERs compared to available assets of $5,077 million against $3,074 million net required assets as of December 31, 2021. The sufficiency ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 165% or $2,050 million above the published PMIERs requirements, compared to 165% or $2,003 million above the published PMIERs requirements as of December 31, 2021. PMIERs sufficiency is based on the published requirements applicable to private mortgage insurers and does not give effect to the GSE Restrictions. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Enact’s PMIERs required assets benefited from the application of a 0.30 multiplier applied to the risk-based required asset amount factor for certain non-performing loans. The application of the 0.30 multiplier to all eligible delinquencies provided $132 million and $390 million of benefit to Enact’s December 31, 2022 and 2021 PMIERs required assets, respectively. These amounts are gross of any incremental reinsurance benefit from the elimination of the 0.30 multiplier.

Although we expect Enact will continue to retain its eligibility status with the GSEs, there can be no assurance these conditions will continue, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

Non-U.S. Insurance Regulation

We operate in countries outside the United States, principally including Mexico and India. Generally, our subsidiaries conducting business in these countries must obtain licenses from local regulatory authorities and satisfy local regulatory requirements, including those relating to rates, forms, capital, reserves and financial reporting.

Other Laws and Regulations

Changes in tax laws

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. federal government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) which, among other things, implements a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) based on adjusted

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financial statement income and imposes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases. The effective date of these provisions was January 1, 2023. We do not expect the enactment of the CAMT to have a material impact on our financial statements as we do not expect to be an applicable corporation in 2023. The U.S. Department of the Treasury is expected to issue guidance throughout 2023 that may differ from our interpretations and assumptions and that could alter our determination. Any excise tax incurred on our share repurchases will be recognized as part of the cost basis of the treasury stock acquired and will not be reported as part of income tax expense. There was no U.S. federal income tax-related legislation or administrative guidance issued in 2021 that had a significant impact on our results of operations or financial condition.

Dodd-Frank Act and other federal initiatives

Although the federal government generally does not directly regulate the insurance business, federal initiatives often have an impact on the business in a variety of ways, including limitations on antitrust immunity, tax incentives for lifetime annuity payouts, simplification bills affecting tax-advantaged or tax-exempt savings and retirement vehicles, and proposals to modify the estate tax. In addition, various forms of direct federal regulation of insurance have been proposed in recent years.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and required various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations.

Among other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act established a new framework of regulation of the over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets. The clearing requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act require us to post with a futures commission merchant highly liquid securities or cash as initial margin and cash to meet variation margin requirements for most interest rate derivatives we trade. As the marketplace continues to evolve, we may have to alter or limit the way we use derivatives in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We are subject to similar trade reporting, documentation, central trading and clearing and OTC margining requirements when we transact with foreign derivatives counterparties. In addition, regulations adopted by federal banking regulators that became effective in 2019 require certain bank-regulated counterparties and certain of their affiliates to include in certain financial contracts, including many derivatives contracts, terms that delay or restrict the rights of counterparties, such as, the termination of such contracts, the foreclosure upon collateral, the exercise of other default rights or restrictions of transfers of affiliate credit enhancements (such as guarantees) in the event that the bank-regulated counterparty and/or its affiliates are subject to certain types of resolution or insolvency proceedings. It is possible that these requirements, as well as potential additional government regulation and other developments in the market, could adversely affect our ability to terminate existing derivatives agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements. The Dodd-Frank Act and related federal regulations and foreign derivatives requirements expose us to operational, compliance, execution and other risks, including central counterparty insolvency risk.

In the case of Enact Holdings, the Dodd-Frank Act prohibits a creditor from making a residential mortgage loan unless the creditor makes a reasonable and good faith determination that, at the time the loan is consummated, the consumer has a reasonable ability to repay the loan. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created the CFPB, which regulates certain aspects of the offering and provision of consumer financial products or services but not the business of insurance. Certain rules and regulations established by the CFPB require mortgage lenders to demonstrate that they have effectively considered the consumer’s ability to repay a mortgage loan, establish when a mortgage may be classified as a Qualified Mortgage (“QM”) and determine when a lender is eligible for a safe harbor as a presumption that the lender has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements. The regulations also include a temporary category (the “QM Patch”) for mortgages that comply with certain prohibitions and limitations and meet the GSE underwriting and product guidelines. Mortgages that meet these requirements are deemed to be QMs until the earlier of the time in which the GSEs exit the FHFA conservatorship or the mandatory compliance date of the final amendments to the CFPB’s rule defining what constitutes a QM (“QM Rule”). The QM Patch permits loans that exceed a debt-to-income ratio of 43% to be

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eligible for QM status. Many of the loans that qualify under the QM Patch require credit enhancement, of which private mortgage insurance is the predominate form of coverage. On April 27, 2021, the CFPB promulgated a final rule delaying the mandatory compliance date of the amended QM Rule until October 1, 2022. As provided under the final rule, the prior 43% debt-to-income ratio, the new price-based average prime offer rate (“APOR”) definition and the QM Patch all remained available to lenders for loan applications received prior to October 1, 2022. However, on April 8, 2021, the GSEs issued notices stating that due to the requirements of the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements (“PSPAs”), they would only acquire loans that meet the new price-based APOR definition set forth under the amended QM Rule for applications received on or after July 1, 2021. We believe that loans which previously qualified under the 43% debt-to-income-based QM Rule definition and the QM Patch will continue to qualify under the new price-based APOR definition and therefore we expect little impact from this change. The new rules have not significantly impacted Enact Holdings or its mortgage insurance subsidiaries.

The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”), which is authorized to subject non-bank financial companies, which may include insurance companies, deemed systemically significant to stricter prudential standards and other requirements and to subject such companies to a special orderly liquidation process outside the federal Bankruptcy Code, administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. There are currently no such companies designated as systemically significant by the FSOC. We have not been, nor do we believe we will be, designated as systemically significant by FSOC. FSOC’s potential recommendation of measures to address systemic financial risk could affect our insurance operations. A future determination that we or our counterparties are systemically significant could impose significant burdens on us, impact the way we conduct our business, increase compliance costs, duplicate state regulation and result in a competitive disadvantage.

The Dodd-Frank Act established a Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. While not having a general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance, the director of this office performs various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the FSOC and making recommendations to the FSOC regarding insurers to be designated for more stringent regulation.

In October 2022, the SEC adopted final rules requiring the recovery of erroneously awarded compensation as mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act. The rules will, among other things, require national securities exchanges to establish listing standards that would require listed companies to adopt and comply with a compensation recovery policy, often known as a clawback policy, and require listed companies to provide disclosure about such policies and how they are being implemented. In the event a company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period, the company must recover from any current or former executive officers incentive-based compensation that was erroneously awarded during the three years preceding the date such a restatement was required. The recoverable amount would be the amount of incentive-based compensation received in excess of the amount that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated financial measure. The updated listing standards related to clawback policies will become effective no later than November 28, 2023. Listed companies will be required to adopt a clawback policy no later than 60 days following the applicable listing standards effective date and make the required disclosure in proxy and information statements, as well as annual reports filed after the adoption of their clawback policy. We are currently awaiting the finalization of the relevant listing standards and are evaluating our existing clawback policy to determine if any updates are required.

On August 25, 2022, the SEC adopted final rules implementing the pay versus performance requirement as mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act. The rules require public companies to disclose the relationship between their executive compensation and financial performance in proxy or information statements in which executive compensation disclosures are required. Under the new rules, companies will be required to provide a table disclosing specified executive compensation and financial performance measures for the five most recently

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completed fiscal years after an initial phase-in period. Companies are also required to describe the relationship between the actual executive compensation paid, as defined by the new rules, and each of the financial performance measures in the table, as well as the company’s total shareholder return (“TSR”) and the TSR of its selected peer group. In addition, companies are required to disclose three to seven financial performance measures they determine to be the most important performance measures for linking executive compensation actually paid to company performance. These final rules are effective in proxy and information statements for fiscal years ending on or after December 16, 2022 and will be reflected in our proxy statement for the year ended December 31, 2022.

In December 2018, the SEC adopted a final rule related to certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The rule requires companies to describe practices and policies pertaining to transactions that hedge, or are designed to hedge, the market value of equity securities granted as compensation to any employee, including officers or directors. This rule and related disclosures are required in a proxy statement or information statement related to an election of directors and such disclosures should include the categories of persons covered. Likewise, if a company does not have any such practices or policies, disclosure of that fact must be included in such filings. This final rule was generally effective in proxy statements or information statements during fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 2019.

On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“Reform Act”) was signed into law. In addition to other provisions, the Reform Act directs the Director of FIO and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve to support increased transparency at global insurance or international standard-setting regulatory or supervisory forums, and to achieve consensus positions with the states through the NAIC prior to taking a position on any insurance proposal by a global insurance regulatory or supervisory forum.

We cannot predict the effect of all the regulations or legislation adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act or the Reform Act on financial markets generally, or on our businesses specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with such regulations or legislation, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations thereunder, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other federal initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Securities regulation

Certain of our U.S. subsidiaries and certain policies, contracts and services offered by them, are subject to regulation under federal and state securities laws and regulations of the SEC, state securities regulators and FINRA. Most of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries’ separate accounts are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Most of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries’ variable annuity contracts and all of their variable life insurance policies are registered under the Securities Act of 1933. One of our U.S. subsidiaries is registered and regulated as a broker/dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is a member of, and subject to regulation by FINRA, as well as by various state and local regulators. The registered representatives of our broker/dealer are also regulated by the SEC and FINRA and are subject to applicable state and local laws.

These laws and regulations are primarily intended to protect investors in the securities markets and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. In such event, the possible sanctions that may be imposed include suspension of individual employees, limitations on the activities in which the broker/dealer may engage, suspension or revocation of the investment adviser or broker/dealer registration, censure or fines. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries may also be subject to similar laws and regulations in the states and other countries in which they offer the products described above or conduct other securities-related activities.

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The SEC, FINRA, state attorneys general, other federal offices and the New York Stock Exchange may conduct periodic examinations, in addition to special or targeted examinations of us and/or specific products. These examinations or inquiries may include, but are not necessarily limited to, product disclosures and sales issues, financial and accounting disclosure and operational issues. Often examinations are “sweep exams” whereby the regulator reviews current issues facing the financial or insurance industry as a whole.

On December 14, 2022, the SEC adopted amendments to Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and added new disclosure requirements to enhance investor protections against insider trading. The amendments add new conditions to the availability of the affirmative defense to insider trading provided by Rule 10b5-1(c), including cooling-off periods for directors, officers and persons other than issuers. The amendments create new disclosure requirements regarding a company’s insider trading policies and procedures and the adoption and termination (including modification) of Rule 10b5-1 and certain other trading arrangements by directors and officers. The amendments also create new disclosure requirements for executive and director compensation regarding certain equity compensation awards granted in close proximity to a company’s disclosure of material nonpublic information. Companies must also identify transactions made pursuant to a plan that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c). Beneficial ownership reports filed on or after April 1, 2023 will be required to comply with the amendments and public companies will be required to comply with the new disclosure requirements in periodic reports and any proxy or information statements for full fiscal periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023.

Environmental considerations

As an owner and operator of real property, we are subject to extensive U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. environmental laws and regulations. Potential environmental liabilities and costs in connection with any required remediation of our properties is also an inherent risk in property ownership and operation. In addition, we hold equity interests in companies, and have made loans secured by properties, that could potentially be subject to environmental liabilities. We routinely have environmental assessments performed with respect to real estate being acquired for investment and real property to be acquired through foreclosure. We cannot provide assurance that unexpected environmental liabilities will not arise. However, based upon information currently available to us, we believe that any costs associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations, or any remediation of such properties will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Climate change and financial risks

The topic of climate risk has come under increased scrutiny by the NAIC and insurance regulators. The NAIC’s goal is to address climate-related risks through three areas of insurance regulation: financial risk analysis, insurance market availability and affordability, and consumer education and outreach. The New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) issued a circular letter in 2020 to New York domestic and foreign authorized insurers, which applies to certain of our subsidiaries, stating that the NYDFS expects insurers to integrate financial risks related to climate change into their governance frameworks, risk management processes and business strategies, and that insurers should develop their approach to climate related financial disclosure. We have initiated and continue to build upon a multi-phase climate risk management process.

In addition, the NYDFS issued final guidance on November 15, 2021, regarding its expectations for New York domestic insurers, applicable to GLICNY, related to the management of financial risks from climate change. Insurers are expected to manage these risks by outlining actions that are proportionate to the nature, scale and complexity of their businesses. For instance, the guidance states that an insurer should: (i) incorporate climate risk into its financial risk management, including its ORSA; (ii) manage climate risk through its enterprise risk management functions and ensure that its organizational structure clearly defines roles and responsibilities related to managing such risk; (iii) use scenario analysis when developing business strategies and identifying risks; and (iv) incorporate the management of climate risk into its corporate governance structure at

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the group or insurer entity level. As of August 15, 2022, insurers should have implemented certain corporate governance changes and developed plans to implement the organizational structure changes. We complied with this requirement and provided our plan to the NYDFS. Insurers are encouraged to work on additional changes that may take longer to implement, although the NYDFS will issue further guidance with more specific timelines.

The NYDFS also adopted an amendment to the regulation that governs enterprise risk management, effective as of August 13, 2021, that requires an insurance group to include certain additional risks, such as climate change risk, in its enterprise risk management function.

In addition, the FIO is authorized to monitor the U.S. insurance industry under the Dodd-Frank Act. In furtherance of the May 20, 2021 Presidential Executive Order on Climate-Related Financial Risk, the FIO sought public comment on a series of questions to inform the FIO’s assessment of climate-related financial risks for the insurance sector. The FIO is assessing how the insurance sector may mitigate risks and help achieve national climate-related goals.

Diversity and corporate governance

The NAIC and state insurance regulators are also focused on the topic of race, diversity and inclusion within the insurance industry. In New York, the NYDFS expects the insurers it regulates to make diversity of their leadership a business priority and a key element of their corporate governance.

ERISA considerations

We provide certain products and services to employee benefit plans that are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) or the Internal Revenue Code. As such, our activities are subject to the restrictions imposed by ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, including the requirement under ERISA that fiduciaries must perform their duties solely in the interests of ERISA plan participants and beneficiaries, and fiduciaries may not cause or permit a covered plan to engage in certain prohibited transactions with persons who have certain relationships with respect to such plans. The applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code are subject to enforcement by the U.S. Department of Labor, the Internal Revenue Service and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.

USA PATRIOT Act

The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), enacted in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandates the implementation of various regulations applicable to broker/dealers and other financial services companies, including insurance companies. The Patriot Act seeks to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators and law enforcement entities in identifying parties who may be involved in terrorism or money laundering. Anti-money laundering laws outside of the United States contain similar provisions. The increased obligations of financial institutions to identify their customers, watch for and report suspicious transactions, respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies, and share information with other financial institutions, require the implementation and maintenance of internal practices, procedures and controls. We believe that we have implemented, and that we maintain, appropriate internal practices, procedures and controls to enable us to comply with the provisions of the Patriot Act. Certain additional requirements became applicable under the Patriot Act in May 2006 through a U.S. Treasury regulation which required that certain insurers have anti-money laundering compliance plans in place. We believe our internal practices, procedures and controls comply with these requirements.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity has gained heightened attention from legislatures and regulators in recent years. In response to ever-increasing cybersecurity risks, a Presidential executive order was announced in May 2021 to broadly

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improve U.S. cybersecurity, in part by requiring that private sector providers of software and technologies to the federal government ensure such products (and services) are built and operate securely. Throughout 2022, the Biden Administration continued efforts within a whole-of-government approach to combat cyber attacks and ransomware, and Congress enacted new federal laws to foster a more secure cyberspace, including the Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act, which is specific to certain covered sectors deemed critical. These developments represent a growing understanding that cybersecurity is a critical part of the United States infrastructure, which could potentially impose additional cybersecurity requirements on financial institutions.

