Catalyst Pharmaceuticals (CPRX) 10-K/A2022 FY Annual report (amended)

PART III

Board of Directors

We identify and describe below the key experience, qualifications and skills our directors bring to the Board that are important to us in light of our business and structure.

Patrick J. McEnany is a co-founder of our company and currently serves as our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). Mr. McEnany has been our CEO and a director since our formation in January 2002. He became Chairman and President in March 2006. From 1999 to 2002, Mr. McEnany was a consultant to the pharmaceutical industry. From 1991 to 1997, Mr. McEnany was Chairman and CEO of Royce Laboratories, Inc., a generic pharmaceutical manufacturer. From 1997 to 1998, after the merger of Royce into Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mr. McEnany served as president of the wholly-owned Royce Laboratories subsidiary and vice president of corporate development for Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. From 1993 to 1997, he also served as vice chairman and a director of the National Association of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. He currently serves on an emeritus board of directors of the Jackson Health Foundation and on the board of directors of the Humane Society of Greater Miami, and over the last 30 years has served as a director for numerous public companies. The Board believes the characteristics that qualify Mr. McEnany as a director to serve on our Board include his long-term experience in the pharmaceutical industry and his extensive business leadership experience.

Philip H. Coelho has been a member of our Board since October 2002 and currently chairs the Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee of our Board. Mr. Coelho is the Chairman and Chief Technology Officer of Trenchant BioSystems, Inc, a biotech company formed in November 2023 and located in San Diego, California. Mr. Coelho was Chief Technology Officer of ThermoGenesis Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of Thermogenesis Holdings, Inc, a leading regenerative medicine company that develops, commercializes and markets a range of automated technologies for cell-based therapeutics from July 2017 until his resignation in February 2022. Mr. Coelho served as Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer of SynGen, Inc. a company enabling regenerative cures through the application of innovative engineering and President of PHC Medical, Inc., a company providing consulting services for enterprises in the medical device related cell therapy field. Previously, from October 1986 until 2008, Mr. Coelho founded and was employed by ThermoGenesis Corp., at the time a company focused on the blood processing and hospital/woundcare markets. Mr. Coelho was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ThermoGenesis from December 1989 until May 2007 and served as its Chief Technology Architect from June 2007 until May 2008. From October 1986 to September 1989, Mr. Coelho held the position of Vice President and Director of Research, Development and Manufacturing with ThermoGenesis. Prior to his association with ThermoGenesis, from October 1983 to October 1986 Mr. Coelho was President of Castleton, Inc., a company that developed and licensed ultra-rapid heat transfer technology to ThermoGenesis. Mr. Coelho served on the board of directors of Mediware Information Systems, Inc. from 1998 until it was sold to Thoma-Bravo Corp in 2012, and Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2011 until his resignation in May 2022. Mr. Coelho holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Davis.

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On March 29, 2023, Mr. Coelho advised the Company of his decision not to stand for reelection at our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. Mr. Coelho will continue to serve as a member of the Board until the date of the annual meeting, when his term will expire. Mr. Coelho’s decision to retire from the Board was not the result of any disagreement with us on any matter relating to our operations, policies or practices.

Richard J. Daly joined our Board in February 2015. Mr. Daly currently serves as President of CARsgen Therapeutics Corporation, an emerging oncology company focused on developing CAR-T therapies for both liquid and solid tumors. From July 2018 through January 2022, Mr. Daly served as Chief Operating Officer of BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, a pre-commercial biotech company focused on oncology with assets in late Phase 3 clinical trials. Before joining BeyondSpring in August 2018, (i) from February 2016 to July 2018 Mr. Daly served as Chairman and CEO of Neuralstem, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of central nervous system therapies based on its neuronal stem cell technology, (ii) from October 2014 to September 2016, Mr. Daly served as a partner of RavineRock Partners, a commercial consulting practice focused on biotech and pharmaceuticals, (iii) from February 2013 to September 2014, Mr. Daly served as President of AstraZeneca US Diabetes, where he led all commercial and medical plans and objectives for a $1.2 billion, 3,000-employee division, including the successful launch of an orphan/rare disorder drug, Myalept, for Lipodystrophy, (iv) from August 2013 to January 2014, he served as the President of BMS-AstroZeneca Diabetes Alliance U.S., (v) and from October 2011 to July 2013, he served as a founder and partner of SagePath Partners, a commercial service company servicing the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. Finally, from 1998 until 2011, Mr. Daly served in various capacities with Takeda North America (including, from 2008 to 2011, as Executive Vice President, U.S.), where he was instrumental in building Takeda North America from 14 people to more than 3,000 employees and $5 billion in sales in less than seven years, in expanding Takeda’s commercial footprint across North and South America, and in expanding Takeda’s Americas’ business into new therapeutic areas. Additionally, (i) from June 2018 until February 2023, when the company was sold, Mr. Daly served on the board of directors and on the compensation committee and audit committee of Opiant Pharmaceuticals, and, (ii) from June 2015 to June 2018 Mr. Daly served on the Board of Directors of Synergy Pharmaceuticals, where he chaired the Nominations/Corporate Governance Committee and was a member of the Compensation Committee. Mr. Daly received his Bachelor of Science in Microbiology from the University of Notre Dame in 1983 and his MBA from the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University in 1998. The Board believes that the characteristics that qualify Mr. Daly to be a director of our company include his significant pharmaceutical industry experience and his experience in launching and managing sales of numerous pharmaceutical products, including several products that are used to treat orphan/rare diseases.

Donald A. Denkhaus joined our Board in February 2015 and currently chairs the Audit Committee of our Board. Since 2005, Mr. Denkhaus has been Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of The Kitchen, LLC, a company providing language dubbing and subtitling services to the media and entertainment industry. From 1970 through 2002, Mr. Denkhaus, who is a retired certified public accountant, worked for Arthur Andersen LLP, a global professional services organization, where he was an audit partner for twenty-two years and held numerous leadership positions, including as head of Andersen’s South Florida audit practice and, from 1998 through 2002, as Audit Practice Partner responsible for Andersen’s offices in Florida and Puerto Rico. From 2010 to 2013, Mr. Denkhaus was Chair of Nuovo Biologics, a privately held biotech company that was developing an antiviral drug for animal use, and, from 2004 until its sale in 2009, Mr. Denkhaus served on the board of directors and as chair of the audit committee of Noven Pharmaceuticals, a publicly-traded specialty pharmaceutical company focused on women’s health and psychiatry. Mr. Denkhaus received a Master’s in Business Administration degree with a major in finance from the University of Maryland and a Bachelor of Business Administration with a major in accounting from Kent State University. The Board believes that the characteristics that qualify Mr. Denkhaus to be a member of our Board include his extensive financial experience and his prior experience serving as a director of two pharmaceutical companies, one of which was publicly-traded.

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Molly Harper joined our Board in June 2021. Ms. Harper has over 20 years of experience focusing on strategic planning and cross-functional leadership at life sciences companies of all sizes. Since September 2021, Ms. Harper has been the Chief Business Officer of Synlogic, Inc., a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of Synthetic Biotics using Synlogic’s proprietary drug discovery and development platform. Prior thereto, from May 2020 until September 2021, Ms. Harper served as Executive Vice President of Operations for Relmada Therapeutics, Inc., a late-stage biotechnology company addressing diseases of the central nervous system. Prior to joining Relmada, Ms. Harper served in positions of increasing responsibility with Akcea Therapeutics, a development and commercialization company focused on rare diseases, where she was most recently Senior Vice President and Global Franchise General Manager with cross-functional responsibility for a six drug portfolio including two approved rare disease drugs. She was one of the first employees at Akcea, which she joined as VP of Commercial Development. Prior to joining Akcea, Ms. Harper was Head of US Endocrinology in the Rare Disease division of Sanofi Genzyme. Ms. Harper’s experience at Genzyme included global and U.S. marketing leadership positions, and she previously held positions across sales and marketing in both primary care and hospital businesses at Merck & Co. Prior to joining Merck, Ms. Harper worked in life sciences equity research at UBS Warburg, and as a strategy consultant with The Wilkerson Group/IBM. Ms. Harper received her Bachelor of Arts from Cornell University and her Master of Business Administration from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Ms. Harper also serves on the Board of Directors of PreciseDx, a privately held oncology AI pathology company. The Board believes that the characteristics that qualify Ms. Harper to be a director of our company include her significant pharmaceutical industry experience and her experience in pharmaceutical company operations overseeing the development, launch and commercialization of several pharmaceutical products, including several products that are used to treat orphan/rare diseases.

Charles B. O’Keeffe has served as a member of our Board since December 2004 and became our lead independent director in July 2011. Mr. O’Keeffe also served as a consultant to us from December 2004 until June 2011. Mr. O’Keeffe is a Professor in the Departments of Pharmacology, Epidemiology and Community Health at Virginia Commonwealth University (“VCU”) and has served in such capacity since January 1, 2004. Mr. O’Keeffe joined VCU after retiring as President and Chief Executive Officer of Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a position Mr. O’Keeffe held from 1991 until 2003. As President of Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Services (from 1970 until 1971), he developed the first child-resistant, abuse-resistant vehicle for dispensing methadone. He served as president of Washington Reference Laboratories from 1972 until 1975, which provided toxicology services to the Department of Defense during the Vietnam War. He has served in the White House (from 1970 until 1973 and from 1976 until 1980) for three presidents—as advisor, special assistant for international health and deputy director for international affairs in the Office of Drug Abuse Policy—and has served on U.S. delegations to the World Health Assembly and the U.N. Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The Board believes the characteristics that qualify Mr. O’Keeffe to serve as a member of our Board include his extensive history of leadership roles in the pharmaceutical industry and his extensive knowledge of all parts of the pharmaceutical industry.

David S. Tierney, M.D. has served as a member of our Board since October 2002 and currently chairs the Compensation Committee of our Board. Dr. Tierney currently serves as Chief Executive Officer and Director of Aramis Biosciences, a privately held clinical stage ophthalmology pharmaceutical company. From February 2020 until December 2020, Dr. Tierney served as CEO of Pharma Two B, a CNS specialty pharmaceutical company. From September 2018 until January 2020, Dr. Tierney served as President & CEO of BioPharmX Corporation, a dermatology specialty pharmaceutical company. He also served on the Board of Directors of BioPharmX from September 2018 until May 2020. From January 2014 until March 2018, he served as President & CEO of Icon Bioscience, Inc., a privately held ophthalmic drug delivery company. Dr. Tierney served as President and Chief Operating Officer (and a member of the board of directors) of Oceana Therapeutics, Inc., a private specialty pharmaceutical company between the organization of that company in 2008 and the sale of that company to Salix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. in December 2011. Dr. Tierney also served as the President and CEO (and as a member of the board of directors) of Valera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a specialty pharmaceutical company, between August 2000 and April 2007, when Valera completed a merger with Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Further, from January 2000 to August 2000, Dr. Tierney served as President of Biovail Technologies, a division of Biovail Corporation, a Canadian drug delivery company, where he was responsible for all of Biovail’s research and development, regulatory and clinical activities. Finally, from March 1997 to January 2000, Dr. Tierney was Senior Vice President of Drug Development at Roberts Pharmaceutical Corporation, where he was responsible for all research and development activities, and for drug development, medical affairs, worldwide regulatory affairs and chemical process development, as well as being part of the executive management team, and from December 1989 to March 1997, Dr. Tierney was employed by Élan Corporation, a pharmaceutical company, in a variety of management positions. Dr. Tierney is also a director of Kempharm, Inc. (n/k/a Zevra Therapeutics) and Bimeda, Inc. Dr. Tierney received his medical degree from the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, Ireland and was subsequently trained in internal medicine. The Board believes the characteristics that qualify Dr. Tierney to serve on our Board include his business leadership experience and his pharmaceutical industry experience.

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Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) requires our officers and directors and persons who own more than 10% of our outstanding common stock to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission reports of changes in their ownership of common stock. Officers, directors, and greater than 10% stockholders are also required to furnish us with copies of all forms they file under this regulation. To our knowledge, based solely on a review of the copies of such reports furnished to us and representations made to us that no other reports were required, during the year ended December 31, 2022 all Section 16(a) filings required to be filed by our officers, directors, and greater than 10% stockholders were timely filed.

Independent Directors

As required under applicable NASDAQ listing standards, a majority of the members of a listed company’s board of directors must qualify as “independent,” as affirmatively determined by the listed company’s board of directors. The Board consults with our counsel to ensure that its determinations are consistent with all relevant securities and other laws and regulations regarding the definition of “independent,” including those set forth in pertinent NASDAQ listing standards, as in effect from time to time. Consistent with these considerations, the Board has affirmatively determined that all of our directors (other than Mr. McEnany, who serves as our CEO) are “independent directors” within the meaning of the applicable NASDAQ listing standards.

Corporate Governance

Our Board and management are committed to utilizing good corporate governance practices to ensure we are managed for the long-term benefit of our stockholders. We have in place a variety of policies and practices to promote good corporate governance. A majority of our Board is independent, in accordance with applicable NASDAQ listing standards, and all members of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee of our Board also meet applicable NASDAQ listing standards for independence. We have also established:

The Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for establishing and reviewing our corporate governance guidelines from time to time and reporting and making recommendations to the Board concerning corporate governance matters. Among the matters addressed by our corporate governance guidelines are:

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Copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics can be found on the corporate governance page of the Investor Relations section of our website, which is located at http://ir.catalystpharma.com/governance.cfm.

Board Diversity

Our Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee considers diversity as one of several factors relating to overall composition when recommending nominations to our Board. Although we do not have a formal policy governing how diversity is considered, the Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee believes that diversity is an aspect that should be considered with respect to director nominations. The Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee considers diversity by examining the entire Board membership and construes board diversity broadly to include many factors, including, but not limited to, gender, age, race and ethnicity. As a result, the Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee strives to ensure when recommending nominations to our Board that our Board is represented by individuals with a variety of different opinions, perspectives, personal, professional, and industry experience and backgrounds, skills, and expertise.

Information about the diversity of our Board of Directors and our Board Diversity Matrix is available on our investor relations website at https://ir.catalystpharma.com/board-diversity-matrix-1.

We have previously reported our intent to add a second diverse Board member before the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, and we are actively taking steps to add a second diverse director to the Board. However, no additional diverse director has been added to the Board to this date.

Director Qualifications and Attributes

We have concluded that all of our directors have the skills, experience, knowledge, and personal attributes that are necessary to effectively serve on our Board and to contribute to the overall success of the Company. We believe that the diverse professional background of each of our directors ensures that we have a Board that has a broad range of industry-related knowledge, experience, and business acumen.

Leadership Structure

Patrick J. McEnany serves as both our Chairman of the Board and CEO. The Board and its independent members believe that the most effective board leadership structure at the present time is for the CEO to serve as both Chairman of the Board and CEO, a structure that has served us well in the past. The independent members of the Board believe that because the CEO is ultimately responsible for our day-to-day operations and for executing our strategy, and because our performance is an integral part of the deliberations undertaken by the Board, the CEO is the director best qualified to act as the Chairman of the Board. The Board reserves the authority to modify this structure to best address and advance the interests of all stockholders, as and when appropriate.