The SEC continues to emphasize the importance of maintaining a system of internal controls to mitigate the escalating risks associated with cybersecurity threats. Furthermore, the SEC stressed that companies need to devise and maintain internal controls that reasonably safeguard company and investor assets from cybersecurity frauds, which include: (i) ensuring transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general and specific authorization; and (ii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization. Finally, in light of the ever-growing threats from cybersecurity fraud, internal controls may need to be reassessed or strengthened, and employee training should be enhanced to educate all employees of these threats.

In February 2018, the SEC released interpretive guidance on cybersecurity disclosures. The release outlined the views of the SEC on cybersecurity disclosure requirements and provided enhancements to existing cybersecurity guidance. Among the enhancements was clarifying disclosure controls and procedures to help public companies identify cybersecurity risks and incidents, assess and analyze their implications and make timely disclosures. It also stressed the importance of materiality assessments when considering cybersecurity disclosures, maintaining discipline around insider trading if a cybersecurity event occurs and board oversight of cybersecurity risks. In March 2022, the SEC proposed new rules to enhance and standardize disclosures public companies make about cybersecurity incidents, as well as their cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance. The proposed rules would codify many of the concepts in the interpretive guidance previously released by the SEC and would require further disclosures about cybersecurity risk governance and cybersecurity expertise of the board of directors. The proposed rules would require companies to disclose any material cybersecurity incidents within four business days after determination that the incident is material and would require disclosure when a series of previously undisclosed immaterial cybersecurity incidents become material in the aggregate. Regarding risk management and strategy, companies would be required to disclose policies and procedures, if any, to identify and manage cybersecurity risks and threats, as well as whether cybersecurity risks are considered part of their business strategy, financial planning and capital allocation. Among other things, cybersecurity risk governance disclosure requirements would include information around board responsibility for oversight of cybersecurity risks, whether a company has a chief information security officer or comparable position, and annual disclosure of cybersecurity expertise of directors, if any, and their qualifications. We cannot predict whether the proposed rules will be adopted, what form they will ultimately take, or how they will affect our business.

Cybersecurity practices have also come under increased scrutiny from state regulators, including insurance regulators. For example, effective March 1, 2017, the NYDFS issued a cybersecurity regulation specific to financial services institutions, including banking and insurance entities, under its jurisdiction. The regulation was intended to require financial institutions under the jurisdiction of the NYDFS to implement and maintain a reasonable cybersecurity program that addresses emerging cybersecurity threats and keeps pace with technological advances, and was designed to promote the protection of customer information as well as regulated entities’ information technology systems. In particular, the cybersecurity program must be reasonably designed to protect consumers’ private data and must include robust controls regarding access privileges, application security, policies and procedures for the disposal of nonpublic information, regular cybersecurity awareness training, encryption of nonpublic information, third-party due diligence and an incident response plan. The incident response plan should be designed to respond to and recover from any cybersecurity event materially affecting the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the company’s information system in a timely manner. Notice to the NYDFS of a cybersecurity event must occur as quickly as possible but no later than 72 hours from

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the determination of the cybersecurity event. The cybersecurity program, including written policies and procedures, must be approved and overseen by a senior officer of the company, and the company must appoint a chief information security officer and perform periodic risk assessments. In November 2022, the NYDFS released proposed amendments to its cybersecurity regulation that would, among other things, expand requirements for notification to the NYDFS of cybersecurity events and expand technical requirements around system penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, risk assessments and audits. The proposed amendments would also add new requirements related to cybersecurity plans and expand cybersecurity governance, including but not limited to chief information security office independence, additional annual reporting requirements to a senior governing body, board cybersecurity expertise and expanding the signatures required as part of annual compliance certification. Such amendments, if adopted, may impact our operations or compliance costs.

In addition, the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (the “Cybersecurity Model Law”) on October 24, 2017, which is similar to New York’s cybersecurity regulation and establishes standards for data security and for the investigation of and notification to insurance commissioners of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to, or the misuse of, certain nonpublic information. The Cybersecurity Model Law imposes significant regulatory burdens intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of covered information systems and the sensitive or business information thereon. Approximately 22 states have adopted a version of the Cybersecurity Model Law, including Delaware and Virginia. Finally, in 2021, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) amended the “Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information Rules” (known as the “Safeguards Rule”) to impose additional requirements on covered financial institutions to implement and maintain certain data security practices in their information security programs. The FTC announced in late 2022 that the deadline to comply with the revised Safeguards Rule was extended to June 2023. We cannot predict whether or how these changes may be incorporated into other regulations or the extent to which they will affect our compliance efforts.

Privacy of Consumer Information

In the United States, federal and state laws and regulations require financial institutions, including insurance companies, to protect the security and privacy of consumer financial information and to notify consumers about policies and practices relating to the collection, use and disclosure of consumer information, as well as policies relating to protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of that information. Similarly, federal and state laws and regulations govern the disclosure and security of consumer health information. In particular, regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and various states regulate the disclosure and use of protected health information by health insurers and other covered entities, the physical and procedural safeguards employed to protect the security of that information, and the electronic transmission of such information. From time to time, Congress and state legislatures consider additional legislation relating to privacy and other aspects of consumer information. We cannot predict whether such legislation will be enacted, or what impact, if any, such legislation may have on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”) is applicable to portions of our business and was significantly amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”). The CCPA, as amended by the CPRA, grants California residents the right to know what information a business has collected from them and the sourcing and sharing of that information, as well as the right to access and correct their personal information, and (subject to certain exemptions) the right to have a business delete their personal information. The CPRA creates the California Privacy Protection Agency to enforce the CCPA and to promulgate regulations thereunder, imposes additional obligations regarding the privacy notice and service provider contracts, creates new requirements around the protection of sensitive personal information and eliminates certain exemptions for personal information collected in employment or business-to-business contexts. While the majority of the CPRA provisions went into effect on January 1, 2023, civil and administrative enforcement of the CPRA will only apply to violations occurring on or after July 1, 2023. Any violations of the current version of the CCPA are still enforceable. Failure to comply with the CCPA risks regulatory fines, and the law grants a private right of action

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for any unauthorized disclosure of certain personal information not subject to an exemption as a result of failure to maintain reasonable security procedures and practices. The CCPA regulations, as amended by the CPRA, have not been finalized and in the interim, the CPRA may require potential modifications to our business processes.

Many other states have proposed or adopted comprehensive data privacy laws. For example, Virginia and Colorado enacted laws in 2021 and Connecticut and Utah enacted laws in 2022 that establish consumer rights and business obligations with respect to the processing of consumer personal data. These laws generally impose similar requirements as the CCPA, but none of these laws apply to employee or contractor data or business-to-business information, and each of these laws has entity-wide exemptions for financial institutions subject to Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. These laws all go into effect in 2023. Adapting our data privacy practices to forthcoming laws and regulations may increase our compliance costs and increase the risk of noncompliance.

Human Capital Management

We are committed to helping families become more financially secure, self-reliant and prepared for the future, and that philosophy extends to our employees. We take a holistic approach to human capital management, including attracting and retaining talent with comprehensive benefits and compensation packages, providing professional development and learning opportunities, facilitating access to dedicated resources that foster an equitable and inclusive environment and encouraging a sincere commitment to community service and involvement. Some of our key areas of focus include:

As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 2,500 full-time and part-time employees. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Directors and Executive Officers

See Part III, Item 10 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information about our directors and executive officers.

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Available Information

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available, without charge, on our website, www.genworth.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such reports with the SEC. The public may read and copy any electronic materials we file or furnish with the SEC at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. Copies of our SEC filed or furnished reports are also available, without charge, from Genworth Investor Relations, 6620 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23230.

Our website also includes the charters of our Audit Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, Risk Committee, and Management Development and Compensation Committee, any key practices of these committees, our Governance Principles, and the Company’s code of ethics. Copies of these materials also are available, without charge, from Genworth Investor Relations, at the above address. Within the time period required by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we will post on our website any amendment to our code of ethics and any waiver applicable to any of our directors, executive officers or senior financial officers.

On June 6, 2022, our President and Chief Executive Officer certified to the New York Stock Exchange that he was not aware of any violation by us of the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance listing standards.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

Our Transfer Agent and Registrar is Computershare, P.O. Box 505000, Louisville, KY 40233-5000. Telephone: 866-229-8413; 201-680-6578 (outside the United States and Canada may call collect); and 800-231-5469 (for hearing impaired).

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You should carefully consider the following risks. These risks could materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline materially or cause our actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under “Cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements” and the risks of our businesses described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Risk Factor Summary

The following summarizes material risks to the Company and is qualified by the full description contained below herewith. The occurrence of any of the following risks or of unknown risks and uncertainties may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Strategic Risks

Risks Relating to Estimates, Assumptions and Valuations

Liquidity, Financial Strength and Credit Ratings, and Counterparty and Credit Risks

Risks Relating to Economic and Market Conditions

Regulatory and Legal Risks

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Operational Risks

Insurance and Product-Related Risks

Other General Risks

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Strategic Risks

We may be unable to successfully execute our strategic plans to strengthen our financial position and create long-term shareholder value.

We continue to pursue our overall strategy with a focus on improving business performance and increasing financial and strategic flexibility across the organization. For information about our strategic priorities, see “Item 1—Business—Strategic Priorities.”

We cannot be sure we will be able to successfully execute on any of our remaining unachieved strategic priorities to effectively strengthen our financial position and create long-term shareholder value, including maximizing the value of Enact Holdings; achieving economic breakeven on and stabilizing the legacy long-term care insurance in-force block; advancing Genworth’s senior care growth initiatives, including future strategic investments in new senior care services and products, the future business of CareScout, and potential third-party relationships or business arrangements relating thereto; and returning capital to Genworth Financial shareholders.

There are numerous risks and constraints in our ability to achieve our strategic priorities, including but not limited to the following:

If our strategic priorities become compromised due to any of the aforementioned risks (or other unnamed risks) preventing their execution, we may decide to take additional measures to increase our financial flexibility,

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including issuing equity at Genworth Financial which would be dilutive to our shareholders, or additional debt at Genworth Financial, Genworth Holdings or Enact Holdings (including debt convertible into equity), which could increase our leverage. The availability of any additional debt or equity funding will depend on a variety of factors, including market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general availability of credit and particularly important to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for our company and our businesses, particularly Enact Holdings. Market conditions may make it difficult to obtain funding or complete asset sales to generate additional liquidity, especially on short notice and when the demand for additional funding in the market is high. Our access to funding may be further impaired by our financial strength ratings and our financial condition. See “—Our sources of capital have become more limited, and under certain conditions we may need to seek additional capital on unfavorable terms.”

If additional measures are taken in lieu of our strategic priorities, it could expose us to expected or unexpected adverse consequences, including adverse rating actions and adverse tax and accounting charges (such as significant losses on sale of businesses or assets, or write-offs of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and deferred tax assets).

High inflation, supply-chain disruption, labor shortages, displacements related to COVID-19 and elevated interest rates, including actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve to increase interest rates to combat inflation and slow economic growth, could heighten the risk of a future recession, and any recession, regardless of severity or duration, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An imbalance in supply and demand, supply-chain disruptions and a tightening labor market have led to 40-year high inflation. To combat persistent high inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve tightened monetary policy throughout 2022, which led to the highest interest rates in over a decade and could be a contributing factor on whether the United States goes into a recession in 2023. It is unclear what the ultimate impact will be from the tightening monetary policy implemented by the U.S. Federal Reserve, but it is possible interest rate hikes could result in a slowdown in economic growth or a U.S. recession. Regardless of the severity or duration of a potential recession, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Unemployment claims generally have returned to pre-COVID-19 levels, but the labor participation rate continues to be suppressed. Variability in consumer confidence due in part to high inflation and elevated interest rates, as well as the potential inability of the U.S. Congress to raise the debt ceiling due to ongoing political gridlock and the potential ensuing economic fallout, continue to create a backdrop of uncertainty in the overall macroeconomic environment. These negative macroeconomic conditions could result in lower consumer spending and a U.S. recession, which may adversely impact the sales of our products or the mortgage origination market thereby reducing demand for private mortgage insurance, either of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and result of operations. We have experienced significant declines in investment valuations as a result of elevated interest rates, and we may experience further declines if credit deteriorates resulting in credit losses and/or if interest rates continue to rise. The mortgage origination market has been negatively impacted by elevated interest rates and housing affordability pressure, which could cause new insurance written by Enact Holdings to decline materially, and could thereby pressure earnings and lead to an adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition. See “—Interest rates and changes in rates, including changes in monetary policy to combat inflation, could materially adversely affect our business and profitability.”

The continued level of uncertainty associated with the impacts of government responses and displacements related to COVID-19 makes it difficult to accurately forecast the ultimate impact the pandemic will have on our business. For example, Enact Holdings has experienced high levels of borrowers entering a forbearance plan permitted under the CARES Act and by the FHFA. Although borrower forbearance has trended lower each quarter from the height of the pandemic and Enact Holdings experienced favorable cures related to COVID-19 delinquencies during 2022, delinquencies in its most aged categories remain elevated compared to pre-pandemic levels. It is possible elevated aged delinquencies resulting from COVID-19 forbearance do not cure as expected, which would result in higher claims and losses. Moreover, any delays in foreclosures due to foreclosure moratoriums could cause Enact Holdings’ losses to increase as interest and expenses accrue for longer periods and/

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or if home values decline during such delays. If Enact Holdings experiences an increase in claim severity resulting in claim amounts that are higher than expected, it would adversely affect Enact Holdings, including its ability to maintain compliance with PMIERs, and consequently our financial position and results of operations. Low labor participation, unemployment/underemployment and/or forbearance resolution that results in elevated delinquencies could have an adverse effect on the private mortgage insurance industry and home prices in general, any of which may result in a material adverse impact to Enact Holdings and our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. High losses in Enact Holdings could lead to lower credit ratings and impaired capital, which could hinder Enact Holdings from offering its products, preclude it from returning capital to our holding company for prolonged periods of time, and thereby harm our liquidity. In addition, see “—We may be required to increase our reserves as a result of deviations from our estimates and actuarial assumptions or other reasons, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.” Unexpected changes in persistency rates could emerge as policyholders and contractholders who are/were affected by the pandemic or its ensuing adverse impacts, including high inflation, may not be able to meet their contractual obligations, such as premium payments on insurance policies, deposits on investment products and mortgage payments on loans insured by Enact Holdings. The level of ongoing disruption and economic volatility could cause harm to our businesses if it continues to persist. As a result of the foregoing, any of the risks identified above or other unnamed risks related to COVID-19 and the economic aftermath may have a material adverse impact on us, including a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in policyholder health and/or behavior as a result of COVID-19 could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In our U.S. life insurance business, we experienced lower claim incidence and higher claim terminations in our long-term care insurance business during most of the pandemic, which we expected to be temporary. As the impacts from the pandemic subsided in 2022, claim terminations due to mortality declined and new claims incidence began to trend back to pre-pandemic levels. It is possible that future morbidity and mortality experience could get worse due in part to delayed treatment or diagnoses, as many individuals did not seek timely treatment during the pandemic which could result in adverse healthcare outcomes that result in a claim. In addition, post-COVID-19 health conditions can include a wide range of ongoing problems that can last weeks, months or years, which could result in elevated future claims. COVID-19 changed, and could further change, future policyholder behavior. For example, during the pandemic, a larger share of our claimants sought home care instead of facility-based care, and as the impacts of the pandemic subside, we have seen that trend begin to reverse. It is possible policyholder behavior regarding location of care may trend back to pre-pandemic norms or we might experience policyholder reluctance to receive care in a nursing home and opt for in-home care. The location of care and/or the level of benefit use, among other factors, directly influence the severity of claims. Any change in policyholder behavior that deviates from our original expectations may have a material adverse impact on our future claims, financial position and results of operations. We continue to utilize virtual assessments to assess eligibility for benefits while in-person assessments have been temporarily discontinued since the onset of COVID-19. Although we believe our virtual assessments have properly diagnosed claim eligibility, it is possible our claim frequency and benefit utilization could be unfavorably impacted which may result in a material adverse effect to our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Estimates, Assumptions and Valuations

We may be required to increase our reserves as a result of deviations from our estimates and actuarial assumptions or other reasons, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We calculate and maintain reserves for estimated future payments of claims to our policyholders and contractholders in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry accounting practices. We release these reserves as those future obligations are paid, experience changes or policies lapse. The reserves we establish reflect estimates and actuarial assumptions with regard to our future experience. These estimates and actuarial assumptions involve the exercise of significant judgment. Our future financial results depend significantly upon the extent to

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which our actual future experience is consistent with the assumptions and methodologies we have used in pricing our products and calculating our reserves.

Many factors, and changes in these factors, can affect future experience, including but not limited to: interest rates; investment returns and volatility; economic and social conditions, such as inflation, unemployment, home price appreciation or depreciation, and health care experience (including the type of care and cost of care); policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next); insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity); insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates, claim incidence, duration of claim and benefit utilization rates); future premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions; expenses; and doctrines of legal liability and damage awards in litigation. Because these factors are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments.

We regularly review our reserves and associated assumptions as part of our ongoing assessment of our business performance and risks. If we conclude that our reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits and claim payments as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, we would be required to increase our reserves and incur charges in the period in which we make the determination. The amounts of such increases may be significant, and this could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition.

U.S. Life Insurance

The expected future profitability of our long-term care insurance, life insurance and some annuity products is based upon assumptions for, among other things, projected interest rates and investment returns, health care experience, morbidity rates, mortality rates, in-force rate actions, persistency, lapses and expenses. The long-term profitability of these products depends upon the accuracy of our assumptions used to calculate our reserves and how our actual experience compares with our expected experience. If any of our assumptions prove to be inaccurate, our reserves may be inadequate, which in the past has had, and may in the future have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. For example, if morbidity rates are higher than our valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments and establish additional reserves under our long-term care insurance policies than we had expected, and such amounts could be significant. Likewise, if mortality rates are lower than our valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments and establish additional reserves under both our long-term care insurance policies and annuity contracts and such amounts could be significant. Conversely, if mortality rates are higher than our pricing and valuation assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments under our life insurance policies and annuity contracts with guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”) than we had projected.

See “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates” and note 9 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information. Significant increases to our reserves may, among other things, limit our ability to execute our strategic priorities and adversely impact our credit or financial strength ratings. Any of these results could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The risk that our claims experience may differ significantly from our valuation assumptions is particularly significant for our long-term care insurance products. Long-term care insurance policies provide for long-duration coverage and, therefore, our actual claims experience will emerge over many years, or decades. For example, among other factors, changes in economic and interest rate risk, socio-demographics, behavioral trends (e.g., location of care and level of benefit use) and medical advances, may have a material adverse impact on our future claims trends. Given these inherent challenges, our ability to precisely forecast future claim costs for long-term care insurance is limited. For additional information on our long-term care insurance reserves, including the significant

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historical financial impact of some of these risks, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.”

The prices and expected future profitability of our insurance and annuity products are based in part upon expected patterns of premiums, expenses and benefits, using a number of assumptions, including those related to persistency, which is the probability that a policy or contract will remain in-force from one period to the next. The effect of persistency on profitability varies by products. For our deferred annuity products with GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization benefits, actual persistency that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse impact on profitability because we could be required to make withdrawal or annuitization payments for a longer period of time than the account value would support. For our universal life insurance contracts, increased persistency that is the result of the sale of contracts by the insured to third parties that continue to make premium payments on contracts that would otherwise have lapsed, also known as life settlements, could have an adverse impact on profitability because of the higher claims rate associated with settled contracts. For our long-term care insurance policies, actual persistency in later policy durations that is higher than our expected persistency assumptions could have a negative impact on profitability. If these policies remain in-force longer than we assumed, then we could be required to make greater benefit payments than we anticipated. A significant number of our long-term care insurance policies have experienced higher persistency than we had originally assumed, which has resulted in higher claims and an adverse effect on the profitability of that business. In addition, the impact of inflation on claims could be more pronounced for our long-term care insurance business than our other businesses given the “long tail” nature of this business. To the extent inflation or other factors causes health care costs to increase more than we anticipated, we will be required to increase our reserves which could negatively impact our profitability. Although we consider the potential effects of inflation when setting premium rates, our premiums may not fully offset the effects of inflation and may result in our underpricing of the risks we insure.

The risk that our lapse experience may differ significantly from our valuation assumptions is also significant for our term life and term universal life insurance products. These products generally have a level premium period for a specified period of years (e.g., 10 years to 30 years) after which the premium increases, which may be significant. If the frequency of lapses is higher than our expected reserve assumption, we would experience lower premiums and could experience higher benefit costs. In addition, it may be that healthy policyholders are the ones who lapse (as they can more easily replace coverage), creating adverse selection where less healthy policyholders remain in our portfolio. We have experienced both a greater frequency of policyholder lapses and more severe adverse selection after the level premium period, and this experience could continue or worsen. If lapse experience continues or worsens on future 10-, 15- and 20-year level premium period blocks, we would expect volatility in premiums and mortality experience, which would reduce profitability in our term life insurance products, in amounts that could be material, if persistency is lower than our original assumptions. For additional information on our term life insurance reserves, including select sensitivities, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.”

Although some of our products permit us to increase premiums during the life of the policy or contract, we cannot guarantee that these increases would be sufficient to maintain profitability or that such increases would be approved by regulators or approved in a timely manner, where approval is required, and even if implemented the premium increases may result in higher lapses. Moreover, many of our products either do not permit us to increase premiums or limit those increases during the life of the policy or contract. Significant deviations in experience from pricing expectations or cash flow assumptions could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our products. We regularly review our methodologies and assumptions in light of emerging experience and will be required to review our cash flow assumptions used to measure the reserves of our long-term care insurance, life insurance and/or annuities businesses at least annually upon the adoption of LDTI. Any changes to these assumptions that result in increased reserve requirements may have a material negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and business.

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Loss recognition testing

Upon adoption of LDTI, we will only be required to annually perform loss recognition testing for our universal and term universal life insurance products and assess the recoverability of the present value of future profits (“PVFP”) through impairment testing. As part of our annual loss recognition testing, we primarily review assumptions for mortality, persistency and interest rates, among other assumptions. If any of these assumptions are adverse to our expected experience, it could result in a loss recognition event, whereby we would be required to increase our reserves by amounts that could be material which may negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we determine that PVFP is impaired in connection with recoverability testing, we would be required to write-off through current period earnings the amount deemed non-recoverable from future earnings. If we impaired PVFP, the amount of the write-off could be material which may adversely impact our results of operations in the period we determined PVFP was not recoverable. For additional information on our U.S. life insurance reserves, including select sensitivities, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Insurance liabilities and reserves.”

We will continue to monitor our experience and assumptions closely and make changes to our assumptions and methodologies, as appropriate, for our universal and term universal life insurance products. As experience has emerged in the past, we have made resulting changes to our assumptions that have had a material impact on our results of operations and financial position. Our experience will continue to emerge and it is likely that future assumption reviews will result in further updates.

Cash flow testing

We also perform cash flow testing or “asset adequacy analysis” separately for each of our U.S. life insurance companies on a statutory accounting basis. To the extent that the cash flow testing margin is negative in any of our U.S. life insurance companies, we would need to increase statutory reserves in that company, which would decrease our RBC ratios.

As part of our cash flow testing process for our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries, we consider incremental benefits from expected future in-force rate actions in our long-term care insurance products that would help mitigate the impact of deteriorating experience. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for the future in-force rate actions we assumed in connection with our cash flow testing for our life insurance subsidiaries. A need to significantly further increase statutory reserves could have a material adverse effect on our business, statutory results of operations and financial condition.

The NYDFS, which regulates GLICNY, our New York insurance subsidiary, also requires specific adequacy testing scenarios that are generally more severe than those deemed acceptable in other states. Moreover, the required testing scenarios by the NYDFS have a disproportionate impact on our long-term care insurance products. In addition, we historically used nationwide experience for setting assumptions in our long-term care insurance products in cash flow testing for all of our legal entities, including GLICNY. However, we have been monitoring emerging experience with our GLICNY policyholders, as their experience has been adverse as compared to our nationwide experience. With the benefit of additional data and analysis, and based on discussions with the NYDFS, we began using assumptions that reflect GLICNY specific experience in its asset adequacy analysis in 2020. After discussions with the NYDFS and through the exercise of professional actuarial judgment, GLICNY also incorporated in its 2022 and 2021 asset adequacy analysis assumptions for future in-force rate actions for long-term care insurance products to offset the emerging adverse experience for these products. With these assumption updates, GLICNY’s 2022 and 2021 asset adequacy analysis produced a negative margin. To address the negative margin, GLICNY recorded an incremental $98 million and $68 million of additional statutory reserves in 2022 and 2021, respectively. This resulted in RBC of 201% and 200% for GLICNY as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For additional information on GLICNY asset adequacy testing, see note 17 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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Significant adverse assumption changes could result in a decrease to the cash flow testing margin in GLICNY to at/or below zero in future years. In addition, the NYDFS generally does not permit in-force rate increases for long-term care insurance to be used in asset adequacy analysis until such increases have been approved. However, the NYDFS has allowed GLICNY to incorporate recently filed in-force rate actions in its asset adequacy analysis prior to approval in the past and as discussed above, in 2022 and 2021, allowed GLICNY to incorporate assumptions for future in-force rate actions in its asset adequacy analysis. If the NYDFS no longer allows GLICNY to incorporate assumptions for future in-force rate actions in its asset adequacy analysis, this would result in a material decrease in GLICNY’s cash flow testing margin and would require GLICNY to further significantly increase its statutory reserves. This would have a material adverse effect on GLICNY’s financial condition and RBC ratio.

For additional information regarding impacts to statutory capital as a result of reserve increases, see “—An adverse change in our regulatory requirements, including risk-based capital requirements, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

Enact—Mortgage Insurance

The establishment of loss reserves for Enact Holdings and its mortgage insurance subsidiaries is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires significant judgment and numerous assumptions. Enact Holdings establishes loss reserves using its best estimate of the rates at which delinquencies go to claim (“claim rates”) and claim severity to calculate estimated losses on loans reported as being in default as of the end of each reporting period. The sources of uncertainty affecting estimates are numerous and include both internal and external factors. Internal factors include, but are not limited to, changes in the mix of exposures, loss mitigation activities and claim settlement practices. Significant external factors include changes in general economic conditions, such as home prices, unemployment/underemployment, interest rates, tax policy, credit availability, government housing policies, government and GSE loss mitigation and mortgage forbearance programs, state foreclosure timelines, GSE and state foreclosure moratoriums and types of mortgage products. For example, during recessionary periods in the past, accompanied by increased unemployment and declining home prices, Enact Holdings has experienced higher delinquencies and increased losses. Because assumptions related to these factors are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, Enact Holdings cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts it will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Even in a stable economic environment, the actual claim payments made may be substantially different and even materially exceed the amount of the corresponding loss reserves for such claims. Enact Holdings regularly reviews its reserves and associated assumptions as part of its ongoing assessment of business performance and risks. If Enact Holdings concludes its reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected claim payments as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, it would be required to increase its reserves and incur charges in the period in which the determination was made. The amounts of such increases could be significant and this may materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

In addition, sudden and/or unexpected deterioration of economic conditions may cause estimates of loss reserves to be materially understated. Enact Holdings experienced a significant increase in loss reserves in 2021 and 2020 as compared to pre-COVID-19 time periods, driven mostly by higher new delinquencies from borrower forbearance due to COVID-19. While a large portion of these delinquencies have cured at levels above original reserve expectations, reserves recorded related to borrower forbearance rely on a high degree of estimation and assumptions that lack comparable historic data. Therefore, it is possible Enact Holdings could record higher losses related to these loss reserves if they do not cure as expected. Furthermore, consistent with industry practice, Enact Holdings does not record losses on insured loans that are not in default. Therefore, future potential losses may develop from loans not currently in default. To the extent actual losses are greater than current loss reserves or if loans in default ultimately become delinquent and go to claim, it would materially adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition and restrict Enact Holdings’ ability to distribute dividends to Genworth Holdings, thereby negatively impacting our liquidity.

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Enact Holdings establishes premium rates for the duration of a mortgage insurance certificate upon issuance and cannot adjust the premiums after a certificate is issued. As a result, Enact Holdings cannot offset the impact of unanticipated claims with premium increases on coverage in-force. Enact Holdings’ premium rates vary with the perceived risk of a claim and prepayment on the insured loan and are developed using models based on long term historical experience, which takes into account a number of factors including, but not limited to, the loan-to-value ratio, whether the mortgage provides for fixed payments or variable payments, the term of the mortgage, the borrower’s credit history, the borrower’s income and assets, and home price appreciation. In the event the premiums Enact Holdings charges do not adequately compensate for the risks and costs associated with the provided coverage, including costs associated with unforeseen higher claims, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If the models used in our businesses are inaccurate, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We employ models to, among other uses, price products, calculate reserves (including in connection with loss recognition testing), value assets, make investment decisions and generate projections used to estimate future pre-tax income, as well as to evaluate risk, determine internal capital requirements and perform stress testing. These models rely on estimates and projections that are inherently uncertain, may use data and/or assumptions (that could remain locked in over an extended period of time) that do not adequately reflect recent experience and relevant industry data, and may not operate as intended. In addition, from time to time we seek to improve certain actuarial and financial models, and the conversion process may result in material changes to assumptions and financial results. The models we employ are complex, which increases our risk of error in their design, implementation or use. Also, the associated input data, assumptions and calculations and the controls we have in place to mitigate these risks may not be effective in all cases. The risks related to our models often increase when we change assumptions and/or methodologies, add or change modeling platforms or implement model changes under time constraints. These risks are exacerbated when the process for assumption changes strains our overall governance and timing around our financial reporting.

In our U.S. life insurance businesses, we intend to continue developing our modeling capabilities, particularly given the adoption of LDTI on January 1, 2023. During or after the implementation of model updates or enhancements, we may discover errors or other deficiencies in existing models, assumptions and/or methodologies. Moreover, we may use additional, more granular and detailed information through enhancements in our reserving and other processes or we may employ more simplified approaches in the future, either of which may cause us to refine or otherwise change existing assumptions and/or methodologies and thus associated reserve levels, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Specific to Enact Holdings, models may prove to be less predictive than expected for a variety of reasons, including economic conditions that develop differently than forecasted, unique conditions for which we do not have good historical comparators, unexpected economic and unemployment conditions that arise from pandemics (such as COVID-19) or other natural disasters, changes in PMIERs and the use of short-term financial metrics that do not reveal long-term trends.

Our valuation of fixed maturity and equity securities uses methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to change and differing interpretations which could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We report fixed maturity and equity securities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. These securities represent the majority of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities consists primarily of investment grade securities. Valuations use inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation, as well as valuation methods that are more complex or require greater estimation, thereby resulting in values that are less certain and may vary significantly from the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. The methodologies, estimates and assumptions we use in valuing

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our investment securities evolve over time and are subject to different interpretation (including based on developments in relevant accounting literature), all of which can lead to changes in the value of our investment securities. Rapidly changing and unanticipated interest rate, external macroeconomic, credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of investment securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements, and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

The extent of the benefits Enact Holdings realizes from its future loss mitigation actions or programs may be limited.

As part of its loss mitigation efforts, Enact Holdings periodically investigates insured loans and evaluates the related servicing to ensure compliance with applicable guidelines and to detect possible fraud or misrepresentation. As a result of these periodic investigations, Enact Holdings has rescinded coverage on loans that do not meet its guidelines in the past, and based on future investigations, may rescind future coverage. In the past, Enact Holdings recognized significant benefits from taking action on these investigations and evaluations under its master policies. However, the PMIERs rescission relief principles, which have been incorporated into Enact Holdings’ mortgage insurance policies since 2014, limit its rescission rights for underwriting defects and misrepresentation, including when a borrower makes a certain number of timely mortgage payments. Therefore, Enact Holdings may be unable to recognize the same level of future benefits from rescission actions as it did in years prior to 2014. In addition, mortgage insurers’ rescission rights and certain other rights have been temporarily impaired due to accommodations made in connection with COVID-19. Even prior to COVID-19, the mortgage finance industry (with government support) adopted various programs to modify delinquent loans to make them more affordable to borrowers with the goal of reducing the number of foreclosures. The ultimate impact from a loan modification depends on re-default rates, which can be affected by factors such as changes in home values and unemployment. The estimate of the number of loans qualifying for modification programs is based on management’s judgment as informed by past experience and current market conditions but is inherently uncertain. Enact Holdings cannot predict what the actual volume of loan modifications will be or the ultimate re-default rate, and therefore, cannot be certain whether these efforts will provide material benefits. It is possible Enact Holdings may be unable to recognize meaningful benefits from loss mitigation activities which could result in higher losses and adversely impact our financial position and results of operations.