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The Board believes that independent oversight of management is also an important component of an effective board of directors. The Board believes that, for the reasons set forth below, our existing corporate governance practices achieve independent oversight and management accountability. Our governance practices provide for strong independent leadership, independent discussion among directors and for independent evaluation of, and communication with, our officers. These governance practices are reflected in our various committee charters, which are available on our website at www.catalystpharma.com. Some of the relevant processes and other corporate governance practices include:

Lead Independent Director

The Board has appointed a non-management director to serve in a lead capacity (the “Lead Independent Director”) to perform such duties and responsibilities as the Board may determine. Charles B. O’Keeffe serves as the Lead Independent Director. The role of the Lead Independent Director includes:

Board Meetings and Attendance at Board and Board Committee Meetings

During 2022, our Board held ten meetings and took actions by unanimous written consent on three occasions. For 2022, all of our directors attended at least 75% or more of the aggregate number of meetings held by our Board and the Board committees on which they served. Four of our seven directors attended the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which was held on September 19, 2022. Directors are encouraged, but not required, to attend the Annual Meeting.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee assists the Board in fulfilling its responsibility for oversight of the quality and integrity of the accounting, auditing, and reporting practices of our company, and such other duties as directed by the Board. The committee’s purpose is to oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes, the audits of our financial statements, the qualifications of the independent registered public accounting firm engaged as our independent auditor to prepare or issue an audit report on our financial statements, and the performance of our internal and independent auditors. The committee’s role includes a particular focus on the qualitative aspects of financial reporting to stockholders, our processes to manage business and financial risk, and compliance with applicable legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of our independent auditor.

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The Board has determined that Donald A. Denkhaus, the current chair of the Audit Committee, is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

The Audit Committee held four meetings in 2022 and took two actions by unanimous written consent. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter which describes the role, responsibilities, and functioning of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee’s charter can be found at http://ir.catalystpharma.com/governance.cfm.

Compensation Committee

The role of the Compensation Committee is to discharge the Board’s responsibilities related to compensation of our executive officers, to produce an annual report on executive compensation for inclusion in our Form 10-K or proxy statement, and to oversee and advise the Board on the adoption of policies that govern our compensation programs, including our stock incentive plans and our benefit plans. The Compensation Committee held five meetings in 2022 and took three actions by unanimous written consent. The Compensation Committee operates under a written charter which describes the role, responsibilities, and functioning of the Compensation Committee. A copy of this charter can be found on our website at http://ir.catalystpharma.com/governance.cfm. Pursuant to its charter, the Compensation Committee has authority to retain compensation consultants to assist in its evaluation of executive and director compensation.

Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee

The role of the Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee (“N&CG Committee”) is to appoint nominees for election to our Board, to identify and recommend candidates to fill vacancies between annual stockholder meetings, to review, evaluate and recommend changes to our corporate governance policies, and to review our policies and programs that relate to matters of corporate responsibility, including public issues of significance to our company and our stockholders. The N&CG Committee held two meetings in 2022. The N&CG Committee operates under a written charter which describes the role, responsibilities, and functioning of the N&CG Committee. A copy of the N&CG Committee’s charter can be found on our website at http://ir.catalystpharma.com/governance.cfm.

Risk Oversight

Risk oversight is administered through the Board as a whole. The Board does not believe that risk management issues have an effect on our leadership structure. The Board provides feedback to management at regularly held Board meetings. The independent directors meet in executive session at each meeting of the Board and provide insight to our management on a variety of topics, including risk oversight.

Executive Officers

The following list reflects our executive officers as of the date of this Form 10-K/A, the capacity in which they serve us, and when they assumed office:

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Executive Officers’ Business Experience

Patrick J. McEnany. The business experience of Patrick J. McEnany is included above in “Board of Directors.”

Steven R. Miller, Ph.D., has served as Chief Operating Officer since January 2011 and as our Chief Scientific Officer since October 2009. Previously, commencing in April 2007, Dr. Miller was our Vice President of Pharmaceutical Development and Project Management. Dr. Miller has worked in the healthcare industry for over 30 years. Prior to joining us, Dr. Miller spent 15 years with various divisions of Watson Laboratories, a subsidiary of Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., most recently as Executive Director of R&D Operations. In this capacity, Dr. Miller managed a team of 75 in the testing of all R&D products for clinical trials, including method valuation, stability testing, operation of the R&D pilot plant, and assembly of the CMC section of drug applications, in addition to other responsibilities. Prior to holding this position, Dr. Miller was Director of Technology Transfer for Watson Laboratories, and Vice President of Research and Product Development for Royce Laboratories, which was subsequently acquired by Watson Laboratories. Prior to joining Royce Laboratories, Dr. Miller was Group Leader and Senior Scientist at Dade Behring. Prior to that, he served as an Analytical Chemist at the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Dr. Miller received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry from the University of Maryland and his Ph.D. from the University of Miami.

Alicia Grande, CPA, CMA, has served as our Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer since December 2011 and as our Chief Accounting Officer since January 2007. Prior to joining Catalyst, since 2003 Ms. Grande was employed by The Hackett Group, Inc., a publicly traded strategic consultancy, enterprise benchmarking and best practices transformation company. Ms. Grande served in various capacities with The Hackett Group, most recently as Senior Director of Finance, and was responsible for all external and SEC financial reporting. Ms. Grande also served as head of The Hackett Group’s Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance team. Prior to joining The Hackett Group, Ms. Grande was employed in public accounting, and she began her career with Arthur Andersen LLP. Ms. Grande earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration, with majors in accounting and finance, from Syracuse University and a Master of Accounting degree from Florida International University.

Gary Ingenito, M.D., Ph.D., is our Chief Medical and Regulatory Officer. He joined us as our Chief Medical Officer in June 2015 and took over our regulatory operations in February 2016. Prior to joining Catalyst, Dr. Ingenito spent more than 25 years in the field of pharmaceutical development; including drugs, biologics, and combination products. During this time, Dr. Ingenito has held executive responsibilities for clinical research, regulatory, drug safety, and medical affairs at pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations. Dr. Ingenito initially joined Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in the neuroendocrine group and progressed to become head of medical affairs. He spent 8 years at Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, overseeing the approval of anti-infective, cardiovascular, and central nervous system products. Dr. Ingenito has also held positions at Corning-Besselaar, SFBC International, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Biotest Pharmaceuticals, and, most recently at Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, where he served as head of regulatory affairs North America for biosimilars. After obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree from The Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Ingenito earned his medical degree at Jefferson Medical College, and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Thomas Jefferson University. He completed a post-graduate residency in neurology at the University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Hospital.

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Brian Elsbernd, J.D., joined us in February 2016 as our Sr. Vice President of Legal and Compliance and became our Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Legal Officer on January 1, 2019. Prior to joining Catalyst, Mr. Elsbernd was, from 2004 until February 2016, employed in various capacities with Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals and its predecessors, including as Senior Director of U.S. Healthcare Compliance. At Mallinckrodt, he was involved in the building of their formal compliance program including providing leadership and vision on ethics and business conduct while also managing multiple other legal and business functions. Before joining Mallinckrodt, Mr. Elsbernd was an associate at Proskauer Rose LLP, within its Health Care practice group, representing health care providers nationwide in matters pertaining to regulatory and administrative law, transactional matters, litigation, and reimbursement issues. Mr. Elsbernd holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of Illinois-Urbana and a law degree from the Saint Louis University School of Law.