Liquidity, Financial Strength and Credit Ratings, and Counterparty and Credit Risks

Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings depend on the ability of their respective subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other payments and distributions to each of them and to meet their obligations.

Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings each act as a holding company for their respective subsidiaries and do not have business operations of their own. Dividends from their respective subsidiaries, permitted payments to them under tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements with their subsidiaries and proceeds from borrowings are their principal sources of cash to meet their obligations. These obligations principally include operating expenses and interest and principal payments on current and future borrowings. If the cash Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings receives from their respective subsidiaries pursuant to dividends and tax sharing and expense reimbursement arrangements is insufficient to fund any of their obligations, or if a subsidiary is unable or unwilling for any reason to pay dividends to either of them, our liquidity would be materially adversely impacted which would likely have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and overall business. Moreover, if Genworth Financial or Genworth Holdings did not receive sufficient funds from their respective subsidiaries to fund their obligations, they may be forced to raise cash through unfavorable arrangements or terms, including but not limited to, the incurrence of debt (including convertible or exchangeable debt), the sale of assets or the issuance of equity. See “—Our sources of capital have become more limited, and under certain conditions we may need to seek additional capital on unfavorable terms” for additional details. We also anticipate paying federal taxes starting in 2023 or 2024 due to projected taxable income and the utilization of our remaining net operating losses and foreign tax credits; therefore, we expect intercompany cash tax payments retained by Genworth Holdings from its subsidiaries to be lower starting in

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2023 or 2024. A material unforeseen decline in cash tax payments retained by Genworth Holdings due to federal tax payment obligations, or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on Genworth Holdings’ liquidity and its ability to meet obligations as they become due.

Our holding companies’ liquidity and capital positions are highly dependent on the performance of Enact Holdings and its ability to pay future dividends. Although the business performance and financial results of our principal U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have improved significantly, they had negative unassigned surplus of approximately $849 million under statutory accounting as of December 31, 2022, and as a result, we do not expect these subsidiaries to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Enact Holdings’ evaluation of future dividend payments to Genworth Holdings and our holding companies’ overall resulting liquidity plans are subject to and dependent on, among other things, current and future market conditions, Enact Holdings’ business performance and capital preservation, corporate law restrictions, insurance laws and regulations, Enact Holdings’ ability to maintain adequate capital to meet its current and future requirements mandated by PMIERs or other GSE requirements, and business and regulatory approvals.

For additional details on PMIERs and risks associated with an inability to meet its requirements, see “—If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition” and “Regulation—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Other U.S. Regulation and Agency Qualification Requirements.”

In general, dividends and distributions are required to be submitted to an insurer’s domiciliary department of insurance for review. In addition, insurance regulators may prohibit the payment of dividends and distributions or other payments by the insurance subsidiaries (such as a payment under a tax sharing agreement or for employee or other services, including expense reimbursements) if they determine that such payment could be adverse to policyholders.

Genworth Financial has the right to appoint a majority of directors to the board of directors of Enact Holdings; however, actions taken by Enact Holdings and its board of directors (including in the case of the payment of dividends, the approval of Enact Holdings’ independent capital committee) are subject to and may be limited by the interests of Enact Holdings, including but not limited to, its use of capital for growth opportunities and regulatory requirements.

Our sources of capital have become more limited, and under certain conditions we may need to seek additional capital on unfavorable terms.

Although Genworth Financial and Genworth Holdings made significant improvements to their overall financial condition during 2022, including achieving one of their strategic initiatives of reducing Genworth Holdings’ debt to approximately $1.0 billion, they still need liquidity to pay operating expenses, debt servicing costs and other obligations. As of December 31, 2022, Genworth Holdings had approximately $887 million of outstanding debt that matures between 2034 and 2066. Given our expectation that we will not receive dividends from our U.S. life insurance businesses for the foreseeable future, we are reliant on dividends from Enact Holdings and intercompany tax payments to fund holding company obligations. Absent receiving dividends from Enact Holdings and intercompany tax payments from our subsidiaries as anticipated, we would likely need to access additional liquidity through third party sources. However, we may not be able to raise capital and/or borrowings on favorable terms based on our credit ratings and business prospects. There is no guarantee that any of these factors will improve in the future when we would seek additional capital. Disruptions, volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets and downgrades in our credit ratings may force us to delay raising capital, issue shorter term securities than would be optimal, bear an unattractive cost of capital or be unable to raise capital at any price. Furthermore, the availability of raising additional capital, including through additional minority equity offerings of Enact Holdings or the issuance of debt, could depend on a variety of factors such as

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market conditions, regulatory considerations, the general availability of credit, the level of activity and availability of reinsurance, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the performance of and outlook for Enact Holdings. Market conditions and a variety of other factors may make it difficult or impracticable to generate additional liquidity on favorable terms or at all. Any failure to meet our financial obligations as they become due would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not currently have a revolving credit facility at the Genworth Holdings level to provide liquidity. To the extent we need additional funding to satisfy our additional liquidity needs, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into a new credit facility on terms (or at targeted amounts) acceptable to us or at all.

Similarly, market conditions and a variety of other factors may make it difficult or impracticable to generate additional liquidity through asset sales or the issuance of additional equity, and any issuance of equity in such circumstances could be highly dilutive to our stockholders.

For a further discussion of our liquidity, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Adverse rating agency actions have resulted in a loss of business and adversely affected our results of operations, financial condition and business and future adverse rating actions could have a further and more significant adverse impact on us.

Financial strength ratings, which various rating agencies publish as measures of an insurance company’s ability to meet contractholder and policyholder obligations, are important to maintaining public confidence in our products, the ability to market our products and our competitive position. Credit ratings, which rating agencies publish as measures of an entity’s ability to repay its indebtedness, are important to our ability to raise capital through the issuance of debt and other forms of credit and to the cost of such financing.

Over the course of the last several years prior to 2021, the ratings of our holding companies and all of our insurance subsidiaries were downgraded, placed on negative outlook and/or put on review for potential downgrade on various occasions. In 2022, A.M. Best downgraded the financial strength rating of GLAIC, one of our principal life insurance subsidiaries. A ratings downgrade, negative outlook or review could occur again for a variety of reasons, including reasons specifically related to our company, generally related to our industry or the broader financial services industry or as a result of changes by the rating agencies in their methodologies or rating criteria. A negative outlook on our ratings or a downgrade in any of our financial strength or credit ratings, the announcement of a potential downgrade, negative outlook or review, or customer, investor, regulator or other concerns about the possibility of a downgrade, negative outlook or review, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business.

See “Item 1—Business—Ratings” for information regarding the current financial strength ratings of our principal insurance subsidiaries.

The direct or indirect effects of such adverse ratings actions or any future actions could include, but are not limited to:

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Under PMIERs, the GSEs require maintenance of at least one rating with a rating agency acceptable to the respective GSEs. The current PMIERs do not include a specific ratings requirement with respect to eligibility, but if this were to change in the future, Enact Holdings may become subject to a ratings requirement in order to retain their eligibility status under PMIERs. Ratings downgrades that result in the inability of Enact Holdings to insure new mortgage loans sold to the GSEs, or the transfer by the GSEs of its existing policies to an alternative mortgage insurer, would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “—If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition” for additional information regarding the requirements under PMIERs. Relationships with mortgage insurance customers may be adversely affected by the ratings assigned to Genworth Holdings, Enact Holdings or our principal insurance subsidiaries which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. EMICO, our principal U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, has financial strength ratings that are relatively consistent with its competitors. However, any assigned financial strength rating that is below other private mortgage insurers could hinder our competitiveness in the marketplace and could result in an adverse impact to our business. Moreover, any future downgrade in the financial strength ratings of EMICO or the announcement of a potential downgrade could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Defaults by counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements or to derivative instruments we use to hedge our business risks, or defaults by us on agreements we have with these counterparties, may expose us to risks we sought to mitigate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We routinely execute reinsurance and derivative transactions with reinsurers, brokers/dealers, commercial banks, investment banks and other institutional counterparties to mitigate our risks in various circumstances and

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to hedge various business risks. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client or change in collateral value. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. We cannot be sure that our reinsurers will pay the reinsurance recoverable owed to us now or in the future or that they will pay these recoverables on a timely basis. A reinsurer’s insolvency, inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Collateral is often posted by the counterparty to offset this risk; however, we bear the risk that the collateral declines in value or otherwise is inadequate to fully compensate us in the event of a default. We also enter into a variety of derivative instruments, including options, swaps, forwards, and interest rate and currency swaps with a number of counterparties. If our counterparties fail or refuse to honor their obligations under the derivative instruments, and collateral posted, if any, is inadequate, our hedges of the related risk will be ineffective. In addition, if we trigger downgrade provisions on risk-hedging or reinsurance arrangements, the counterparties to these arrangements may be able to terminate our arrangements with them or require us to take other measures, such as post additional collateral, contribute capital or provide letters of credit. We have agreed to new terms with almost all of our counterparties concerning our collateral arrangements given our low ratings and, in most cases, agreed to post excess collateral to maintain our existing derivative agreements. Moreover, the new terms also removed the credit downgrade provisions from all of the insurance company master swap agreements and replaced them with a provision that allows the counterparty to terminate the derivative transaction if the RBC ratio of the applicable insurance company goes below a certain threshold. Although we believe this has allowed us to maintain effective hedging relationships with our counterparties, it has added additional strain on liquidity and collateral sufficiency. Furthermore, there is no assurance that we can maintain these current arrangements in the foreseeable future or at all. If counterparties exercise their rights to terminate transactions, we may be required to make cash payments to the counterparty based on the current contract value, which would hinder our ability to manage future risks.

We ceded to UFLIC our in-force structured settlements block of business issued prior to 2004, certain variable annuity business issued prior to 2004 and the long-term care insurance business assumed from legal entities now a part of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. UFLIC has established trust accounts for our benefit to secure its obligations under the reinsurance arrangements. GE is obligated to maintain UFLIC’s RBC above a specified minimum level pursuant to a Capital Maintenance Agreement. If UFLIC becomes insolvent notwithstanding this agreement, and the amounts in the trust accounts are insufficient to pay UFLIC’s obligations to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The loss of material risk-hedging or reinsurance arrangements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For additional information on UFLIC reinsurance, see note 8 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Defaults or other events impacting the value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio may reduce our income.

We are subject to the risk that the issuers or guarantors of investment securities we own may default on principal or interest payments they owe us. As of December 31, 2022, fixed maturity securities of $46.6 billion in our investment portfolio represented 77% of our total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets. Events reducing the value of our investment portfolio other than on a temporary basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Levels of write-downs or expected credit losses are impacted by our assessment of the financial condition of the issuer, whether or not the issuer is expected to pay its principal and interest obligations, our expected recoveries in the event of a default or circumstances that would require us to sell securities which have declined in value.

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Risks Relating to Economic and Market Conditions

Interest rates and changes in rates, including changes in monetary policy to combat inflation, could materially adversely affect our business and profitability.

Our products and investment portfolio are impacted by interest rate fluctuations. Interest rate fluctuations could have an adverse effect on our investment portfolio by reducing its market value or increasing reinvestment risk and reducing our ability to achieve adequate investment returns. During periods of increasing interest rates, market values of lower-yielding assets will decline resulting in unrealized losses on our investment portfolio. For example, as of December 31, 2021 (before the rise in interest rates), our fixed maturity securities were in an unrealized investment gain position of $7.9 billion. However, as interest rates rose in 2022, the unrealized investment gains on our fixed maturity securities more than reversed and as of December 31, 2022, our fixed maturity securities were in an unrealized investment loss position of $4.3 billion. The rise in interest rates during 2022 had an adverse impact on our financial position, and if interest rates continue to climb, we may experience a further decline in our equity in future periods. Furthermore, rising interest rates that erode the value of our investment portfolio and reduce our unrealized investment gains, limit capital taxable income. Any material reduction in capital taxable income could impede our ability to utilize certain deferred tax assets or result in the need to establish higher tax valuation allowances, either of which could materially adversely impact our results of operations and financial position.

During periods of declining market interest rates, the interest we receive on variable interest rate investments decreases. In addition, during those periods, we reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower-yielding high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of fixed-income securities may decide to prepay their obligations in order to borrow at lower market rates, which exacerbates our reinvestment risk. Low interest rates reduce the returns we earn on the investments that support our obligations under long-term care insurance, life insurance and annuity products, which increases reinvestment risk and reduces our ability to achieve our targeted investment returns. The pricing and expected future profitability of these products are based in part on expected investment returns. Generally, life and long-term care insurance products are expected to initially produce positive cash flows as customers pay periodic premiums, which we invest as they are received. The premiums, along with accumulated investment earnings, are needed to pay claims, which are generally expected to exceed premiums in later years. Low interest rates increase reinvestment risk, reduce our ability to achieve our targeted investment margins, adversely affect the profitability of our life insurance, long-term care insurance and fixed annuity products and may increase hedging costs on our in-force block of variable annuity products. Given the average life of our assets is shorter than the average life of the liabilities on these products, our reinvestment risk is also greater in low interest rate environments as a significant portion of cash flows used to pay benefits to our policyholders and contractholders comes from investment returns. In addition, our interest rate hedges could decline which would require us to post additional collateral with our derivative counterparties. Posting additional collateral could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations by reducing our liquidity and net investment income, to the extent that the additional collateral posting requires us to invest in higher-quality, lower-yielding investments.

The U.S. housing market experienced a dramatic decline in the volume of mortgage originations in 2022 due mostly to rising interest rates. The decline in mortgage originations in 2022 resulted in lower new insurance written at Enact Holdings. While the decrease in new insurance written was generally offset by higher persistency on Enact Holdings’ existing insured loans, the ultimate impact on Enact Holdings’ premiums and future new insurance written is difficult to predict. We could experience a future adverse impact to our results of operations if the volume of new insurance written remains suppressed for a prolonged period of time. While the terms of recent vintages of adjustable-rate mortgages (“ARMs”) have changed to limit the frequency and severity shocks, rising interest rates can also increase the monthly mortgage payments for homeowners with insured loans that have ARMs that could have the effect of increasing default rates on ARM loans. Higher interest rates can lead to an increase in defaults, as borrowers who default will find it harder to qualify for a replacement loan. Rising interest rates can also have a negative impact on home prices, which increases our risk of loss. Home price appreciation slowed meaningfully in 2022, and in some geographic areas, declined as a result of rising

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interest rates. Any significant decline in home values, either due to rising rates or otherwise, particularly if accompanied by increased unemployment in a recessionary environment occasioned by increasing interest rates, could increase delinquencies and foreclosures at Enact Holdings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “—A deterioration in economic conditions, a severe recession or a decline in home prices, all of which could be driven by many potential factors, including inflation, may adversely affect Enact Holdings’ loss experience.”

As seen prior to 2022, declining interest rates historically have increased the rate at which borrowers refinance their existing mortgages, resulting in cancellations of the mortgage insurance covering the refinanced loans. Declining interest rates have also contributed to home price appreciation, which may provide borrowers in the United States with the option of cancelling their mortgage insurance coverage earlier than we anticipated when pricing that coverage. In addition, during 2021 and 2020 as a result of the low interest rate environment, Enact Holdings experienced a decline in persistency rates. Lower persistency rates result in reduced insurance in-force and earned premiums, which could have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations. See “—A decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value home mortgage originations or an increase in the volume of mortgage insurance cancellations could result in a decline in our revenue in our mortgage insurance subsidiaries.”

During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may increase crediting rates on interest-sensitive in-force products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities. Rapidly rising interest rates may lead to increased policy surrenders, withdrawals from life insurance policies and annuity contracts and requests for policy loans, as policyholders and contractholders shift assets into higher yielding investments. Increases in crediting rates, as well as surrenders and withdrawals, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, including the requirement to liquidate fixed-income investments in an unrealized loss position to satisfy surrenders or withdrawals.

Our insurance and investment products are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations and expose us to the risk that declines in interest rates or tightening credit spreads will reduce our interest rate margin (the difference between the returns we earn on the investments that support our obligations under these products and the amounts that we pay to policyholders and contractholders). We may reduce the interest rates we credit on most of these products only at limited, pre-established intervals, and some contracts have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rates. As a result of historic low interest rates prior to 2022 and declines in our interest rate margin on these products, our business and profitability have been adversely impacted.

Prior to the significant rise in interest rates in 2022, sustained low interest rates adversely impacted our prior business results, reserves (including margins) and profitability, including premium deficiencies in our single premium immediate annuity products in prior years. For additional information, including the financial impact of prior premium deficiencies, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Future policy benefits.” If interest rates were to return to historic lows, our financial condition, most notably stockholders’ equity, under new accounting guidance that is effective for us on January 1, 2023, and our results of operations and overall business could be materially adversely impacted. See “—Changes in accounting and reporting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard-setting bodies and insurance regulators could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

See “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for additional information about interest rate risk.

A deterioration in economic conditions, a severe recession or a decline in home prices, all of which could be driven by many potential factors, including inflation, may adversely affect Enact Holdings’ loss experience.

Loss experience in Enact Holdings generally results from adverse economic events, such as a borrower’s reduction of income, unemployment, underemployment, divorce, illness, inability to manage credit, or a change

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in interest rate levels or home values, that reduce a borrower’s willingness or ability to continue to make mortgage payments. Rising unemployment rates and deterioration in economic conditions, such as responses to current high inflationary pressure, across the United States or in specific regional economies, generally increase the likelihood of borrower defaults and can also adversely affect housing values, which increases our risk of loss. For additional risks associated with adverse macroeconomic conditions, including actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve to tamper inflation and slow economic growth, see “—High inflation, supply-chain disruption, labor shortages, displacements related to COVID-19 and elevated interest rates, including actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve to increase interest rates to combat inflation and slow economic growth, could heighten the risk of a future recession, and any recession, regardless of severity or duration, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

A decline in home values typically makes it more difficult for borrowers to sell or refinance their homes, increasing the likelihood of a default followed by a claim if borrowers experience a job loss or other life events that reduce their incomes or increase their expenses. In addition, declines in home values may also decrease the willingness of borrowers with sufficient financial resources to make mortgage payments when their mortgage balances exceed the values of their homes. Declines in home values typically increase the severity of claims Enact Holdings may pay. A decline in home prices, whether or not in conjunction with deteriorating economic conditions, may increase the risk of loss. During the five years preceding 2022, home prices steadily rose, and in many geographic locations, home price appreciation outpaced borrower incomes. Home price appreciation coupled with rising interest rates and a low supply of available homes placed pressure on housing affordability in 2022. While home prices declined in the latter half of 2022, we are uncertain as to whether and to what extent rising interest rates will eventually affect home values, but it is possible the housing market could experience a sharp price correction if the U.S. Federal Reserve continues with its rapid rate of interest rate hikes to combat inflation. Declining home values erode the value of the underlying collateral and reduce the likelihood that foreclosed homes can be sold for an amount sufficient to offset the unpaid principal and interest which may adversely impact Enact Holdings’ loss mitigation activities. Furthermore, Enact Holdings’ estimates of claims-paying resources and claim obligations are based on various assumptions, including but not limited to, the timing of receipt of claims on delinquent loans, estimates of future claims that will ultimately be received, the ultimate resolution of borrower forbearance plans, including whether borrowers in forbearance cure or result in a claim payment, anticipated loss mitigation activities, premiums, housing prices and unemployment rates. These assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty and require judgment. Any of these events may have a material adverse effect on Enact Holdings which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The ultimate amount of the loss suffered depends, in part, on whether the home of a borrower who defaults on a mortgage can be sold for an amount that will cover the unpaid principal balance, interest and the expenses of the sale. In previous economic slowdowns in the United States, a pronounced weakness in the housing market ensued, as well as declines in home prices. If we experience a future economic slowdown or an economic recession in the United States that impacts the housing market in a similar way as compared to past economic slowdowns, we would expect higher levels of delinquencies in Enact Holdings. Any delays in foreclosure processes could cause Enact Holdings’ losses to increase as expenses accrue for longer periods or if the value of foreclosed homes further declines during such delays. If Enact Holdings experiences a higher number and/or severity of delinquencies than expected, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Regulatory and Legal Risks

Changes in accounting and reporting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard-setting bodies and insurance regulators could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, from time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued

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by recognized authoritative bodies, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It is possible that future accounting and reporting standards we are required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to our financial statements and that such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the required adoption of future accounting and reporting standards, including certain proposals by the SEC related to climate-related disclosures, may result in significant costs to implement. These requirements would also likely require us to make significant changes to systems and add additional resources, either of which may be material to our business and results of operations.

Long-duration targeted improvements

We will adopt new accounting guidance, LDTI, on January 1, 2023, that significantly changes the recognition and measurement of long-duration insurance contracts. While the new guidance will have a significant impact on existing U.S. GAAP financial statements and disclosures, it will not impact statutory accounting principles or risk-based capital of our U.S. life insurance companies or Enact. The new accounting guidance will be applied as of January 1, 2021 (the “Transition Date”) with an adjustment to beginning retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Upon adopting LDTI, we will unlock assumptions for all cohorts in-force as of the Transition Date. For a significant number of cohorts in our long-term care business, the net premium ratios will increase and in many cases be capped at 100%, requiring an increase to reserves as of the Transition Date. Net premium ratios are capped at 100% when gross premiums plus the existing carrying value of reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits at the cohort level. Higher net premium ratios will result in the need to increase our insurance reserves over time, and could negatively impact our operating results. Higher insurance liabilities will also result in higher interest accretion recognized in current period earnings. Given the amount of our insurance reserves as of the Transition Date, it is likely we will continue to recognize higher interest accretion in future earnings, and the amount may be materially adverse to our results of operations.

Upon adopting LDTI, reserve assumptions for our long-duration products will no longer be locked-in at the time of contract issuance. The requirement to unlock assumptions more frequently and assess insurance reserves for our long-duration products at a more granular level, based on issue-year cohorts rather than line of business, could result in more income statement volatility, and that volatility could negatively impact our results of operations. We will be required to review and update cash flow assumptions at least on an annual basis. This new unlocking process may result in adverse volatility to future earnings, as our cash flow assumptions will likely be sensitive to fluctuations in actual experience, including potentially obtaining lower than expected in-force rate actions. Although we consider future in-force rate actions when setting our assumptions, many of the cohorts with net premium ratios capped at 100% consist of older blocks, and due to the age of the policies would not benefit from future in-force rate actions due to limited remaining premium paying periods. Additionally, due to the requirement to group policies by issue-year cohorts, future in-force rate actions related to policies issued in more profitable years cannot subsidize loss generating policies issued in earlier years. If adverse assumption changes result in an increase to cohort-level net premium ratios, or in the number of cohorts with net premium ratios capped at 100%, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.

Under LDTI, the valuation of our market risk benefits (“MRBs”) will be subject to capital market risks, primarily through equity market and interest rate volatility. We attempt to mitigate some of these risk through hedging strategies; however, adverse changes in equity market performance or interest rate fluctuations could result in the devaluation of our MRBs which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Upon adoption of LDTI, and as of the Transition Date, our insurance liabilities will be sensitive to movements in interest rates, which will likely result in volatility to our stockholders’ equity. For example, if inflation abates and the U.S. Federal Reserve reverses its monetary tightening by reducing interest rates, our insurance liabilities would increase and our stockholders’ equity would decrease by amounts that could be material, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

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See note 2 in “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional details.

Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth.

Our insurance operations are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations and are extensively regulated. State insurance laws regulate most aspects of our U.S. insurance businesses, and our insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. Our international operations, predominantly located in Mexico, are principally regulated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. Failure to comply with applicable regulations or to obtain or maintain appropriate authorizations or exemptions under any applicable laws could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or engage in activities regulated in one or more jurisdictions in which we operate and could subject us to fines and other sanctions which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the nature and extent of regulation of our activities in applicable jurisdictions could materially change causing a material adverse effect on our business.

Insurance regulatory authorities have broad administrative powers, which at times, are coordinated and communicated across regulatory bodies. These administrative powers include, but are not limited to:

State insurance regulators and the NAIC regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on modifications to SAP, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Any adopted future legislation or NAIC regulations may be more restrictive on our ability to conduct business than current regulatory requirements or may result in higher costs or increased statutory capital and reserve requirements. Further, because laws and regulations can be complex and sometimes inexact, there is also a risk that any particular regulator’s or enforcement authority’s interpretation of a legal, accounting or reserving issue may change over time to our detriment, or expose us to different or additional regulatory risks. The application of these regulations and guidelines by insurers involves interpretations and judgments that may differ from those of state insurance departments. We cannot provide assurance that such differences of opinion will not result in regulatory, tax or other challenges to the actions we have taken to date. The

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result of those potential challenges could require us to increase levels of statutory capital and reserves or incur higher operating costs and/or have implications on certain tax positions.

Litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions are common in the insurance business and may result in financial losses and harm our reputation.

We face the risk of litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions in the ordinary course of operating our businesses, including the risk of class action lawsuits. Our pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to us and others generally applicable to business practices in the industries in which we operate.

In our insurance operations, we are, have been, or may become subject to class actions and individual suits alleging, among other things, issues relating to sales or underwriting practices, increases to in-force long-term care insurance premiums, payment of contingent or other sales commissions, claims payments and procedures, product design, product disclosure, product administration, additional premium charges for premiums paid on a periodic basis, denial or delay of benefits, charging excessive or impermissible fees on products, recommending unsuitable products to customers, our pricing structures and business practices in our mortgage insurance subsidiaries, such as captive reinsurance arrangements with lenders and contract underwriting services, violations of RESPA or related state anti-inducement laws, mortgage insurance policy rescissions and curtailments, and breaching fiduciary or other duties to customers, including but not limited to breach of customer information. In our investment-related operations, we are subject to litigation involving commercial disputes with counterparties. We may also have disputes with reinsurance partners relating to the parties’ rights and obligations under reinsurance treaties and/or related administration agreements. In addition, we are also subject to various regulatory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas, books and record examinations and market conduct and financial examinations from state, federal and international regulators and other authorities. Plaintiffs in class action and other lawsuits against us, as well as regulators, may seek very large or indeterminate amounts, which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time.

We are also subject to litigation arising out of our general business activities such as our contractual and employment relationships, including claims under ERISA, and we are also subject to shareholder putative class action lawsuits alleging securities law violations.

A substantial legal liability or a significant regulatory action (including uncertainty about the outcome of pending legal and regulatory investigations and actions) against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in the litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm and incur significant legal expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. At this time, it is not feasible to predict, nor determine, the ultimate outcomes of any pending investigations and legal proceedings, nor to provide reasonable ranges of possible losses other than those that have been disclosed.

For a further discussion of certain current investigations and proceedings in which we are involved, see note 20 in “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We cannot assure you that these investigations and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, business, financial condition or results of operations. It is also possible that we could become subject to further investigations and have lawsuits filed or enforcement actions initiated against us. In addition, increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or legal proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regulations or practices that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An adverse change in our regulatory requirements, including risk-based capital requirements, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries are subject to the NAIC’s RBC standards and other minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements imposed under the laws of their respective states of domicile. The failure of our insurance subsidiaries to meet applicable RBC requirements or minimum statutory capital and surplus

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requirements could subject our insurance subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state insurance regulators, including limitations on their ability to write additional business, or the addition of state regulatory supervision, rehabilitation, seizure or liquidation. As of December 31, 2022, the RBC of each of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the level of RBC that would require any of them to take or become subject to any corrective action in their respective domiciliary state. However, we continue to face challenges in our principal life insurance subsidiaries, particularly those subsidiaries that rely heavily on in-force rate actions as a source of earnings and capital. We may see variability in statutory results and a decline in the RBC ratios of these subsidiaries given the time lag between the approval of in-force rate actions versus when the benefits from the in-force rate actions (including increased premiums and associated benefit reductions) are fully realized in our financial results. Additionally, the RBC ratio of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries would be negatively impacted by future increases in our statutory reserves, including results of Actuarial Guideline 38, cash flow testing and assumption reviews, particularly in our long-term care and life insurance products. Future declines in the RBC ratio of our life insurance subsidiaries could result in heightened supervision and regulatory action.

Enact Holdings and its U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are not subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements but are required by certain states and other regulators to maintain a certain risk-to-capital ratio. In addition, PMIERs includes financial requirements for mortgage insurers to do business with the GSEs under which a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) must meet or exceed “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s risk-in-force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions and are subject to a floor amount). The failure of Enact Holdings and its U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries to meet their regulatory requirements, and additionally the PMIERs financial requirements on its principal operating subsidiary, could limit their ability to write new business. For further discussion of the importance of financial requirements to Enact Holdings, see “—If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition” and “—Enact Holdings’ U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum statutory capital requirements, which if not met or waived, would result in restrictions or prohibitions on them doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

An adverse change in our insurance subsidiaries’ RBC, risk-to-capital ratio or our ability to meet other minimum regulatory requirements could cause rating agencies to downgrade the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries and the credit ratings of Genworth Holdings, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to execute our strategic plan, including stabilizing the legacy long-term care insurance in-force block and advancing Genworth’s senior care growth initiatives, and would further restrict our ability to retain and write new business. Furthermore, it may cause regulators to take regulatory or supervisory actions with respect to our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries, thereby limiting the financial flexibility of our holding company, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business.

The inability to obtain in-force rate action increases (including increased premiums and associated benefit reductions) in our long-term care insurance business could have a material adverse impact on our business, including our results of operations and financial condition.

The continued viability of our long-term care insurance business, as well as that of GLIC and GLICNY, is based on our ability to obtain significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions on our in-force long-term care insurance products. The adequacy of our current long-term care insurance reserves also depends significantly on our assumptions regarding our ability to successfully execute our in-force rate action plan through premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions. We include assumptions for future in-force rate actions, which includes assumptions for significant premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions that have been approved or are anticipated to be approved (including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed), in our measurement of our long-term care insurance reserves under U.S. GAAP and asset adequacy testing of our statutory long-term care insurance reserves.

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Although the terms of our long-term care insurance policies permit us to increase premiums under certain circumstances during the premium-paying period, these increases generally require regulatory approval, which can often take a long time to obtain and may not be obtained in all relevant jurisdictions or for the full amounts requested. In addition, some states have adopted, or are considering adopting long-term care insurance rate increase laws that would further limit increases in long-term care insurance premium rates beyond the statutes and regulations previously adopted in certain states, which would adversely impact our ability to achieve anticipated rate increases. Furthermore, some states have refused to approve actuarially justified rate actions or have required that approved rate actions be phased in over an extended period of time.

Regulators may be unwilling to approve premium rates we seek to charge. We cannot predict how regulators may react to any in-force rate increases, nor can we predict if regulators will approve requested in-force rate increases.

We will not be able to realize our future premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions in the future if we cannot obtain the required regulatory approvals. In this event, we would have to increase our long-term care insurance reserves by amounts that would likely be material and would result in a material adverse impact. Moreover, we may not be able to sufficiently mitigate the impact of unexpected adverse experience through premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions. Given the claims history in our long-term care insurance business and its related pressure to reserve levels and earnings, and the expectation that claims will continue to rise due to the aging of the block and from higher incidence and severity, among other factors, our results of operations, capital levels, RBC and financial condition would be materially adversely affected absent future premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions.

Policyholders may be unwilling or unable to pay the increased premium rates we seek to charge. We cannot predict how our policyholders may react to any in-force rate increases. In certain circumstances, our policyholders have brought legal action against us due to alleged misleading and inadequate disclosures regarding premium rate increases, see “—Litigation and regulatory investigations or other actions are common in the insurance business and may result in financial losses and harm our reputation” and note 20 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.