Jeffrey Del Carmen has been our Chief Commercial Officer since June 23, 2020. Previously, since July 2018, Mr. Del Carmen served as our Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing. Mr. Del Carmen has over 25 years of experience in pharmaceutical sales and project management. Prior to joining Catalyst, from January 2018 until July 2018, Mr. Del Carmen served as Vice President of Business Development of Paragon Biosciences evaluating commercial assets to expand Paragon’s portfolio. From September 2016 until June 2017 (when it was acquired by PTC Therapeutics), Mr. Del Carmen was Senior Director, Rare Disease Marketing for Marathon Pharmaceuticals, leading Marathon’s marketing efforts for the commercialization of Emflaza. From January 2016 to August 2016, Mr. Del Carmen served as Vice President of Sales at Insys Therapeutics. From August 2011 until January 2016, Mr. Del Carmen was employed by Lundbeck Inc., where for the last two years of his tenure at Lundbeck he was the Movement Disorder National Sales Director. Prior to joining Lundbeck, Mr. Del Carmen spent 16 years at Abbott Laboratories in various sales and marketing leadership roles, with increasing responsibility. Mr. Del Carmen holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Dayton and an Executive MBA Degree from the University of Wisconsin.

Preethi Sundaram, Ph.D., has been our Chief Strategy Officer since January 1, 2022. Previously, since July 2021, Dr. Sundaram served as our Chief Product Development Officer. Dr. Sundaram has more than 20 years’ experience managing and mentoring teams delivering lifesaving medicines to patients. Prior to her employment with Catalyst, since 2005, Dr. Sundaram was employed in various positions with Sanofi, including as Global Clinical Research Director, International Development from 2005-2010, Global Project Head, Multiple Therapeutic Area Programs from 2010 to 2017, Global Head and VP, Medical Operations, Primary Care Business Unit from 2017 to 2020, and since October 2020, as Sanofi’s Global Head and VP, Medical Operations, General Medicines Business Unit. In that last position, Dr. Sundaram was accountable for leadership of critical global medical operational functions, including the oversight of portfolio financials and delivery of strategic milestones, as well as being responsible for the leadership of multiple portfolio management functions across all therapeutic areas in Sanofi’s Medicines Business Unit. Prior to joining Sanofi, in 2005 Dr. Sundaram served as a Project Lead, Immunoscience Development Center for Abbott Laboratories; between 2003 to 2005, Dr. Sundaram served as a medical writer and project lead at Covance; between 2001 to 2003, Dr. Sundaram served as a Clinical Director with Neurovision & Medical Services; between 1997 to 2001, Dr. Sundaram was a Graduate Teaching Assistant and Clinical Supervisor at West Norwich Hospital in Cambridge, UK; and between 1995 to 1997, Dr. Sundaram was on the clinical faculty at the Sankara Nethralaya Eye Hospital in Chennai, India. Dr. Sundaram holds a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from the University of Madras (India), a Bachelor of Science in Optometry from the Elite School of Optometry & Bits (India), a Doctor of Philosophy in Optometry from Anglia Ruskin University (United Kingdom), and an Executive Business Masters from the London Business School.

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Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between or among any of our directors and/or executive officers.

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

The role of the compensation committee in setting executive officer compensation

The Compensation Committee establishes and regularly reviews our compensation philosophy and programs, exercises authority with respect to the determination and payment of base and incentive compensation to our executive officers and administers our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) and our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan” and, together with the 2014 Plan, the “Plans”). Our Compensation Committee consists of four members of our Board, each of whom is independent as that term is defined in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations that have been promulgated thereunder and under the Exchange Act, and in the applicable NASDAQ listing standards.

Executive officers

During 2022, our Board designated that our “executive officers” (as that term is defined in the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act) are our Chief Executive Officer (Patrick J. McEnany), our Chief Operating and Chief Scientific Officer (Dr. Steven Miller), our Chief Financial Officer (Alicia Grande), our Chief Medical and Regulatory Officer (Dr. Gary Ingenito), our Chief Commercial Officer (Jeffrey Del Carmen), our Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Legal Officer (Brian Elsbernd), and our Chief Strategy Officer (Preethi Sundaram). Each of our executive officers were employed by us for all of fiscal 2022.

Overview of executive officer compensation

In evaluating executive compensation, our Compensation Committee receives third-party data and analysis on market trends and competitive practices from its independent compensation consultant. The Compensation Committee also receives and considers the recommendations of our Chief Executive Officer with respect to goals and compensation of executive officers. Our Compensation Committee assesses the information it receives in accordance with its business judgment. Our Chief Executive Officer is not present when his compensation is discussed by the Compensation Committee.

Our Compensation Committee believes that our executive officers are instrumental to our success. To that end, our compensation program is designed around the following:

We also offer health and other insurance benefits to each of our employees, including our executive officers, and the benefits available to our executive officers are equal to the benefits available to all employees. No other perquisite benefits are available to our executive officers.

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Process of setting 2022 executive officer compensation

In the fall of 2021, our Compensation Committee engaged Mercer LLC (a business of Marsh McLennan), an independent compensation consultant, to provide advice and recommendations relating to our executive officer and director compensation arrangements for the 2022 fiscal year. Initially, Mercer assisted the Compensation Committee in determining an appropriate peer group to evaluate the Company’s executive officer and director compensation for alignment with governance and market best practices, and to provide recommendations as to an appropriate compensation philosophy to guide the Compensation Committee in determining executive officer base, bonus and equity compensation for 2022.

An updated peer group was selected by the Compensation Committee with the advice of Mercer. The criteria used in determining the peer group were U.S. publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies (i) with a market cap of between $250 million and $2.0 billion; (ii) with net revenues of between $75 million and $300 million; and (iii) with a focus on the therapeutics segment of the biopharmaceutical vertical. The peer group selected was as follows:

In early 2022, Mercer presented their report to the Compensation Committee of the compensation payable to the executive officers in Company’s peer group. Based on that information, in February 2022, the Compensation Committee set base compensation and a bonus target for each executive officer for 2022. At the same time, the Compensation Committee, in light of the information presented by Mercer, determined to grant additional RSUs to each executive officer to raise their stock-based compensation for their 2021 performance.

Further, in February 2022, the Compensation Committee established the corporate goals and objectives for the payment of 2022 cash bonuses to executive officers, as follows:

Thereafter, in December 2022, the Compensation Committee considered cash bonus compensation for the Company’s executive officers for 2022 services based on the previously established corporate goals and objectives. In reaching a determination as to the cash bonuses to grant for 2022 performance, the Compensation Committee considered the following factors:

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After considering these factors, none of which was, in and of itself dispositive, but all of which were considered, the Compensation Committee determined that cash bonuses would be paid to executive officers at 120% of the previously established bonus targets.

Finally, in late December 2022, the Compensation Committee granted stock options and RSUs to each of the Company’s executive officers for their 2022 performance.

The base and bonus compensation for our Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and our three most highly compensated officers for services during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, as well as the value of the option and RSU grants made to each such executive officer for 2022, 2021 and 2020 services are described in the following summary compensation table:

(notes on next page)

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(Notes from chart on previous page)

Employment Agreements and Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control

We have an employment agreement with Patrick J. McEnany, our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, which provides for the payment of a base salary plus bonus compensation based on performance. Mr. McEnany’s employment agreement also contains a “change of control” severance arrangement if the employee is not retained in our employment after a change of control. The employment agreement for Mr. McEnany expires on November 8, 2024. After the expiration of his employment agreement, Mr. McEnany becomes an employee-at-will, and he will still be entitled to payments for termination without cause or in the event of a change in control, as set forth below.