Changes to the role of the GSEs or to the charters or business practices of the GSEs, including actions or decisions to decrease or discontinue the use of mortgage insurance, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The requirements and practices of the GSEs impact the operating results and financial performance of approved mortgage insurers, including Enact Holdings. Changes in the charters or business practices of Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae could materially reduce the number of mortgages they purchase that are insured by Enact Holdings and consequently diminish the value of our business. The GSEs could be directed to make such changes by the FHFA, which was appointed as their conservator in September 2008 and has the authority to control and direct the operations of the GSEs.

With the GSEs in a prolonged conservatorship, there has been ongoing debate over the future role and purpose of the GSEs in the U.S. housing market. Congress may legislate, or the administration may implement through administrative reform, structural and other changes to the GSEs and the functioning of the secondary mortgage market. Since 2011, there have been numerous legislative proposals intended to incrementally scale back the GSEs (such as a statutory mandate for the GSEs to transfer mortgage credit risk to the private sector) or to completely reform the U.S. housing finance system. Congress, however, has not enacted any legislation to date. There has been increased focus on and discussion of administrative reform independent of legislative action. The proposals vary with regard to the government’s role in the housing market, and more specifically, with regard to the existence of an explicit or implicit government guarantee. In the absence of legislation, the FHFA continues to move forward on administrative reform efforts to prepare the GSEs for the end of

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conservatorship, once fully and adequately capitalized. If any GSE reform is adopted, whether through legislation or administrative action, it could impact the current role of private mortgage insurance as a credit enhancement, including its reduction or elimination, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue, business, financial condition and results of operations. As a result of these matters, it is uncertain what role private capital, including mortgage insurance, will play in the U.S. residential housing finance system in the future or the impact any such changes could have on our business. Any changes to the charters or statutory authorities of the GSEs would likely require Congressional action to implement. Passage and timing of any comprehensive GSE reform or incremental change (legislative or administrative) is uncertain, making the actual impact on Enact Holdings and the private mortgage insurance industry difficult to predict. Any such changes that come to pass could have a significant impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The FHFA and GSEs are focused on increasing the accessibility and affordability of homeownership, in particular for low- and moderate-income borrowers and underserved minority communities. Among other things, the FHFA directed the GSEs to submit equitable housing plans to identify and address barriers to sustainable housing opportunities, including the GSEs’ goals and action plans to advance equity in housing finance for the next three years; lifted the 50 basis point adverse market fee applicable to most refinance loans; directed the GSEs to expand their streamlined refinance programs; and directed the GSEs to make desktop appraisals permanent by incorporating the practice into their selling guides, which originally was a temporary practice implemented in light of COVID-19. The FHFA announced the release of Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s respective Equitable Housing Finance Plans in 2022. The proposals included many initiatives, including language discussing potential changes that could impact the mortgage insurance industry. These initiatives remain preliminary and Enact Holdings will continue to work with the FHFA, the GSEs and the broader housing finance industry as these proposals develop and to the extent they are implemented. We cannot predict whether or when any new practices or programs will be implemented under the GSEs’ Equitable Housing Finance Plans or other affordability initiatives, and if so in what form, nor can we predict what effect, if any, such practices or programs may have on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

The FHFA has set goals for the GSEs to transfer significant portions of the GSEs’ mortgage credit risk to the private sector. This mandate builds upon the goal established by the GSEs to increase the role of private capital through experimenting with different forms of transactions and structures. Enact Holdings has participated in credit risk transfer programs developed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on a limited basis. The GSEs have in the past piloted and may in the future attempt to launch alternative products or transactions. To the extent these credit risk products evolve in a manner that displaces primary mortgage insurance coverage, the amount of insurance Enact Holdings writes may be reduced. It is difficult to predict the impact of alternative credit risk transfer products that are developed to meet the goals established by the FHFA. In addition, in December 2020, the FHFA published a final rule of its Enterprise Capital Framework, which became effective on February 16, 2021. The Enterprise Capital Framework may impact the credit risk transfer programs developed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and/or the role of private mortgage insurance as credit enhancement by potentially accelerating the recent diversification of the GSEs’ risk transfer programs to encompass a broader array of instruments, beyond private mortgage insurance.

On January 14, 2021, the FHFA and the Treasury Department agreed to amend the PSPAs between the Treasury Department and each of the GSEs to increase the amount of capital each GSE may retain. Among other things, the amendments to the PSPAs limit the number of certain mortgages the GSEs may acquire with two or more prescribed risk factors, including certain mortgages with combined loan-to-value ratios above 90%. However, on September 14, 2021, the FHFA and Treasury Department suspended certain provisions of the amendments to the PSPAs, including the limit on the number of mortgages with two or more risk factors that the GSEs may acquire. Such suspensions end six months after the Treasury Department notifies the GSEs of termination. The limit on the number of mortgages with two or more risk factors was based on the market size at the time. While Enact Holdings does not expect any material impact to the private mortgage market, changes in the provisions or enforcement of this rule could impact our results of operations.

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Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae also possess substantial market power, which enables them to influence Enact Holdings and the mortgage insurance industry in general. Although Enact Holdings actively monitors and develops its relationship with Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, a deterioration in any of these relationships, or the loss of business or opportunities for new business, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In furtherance of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s respective charter requirements, each GSE adopted PMIERs effective December 31, 2015. PMIERs has since been amended on several occasions, including as a result of COVID-19. The PMIERs include financial requirements for mortgage insurers under which a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) must meet or exceed “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s risk-in-force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions and are subject to a floor amount) and otherwise generally establish when a mortgage insurer is qualified to issue coverage that will be acceptable to the respective GSE for acquisition of high loan-to-value mortgages. The GSEs may amend or waive PMIERs at their discretion, impose additional conditions or restrictions, and have broad discretion to interpret PMIERs, which could impact the calculation of Available Assets and/or Minimum Required Assets or require an increase in assets held to remain compliant.

The amount of capital that may be required in the future to maintain the Minimum Required Assets, as defined in PMIERs, is dependent upon, among other things: (i) the way PMIERs are applied and interpreted by the GSEs and the FHFA; (ii) the future performance of the U.S. housing market; (iii) Enact Holdings’ generation of earnings, available assets and risk-based required assets, reducing risk in-force and reducing delinquencies as anticipated, and writing anticipated amounts and types of new mortgage insurance business; and (iv) Enact Holdings’ overall financial performance, capital and liquidity levels. Depending on actual experience, the amount of capital required under PMIERs for Enact Holdings’ subsidiaries may be higher than currently anticipated. In the absence of a premium increase on new business, if Enact Holdings’ subsidiaries hold more capital relative to their insured loans, their returns will be lower. Enact Holdings may be unable to increase premium rates on new business for various reasons, principally due to competition. Enact Holdings’ inability to increase its capital as required in the anticipated timeframes and on anticipated terms, and realize the anticipated benefits, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. More specifically, Enact Holdings’ subsidiaries’ ability to continue to meet the PMIERs financial requirements and maintain a prudent amount of capital in excess of those requirements, given the dynamic nature of asset valuations and requirement changes over time, is dependent upon, among other things: (i) Enact Holdings’ ability to complete credit risk transfer transactions on its anticipated terms and timetable, which as applicable, are subject to market conditions, third-party approvals and other actions (including approval by regulators and the GSEs), and other factors that are outside its control; and (ii) Enact Holdings’ ability to contribute its holding company cash or other sources of capital to satisfy the portion of the financial requirements that are not satisfied through credit risk transfer transactions. In addition, another potential capital source includes, but is not limited to, the issuance of securities by Genworth Financial, Genworth Holdings or Enact Holdings, which could materially adversely impact our business, shareholders and debtholders.

In September 2020, the GSEs imposed certain conditions and restrictions on Enact Holdings with respect to its capital. See “Regulation—Enact—Mortgage Insurance Regulation—Other U.S. Regulation and Agency Qualification Requirements” for additional details. These additional conditions and restrictions imposed by the GSEs could limit the operating flexibility of Enact Holdings, particularly in the areas in which new business is written and may adversely impact its competitive position, its ability to meet and maintain compliance with the PMIERs requirements and Genworth’s overall business. Moreover, it further restricts the ability of Enact

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Holdings to pay dividends and requires the retention of higher capital levels limiting the availability of capital to be utilized elsewhere in the business. Although we believe Genworth met the financial metrics included as part of the GSE conditions in the fourth quarter of 2022 and would expect the GSE conditions to be fully satisfied and the GSE restrictions to be lifted in the first quarter of 2023, the achievement of these financial metrics is subject to GSE confirmation.

Enact Holdings’ assessment of PMIERs compliance is based on a number of factors, including its understanding of the GSEs’ interpretation of the PMIERs financial requirements. Although we believe Enact Holdings has sufficient capital as required under PMIERs and it remains an approved insurer, there can be no assurance these conditions will continue. In addition, there can be no assurance Enact Holdings will continue to meet the conditions contained in the GSE letters granting PMIERs credit for reinsurance and other credit risk transfer transactions including, but not limited to, its ability to remain below a statutory risk-to-capital ratio of 18:1. The GSEs also reserve the right to re-evaluate the credit for reinsurance and other credit risk transfer transactions available under PMIERs. If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs, the GSE restrictions discussed above or any additional restrictions imposed by the GSEs, whether because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Additionally, compliance with PMIERs requires Enact Holdings to seek the GSEs’ prior approval before taking many actions, including implementing certain new products or services or entering into inter-company agreements among others. PMIERs’ prior approval requirements could prohibit, materially modify or delay our intended course of action. Further, the GSEs may modify or change their interpretation of terms they require Enact Holdings to include in its mortgage insurance coverage for loans purchased by the GSEs, requiring Enact Holdings to modify its terms of coverage or operational procedures to remain an approved insurer, and such changes could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and operating results. It is possible the GSEs could, at their own discretion, require additional limitations and/or conditions on Enact Holdings’ activities and practices that are not currently in PMIERs in order for Enact Holdings to remain an approved insurer. Additional requirements or conditions imposed by the GSEs could limit Enact Holdings’ operating flexibility and the areas in which it may write new business. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Enact Holdings’ U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum statutory capital requirements, which if not met or waived, would result in restrictions or prohibitions on them doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain states have insurance laws or regulations which require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its level of risk in-force. While formulations of minimum capital vary in certain states, the most common measure applied allows for a maximum permitted risk-to-capital ratio of 25:1. If one of Enact Holdings’ U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries that is writing business in a particular state fails to maintain that state’s required minimum capital level, it would generally be required to immediately stop writing new business in the state until the insurer re-establishes the required level of capital or receives a waiver of the requirement from the state’s insurance regulator, or until it establishes an alternative source of underwriting capacity acceptable to the regulator. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Enact Holdings’ combined insurance subsidiaries’ risk-to-capital ratio was approximately 12.8:1 and 12.2:1, respectively. If Enact Holdings’ insurance subsidiaries exceed required risk-to-capital levels in the future, Enact Holdings and Genworth Financial would seek required regulatory and GSE forbearance and approvals or seek approval for the utilization of alternative insurance vehicles. However, there can be no assurance if, and on what terms, such forbearance and approvals may be obtained.

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The NAIC established the MGIWG to determine and make recommendations to the NAIC’s Financial Condition Committee as to what, if any, changes to make to the solvency and other regulations relating to mortgage guaranty insurers. The MGIWG continues to work on revisions to the NAIC’s MGI Model, including revisions to Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 58—Mortgage Guaranty Insurance, and to develop a mortgage guaranty supplemental filing. In October 2022, the MGIWG released a revised exposure draft of the MGI Model. The proposed amendments of the MGI Model are expected to be finalized by the MGIWG in the spring of 2023. The MGIWG has also worked toward developing a mortgage guaranty insurance capital model. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of this work, whether any state will adopt the amended MGI Model or any of its specific provisions, the effect changes, if any, will have on the mortgage guaranty insurance market generally, or on our business specifically, the additional costs associated with compliance with any such changes, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We also cannot predict whether other regulatory initiatives will be adopted or what impact, if any, such initiatives, if adopted as laws, may have on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in regulations that adversely affect the mortgage insurance markets in which Enact Holdings operates could affect its operations significantly and could reduce the demand for mortgage insurance.

In addition to the general regulatory risks that are described under “—Our insurance businesses are extensively regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth,” we are also affected, through our ownership of Enact Holdings, by various additional regulations related specifically to mortgage insurance operations.

Federal and state regulations affect the scope of competitor operations, which influences the size of the mortgage insurance market and the intensity of the competition. This competition includes not only other private mortgage insurers, but also U.S. federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agencies, principally the FHA and the VA, which are governed by federal regulations. Increases in the maximum loan amount that the FHA can insure, and reductions in the mortgage insurance premiums the FHA charges, can reduce the demand for private mortgage insurance. Decreases in the maximum loan amounts or maximum loan-to-value ratio of loans the GSEs will purchase or guarantee or increases in GSE fees can also reduce demand for private mortgage insurance. Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could cause demand for private mortgage insurance to decrease. In addition, there is uncertainty surrounding the implementation of the Basel framework and whether its rules will be implemented in the United States. It is possible that its implementation could occur in the United States and its rules could discourage the use of mortgage insurance. See “—Basel Framework” below for further details.

In December 2020, the FHFA published a final rule of its Enterprise Capital Framework, which imposes a new capital framework on the GSEs, including risk-based and leverage capital requirements and capital buffers in excess of regulatory minimums that can be drawn down in periods of financial distress. The Enterprise Capital Framework became effective on February 16, 2021. However, the GSEs will not be subject to any requirement under the Enterprise Capital Framework until (i) the date of termination of the conservatorship of a GSE and (ii) any later compliance date provided in a consent order or other transition order applicable to such GSE. The Enterprise Capital Framework significantly increases capital requirements and reduces capital credit on credit risk transfer transactions as compared to the previous framework. This rule could accelerate the recent diversification of the GSEs’ risk transfer programs to encompass a broader array of instruments beyond private mortgage insurance, which could adversely impact Enact Holdings and our business. Likewise, legislation or regulation that changes the role of the GSEs, ends the GSEs’ conservatorship or increases the number of people eligible for FHA or VA mortgages could have a material adverse effect on Enact Holdings and limit its ability to compete with the FHA or VA thereby adversely impacting our business.

Enact Holdings and its U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries, as credit enhancement providers in the residential mortgage lending industry, are also subject to compliance with various federal and state consumer

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protection and insurance laws, including RESPA, the ECOA, the Fair Housing Act, the Dodd-Frank Act (including the adoption of the QM Rule), HOPA, the FCRA and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, among others. These laws prohibit payments for referrals of settlement service business, providing services to lenders for no or reduced fees or payments for services not actually performed, require cancellation of insurance and refund of unearned premiums under certain circumstances, and govern the circumstances under which companies may obtain and use consumer credit information. Changes in these laws or regulations, changes in the appropriate regulator’s interpretation of these laws or regulations or heightened enforcement activity could materially adversely affect the operations and profitability of Enact Holdings.

Basel Framework

In December 2017, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“Basel Committee”) published the finalization of the post-crisis reforms to the Basel framework that were generally targeted for implementation by each participating country by January 1, 2023. Under these revisions to the international framework, banks using the standardized approach to determine their credit risk may consider mortgage insurance in calculating the exposure amount for real estate but will determine the risk-weight for residential mortgages based on the loan-to-value ratio at loan origination, without consideration of mortgage insurance. Under the standardized approach, after the appropriate risk-weight is determined, the existence of mortgage insurance could be considered, but only if the company issuing the insurance has a lower risk-weight than the underlying exposure. Mortgage insurance issued by private companies would not meet this test. Therefore, under the Basel framework, mortgage insurance could not mitigate credit and lower the capital charge under the standardized approach. It is possible that the Federal Banking Agencies could determine that their current capital rules are as stringent as the Basel framework, in which case no change would be mandated. However, if the Federal Banking Agencies decide to implement the Basel framework as specifically drafted by the Basel Committee, mortgage insurance would not lower the loan-to-value ratio of residential loans for capital purposes and therefore may decrease the demand for mortgage insurance. Because these reforms are not yet implemented by national supervisors or the Federal Banking Agencies, we cannot predict the mortgage insurance benefits or disadvantages, if any, that ultimately will be provided to lenders. If the Federal Banking Agencies implement the Basel framework in a manner that does not reward lenders for using mortgage insurance on high loan-to-value mortgage loans, or if lenders conclude that mortgage insurance does not provide sufficient capital incentives, Enact Holdings and our business and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries may not be able to continue to mitigate the impact of Regulations XXX or AXXX and, therefore, they may incur higher operating costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have increased term and universal life insurance statutory reserves in response to Regulations XXX and AXXX and have taken steps to mitigate the impact these regulations have had on our business, including increasing premium rates and implementing reserve funding structures. One way that we and other insurance companies have mitigated the impact of these regulations is through captive reinsurance companies and/or special purpose vehicles. If we were to discontinue our use of captive life reinsurance subsidiaries to finance statutory reserves in response to regulatory changes on a prospective basis, the reasonably likely impact would be increased costs related to alternative financing, such as third-party reinsurance, which would adversely impact our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we cannot be certain that affordable alternative financing would be available.

On March 7, 2016, we suspended sales of our traditional life insurance products. While we are no longer writing new life insurance business, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to continue to implement actions to mitigate the impacts of Regulations XXX or AXXX on our in-force term and universal life insurance products which are not currently part of reserve funding structures, or which may be part of existing reserve arrangements and need refinancing.

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Additionally, there may be future regulatory, tax or other impacts to existing reserve funding structures and/or future refinancing, which could require us to increase statutory reserves or incur higher operating and/or tax costs. For example, effective January 1, 2017, the NAIC adopted an amended version of AG 48, which was subsequently codified in the Term and Universal Life Insurance Reserve Financing Model Regulation. This regulation becomes effective when formally adopted by the states; however, it is not clear what additional changes or state variations may emerge as the states continue to adopt this regulation. As a result, there is the potential for additional requirements making it more difficult and/or expensive for us to mitigate the impact of Regulations XXX and AXXX. As of November 11, 2022, 25 states (including Virginia, which is the domestic state regulator for GLAIC, one of our principal life insurance subsidiaries) had adopted the model regulation, eight states were considering adoption, and five other states rely on AG 48 and Updated AG 48. This model regulation became an NAIC accreditation standard effective September 1, 2022, and enforcement began January 1, 2023.

Operational Risks

If we are unable to retain, attract and motivate qualified employees or senior management, our results of operations, financial condition and business operations may be adversely impacted.

Our success is largely dependent on our ability to retain, attract and motivate qualified employees and senior management. We face intense competition in our industry for key employees with demonstrated ability, including actuarial, finance, legal, investment, risk, compliance and other professionals. Our ability to retain, attract and motivate experienced and qualified employees and senior management has been more challenging in light of our previous financial difficulties, announcements concerning expense reductions and from the demands being placed on our employees, as well as recruitment challenges due to the current labor shortage and low labor participation rate. In addition, our ability to attract, recruit, retain and motivate current and prospective employees may be adversely impacted due to uncertainty and/or the company changing its strategic direction. Furthermore, as the future of work evolves and work arrangements, such as a remote work environment, become more flexible and commonplace, our ability to compete for qualified employees could be further challenged. A remote work environment could expand competition among employers, which likely would exacerbate the battle for talent in an already tight labor market. We cannot be sure we will be able to attract, retain and motivate the desired workforce, and our failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business operations. In addition, we may not be able to meet regulatory requirements relating to required expertise in various professional positions.

Managing key employee succession and retention is also critical to our success. We would be adversely affected if we fail to adequately plan for the succession of our senior management and other key employees. While we have succession plans and long-term compensation plans, including retention programs, designed to retain our employees, our succession plans may not operate effectively and our compensation plans cannot guarantee that the services of these employees will continue to be available to us.

Enact Holdings’ reliance on key customers or distribution relationships could cause a loss of significant sales if one or more of those relationships terminate or are reduced.

Our businesses depend on our relationships with our customers, and in particular, our relationships with our largest lending customers in Enact Holdings. Customers place private mortgage insurance provided by Enact Holdings directly on loans that they originate, and they purchase loans that already have mortgage insurance coverage provided by Enact Holdings. Customer relationships may influence the amount of business written with Enact Holdings and the customers’ willingness to continue to approve Enact Holdings as a mortgage insurance provider for loans that they purchase. Enact Holdings’ largest customer accounted for 18% of its total new insurance written in 2022 and its top five customers generated 30% of its new insurance written in 2022. An inability to maintain a relationship with one or more of these customers could have an adverse effect on the

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amount of new business Enact Holdings is able to write and consequently, our financial condition and results of operations. Enact Holdings’ ability to maintain business relationships and business volumes with its largest lending customers remains critical to the success of our business.

We cannot be certain that any loss of business from significant customers, or any single lender, would be replaced by other customers, existing or new. As a result of current market conditions and increased regulatory requirements, Enact Holdings’ lending customers may decide to write business only with a limited number of mortgage insurers or only with certain mortgage insurers, based on their views of an insurer’s pricing, service levels, underwriting guidelines, loss mitigation practices, financial strength, ratings or other factors.

Enact Holdings distributes its products through a wide variety of distribution methods, including through relationships with key distribution partners (including lender customers). These distribution partners are an integral part to Enact Holdings’ business model. We are at risk that key distribution partners may merge, change their distribution model affecting how Enact Holdings’ products are sold, or terminate their distribution contracts or relationships with them. In addition, timing of key distributor adoption of Enact Holdings’ new product offerings may impact sales of its products. Some distributors have, and in the future others may, elect to terminate or reduce their distribution relationships with Enact Holdings or our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries for a variety of reasons, such as the result of Genworth’s past financial challenges (including adverse ratings actions). Likewise, in the future, other distributors may terminate or reduce their relationships with Enact Holdings or our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries as a result of, among other things, Genworth’s past financial challenges re-emerging, including future adverse developments in our business, adverse rating agency actions and concerns about market-related risks, or due to commission levels or the breadth of product offerings.

Enact Holdings competes with government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises, and this may put them at a competitive disadvantage on pricing and other terms and conditions.

Enact Holdings competes with the FHA and the VA, as well as certain local- and state-level housing finance agencies. Separately, the government-owned and government-sponsored enterprises, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, compete with Enact Holdings through certain of their risk-sharing insurance programs. Those competitors may establish pricing terms and business practices that may be influenced by motives such as advancing social housing policy or stabilizing the mortgage lending industry, which may not be consistent with maximizing return on capital or other profitability measures. In addition, those governmental enterprises typically do not have the same capital requirements that Enact Holdings and other mortgage insurance companies have and therefore may have financial flexibility in their pricing and capacity that could put Enact Holdings at a competitive disadvantage. In the event that a government-owned or sponsored entity decides to change prices significantly or alter the terms and conditions of its mortgage insurance or other credit enhancement products in furtherance of social or other goals rather than a profit or risk management motive, Enact Holdings may be unable to compete effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our businesses could be adversely impacted from deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.

The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, including controls necessary to implement LDTI, may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management continually reviews the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, such as those we have reported in the past, or any other failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures could result in material errors or restatements in our historical financial statements or untimely filings, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, that would result in a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

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Our computer systems may fail or be compromised, and unanticipated problems could materially adversely impact our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans, which could damage our reputation, impair our ability to conduct business effectively, result in enforcement action or litigation, and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is highly dependent upon the effective operation of our computer systems. We also have arrangements in place with our partners and other third-party service providers through which we share and receive information. We rely on these systems throughout our business for a variety of functions, including processing claims and applications, providing information to customers and distributors, performing actuarial analyses and maintaining financial records. We have implemented and maintain what we believe to be reasonable security controls and back-up measures, but despite this our computer systems and those of our partners and third-party service providers have been, and may be in the future, vulnerable to physical or electronic intrusions, computer malware, malicious code or other attacks, system failures, programming errors, employee and third-party errors or wrongdoing, and similar disruption or adverse outcomes. The failure of these systems for any reason could cause significant interruptions to our operations, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Technology continues to expand and plays an ever-increasing role in our business. While it is our goal to safeguard information assets from physical theft and cybersecurity threats, there can be no assurance that our information security measures will detect, and protect information assets from, these ever-increasing risks. Information assets include both information itself in the form of computer data, written materials, knowledge and supporting processes, and the information technology systems, networks, other electronic devices and storage media used to store, process, retrieve and transmit that information. As more information is used and shared by our employees, customers and suppliers, both within and outside our company, cybersecurity threats become expansive in nature. The confidentiality, integrity and availability of information are essential to maintaining our reputation, legal position and ability to conduct our operations. Although we have implemented controls and continue to train our employees, a cybersecurity event could still occur which would cause damage to our reputation with our customers, distributors and other stakeholders, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, or expose us to litigation or other enforcement actions.

We retain confidential information in our computer systems, and we rely on commercial technologies to maintain the security of those systems, including computers or mobile devices. Anyone who is able to circumvent our security measures and penetrate our computer systems or misuse authorized access could access, view, misappropriate, alter, delete or disclose any information in the systems, including personal information, personal health information and proprietary business information. Our employees, distribution partners and other vendors use portable computers or mobile devices which may contain similar information to that in our computer systems, and these devices have been and can be lost, stolen or damaged, and therefore subject to the same risks as our other computer systems. In addition, an increasing number of states and foreign countries require that affected parties be notified or other actions be taken (which could involve significant costs to us) if a security breach results in the unlawful disclosure of personal information. We have experienced occasional, actual or attempted breaches of our cybersecurity, although to date, none of these breaches has had a material effect on our business, operations or reputation. Any compromise of the security of our computer systems or those of our partners and third-party service providers that results in the unauthorized disclosure of customer personal information could damage our reputation in the marketplace, deter people from purchasing our products, subject us to significant civil and criminal liability and require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses.

The area of cybersecurity and data privacy have come under increased scrutiny in recent years, with various countries, government agencies and insurance regulators introducing and/or passing legislation in an attempt to safeguard personal information from escalating cybersecurity threats. For additional details, see “Regulation—Other Laws and Regulations—Cybersecurity” and “Regulation—Other Laws and Regulations—Privacy of Consumer Information.” We have implemented internal policies, practices and controls designed to comply with applicable data privacy and security laws. Failure to comply with these laws, regulations and rules may result in

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enforcement action, litigation, monetary fines, or other penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and reputation.

In addition, unanticipated problems with, or failures of, our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those problems affect our information technology systems and destroy, lose or otherwise compromise valuable data. Furthermore, in the event that a significant number of our employees were unavailable in the event of a disaster or a pandemic, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised. The failure of our disaster recovery systems and business continuity plans could adversely impact our profitability and our business.

We rely upon third-party vendors who may be unable or unwilling to meet their obligations to us.

We rely on third-party vendors to efficiently execute in-house processes as well as to provide unique or cost-efficient products or services. We rely on the controls and risk management processes of these third parties. While we have certain contractual protections and perform third-party vendor due diligence procedures, there is no assurance that third-party vendors will provide accurate and complete information to us, meet their obligations on a timely basis and adhere to the provisions of our agreements. Additionally, if a third-party vendor is unable to source and maintain a capable work force or supply us with contractors during times of peak volume, then we may be unable to satisfy our customer requirements. In addition, some third-party vendors may provide unique services and the loss of those services may be difficult to replace. Any of the above scenarios could lead to reputational damage and/or an adverse financial impact.

Insurance and Product-Related Risks

Enact Holdings may be unable to maintain or increase capital in its mortgage insurance subsidiaries in a timely manner, on anticipated terms or at all, including through improved business performance, reinsurance or similar transactions, asset sales, securities offerings or otherwise, in each case as and when required.

Enact Holdings intends to continue to support its increased capital needs to promote its growth, maximize its value and to meet its regulatory capital requirements, including as a result of PMIERs. Our ability to support the capital needs of Enact Holdings is limited. See “—We may be unable to successfully execute our strategic plans to strengthen our financial position and create long-term shareholder value.” Accordingly, we are largely reliant on Enact Holdings to support its own capital needs. Furthermore, our current plans do not include any additional minority sales resulting in Genworth owning less than 80% of Enact Holdings, and accordingly, Enact Holdings’ ability to raise additional capital by issuing its stock to third parties is limited. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Enact Holdings met the PMIERs financial and operational requirements. In order to continue to provide a prudent level of financial flexibility in connection with the PMIERs capital requirements given the dynamic nature of asset valuations, requirement changes over time and certain conditions and restrictions imposed by the GSEs, Enact Holdings may be required to execute future financing transactions, including additional credit risk transfer transactions and contributions of its holding company cash. See “—If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

The implementation of any further credit risk transfer transactions depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to, market conditions, third-party approvals or other actions (including approval by regulators and the GSEs), and other factors which are outside Enact Holdings’ control, and therefore we cannot be sure Enact Holdings will be able to successfully implement these actions on the anticipated timetable and terms, or at all. Even if Enact Holdings is able to successfully implement these actions, there is no assurance it will be able to achieve the anticipated benefits from the actions.

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Reinsurance may not be available, affordable or adequate to protect us against losses.

As part of our overall risk and capital management strategy, we purchase reinsurance from external reinsurers, use credit risk transfer transactions and provide internal reinsurance support for certain risks underwritten by our various business segments. These reinsurance arrangements and credit risk transfer transactions are intended to enable our businesses to transfer risks in exchange for some of the associated economic benefits and, as a result, improve our statutory capital position, manage risk to within our tolerance level and improve the PMIERs position of Enact Holdings. The availability and cost of reinsurance protection are impacted by our operating and financial performance, including ratings, as well as conditions beyond our control, including changes in regulation. For example, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries’ low financial strength ratings may reduce the availability of certain types of reinsurance and make it more costly when it is available, as reinsurers are less willing to take on credit risk in a volatile market. Accordingly, we may be forced to incur additional expenses for reinsurance or may not be able to obtain new reinsurance or renew existing reinsurance arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, which could increase our risk and adversely affect our ability to obtain statutory capital credit for new reinsurance or could require us to make capital contributions to maintain regulatory capital requirements. Our U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiaries have incurred higher expenses associated with credit risk transfer transactions during 2021 and 2022 for a variety of reasons and in the future may be unable to obtain new transactions on acceptable terms or at all. Absent the availability and affordability to enter into new credit risk transfer transactions, the ability of Enact Holdings to obtain PMIERs or statutory credit for new transactions would be adversely impacted. See “—If Enact is unable to continue to meet the requirements mandated by PMIERs because the GSEs amend them or the GSEs’ interpretation of the financial requirements requires Enact to hold amounts of capital that are higher than planned or otherwise, Enact may not be eligible to write new insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

We also manage risk and capital allocated to our long-term care insurance business through utilization of external reinsurance in the form of coinsurance. Our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have executed external reinsurance agreements to reinsure sales of some of their older blocks of long-term care insurance products (10% of new business issued from 2003 to 2008; 20% to 30% of new business issued from 2009 to 2011; and 40% of new business issued from 2011 to early 2013). We also have external reinsurance on some older blocks of business which includes a treaty on a yearly renewable term basis on business that was written between 1998 and 2003. This yearly renewable term reinsurance provides coverage for claims on those policies for 15 years after the policy was written. After 15 years, reinsurance coverage ends for policies not on claim, while reinsurance coverage continues for policies on claim until the claim ends. The 15-year coverage on the policies written in 2003 expired in 2018; therefore, any new claims will not have reinsurance coverage under this treaty. Since 2013, we have seen, and may continue to see, an increase in our benefit costs as policies with reinsurance coverage exhaust their benefits or terminate and policies which are not covered by reinsurance go on claim. Over time, there can be no assurance that affordable, or any, reinsurance will continue to be available.

A decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value home mortgage originations or an increase in the volume of mortgage insurance cancellations could result in a decline in Enact Holdings’ revenue.