Pursuant to the employment agreement that we have with Mr. McEnany, we may terminate his employment at any time for “cause”, in which he would have no right to receive compensation or other benefits for any period after termination. Termination for “cause” occurs when the executive performs dishonest acts intended to benefit the executive personally, the executive willfully neglects his duties, or the executive fails to perform his duties because of gross negligence on the part of the executive, violation of any obligation under the executive’s employment agreement not remedied by the executive after ten (10) days’ notice of such violation, or the executive’s arrest for, conviction of or plea of nolo contendre to a crime constituting a felony.

In certain circumstances, Mr. McEnany is entitled to severance pay. These circumstances include (i) his voluntary resignation after a change in control or a demotion, or our failure to perform our material obligations under his employment agreement and our failure to remedy such violation within ten (10) days’ notice of such violation, (ii) his termination without cause, (iii) his total and permanent disability, or (iv) his death.

A change in control under our employment agreement with Mr. McEnany includes:

Under any of those circumstances, the executive’s severance package includes: (i) the payment of any accrued but unpaid annual bonus at the time of termination; (ii) the payment of the executive’s base salary for a period of 24 months; (iii) the vesting of all outstanding stock options and other equity awards held by the executive that have not yet vested; and (iv) continuation of the executive’s medical benefits (in case of disability), including to his family (in case of death or disability).

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We also have a severance and change in control plan in place that provides for severance if those of our executive officers designated to participate in the benefits under the plan are terminated for other than “cause” or if they terminate their employment with us for “good reason”, and for severance compensation in the event of a “change in control” (as all of those terms are defined in the plan).

Under our severance and change in control plan,

To date, the Compensation Committee has designated that Ms. Grande, Mr. Del Carmen, Mr. Elsbernd, Dr. Ingenito, Dr. Miller, and Dr. Sundaram will receive benefits under the severance and change in control plan. Pursuant to the terms of the plan, once an executive has been designated to participate in the severance benefits afforded by the plan, the Compensation Committee cannot modify the plan as to that designated executive to eliminate any benefits or to modify the definitions used in the policy to the detriment of the designated executive, unless otherwise agreed to by the designated executive.

The following chart sets forth the amounts payable to our CEO, CFO and our three most highly compensated employees assuming the enumerated events had occurred on December 31, 2022:

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Grants of Plan-Based Awards for 2022

The following table provides information relating to stock options granted to our CEO, CFO and our three most highly compensated employees during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022:

Additionally, the following table provides information relating to restricted stock units granted to our CEO, CFO and our three most highly compensated employees during 2022:

Outstanding Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units

We have two stock incentive plans: our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan and our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan. As of April 17, 2023, the following derivative securities were outstanding under our stock incentive plans: (i) stock options to purchase an aggregate of 12,057,016 shares of our common stock, at exercise prices ranging from $0.79 to $21.05 per share, (8,404,288 of which are currently exercisable); and (ii) restricted stock units for 594,337 shares of common stock (none of which are currently vested). On the same date, 2,357,259 shares of common stock remained eligible for grant under the 2018 Plan.

On April 17, 2023, the market price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market was $18.08 per share.

2018 Stock Incentive Plan

In February 2018, our Board adopted the 2018 Plan, which became effective in May 2018 when the 2018 Plan was approved by our stockholders at the 2018 annual meeting of stockholders. Amendments adding additional shares to the 2018 Plan were approved by our stockholders at the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders and the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.

Administration

The Compensation Committee of the Board administers the 2018 Plan and determines which persons will receive grants of awards and the type of award to be granted to such persons. The Compensation Committee will also interpret the provisions of the 2018 Plan and make all other determinations that it deems necessary or advisable for the administration of the 2018 Plan.

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Eligibility to Participate in the 2018 Plan

All eligible individuals are able to participate in the 2018 Plan. Eligible individuals include our directors, officers, employees, independent contractors and consultants, as well as individuals who have accepted an offer of employment from us. As of the date of this proxy statement, six non-employee directors, seven executive officers, approximately 81 other employees, and approximately six consultants are eligible to receive grants under the 2018 Plan.

Because benefits under the 2018 Plan will require future actions by the Compensation Committee and the fair market value of our common stock at various dates, it is not possible to determine the benefits that will be received by eligible individuals under the 2018 Plan, if any. The securities that are underlying grants of awards under the 2018 Plan is our common stock.

Form of Awards

Awards under the 2018 Plan may be granted in any one or all of the following forms: (i) Incentive Stock Options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), (ii) stock options that are not Incentive Stock Options (“Non-Qualified Stock Options”, unless otherwise noted herein, “Options” refers to both Incentive Stock Options and Non-Qualified Stock Options), (iii) the right to receive all or some portion of the increase in value of a fixed number of shares of the Company’s common stock (“Stock Appreciation Rights” or “SARs”), which may be awarded either in tandem with Options or on a stand-alone basis, (iv) shares of Common Stock that are restricted (“Restricted Shares”), (v) the right to receive shares of the Company’s common stock at the end of a specified period (“RSUs”), (vi) the right to receive a fixed number of shares of the Company’s common stock, or the cash equivalent, which is contingent on the achievement of certain performance goals (“Performance Shares”), and (vii) the right to receive a designated dollar value, or shares of the Company’s common stock of the equivalent value, which is contingent on the achievement of certain performance goals (“Performance Units”).

Stock Options

Options may be granted under the 2018 Plan for the purchase of shares of our common stock. The Compensation Committee may designate Options as either Incentive Stock Options or Non-Qualified Stock Options. The term of each Option granted will be determined by the Compensation Committee. However, no Incentive Stock Option will be exercisable more than ten years after the date it is granted, or in the case of an Incentive Stock Option granted to an employee owning more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company (a “10% Stockholder”), more than five years after the date it is granted.

The purchase price per share under each Incentive Stock Option will be specified by the Compensation Committee, but in no event may it be less than 100% of the market price per share of our common stock on the date the Incentive Stock Option is granted. In the case of an Incentive Stock Option granted to a 10% Stockholder, the purchase price per share must not be less than 110% of the market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

Options may be exercised in whole or in part. Payment for such exercise must be made in cash or through the delivery to the Company of shares of common stock previously owned by the Option holder. The Compensation Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion, may allow other forms of payment.

Stock Appreciation Rights

Stock Appreciation Rights may be awarded by the Compensation Committee in such amounts and on such terms and conditions as the Compensation Committee shall determine, in its sole and absolute discretion. The terms and conditions of any Stock Appreciation Right shall be substantially identical to the terms and conditions that would apply if the grant of such Stock Appreciation Right had been the grant of an Option.

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Upon exercise of a Stock Appreciation Right, the owner of such Stock Appreciation Right shall be entitled to receive payment in cash, in shares of common stock, or a combination thereof, as determined by the Compensation Committee in its sole and absolute discretion. The amount of such payment shall be determined by multiplying the excess, if any, of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of exercise over the fair market value of the common stock on the grant date, by the number of shares of common stock with respect to which the Stock Appreciation Rights are being exercised.

Restricted Stock

Shares of Restricted Stock may be granted, in such amounts and on such terms and conditions as the Compensation Committee may determine, in its sole and absolute discretion. The Compensation Committee shall impose such restrictions on any Restricted Stock granted under the 2018 Plan as it may deem advisable.

Except as provided by the Compensation Committee in its sole and absolute discretion, Restricted Stock granted under the 2018 Plan will vest over a four year period after the grant date in equal annual increments of 25%. Shares of Restricted Stock may also be granted subject to performance goals, and such shares will be released from restrictions only after the attainment of such performance goals has been certified by the Compensation Committee.

Unless otherwise provided by the Compensation Committee, until the expiration of all applicable restrictions, and subject to the terms of the Plan, (i) the Restricted Stock is treated as outstanding common stock in the Company, (ii) the participant holding shares of Restricted Stock may exercise full voting rights with respect to such shares, and (iii) the participant holding shares of Restricted Stock is entitled to all dividends and other distributions paid with respect to such shares while they are so held.

RSUs

RSUs may be granted, in such amounts and on such terms and conditions as the Compensation Committee may determine, in its sole and absolute discretion. The Compensation Committee shall impose such restrictions on any RSUs granted under the 2018 Plan as it may deem advisable.

Unless otherwise provided by the Compensation Committee in an award agreement, upon the expiration of all applicable restrictions, shares of the Company’s common stock will be paid within 60 days following the date the restrictions lapse. Participant’s holding RSUs will not have any rights of a stockholder until the underlying shares of the Company’s common stock are delivered.

Performance Shares and Performance Units

Performance Shares and Performance Units may be granted, in such amounts and on such terms and conditions as the Compensation Committee may determine, in its sole and absolute discretion. Performance Shares and Performance Units will be subject to the attainment of one or more pre-established performance goals. Such performance goals shall be established by the Committee in writing (other than options and SARs) and shall be based on one or more of the following business criteria: (i) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a specified increase in, the Company’s enterprise value or value creation targets; (ii) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a percentage increase in, the Company’s after-tax or pre-tax profits including, without limitation, that attributable to the Company’s continuing and/or other operations; (iii) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a specified increase relating to, the Company’s operational cash flow or working capital, or a component thereof; (iv) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a specified decrease relating to, the Company’s operational costs, or a component thereof; (v) the attainment of a certain level of reduction of, or other specified objectives with regard to limiting the level of increase in all or a portion of bank debt or other of the Company’s long-term or short-term public or private debt or other similar financial obligations of the Company, which may be calculated net of cash balances and/or other offsets and adjustments as may be established by the Committee; (vi) the attainment of a specified percentage increase in earnings per share or earnings per share from the Company’s continuing operations; (vii) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a specified percentage increase in, the Company’s net sales, revenues, net income or earnings before income tax or other exclusions; (viii) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a specified increase in, the Company’s return on capital employed or return on invested capital; (ix) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a percentage increase in, the Company’s after-tax or pre-tax return on stockholder equity; (x) the attainment of certain target levels in the fair market value of the Company’s common stock; (xi) the growth in the value of an investment in the common stock assuming the reinvestment of dividends; (xii) the attainment of certain target levels of, or a specified increase in, EBITDA (earnings before income tax, depreciation and amortization); and/or attainment of synergies and cost reductions in connection with mergers, acquisitions and similar corporate transactions involving the Company.

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As soon as practicable after the end of a performance period (as set forth by the Compensation Committee), the Compensation Committee shall determine to what extent the Performance Shares or Performance Units have been earned on the basis of the Company’s performance.

Transferability of Awards

Awards are non-transferable other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution or as otherwise expressly allowed by the Compensation Committee pursuant to a gift to members of an eligible person’s immediate family. The gift may be directly or indirectly transferred, by means of a trust, partnership, or otherwise. Stock options and SARs may be exercised only by the optionee, any such permitted transferee or a guardian, legal representative or beneficiary.

Treatment of Awards upon a Change in Control

If there is a change in control of Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., any award that is not exercisable and vested may immediately become exercisable and vested in the sole and absolute discretion of the Compensation Committee. Vested awards will be deemed earned and payable in full. The Compensation Committee may also terminate the awards, entitling participants to a cash payment. If we are liquidated or dissolved, awards may also be converted into the right to receive liquidation proceeds. In the event that the Compensation Committee does not terminate or convert an award upon a change of control, then the award will be assumed, or substantially equivalent awards will be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation.

Amendments, Modifications and Termination

Our Board may, at any time, amend, suspend or terminate the 2018 Plan, but the Board may not impair the rights of holders of outstanding awards without the holder’s consent. No amendment to the 2018 Plan may be made without consent of our stockholders. In the event that an award is granted to a person residing outside of the United States, the Board may, at its discretion, modify the terms of the agreement to comply with the laws of the country of which the eligible individual is a resident. The 2018 Plan will terminate 10 years after its effective date.

Material Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a brief description of the principal federal income tax consequences, as of the date of this proxy statement, associated with the grant of awards under the 2018 Plan. This summary is based on our understanding of present United States federal income tax law and regulations. The summary does not purport to be complete or applicable to every specific situation. Furthermore, the following discussion does not address foreign, state or local tax consequences.

Stock Options

Grant. There is generally no United States federal income tax consequence to the participant solely by reason of the grant of incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options under the 2018 Plan, assuming the exercise price of the option is not less than the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant.

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Exercise. The exercise of an incentive stock option is not a taxable event for regular federal income tax purposes if certain requirements are satisfied, including the requirement that the participant generally must exercise the incentive stock option no later than three months following the termination of the participant’s employment with us. However, such exercise may give rise to alternative minimum tax liability (see “Alternative Minimum Tax” below). Upon the exercise of a nonqualified stock option, the participant will generally recognize ordinary income in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares at the time of exercise over the amount paid by the participant as the exercise price. The ordinary income recognized in connection with the exercise by a participant of a nonqualified stock option will be subject to both wage and employment tax withholding, and we generally will be entitled to a corresponding deduction.

The participant’s tax basis in the shares acquired pursuant to the exercise of an option will be the amount paid upon exercise plus, in the case of a nonqualified stock option, the amount of ordinary income, if any, recognized by the participant upon exercise thereof.

Disqualifying Disposition. If the participant disposes of shares of our common stock acquired upon the exercise of an incentive stock option (other than in certain tax free transactions) within two years from the date on which the incentive stock option was granted or within one year after the transfer of shares to the participant pursuant to the exercise of the incentive stock option, at the time of disposition the participant will generally recognize ordinary income equal to the lesser of: (i) the excess of each such share’s fair market value on the date of exercise over the exercise price paid by the participant, or (ii) the participant’s actual gain. If the total amount realized on a taxable disposition (including return on capital and capital gain) exceeds the fair market value on the date of exercise of the shares of our common stock purchased by the participant under the option, the participant will recognize a capital gain in the amount of the excess. If the participant incurs a loss on the disposition (the total amount realized is less than the exercise price paid by the participant), the loss will be a capital loss.

Other Disposition. If a participant disposes of shares of our common stock acquired upon exercise of a nonqualified stock option in a taxable transaction, the participant will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the participant’s basis (as discussed above) in the shares sold and the total amount realized upon disposition. Any such capital gain or loss (and any capital gain or loss recognized on a disqualifying disposition of shares of our common stock acquired upon exercise of incentive stock options as discussed above) will be short-term or long-term depending on whether the shares of our common stock were held for more than one year from the date such shares were transferred to the participant.

Alternative Minimum Tax. Alternative minimum tax is payable if and to the extent the amount thereof exceeds the amount of the taxpayer’s regular tax liability, and any alternative minimum tax paid generally may be credited against future regular tax liability (but not future alternative minimum tax liability). Alternative minimum tax applies to alternative minimum taxable income. Generally, regular taxable income as adjusted for tax preferences and other items is treated differently under the alternative minimum tax.

For alternative minimum tax purposes, the spread upon exercise of an incentive stock option (but not a nonqualified stock option) will be included in alternative minimum taxable income, and the taxpayer will receive a tax basis equal to the fair market value of the shares of our common stock at such time for subsequent alternative minimum tax purposes. However, if the participant disposes of the incentive stock option shares in the year of exercise, the alternative minimum tax income cannot exceed the gain recognized for regular tax purposes, provided that the disposition meets certain third party requirements for limiting the gain on a disqualifying disposition. If there is a disqualifying disposition in a year other than the year of exercise, the income on the disqualifying disposition is not considered alternative minimum taxable income.

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There are no federal income tax consequences to us by reason of the grant of incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options or the exercise of an incentive stock option (other than disqualifying dispositions). At the time the participant recognizes ordinary income from the exercise of a nonqualified stock option, we will be entitled to a federal income tax deduction in the amount of the ordinary income so recognized (as described above), provided that we satisfy our reporting obligations described below. To the extent the participant recognizes ordinary income by reason of a disqualifying disposition of the stock acquired upon exercise of an incentive stock option, and subject to the requirement of reasonableness, the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Code and the satisfaction of a tax reporting obligation, we generally will be entitled to a corresponding deduction in the year in which the disposition occurs. We are required to report to the Internal Revenue Service any ordinary income recognized by any participant by reason of the exercise of a nonqualified stock option. We are required to withhold income and employment taxes (and pay the employer’s share of the employment taxes) with respect to ordinary income recognized by the participant upon exercise of nonqualified stock options.

Stock Appreciation Rights

There are generally no tax consequences to the participant or us by reason of the grant of stock appreciation rights. In general, upon exercise of a stock appreciation rights award, the participant will recognize taxable ordinary income equal to the excess of the stock’s fair market value on the date of exercise over the stock appreciation rights’ base price, or the amount payable. Generally, with respect to employees, we are required to withhold from regular wages or supplemental wage payments an amount based on the ordinary income recognized. Subject to the requirement of reasonableness, the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Code and the satisfaction of a tax reporting obligation, we generally will be entitled to a business expense deduction equal to the taxable ordinary income realized by the participant.

Restricted Stock

Unless a participant makes a Section 83(b) election, as described below, with respect to restricted stock granted under the 2018 Plan, a participant receiving such an award will not recognize U.S. taxable ordinary income and we will not be allowed a deduction at the time such award is granted. While an award remains unvested or otherwise subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, a participant will recognize compensation income equal to the amount of any dividends received and we will be allowed a deduction in a like amount. When an award vests or otherwise ceases to be subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the excess of the fair market value of the award on the date of vesting or the cessation of the substantial risk of forfeiture over the amount paid, if any, by the participant for the award will be ordinary income to the participant and will be claimed as a deduction for federal income tax purposes by us. Upon disposition of the shares received, the gain or loss recognized by the participant will be treated as capital gain or loss, and the capital gain or loss will be short-term or long-term depending upon whether the participant held the shares for more than one year following the vesting or cessation of the substantial risk of forfeiture.

However, by filing a Section 83(b) election with the Internal Revenue Service within 30 days after the date of grant, a participant’s ordinary income and commencement of holding period and the deduction will be determined as of the date of grant. In such a case, the amount of ordinary income recognized by such a participant and deductible by us will be equal to the excess of the fair market value of the award as of the date of grant over the amount paid, if any, by the participant for the award. If such election is made and a participant thereafter forfeits his or her award, no refund or deduction will be allowed for the amount previously included in such participant’s income.

Generally, with respect to employees, we are required to withhold from regular wages or supplemental wage payments an amount based on the ordinary income recognized. Subject to the requirement of reasonableness, the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Code the satisfaction of a tax reporting obligation and any tax withholding condition, we generally will be entitled to a business expense deduction equal to the taxable ordinary income realized by the recipient. Upon disposition of stock, the recipient will recognize a capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the selling price and the sum of the amount paid for such stock, if any, plus any amount recognized as ordinary income upon acquisition (or vesting) of the stock. Such gain or loss will be long- or short-term depending on whether the stock was held for more than one year from the date ordinary income is measured.

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Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

Generally, the recipient of a restricted stock unit award structured to conform to the requirements of Section 409A of the Code or an exception to Section 409A of the Code will recognize ordinary income at the time the shares are delivered to the participant in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the shares received over any amount paid by the recipient in exchange for the shares. If a restricted stock unit award is subject to Section 409A of the Code, the shares subject to a restricted stock unit award may generally only be delivered upon one of the following events: a fixed calendar date (or dates), separation from service, death, disability, or a change in control. If delivery occurs on another date, unless the restricted stock unit awards otherwise comply with or qualify for an exception to the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, in addition to the tax treatment described above, the recipient will owe an additional 20% federal tax and interest on any taxes owed. The recipient’s basis for the determination of gain or loss upon the subsequent disposition of shares acquired from a restricted stock unit award will be the amount paid, if any, for shares plus any ordinary income recognized when the stock is delivered. Subject to the requirement of reasonableness, the provisions and limitations of Section 162(m) of the Code and the satisfaction of a tax reporting obligation, we will generally be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income realized by the participant.

Section 409A

If an award under the 2018 Plan is subject to Section 409A of the Code, but does not comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, the taxable events as described above could apply earlier than described, and could result in the imposition of additional taxes and penalties. Participants are urged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the applicability of Section 409A of the Code to their awards.

Potential Limitation on Company Deductions

Section 162(m) of the Code generally disallows a tax deduction for compensation in excess of $1 million paid in a taxable year by a publicly held corporation to its chief executive officer and certain other “covered employees”. Our board of directors and Compensation Committee intend to consider the potential impact of Section 162(m) on grants made under the 2018 Plan, but reserve the right to approve grants of options and other awards for an executive officer that exceeds the deduction limit of Section 162(m).

2014 Stock Incentive Plan

In February 2014, our Board adopted the 2014 Plan, which became effective in May 2014 when the 2014 Plan was approved by our stockholders at the 2014 annual meeting of stockholders. Amendments adding additional shares to the 2014 Plan were approved by our stockholders at the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders and the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. Following adoption of the 2018 Plan, no additional shares will be issued under the 2014 Plan.

Administration. The Compensation Committee administers the 2014 Plan and makes all determinations that it deems necessary or advisable for the administration of the 2014 Plan.

Transferability of Awards. Awards are non-transferable other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution or as otherwise expressly allowed by the Compensation Committee pursuant to a gift to members of an eligible person’s immediate family. The gift may be directly or indirectly transferred, by means of a trust, partnership, or otherwise. Stock options and SARs may be exercised only by the optionee, any such permitted transferee or a guardian, legal representative or beneficiary.

Change of control. If there is a change in control of our company, any award that is not exercisable and vested may immediately become exercisable and vested in the sole and absolute discretion of the Compensation Committee. Vested awards will be deemed earned and payable in full. The Compensation Committee may also terminate the awards, entitling participants to a cash payment. If our company is liquidated or dissolved, awards may also be converted into the right to receive liquidation proceeds. In the event that the Compensation Committee does not terminate or convert an award upon a change of control, then the award will be assumed, or substantially equivalent awards will be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation.

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Amendments, Modifications and Termination. Our Board may, at any time, amend, suspend or terminate the 2014 Plan, but the Board may not impair the rights of holders of outstanding awards without the holder’s consent. No amendment to the 2014 Plan may be made without consent of our stockholders. The 2014 Plan will terminate 10 years after its effective date.

Hedging and Pledging Policies

Our Insider Trading Policy prohibits our executive officers, other employees, non-employee directors and consultants from engaging in short sales, transactions in put or call options, hedging transactions or other inherently speculative transactions with respect to our ordinary shares at any time. In addition, no officer, director, other employee or consultant of Catalyst may margin or pledge, or make any offer to margin or pledge, any of our ordinary shares, including without limitation, borrowing against the value of such ordinary shares, at any time.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End

The following table sets forth certain information regarding equity-based awards held by our CEO, CFO and our three other most highly compensated employees as of December 31, 2022:

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Option Exercises

The following table provides information regarding the exercise of stock options by our executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2022:

COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REPORT

The Compensation Committee has reviewed the Compensation – Discussion and Analysis required by Item 402(b) of Regulation S-K of the SEC’s rules and regulations with management and based on such review and discussions the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the Compensation – Discussion and Analysis be included in this Form 10-K/A.

The Compensation Committee

David S. Tierney, Chair

Richard J. Daly

Charles B. O’Keeffe

Molly Harper

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of our previous filings under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that might incorporate future filings, including this Form 10-K/A, in whole or in part, the Compensation Committee Report above shall not be incorporated by reference into any such filings.

Compensation of Directors

The following table provides information regarding compensation earned by our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2022:

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2022 Compensation of Directors

For 2022, non-employee directors received an annual retainer of $50,000, the chairs of the Audit, Compensation and Nominating & Corporate Governance Committees received an additional retainer of $21,000, $15,750 and $10,500, respectively, and members of the Audit, Compensation and N&CG Committees received an additional retainer of $10,500, $7,875 and $5,250, respectively. Additionally, the Lead Director received an additional fee of $25,000 for his services as lead director. No meeting fees were paid. Further, directors received a grant of stock options and RSUs for 2022 services.

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As of April 17, 2023, we had 105,976,959 shares of our common stock outstanding. The following table sets forth, as of such date, certain information regarding the shares of common stock owned of record or beneficially by (i) each person who owns beneficially more than 5% of our outstanding common stock; (ii) each of our directors and executive officers; and (iii) all executive officers and directors as a group.

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Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table gives information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options as of December 31, 2022:

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Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

During the last completed fiscal year, no member of the Compensation Committee was an officer or employee of the Company, was a former officer of the Company, nor had a relationship with the Company requiring disclosure as a related party transaction under Item 404 of Regulation S-K. None of the Company’s executive officers served on the compensation committee or board of directors of another entity whose executive officer(s) served as a director on the Company’s Board of Directors or on the Compensation Committee.

CEO Pay Ratio Disclosure

As required by Item 402(u) of Regulation S-K, the Compensation Committee reviewed a comparison of our CEO’s annual total compensation in fiscal year 2022 to that of all of our other employees for 2022. Registrants may identify the median employee once every three years unless there has been a change in their employee population or employee compensation arrangements that the registrant reasonably believes would result in a significant change in the pay ratio disclosure. We have elected to utilize the same median employee that we used in 2020 for the CEO Pay Ratio calculation. In 2020, we identified our median employee by reviewing the base salary, on an annualized basis, for all of our employees as of December 31, 2020, for the period from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020, excluding our CEO. After identifying our median employee, we calculated total compensation for such employee using the same methodology we use for our named executive officers as set forth in the 2022 Summary Compensation Table above.

The total annual compensation for fiscal year 2022 for our CEO was $6,923,782, as noted in the 2022 Summary Compensation table above. The median of the 2022 annual total compensation of all employees (other than our CEO) was $343,631. The resulting ratio of our CEO’s pay to the pay of our median employee for fiscal year 2022 was 20 to 1.

SEC rules for identifying the median of the total annual compensation of our employees and calculating the pay ratio based on that employee’s total annual compensation allows companies to adopt a variety of methodologies, to apply certain exclusions, and to make reasonable estimates and assumptions that reflect their employee populations and compensation practices. The pay ratio reported by other companies may not be comparable to the pay ratio for our company, as other companies have headquarters offices in different countries, have different employee populations and compensation practices and may utilize different methodologies, exclusions, estimates and assumptions in calculating their pay ratios. We believe that the pay ratio reported above is a reasonable estimate calculated in a manner consistent with SEC rules based on our internal records and the methodology described above.

We invest in our employees at all levels in our company by rewarding performance that balances risk and reward, empowering professional growth and development and by offering affordable benefits and programs that meet the diverse needs of our employees.

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Related Person Transaction Parties and Procedures

In November 2017, we adopted our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, including a conflict of interest transaction policy that identifies our procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of conflict of interest transactions. The policy applies where one’s private life or interest interferes, or even appears to interfere, with the interests of our company. Under the policy, a conflict can arise when any of our personnel (or a member of their family) acts or has interests that make it difficult, or makes it appear difficult, to perform their duties for us objectively and effectively. Conflicts can also arise under the policy when our personnel (or a member of their family) receives significant personal benefits as a result of their position in the Company. Any such determination regarding the approval of such a transaction will be made by the Audit Committee or the Board of Directors, with any interested directors abstaining.

Certain Related Party Transactions

Since 2019, we have had no transactions or proposed transactions in which we were or are to be participants and in which any related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.

Director Independence

The information included under Item 10 above in this Part III is incorporated herein by reference.

Independent Auditor Fees

The following table represents fees for professional audit and other services rendered by Grant Thornton LLP for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Pre-Approval of Audit Functions

Pursuant to its written charter, the Audit Committee is responsible for pre-approving all audit and permitted non-audit services to be performed for us by our independent registered public accounting firm or any other auditing or accounting firm. 100% of the services provided to us by Grant Thornton in 2022 and 2021 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

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AUDIT COMMITTEE REPORT

Management has the primary responsibility for our internal control over financial reporting, the financial reporting process and preparation of our financial statements. Grant Thornton LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, is responsible for performing an independent audit of our financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and to issue a report thereon. Grant Thornton LLP is also responsible for auditing our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. The Audit Committee’s responsibility is to select the independent auditors and to monitor and oversee these processes.

The Audit Committee has met and held discussions with management and the independent auditors. Management represented to the Audit Committee that our financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The Audit Committee reviewed and discussed the audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors. In fulfilling its responsibilities, the Audit Committee discussed with the independent auditors the matters that are required to be discussed by Auditing Standard No. 1301 (Communication with Audit Committees). In addition, the Audit Committee received from the independent auditors the written disclosures and letter required by PCAOB Ethics and Independence Rule 3526, Communications with Audit Committees Concerning Independence, and the Audit Committee discussed with the independent auditors that firm’s independence. In connection with this discussion, the Audit Committee also considered whether the provision of services by the independent auditors not related to the audit of our financial statements is compatible with maintaining the independent auditors’ independence. During such discussions, the independent auditors confirmed that, as of December 31, 2022, they were independent accountants with respect to our company within the meaning of applicable federal securities laws and the requirements of the PCAOB.

Based upon the Audit Committee’s discussions with management and the independent auditors and the Audit Committee’s review of the representations of management and the reports and letter of the independent auditors provided to the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board that our audited financial statements for fiscal 2022 be included in our 2022 Original Form 10-K.

The Audit Committee has also reviewed all non-audit services being provided by the independent auditors and has concluded that the provision of such services has been compatible with the maintenance of that firm’s independence in the conduct of its auditing functions. The Audit Committee has discussed these matters with representatives of the independent auditors and our management and will monitor our compliance with any new restrictions as they are put in place to continue to ensure that the services provided by our independent accountants are compatible with the maintenance of that firm’s independence in the conduct of its auditing functions.

The Audit Committee

Donald A. Denkhaus (Chair)

Philip H. Coelho

Charles B. O’Keeffe

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of our previous filings under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that might incorporate future filings, including this Form 10-K/A, in whole or in part, the Audit Committee Report above shall not be incorporated by reference into any such filings

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PART IV

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has caused this Form 10-K/A to be signed by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, this 24th day of April, 2023.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons, in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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