Enact Holdings provides mortgage insurance primarily for high loan-to-value mortgages. Factors that could lead to a decrease in the volume of high loan-to-value mortgage originations include, but are not limited to:

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A decline in the volume of high loan-to-value mortgage originations would reduce the demand for mortgage insurance and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on Enact Holdings and our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, each year, Enact Holdings recognizes a significant percentage of its earned premiums from renewal premiums on insurance policies written in previous years. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we estimate that approximately 90% of Enact Holdings’ gross earned premiums were renewal premiums compared to approximately 84% and 85% for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As a result, the length of time insurance remains in-force is an important determinant of Genworth’s mortgage insurance revenues. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and many other mortgage investors generally permit a homeowner to ask the loan servicer to cancel the borrower’s obligation to pay for mortgage insurance when the principal amount of the mortgage falls below 80% of the home’s value. Factors that tend to reduce the length of time our mortgage insurance remains in-force include:

Any change in the methodology by which servicers determine the cancellation dates of mortgage insurance under HOPA; GSE requirements or otherwise, including as a result of changes in law or regulation; GSE rules or guidance, including changes in response to COVID-19 or homeowner affordability initiatives; and/or for any other reason, could reduce the amount of Enact Holdings’ insurance in-force and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Enact Holdings’ primary persistency rates were 80%, 62% and 59% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A decrease in persistency generally would reduce the amount of Enact Holdings’ insurance in-force and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, higher persistency on certain higher-risk products could have a material adverse effect if claims generated by such products remain elevated or increase.

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The amount of mortgage insurance written by Enact Holdings could decline significantly if alternatives to private mortgage insurance are used or lower coverage levels of mortgage insurance are selected.

There are a variety of alternatives to private mortgage insurance that may reduce the amount of mortgage insurance written by Enact Holdings. These alternatives include:

The degree to which lenders or borrowers may select these alternatives now, or in the future, is difficult to predict. As one or more of the alternatives described above, or new alternatives that enter the market, are chosen over private mortgage insurance, Enact Holdings’ revenue could be adversely impacted. The loss of business in general or the specific loss of more profitable business in Enact Holdings could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Enact Holdings is exposed to potential liabilities in connection with its U.S. contract underwriting services which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Enact Holdings offers contract underwriting services to certain of its mortgage lenders, pursuant to which its employees and contractors work directly with the lender to determine whether the data relating to a borrower and a proposed loan contained in a mortgage loan application file complies with the lender’s loan underwriting guidelines or the investor’s loan purchase requirements. In connection with that service, Enact Holdings also compiles the application data and submits it to the automated underwriting systems of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which independently analyze the data to determine if the proposed loan complies with their investor requirements.

Under contract underwriting agreement terms, Enact Holdings agrees to indemnify the lender against losses incurred in the event material errors are made by its contract underwriters in determining whether loans meet specified underwriting or purchase criteria, subject to contractual limitations. As a result, Enact Holdings assumes credit and processing risk in connection with its contract underwriting services. If Enact Holdings’ reserves for potential claims in connection with its contract underwriting services are inadequate as a result of differences between its estimates and assumptions or other reasons, Enact Holdings may be required to increase its underlying reserves, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Enact Holdings’ delegated underwriting program may subject its mortgage insurance subsidiaries to unanticipated claims.

Certain of Enact Holdings’ customers commit Enact Holdings to insure loans that use its pre-established guidelines under delegated underwriting authority. Delegated underwriting represented approximately 71% and 65% of Enact Holdings’ total new insurance written by loan count for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Once a customer is accepted into Enact Holdings’ delegated underwriting program, a loan originated by that customer is generally insured without validating the accuracy of the data submitted,

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investigated for fraud or reviewed to ensure the customer followed the pre-established guidelines for delegated underwriting. Under this program, it is possible a customer could commit Enact Holdings to insure a material number of loans that would fail Enact Holdings’ pre-established guidelines for delegated underwriting but pass its model, among other criteria, before Enact Holdings discovers the problem and terminates the customer’s delegated underwriting authority. Although coverage on such loans may be rescindable or otherwise limited under the terms of Enact Holdings’ master policies, the burden of establishing the right to rescind or deny coverage lies with the insurer. To the extent that Enact Holdings’ customers exceed their delegated underwriting authorities, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Medical advances, such as genetic research and diagnostic imaging, and related legislation could materially adversely affect the financial performance of our life insurance, long-term care insurance and annuity businesses.

Genetic testing research and discovery is advancing at a rapid pace. Though some of this research is focused on identifying the genes associated with rare diseases, much of the research is focused on identifying the genes associated with an increased risk of various common diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnostic testing utilizing various blood panels or imaging techniques, including the use of artificial intelligence, may allow clinicians to detect similar diseases during an earlier treatment phase and prescribe more acute medicine or treatments. We believe that if an individual learns through such testing that they are predisposed to a condition that may reduce their life expectancy or increase their chances of requiring long-term care, they potentially will be more likely to purchase life and long-term care insurance policies or avoid lapsing their existing policy. In contrast, if an individual learns that they lack the genetic predisposition to develop the conditions that reduce longevity or require long-term care, they potentially will be less likely to purchase life and long-term care insurance products or allow their life and long-term care insurance policies to lapse, but would be more likely to purchase certain annuity products.

Being able to access and use the medical information (including the results of genetic and diagnostic testing) known to our prospective policyholders is important to ensure that an underwriting risk assessment matches the anticipated risk priced into our life and long-term care insurance products, as well as our annuity products. Currently, there are some state level restrictions related to an insurer’s access and use of genetic information, and periodically new genetic testing legislation is being introduced. However, further restrictions on the access and use of such medical information could create a mismatch between an assessed risk and the product pricing. Such a mismatch has the potential to increase product pricing causing a decrease in sales to lower risk individuals resulting in higher risk individuals becoming the more likely buyer. In addition, it is possible that regulators may enforce anti-discrimination provisions even when medical information is available that indicates a purchaser is at higher risk. The net result of this could cause a deterioration in the risk profile of our portfolio which could lead to payments to our policyholders and contractholders that are materially higher than anticipated. Any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition to earlier diagnosis or knowledge of disease risk, medical advances may also lead to newer forms of preventive care which could improve an individual’s overall health and/or longevity. If this were to occur, the duration of payments made by us under certain forms of life insurance policies or annuity contracts would likely increase thereby reducing our profitability on those products. Conversely, slower progressing medical advances, particularly in the areas of cognitive decline, could adversely impact our long-term care insurance business as policyholders may remain on claim for a long period of time resulting in higher severity and duration of claims.

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Other General Risks

The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters, including geopolitical tensions and war (including the Russian invasion of Ukraine); a public health emergency, including pandemics; climate change or a cybersecurity breach could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to various risks arising out of natural disasters, including fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes, many of which could be exacerbated by climate change. Increasing geopolitical tensions and war could impact the economic environment and reduce available resources or increase costs due to supply chain impacts, including restricting oil supply and/or increasing the price of oil. The risk of a public health emergency, including from a pandemic, exposes us to risks similar to those experienced during COVID-19. A future natural or man-made disaster could disrupt our computer systems and our ability to conduct or process business, as well as lead to unexpected changes in mortgage borrower, policyholder and contractholder behavior. We are also exposed to the continued threat of terrorism, military actions, cybersecurity breaches and other man-made disasters, which may cause significant volatility in global financial markets and could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in business and increased claims from those areas, as well as an adverse effect on home prices in those areas, which could result in increased loss experience in our mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Disasters or a public health emergency, including a pandemic, could also disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt our normal business operations.

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We have no unresolved comments from the staff of the SEC.

Genworth owns a campus facility in Richmond, Virginia, which previously served as its headquarters, consisting of approximately 450,000 square feet in four buildings, as well as one facility in Lynchburg, Virginia with approximately 210,000 square feet. In addition, Genworth leases office space of approximately 263,000 square feet and 11,000 square feet in Richmond and Lynchburg, Virginia, respectively, and another 66,000 square feet of office space in 4 locations throughout the United States. One of Genworth’s international subsidiaries leases office space in Mexico. Enact Holdings leases its headquarters facility in Raleigh, North Carolina, which consists of approximately 130,000 square feet, and also leases one other office space of approximately 2,000 square feet in Washington, D.C.

Genworth continues to adapt to the changing corporate environment and the future of work. As part of these efforts, Genworth considered options to redevelop its headquarters campus in Richmond, Virginia. Given the challenges associated with new construction in the current economic environment, including supply chain issues, the increased cost of building materials and potential delays inherent in the building process, Genworth decided to lease and renovate a 174,000 square foot facility in Richmond, Virginia for its new headquarters office. Genworth has leased other office space in Richmond, Virginia to use as its interim headquarters until the new space is ready. These leases are included in the leasing agreements described above. Genworth plans to sell its campus facility in Richmond, Virginia and is currently evaluating bids on the property. However, as of December 31, 2022, held-for-sale criteria was not met, and accordingly the assets continue to be classified as held-for-use. We continue to actively market the campus and expect to reach a final classification of the associated assets in the second half of 2023.

See note 20 in our consolidated financial statements under “Part II—Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a description of material pending litigation and regulatory matters affecting us.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market for Common Stock

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “GNW.” As of February 16, 2023, we had 276 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock.

Common Stock Performance Graph

The following performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” nor to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

In April 2021, we were included in the S&P SmallCap 600 Index, which is more representative of our total market capitalization. The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A Common Stock with the cumulative total stockholder return on the S&P 500 Stock Index, S&P 500 Insurance Index, S&P SmallCap 600 Index and S&P SmallCap 600 Insurance Index.

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Dividends

In November 2008, Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors suspended the payment of dividends to its shareholders and the repurchase of common stock under the Company’s stock repurchase program indefinitely. Given the significant improvement in the results of operations and financial position of Genworth Financial and its subsidiaries, and the $2.1 billion of debt reduction in 2021, Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program in 2022. Any amounts used for the purpose of returning capital to Genworth Financial’s shareholders, including share repurchases or dividends if a new dividend policy is ultimately approved, will be dependent on many factors. These factors will include, in addition to any other factors that may arise in the future, the receipt of dividends and/or other returns of capital from Enact Holdings, intercompany cash tax payments from operating subsidiaries, Genworth’s operating results and financial condition, the capital requirements of our subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, debt obligations of Genworth Holdings and Enact Holdings, our credit and financial strength ratings, the capital needs of our subsidiaries for future growth and other factors Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors deems relevant. In addition, we cannot assure you when, whether or at what level we will resume paying dividends on Genworth Financial’s common stock.

See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information.

Issuer Purchases of Common Stock

The following table sets forth information regarding Genworth Financial’s share repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2022:

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The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses year-to-year comparisons between the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Discussions of information related to 2020 and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 are not included in this Form 10-K. Comparative discussions between 2021 and 2020 can be found in “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Overview

Our business

Genworth Financial, through its principal insurance subsidiaries, offers mortgage and long-term care insurance products. Genworth Financial is the parent company of Enact Holdings, a leading provider of private mortgage insurance in the United States through its mortgage insurance subsidiaries. Genworth Financial’s U.S. life insurance subsidiaries offer long-term care insurance and also manage in-force blocks of life insurance and annuity products which are no longer sold. We report our business results through three operating business segments: Enact; U.S. Life Insurance; and Runoff. We also have Corporate and Other activities. Our U.S. Life Insurance segment includes long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed annuity products. The Runoff segment primarily includes variable annuity, variable life insurance and corporate-owned life insurance products, which have not been actively sold since 2011, as well as funding agreements.

Our financial information

The financial information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been derived from our consolidated financial statements.

Revenues and expenses

Our revenues consist primarily of the following:

Our expenses consist primarily of the following:

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The effective tax rates disclosed herein are calculated using whole numbers. As a result, the percentages shown may differ from an effective tax rate calculated using rounded numbers.

We allocate corporate expenses to each of our operating segments using various methodologies.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table sets forth the consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:

Unless otherwise stated, all references to net income (loss), net income (loss) per share, adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating income (loss) per share found in “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and

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Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” should be read as net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders, net income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share, adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders and adjusted operating income (loss) available to Genworth Financial, Inc.’s common stockholders per share, respectively.

Use of non-GAAP measures

Reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted operating income (loss)

We use non-GAAP financial measures entitled “adjusted operating income (loss)” and “adjusted operating income (loss) per share.” Adjusted operating income (loss) per share is derived from adjusted operating income (loss). Our chief operating decision maker evaluates segment performance and allocates resources on the basis of adjusted operating income (loss). We define adjusted operating income (loss) as income (loss) from continuing operations excluding the after-tax effects of income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests, net investment gains (losses), gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, initial gains (losses) on insurance block transactions, restructuring costs and infrequent or unusual non-operating items. Initial gains (losses) on insurance block transactions are defined as gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of non-recourse funding obligations, early termination fees for other financing restructuring and/or initial gains (losses) on reinsurance restructuring for certain blocks of business. We exclude net investment gains (losses) and infrequent or unusual non-operating items because we do not consider them to be related to the operating performance of our segments and Corporate and Other activities. A component of our net investment gains (losses) is the result of estimated future credit losses, the size and timing of which can vary significantly depending on market credit cycles. In addition, the size and timing of other investment gains (losses) can be subject to our discretion and are influenced by market opportunities, as well as asset-liability matching considerations. Gains (losses) on the sale of businesses, gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt, initial gains (losses) on insurance block transactions and restructuring costs are also excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) because, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends. Infrequent or unusual non-operating items are also excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) if, in our opinion, they are not indicative of overall operating trends.

While some of these items may be significant components of net income (loss) in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that adjusted operating income (loss), and measures that are derived from or incorporate adjusted operating income (loss), including adjusted operating income (loss) per share on a basic and diluted basis, are appropriate measures that are useful to investors because they identify the income (loss) attributable to the ongoing operations of the business. Management also uses adjusted operating income (loss) as a basis for determining awards and compensation for senior management and to evaluate performance on a basis comparable to that used by analysts. However, the items excluded from adjusted operating income (loss) have occurred in the past and could, and in some cases will, recur in the future. Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating income (loss) per share on a basic and diluted basis are not substitutes for net income (loss) or net income (loss) per share on a basic and diluted basis determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our definition of adjusted operating income (loss) may differ from the definitions used by other companies.

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to adjusted operating income (loss) assume a 21% tax rate and are net of the portion attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net investment gains (losses) are also adjusted for DAC and other intangible amortization and certain benefit reserves.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income to adjusted operating income for the years ended December 31:

During 2022, we paid a pre-tax make-whole premium of $2 million and wrote off $1 million of bond consent fees and deferred borrowing costs related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes originally scheduled to mature in February 2024. Prior to the redemption, we repurchased $130 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes due in February 2024 for a pre-tax loss of $4 million. We also repurchased $13 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes due in 2034 for a pre-tax gain of $1 million during the fourth quarter of 2022. During 2021, we paid a pre-tax make-whole premium of $6 million and $20 million related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes originally scheduled to mature in September 2021 and August 2023, respectively. We also repurchased $146 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes due in September 2021 for a pre-tax loss of $4 million and repurchased $91 million and $118 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes due in 2023 and 2024, respectively, for a pre-tax loss of $15 million. During 2020, we repurchased $84 million principal amount of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes with 2021 maturity dates for a pre-tax gain of $4 million. In January 2020, we paid a pre-tax make-whole expense of $9 million related to the early redemption of Genworth Holdings’ senior notes originally scheduled to mature in June 2020 and Rivermont Life Insurance Company I, our indirect wholly-owned special purpose consolidated captive insurance subsidiary, early redeemed all of its $315 million outstanding non-recourse funding obligations originally due in 2050 resulting in a pre-tax loss of $4 million from the write-off of deferred borrowing costs. These transactions were excluded from adjusted operating income as they relate to gains (losses) on the early extinguishment of debt.

In 2021, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $92 million as a result of ceding certain term life insurance policies as part of a life block transaction.

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In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded a pre-tax expense of $2 million, $34 million and $3 million, respectively, related to restructuring costs as we continue to evaluate and appropriately size our organizational needs and expenses.

During 2022, we incurred $8 million of pre-tax pension plan termination costs related to one of our defined benefit pension plans. There were no other infrequent or unusual items excluded from adjusted operating income during the periods presented.

Earnings per share

The following table provides basic and diluted earnings per common share for the years ended December 31: