Ellington Financial 10Q 2024 Q3 Quarterly report

0001411342us-gaap:IncomeApproachValuationTechniqueMembersrt:WeightedAverageMemberus-gaap:ResidentialMortgageMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Memberus-gaap:MeasurementInputDiscountRateMemberefc:SecuritizedLoansMember2024-09-300001411342us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMemberus-gaap:LongMemberefc:A2050Member2024-09-30

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-34569

Ellington Financial Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Delaware						26-0489289
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

53 Forest Avenue

Old Greenwich, Connecticut, 06870

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(203) 698-1200

(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share

EFC

The New York Stock Exchange

6.750% Series A Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

EFC PR A

The New York Stock Exchange

6.250% Series B Fixed-Rate Reset
Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

EFC PR B

The New York Stock Exchange

8.625% Series C Fixed-Rate Reset
Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

EFC PR C

The New York Stock Exchange

7.000% Series D Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Stock

EFC PRD

The New York Stock Exchange

8.250% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

EFC PRE

The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐
		Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

Number of shares of the Registrant's common stock outstanding as of November 8, 2024: 90,661,736

Table of Contents

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

INDEX


Part I. Financial Information
	Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	3
	Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	93
	Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	139
	Item 4. Controls and Procedures	142
Part II. Other Information
	Item 1. Legal Proceedings	143
	Item 1A. Risk Factors	143
	Item 6. Exhibits	144
	Signatures	145

Table of Contents

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)


ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
(In thousands, except share amounts)	Expressed in U.S. Dollars
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents(1)	$	217,725	$	228,927
Restricted cash(1)	10,578		1,618
Securities, at fair value(1)(2)	1,063,774		1,518,377
Loans, at fair value(1)(2)	13,519,786		12,306,636
Loan commitments, at fair value	5,955		2,584
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value(1)	149,831		163,336
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	28,877		29,580
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value(1)	188,475		116,414
Real estate owned(1)(2)	29,690		22,085
Financial derivatives—assets, at fair value	149,679		143,996
Reverse repurchase agreements	331,630		173,145
Due from brokers	16,048		51,884
Investment related receivables(1)	208,861		480,249
Other assets(1)	32,381		77,099
Total Assets	$	15,953,290	$	15,315,930
Liabilities
Securities sold short, at fair value	$	304,918	$	154,303
Repurchase agreements(1)	2,642,052		2,967,437
Financial derivatives—liabilities, at fair value	49,243		61,776
Due to brokers	55,529		62,442
Investment related payables	25,178		37,403
Other secured borrowings(1)	284,897		245,827
Other secured borrowings, at fair value(1)	1,813,755		1,424,668
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	8,790,589		8,423,235
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	278,128		272,765
Base management fee payable to affiliate	6,031		5,660
Dividends payable	15,892		11,528
Interest payable(1)	21,045		22,933
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(1)	40,384		90,341
Total Liabilities	14,327,641		13,780,318
Commitments and contingencies (Note 24)
Equity
Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 14,757,222 and 14,757,222 shares issued and outstanding, and $368,931 and $368,931 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively	355,551		355,551
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 300,000,000 and 200,000,000 shares authorized, respectively; 90,661,736 and 83,000,488 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	91		83
Additional paid-in-capital	1,613,740		1,514,797
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	(362,146)		(353,360)
Total Stockholders' Equity	1,607,236		1,517,071
Non-controlling interests(1)	18,413		18,541
Total Equity	1,625,649		1,535,612
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	15,953,290	$	15,315,930

(1)Ellington Financial Inc.'s Consolidated Balance Sheets include assets and liabilities of variable interest entities it has consolidated. See Note 12 for additional details on Ellington Financial Inc.'s consolidated variable interest entities.

(2)Includes assets pledged as collateral to counterparties. See Note 14 for additional details on the Company's borrowings and related collateral.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)


	Three-Month Period Ended				Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Net Interest Income
Interest income	$	107,281	$	96,216	$	309,272	$	271,482
Interest expense	(73,654)		(68,702)		(210,993)		(191,752)
Total net interest income	33,627		27,514		98,279		79,730
Other Income (Loss)
Realized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net	(12,243)		(17,362)		(52,419)		(71,518)
Realized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net	(41,564)		26,283		(31,774)		30,617
Realized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net	(397)		(155)		(3,646)		(1,456)
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net	126,908		(63,850)		172,752		24,024
Unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net	356		55,794		38,623		66,897
Unrealized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net	(769)		(1,712)		(567)		(533)
Unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value, net	(56,179)		18,660		(70,218)		1,133
Unrealized gains (losses) on unsecured borrowings, at fair value, net	(9,059)		(4,410)		(5,363)		2,100
Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value	158,554		99,929		510,757		295,170
Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value	(133,837)		(115,729)		(439,491)		(271,840)
Other, net	1,581		28,772		16,742		37,965
Total other income (loss)	33,351		26,220		135,396		112,559
Expenses
Base management fee to affiliate (Net of fee rebates of $63, $98, $227, and $381, respectively)(1)	6,031		4,890		17,572		14,759
Investment related expenses:
Servicing expense	6,334		5,261		17,805		15,036
Debt issuance costs related to Other secured borrowings, at fair value	1,991		—		5,103		—
Other	7,360		4,342		17,100		12,633
Professional fees	2,667		3,847		8,074		13,753
Compensation and benefits	18,987		14,675		49,983		45,261
Other expenses	7,554		6,437		21,927		18,544
Total expenses	50,924		39,452		137,564		119,986
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	16,054		14,282		96,111		72,303
Income tax expense (benefit)	12		224		214		328
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	7,281		(978)		21,549		(3,403)
Net Income (Loss)	23,323		13,080		117,446		68,572
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	315		509		1,697		3,090
Dividends on preferred stock	6,833		5,980		20,312		17,077
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	16,175	$	6,591	$	95,437	$	48,405
Net Income (Loss) per Share of Common Stock:
Basic and Diluted	$	0.19	$	0.10	$	1.12	$	0.72

(1)See Note 16 for further details on management fee rebates.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)


			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings/(Accumulated Deficit)		Total Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Equity
	Preferred Stock		Shares	Par Value
(In thousands, except share amounts)				Expressed in U.S. Dollars
BALANCE, December 31, 2023	$	355,551	83,000,488	$	83	$	1,514,797	$	(353,360)	$	1,517,071	$	18,541	$	1,535,612
Net income (loss)								33,569		33,569		482		34,051
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock(1)			2,103,725	2		26,854				26,856				26,856
Contributions from non-controlling interests												2,084		2,084
Common dividends								(36,589)		(36,589)		(347)		(36,936)
Preferred dividends								(6,654)		(6,654)				(6,654)
Distributions to non-controlling interests												(1,589)		(1,589)
Adjustment to non-controlling interests						(524)				(524)		524		—
Repurchase of shares of common stock			(47,565)	—		(524)				(524)				(524)
Share-based long term incentive plan unit awards						254				254		2		256
BALANCE, March 31, 2024	355,551		85,056,648	85		1,540,857		(363,034)		1,533,459		19,697		1,553,156
Net income (loss)								59,172		59,172		900		60,072
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock(1)			—	—		—				—				—
Contributions from non-controlling interests												7,133		7,133
Common dividends								(33,166)		(33,166)		(326)		(33,492)
Preferred dividends								(6,825)		(6,825)				(6,825)
Distributions to non-controlling interests												(6,334)		(6,334)
Adjustment to non-controlling interests						(1)				(1)		1		—
Repurchase of shares of common stock			(14,735)	—		(161)				(161)				(161)
Share-based long term incentive plan unit awards						307				307		3		310
BALANCE, June 30, 2024	355,551		85,041,913	85		1,541,002		(343,853)		1,552,785		21,074		1,573,859
Net income (loss)								23,008		23,008		315		23,323
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock(1)			5,612,166	6		72,728		—		72,734		—		72,734
Contributions from non-controlling interests												770		770
Common dividends								(34,468)		(34,468)		(328)		(34,796)
Preferred dividends								(6,833)		(6,833)				(6,833)
Cancellation of employee stock options(2)								—		—		(1,799)		(1,799)
Purchase of non-controlling interests(2)								—		—		(729)		(729)
Distributions to non-controlling interests												(1,192)		(1,192)
Conversion of non-controlling interest units to shares of common stock			7,657	—		106				106		(106)		—
Adjustment to non-controlling interests						(405)				(405)		405		—
Share-based long term incentive plan unit awards	—		—	—		309				309		3		312
BALANCE, September 30, 2024	$	355,551	90,661,736	$	91	$	1,613,740	$	(362,146)	$	1,607,236	$	18,413	$	1,625,649

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents


ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)
(UNAUDITED)


			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings/(Accumulated Deficit)		Total Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Equity
	Preferred Stock		Shares	Par Value
BALANCE, December 31, 2022	$	227,432	63,812,215	$	64	$	1,259,352	$	(290,881)	$	1,195,967	$	24,919	$	1,220,886
Net income (loss)								44,033		44,033		720		44,753
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock(1)			4,433,861	4		60,461				60,465				60,465
Net proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock(1)	96,488									96,488				96,488
Contributions from non-controlling interests												757		757
Common dividends								(30,297)		(30,297)		(367)		(30,664)
Preferred dividends								(5,117)		(5,117)				(5,117)
Distributions to non-controlling interests												(1,065)		(1,065)
Adjustment to non-controlling interests						37				37		(37)		—
Repurchase of shares of common stock			(1,061,000)	(1)		(12,071)				(12,072)				(12,072)
Share-based long term incentive plan unit awards						328				328		4		332
BALANCE, March 31, 2023	323,920		67,185,076	67		1,308,107		(282,262)		1,349,832		24,931		1,374,763
Net income (loss)								8,878		8,878		1,861		10,739
Contributions from non-controlling interests												842		842
Common dividends								(30,223)		(30,223)		(367)		(30,590)
Preferred dividends								(5,980)		(5,980)				(5,980)
Distributions to non-controlling interests												(5,172)		(5,172)
Repurchase of shares of common stock			(23,336)	—		(280)				(280)		—		(280)
Share-based long term incentive plan unit awards			—	—		331				331		4		335
BALANCE, June 30, 2023	323,920		67,161,740	67		1,308,158		(309,587)		1,322,558		22,099		1,344,657
Net income (loss)								12,571		12,571		509		13,080
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock(1)			1,066,221	1		14,542				14,543				14,543
Contributions from non-controlling interests												5,339		5,339
Common dividends								(30,626)		(30,626)		(366)		(30,992)
Preferred dividends								(5,980)		(5,980)		—		(5,980)
Distributions to non-controlling interests												(3,552)		(3,552)
Conversion of non-controlling interest units to shares of common stock			6,199	—		90				90		(90)		—
Adjustment to non-controlling interests						16				16		(16)		—
Share-based long term incentive plan unit awards						318				318		4		322
BALANCE, September 30, 2023	$	323,920	68,234,160	$	68	$	1,323,124	$	(333,622)	$	1,313,490	$	23,927	$	1,337,417

(1)Net of discounts and commissions and offering costs.

(2)See Note 18—Non-Controlling Interests in Longbridge for additional details.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)


	Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
(In thousands)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:




































Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(289,745)	$	(162,904)









Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchase of securities	(644,770)		(1,742,351)
Purchase and origination of loans	(3,065,592)		(2,280,632)
Receipt of distributions on Forward MSR-related investments	23,211		—
Capital improvements of real estate owned	—		(37)
Proceeds from disposition of securities	1,153,508		1,525,663
Proceeds from disposition of loans	194,088		29,491
Contributions to investments in unconsolidated entities	(89,653)		(47,834)
Distributions from investments in unconsolidated entities	193,604		134,060
Proceeds from disposition of real estate owned	36,393		24,063
Proceeds from FHA insurance claims and other receivables on HECM loans	45,151		82,115
Proceeds from principal payments of securities	116,124		127,309
Proceeds from principal payments of loans	1,904,823		1,946,981
Proceeds from securities sold short	335,500		288,283
Repurchase of securities sold short	(188,563)		(332,556)
Payments on financial derivatives	(215,825)		(201,306)
Proceeds from financial derivatives	202,759		216,473
Increase in cash resulting from consolidation of securitization trust, net	6,790		—
Payments made on reverse repurchase agreements	(24,988,708)		(27,907,320)
Proceeds from reverse repurchase agreements	24,830,540		27,958,839
Due from brokers, net	34,714		9,413
Due to brokers, net	9,006		47,809
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(106,900)		(121,537)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock(1)	100,202		75,194
Net proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock(1)	—		96,850
Offering costs paid	(688)		(635)
Repurchase of common stock	(685)		(12,352)
Dividends paid	(121,172)		(107,223)
Contributions from non-controlling interests	9,567		6,690
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(9,115)		(9,789)
Purchase of non-controlling interests	(729)		—
Proceeds from issuance of Other secured borrowings	1,332,320		1,323,595
Principal payments on Other secured borrowings	(1,293,250)		(1,368,132)
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	48,256,900		28,939,166
Repayments of repurchase agreements	(48,121,677)		(28,834,355)
Proceeds from issuance of Other secured borrowings, at fair value, net	66,476		—
Proceeds from issuance of HMBS	1,003,362		1,096,682
Principal payments on HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(814,011)		(954,353)
Due from brokers, net	1,469		(11,114)
Due to brokers, net	(14,566)		(1,384)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	394,403	238,840

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents


ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONCLUDED)
(UNAUDITED)


	Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
(In thousands)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	(2,242)		(45,601)
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, Beginning of Period	230,545		221,869
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, End of Period	$	228,303	$	176,268









Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	$	228,927	$	217,053
Restricted cash, beginning of period	1,618		4,816
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	230,545		221,869
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	217,725		174,664
Restricted cash, end of period	10,578		1,604
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	228,303		176,268
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	212,880	$	194,126
Income tax paid (refunded)	294		(458)
Dividends payable	15,892		14,343
Transfers from mortgage loans to real estate owned (non-cash)	48,396		20,181
Transfers from mortgage loans to other sales and claims receivable (non-cash)	46,486		81,218
Transfers from mortgage loans to investments in unconsolidated entities (non-cash)	143,936		67,435
Transfers of HMBS obligations to third-party related to termination of HECM CT Agreement(2), at fair value	(305,381)		—
Transfers of reverse mortgage loans to third-party related to termination of HECM CT Agreement(2), at fair value	305,196		—
Transfers from corporate loans to investments in unconsolidated entities (non-cash)	—		665
Transfers from securities to corporate loans (non-cash)	500		—
Transfers from securities to residential mortgage loans (non-cash)	60		—
Contributions to investments in unconsolidated entities (non-cash)	(10,527)		(7,957)
Purchase of investments (non-cash)	(16,488)		(25,580)
Purchase of loans, net (non-cash)	—		(69,610)
Loans acquired in consolidation of securitization trust, net (non-cash)	(52,368)		—
Proceeds from the disposition of loans (non-cash)	189,921		174,181
Proceeds from principal payments of investments (non-cash)	106,417		135,153
Principal payments on Other secured borrowings, at fair value (non-cash)	(115,638)		(135,153)
Proceeds received from Other secured borrowings, at fair value (non-cash)	303,195		—
Other secured borrowings, at fair value assumed in consolidation of securitization trust (non-cash)	58,195		—
Proceeds from issuance of Other secured borrowings, net (non-cash)	—		69,610
Repayments of repurchase agreements (non-cash)	(460,608)		(141,453)
Debt issuance costs related to Other secured borrowings, at fair value (non-cash)	(5,103)		—

(1)Net of discounts and commissions.

(2)See Note 13. Securitization Transactions—Issuance of HMBS for details.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

1. Organization and Investment Objective

Ellington Financial Inc. commenced operations on August 17, 2007 and is a Delaware corporation. Ellington Financial Operating Partnership LLC (the "Operating Partnership"), a 99.3% owned consolidated subsidiary of Ellington Financial Inc., was formed as a Delaware limited liability company on December 14, 2012 and commenced operations on January 1, 2013. All of Ellington Financial Inc.'s operations and business activities are conducted through the Operating Partnership. Ellington Financial Inc., the Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries are hereafter collectively referred to as the "Company." All intercompany accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

The Company conducts its operations to qualify and be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or "REIT," under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), and has elected to be taxed as a corporation effective January 1, 2019. In anticipation of the Company's intended election to be taxed as a REIT under the Code beginning with its 2019 taxable year (the "REIT Election"), the Company implemented an internal restructuring as of December 31, 2018. As part of this restructuring, the Company moved certain of its non-REIT-qualifying investments and financial derivatives to taxable REIT subsidiaries or, "TRSs," and disposed of certain of its investments in non-REIT-qualifying investments and financial derivatives.

Ellington Financial Management LLC (the "Manager") is an SEC-registered investment adviser that serves as the Manager to the Company pursuant to the terms of its Seventh Amended and Restated Management Agreement (the "Management Agreement"), which was approved by Ellington Financial Inc.'s Board of Directors (the "Board of Directors") effective March 13, 2018. The Manager is an affiliate of Ellington Management Group, L.L.C. ("Ellington"), an investment management firm that is registered as both an investment adviser and a commodity pool operator. In accordance with the terms of the Management Agreement, the Manager implements the investment strategy and manages the business and operations on a day-to-day basis for the Company and performs certain services for the Company, subject to oversight by the Board of Directors.

On October 3, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of a controlling interest in Longbridge Financial, LLC ("Longbridge"), a reverse mortgage loan originator and servicer (the "Longbridge Transaction"). As a result of the Longbridge Transaction, the Company consolidates Longbridge's financial results. Additionally, on December 14, 2023, Arlington Asset Investment Corp., a Virginia corporation (“Arlington”), merged with and into EF Merger Sub Inc., a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, pursuant to the agreement and plan of merger (the “Arlington Merger Agreement”) which was entered into on May 29, 2023 (the “Arlington Merger”).

The Company has two reportable segments, the Investment Portfolio Segment and the Longbridge Segment. The Investment Portfolio Segment is focused on investing in a diverse array of financial assets, including residential and commercial mortgage loans; residential mortgage-backed securities, or "RMBS"; commercial mortgage-backed securities, or "CMBS"; investments referencing a portfolio of mortgage servicing rights on forward mortgage loans, or "Forward MSR-related investments"; consumer loans and asset-backed securities, or "ABS," including ABS backed by consumer loans; collateralized loan obligations, or "CLOs"; non-mortgage- and mortgage-related derivatives; debt and equity investments in loan origination companies; and other strategic investments. The Longbridge Segment is focused on the origination and servicing of reverse mortgage loans. Longbridge acquires reverse mortgage loans both through its origination activities and through secondary market purchases. Historically, the majority of loans acquired by Longbridge have been home equity conversion mortgage loans, or "HECMs," which are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, or "FHA." Such loans are generally eligible for securitization into HECM-backed MBS, or "HMBS," which are guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association, or "GNMA." Longbridge is an approved issuer of HMBS, and it transfers HECM loans into HMBS, which it then sells in the secondary market while retaining the servicing rights on the underlying HECM loans. Longbridge also originates and purchases non-FHA-insured reverse mortgage loans originated under guidelines established by private lenders, which the Company refers to as "Proprietary reverse mortgage loans." Proprietary reverse mortgage loans typically carry loan balances or credit lines that exceed FHA limits or have other characteristics that make them ineligible for FHA insurance.

Table of Contents

2. Significant Accounting Policies

(A) Basis of Presentation: The Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or "U.S. GAAP," and Regulation S-X. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership, its subsidiaries, and variable interest entities, or "VIEs," for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and those differences could be material. In management's opinion, all material adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the Company's consolidated financial statements have been included and are only of a normal recurring nature. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year. The information included in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(B) Valuation: The Company applies ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820") to its holdings of financial instruments. ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the observability of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

•Level 1—inputs to the valuation methodology are observable and reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Currently, the types of financial instruments the Company generally includes in this category are listed equities and exchange-traded derivatives;

•Level 2—inputs to the valuation methodology other than quoted prices included in Level 1 are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Currently, the types of financial instruments that the Company generally includes in this category are RMBS, for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a U.S. government-sponsored entity, or "Agency RMBS," U.S. Treasury securities and sovereign debt, certain non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, CLOs, corporate debt, and actively traded derivatives such as interest rate swaps, foreign currency forwards, and other over-the-counter derivatives; and

•Level 3—inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The types of financial instruments that the Company generally includes in this category are certain RMBS, CMBS, CLOs, ABS, credit default swaps, or "CDS," on individual ABS, and total return swaps on distressed corporate debt, in each case where there is less price transparency. Also included in this category are residential and commercial mortgage loans, consumer loans, reverse mortgage loans, private corporate debt and equity investments, loan commitments, loan purchase commitments, mortgage servicing rights, or "MSRs," Forward MSR-related investments, other secured borrowings, at fair value, HMBS-related obligations, at fair value, and Unsecured borrowings, at fair value.

For certain financial instruments, the various inputs that management uses to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. For each such financial instrument, the determination of which category within the fair value hierarchy is appropriate is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. ASC 820 prioritizes the various inputs that management uses to measure fair value, with the highest priority given to inputs that are observable and reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 1), and the lowest priority given to inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement (Level 3). The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the financial instrument. The Company may use valuation techniques consistent with the market and income approaches to measure the fair value of its financial instruments. The market approach uses third-party valuations and information obtained from market transactions involving identical or similar financial instruments. The income approach uses projections of the future economic benefit of an instrument to determine its fair value, such as in the discounted cash flow methodology. The inputs or methodology used for valuing financial instruments are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in these financial instruments. The leveling of each financial instrument is reassessed at the end of each period. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are assumed to occur at the end of the reporting period.

Summary Valuation Techniques

For financial instruments that are traded in an "active market," the best measure of fair value is the quoted market price. However, many of the Company's financial instruments are not traded in an active market. Therefore, management generally uses third-party valuations when available. If third-party valuations are not available, management uses other valuation techniques, such as the discounted cash flow methodology. The following are summary descriptions, for various categories of financial instruments, of the valuation methodologies management uses in determining fair value of the Company's financial instruments in such categories. Management utilizes such methodologies to assign a fair value (the estimated price that, in an

Table of Contents

orderly transaction at the valuation date, would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, as the case may be) to each such financial instrument.

For mortgage-backed securities, or "MBS," forward settling to-be-announced mortgage-backed-securities, or "TBAs," CLOs, and corporate debt and equity, management seeks to obtain at least one third-party valuation, and often obtains multiple valuations when available. Management has been able to obtain third-party valuations on the vast majority of these instruments and expects to continue to solicit third-party valuations in the future. Management generally values each financial instrument at the average of third-party valuations received and not rejected as described below. Third-party valuations are not binding, management may adjust the valuations it receives (e.g., downward adjustments for odd lots), and management may challenge or reject a valuation when, based on its validation criteria, management determines that such valuation is unreasonable or erroneous. Furthermore, based on its validation criteria, management may determine that the average of the third-party valuations received for a given financial instrument does not result in what management believes to be the fair value of such instrument, and in such circumstances management may override this average with its own good faith valuation. The validation criteria may take into account output from management's own models, recent trading activity in the same or similar instruments, and valuations received from third parties. The use of proprietary models requires the use of a significant amount of judgment and the application of various assumptions including, but not limited to, assumptions concerning future prepayment rates and default rates. Given their relatively high level of price transparency, Agency RMBS pass-throughs are typically classified as Level 2. Non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, Agency interest only and inverse interest only RMBS, CLOs, and corporate bonds are generally classified as either Level 2 or Level 3 based on analysis of available market data and/or third-party valuations. The Company's investments in distressed corporate debt can be in the form of loans as well as total return swaps on loans. These investments, as well as related non-listed equity investments, are generally designated as Level 3 assets. Valuations for total return swaps are typically based on prices of the underlying loans received from third-party pricing services. Private equity investments are generally classified as Level 3. Furthermore, the methodology used by the third-party valuation providers is reviewed at least annually by management, so as to ascertain whether such providers are utilizing observable market data to determine the valuations that they provide.

For residential mortgage loans, reverse mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans, and consumer loans, management determines fair value by taking into account both external pricing data, which includes third-party valuations, and internal pricing models. Management has obtained third-party valuations on the majority of these loans and expects to continue to solicit third-party valuations in the future. In determining fair value for non-performing mortgage loans, management evaluates third-party valuations, if applicable, as well as management's estimates of the value of the underlying real estate, using information including general economic data, broker price opinions, or "BPOs," recent sales, property appraisals, and bids. In determining fair value for performing mortgage loans and consumer loans, management evaluates third-party valuations, if applicable, as well as discounted cash flows of the loans based on market assumptions. Cash flow assumptions typically include projected default and prepayment rates and loss severities, and may include adjustments based on appraisals and BPOs, and in the case of HECM reverse mortgage loans, projected future tail draws. Many adjustable-rate reverse mortgage loans provide the borrower with a line of credit that can be drawn over time, and a "tail draw" is a principal addition that results when a borrower takes such a draw, which may be securitized. Mortgage and consumer loans are classified as Level 3.

The Company has elected the fair value option, or "FVO," for its HMBS-related obligations. It determines fair value by taking into account both external pricing data, which includes third-party valuations, and internal pricing models. The estimated fair value of HMBS-related obligations also includes the consideration that would be required by a market participant to transfer the HECM loan net of the related servicing, including exposure resulting from shortfalls in FHA insurance proceeds. HMBS-related obligations, at fair value are classified as Level 3.

The Company has elected the FVO for its MSRs and Forward MSR-related investments. It determines fair value by taking into account both external pricing data, which includes third-party valuations, and internal pricing models. MSRs and Forward MSR-related investments are classified as Level 3.

The Company has securitized certain mortgage loans, including residential mortgage loans that are not deemed "qualified mortgage," or "QM," loans under the rules of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or "non-QM loans," and proprietary reverse mortgage loans. The Company's securitized loans, which include non-QM loans, certain European residential mortgage loans, and reverse mortgage loans, are held as part of a collateralized financing entity, or "CFE." A CFE is a VIE that holds financial assets, issues beneficial interests in those assets, and has no more than nominal equity, and for which the issued beneficial interests have contractual recourse only to the related assets of the CFE. ASC 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810") allows the Company to elect to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of the CFE using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets and the fair value of the financial liabilities of the CFE. The Company has elected the FVO for initial and subsequent recognition of the debt issued by its consolidated securitization trusts and has determined that each consolidated securitization trust meets the definition of a CFE; see Note 13 "Securitization Transactions, —Consolidated Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations, —Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations—European Residential Mortgage Loans, and —Proprietary Reverse Mortgage Loan Securitizations" for further discussion on the Company's consolidated

Table of Contents

securitization trusts. The Company has determined the inputs to the fair value measurement of the financial liabilities of each of its CFEs to be more observable than those of the financial assets and, as a result, has used the fair value of the financial liabilities of each of the CFEs to measure the fair value of the financial assets of each of the CFEs. The fair value of the debt issued by each CFE is typically valued using both external pricing data, which includes third-party valuations, and internal pricing models. The securitized loans, which are assets of the consolidated CFEs, are included in Loans, at fair value, on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The debt issued by the consolidated CFEs is included in Other secured borrowings, at fair value, on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unrealized gains (losses) from changes in fair value of Other secured borrowings, at fair value, are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value, net, on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The securitized loans and the debt issued by the Company's CFEs are both classified as Level 3.

The Company has elected the FVO for its loan commitments related to reverse mortgage loans, and uses market pricing for instruments with similar characteristics in determining fair value. The valuation process incorporates various inputs, such as an estimate of the fair value of the servicing rights expected to be recorded upon sale of a loan to a third party, estimated cost to originate the loan, and the expected pull-through rate. The Company's loan commitments are classified as Level 3.

The Company has elected the FVO for loan purchase commitments related to certain residential mortgage loans, and uses the agreed-upon loan purchase price with adjustments made for interest rate and credit spread movements in determining fair value. The Company's loan purchase commitments are classified as Level 3.

For financial derivatives with greater price transparency, such as CDS on asset-backed indices, CDS on corporate indices, certain options on the foregoing, and total return swaps on publicly traded equities or indices, market-standard pricing sources are used to obtain valuations; these financial derivatives are generally classified as Level 2. Interest rate swaps, swaptions, and foreign currency forwards are typically valued based on internal models that use observable market data, including applicable interest rates and foreign currency rates in effect as of the measurement date; the model-generated valuations are then typically compared to counterparty valuations for reasonableness. These financial derivatives are also generally classified as Level 2. Financial derivatives with less price transparency, such as CDS on individual ABS, are generally valued based on internal models, and are classified as Level 3. In the case of CDS on individual ABS, the valuation process typically starts with an estimation of the value of the underlying ABS. In valuing its financial derivatives, the Company also considers the creditworthiness of both the Company and its counterparties, along with collateral provisions contained in each financial derivative agreement.

Investments in private operating entities, such as loan originators, are valued based on available metrics, such as relevant market multiples and comparable company valuations, company specific-financial data including actual and projected results, and independent third party valuation estimates. These investments are classified as Level 3.

The Company's repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are classified as Level 2, based on the adequacy of the collateral and their short term nature.

The Company's valuation process, including the application of validation criteria, is directed by the Manager's Valuation Committee (the "Valuation Committee"), and overseen by the Company's audit committee. The Valuation Committee includes senior level executives from various departments within the Manager, and each quarter, the Valuation Committee reviews and approves the valuations of the Company's financial instruments. The valuation process also includes a monthly review by the Company's third-party administrator. The goal of this review is to replicate various aspects of the Company's valuation process based on the Company's documented procedures.

Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, the estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed, and the differences could be material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

(C) Accounting for Securities: Purchases and sales of investments in securities are generally recorded on trade date, and realized and unrealized gains and losses are calculated based on identified cost. Investments in securities are recorded in accordance with ASC 320, Investments—Debt and Equity Securities ("ASC 320") or ASC 325-40, Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets ("ASC 325-40"). The Company generally classifies its securities as available-for-sale. The Company has chosen to elect the FVO pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825") for its investments in securities. Electing the FVO allows the Company to record changes in fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, as a component of Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, which, in management's view, more appropriately reflects the results of operations for a particular reporting period as all investment activities will be recorded in a similar manner.

Table of Contents

Many of the Company's investments in securities, such as MBS and CLOs, are issued by entities that are deemed to be VIEs. For the majority of such investments, the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of such VIEs and therefore has not consolidated such VIEs. The Company's maximum risk of loss in these unconsolidated VIEs is generally limited to the fair value of the Company's investment in the VIE.

The Company evaluates its investments in interest only securities to determine whether they meet the requirements for classification as financial derivatives under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). For interest only securities, where the holder is entitled only to a portion of the interest payments made on the mortgages underlying certain MBS, and inverse interest only securities, which are interest only securities whose coupon has an inverse relationship to its benchmark rate, such as SOFR, the Company has determined that such investments do not meet the requirements for treatment as financial derivatives and are classified as securities.

The Company applies the principles of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses ("ASU 2016-13") and evaluates the cost basis of its investments in securities on at least a quarterly basis, under ASC 326-30, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Available-for-Sale Debt Securities ("ASC 326-30"). When the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost basis as of the balance sheet date, the security's cost basis is considered impaired. The Company must evaluate the decline in the fair value of the impaired security and determine whether such decline resulted from a credit loss or non-credit related factors. In its assessment of whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of estimated future cash flows of the impaired security with the amortized cost basis of such security. The estimated future cash flows reflect those that a "market participant" would use and typically include assumptions related to fluctuations in interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates, collateral performance, and the timing and amount of projected credit losses, as well incorporating observations of current market developments and events. Cash flows are discounted at an interest rate equal to the current yield used to accrete interest income. If the present value of estimated future cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, an expected credit loss exists and is included in Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. If it is determined as of the financial reporting date that all or a portion of a security's cost basis is not collectible, then the Company will recognize a realized loss to the extent of the adjustment to the security's cost basis. This adjustment to the amortized cost basis of the security is reflected in Net realized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(D) Accounting for Loans: The Company's loan portfolio primarily consists of residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, consumer, and reverse mortgage loans. The Company's loans are accounted for under ASC 310-10, Receivables, and are classified as held-for-investment when the Company has the intent and ability to hold such loans for the foreseeable future or to maturity/payoff. When the Company has the intent to sell loans, such loans will be classified as held-for-sale. Mortgage loans held-for-sale are accounted for under ASC 948-310, Financial services—mortgage banking. Transfers between held-for-investment and held-for-sale occur once the Company's intent to sell the loans changes. The Company may aggregate its loans into pools based on common risk characteristics at purchase. The Company has chosen to elect the FVO pursuant to ASC 825 for its loan portfolios. Loans are recorded at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and changes in fair value are recorded in earnings on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Changes in fair value on residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, consumer, corporate loans, and propriety reverse mortgage loans are included as a component of Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net. Changes in fair value on HECM reverse mortgage loans held-for-investment is included as a component of Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Company generates income from fees on certain loans, generally reverse mortgage and commercial mortgage loans, that it originates and holds for investment, including origination, servicing, and exit fees. Such fee income is recorded when earned and included in Other, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

For residential and commercial mortgage loans, the Company generally accrues interest payments. Such loans are typically moved to non-accrual status if the loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent. Although reverse mortgage loans do not require monthly principal and interest payments, the terms of such loans require the borrower to occupy the property and to stay current on payment of property taxes and homeowners insurance. In the event that the borrower no longer occupies the property due to death or other circumstances or becomes delinquent on their tax or insurance payments, the loan will be classified as inactive. The Company does not accrue interest payments on its consumer loans; interest payments are recorded upon receipt. Once consumer loans are more than 120 days past due, the Company will generally charge off such loans. The Company evaluates its charged-off loans and determines collectibility, if any, on such loans.

The Company evaluates the collectibility of both interest and principal on each of its loan investments and whether the cost basis of the loan is impaired. A loan's cost basis is impaired when, based on current information and market developments, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the existing contractual terms. When a loan's cost basis is impaired, the Company does not record an allowance for loan loss as it elected the FVO on all of its loan investments.

Table of Contents

Consistent with the Company's application of the principles of ASU 2016-13, in its assessment of whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the amount expected to be collected on the impaired loan with the amortized cost basis of such loan. If the present value of the amount expected to be collected on the impaired loan is less than the amortized cost basis of such loan, an expected credit loss exists and is included in Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. If it is determined as of the financial reporting date that all or a portion of a loan's cost basis is not collectible, then the Company will recognize a realized loss to the extent of the adjustment to the loan's cost basis. This adjustment to the amortized cost basis of the loan is reflected in Realized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(E) Interest Income: The Company generally amortizes premiums and accretes discounts on its debt securities. Coupon interest income on fixed-income investments is generally accrued based on the outstanding principal balance or notional value and the current coupon rate.

For debt securities that are deemed to be of high credit quality at the time of purchase (generally Agency RMBS, exclusive of interest only securities), premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective interest method. For such securities whose cash flows vary depending on prepayments, an effective yield retroactive to the time of purchase is periodically recomputed based on actual prepayments and changes in projected prepayment activity, and a catch-up adjustment, or "Catch-up Amortization Adjustment," is made to amortization to reflect the cumulative impact of the change in effective yield.

For debt securities (generally non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, ABS, CLOs, and interest only securities) that are deemed not to be of high credit quality at the time of purchase, interest income is recognized based on the effective interest method. For purposes of estimating future expected cash flows, management uses assumptions including, but not limited to, assumptions for future prepayment rates, default rates, and loss severities (each of which may in turn incorporate various macro-economic assumptions, such as future housing prices, GDP growth rates, and unemployment rates). These assumptions are re-evaluated not less than quarterly. Changes in projected cash flows may result in prospective changes in the yield/interest income recognized on such securities based on the updated expected future cash flows.

For each loan (including residential, commercial, and proprietary reverse mortgage loans and consumer loans) purchased with the expectation that both interest and principal will be paid in full, the Company generally amortizes or accretes any premium or discount over the life of the loan utilizing the effective interest method. However, based on current information and market developments, the Company re-assesses the collectibility of interest and principal, and generally designates a loan as in non-accrual status either when any payments have become 90 or more days past due, or when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect either interest or principal in full. Once a loan is designated as in non-accrual status, as long as principal is still expected to be collectible in full, interest payments are recorded as interest income only when received (i.e., under the cash basis method); accruals of interest income are only resumed when the loan becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to be resumed. However, if principal is not expected to be collectible in full, the cost recovery method is used (i.e., no interest income is recognized, and all payments received—whether contractually interest or principal—are applied to cost).

Interest income on HECM reverse mortgage loans held-for-investment is recognized based on the stated rate of the loan. Such interest income is included on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as a component of Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value.

For Forward MSR-related investments, the Company recognizes interest income based on the effective interest method. For purposes of estimating future expected cash flows, management uses various assumptions about the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs, including but not limited to the timing and amount of prepayments. These assumptions are re-evaluated not less than quarterly. Changes in projected cash flows may result in prospective changes in the yield/interest income recognized on such investments based on the updated expected future cash flows. Interest income on Forward MSR-related investments is included on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as a component of Interest Income.

Certain of the Company's debt securities and loans, at the date of acquisition, have experienced or are expected to experience more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. Consistent with the Company's application of the principles of ASU 2016-13, if at the date of acquisition for a particular asset the Company projects a significant difference between contractual cash flows and expected cash flows, it establishes an initial estimate for credit losses as an upward adjustment to the acquisition cost of the asset for the purpose of calculating interest income using the effective yield method.

In estimating future cash flows on the Company's debt securities, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies, including, in the case of MBS, assumptions relating to prepayment rates, default rates, loan loss severities, and loan repurchases. These estimates require the use of a significant amount of judgment.

Table of Contents

(F) Mortgage Servicing Rights: MSRs represent contractual rights to perform specific administrative functions for the underlying loans including specified mortgage servicing activities, which include collecting loan payments, remitting principal and interest payments, managing escrow accounts for mortgage-related expenses such as taxes and insurance, and various other administrative tasks required to adequately service the mortgage loan portfolio. MSRs are created when the Company sells originated or purchased reverse mortgage loans but retains the servicing rights; MSRs can also be acquired in the secondary market. The Company has elected the FVO for its MSRs in accordance with ASC 860-50, Transfers and Servicing—Servicing assets and liabilities ("ASC 860-50"). Under this methodology, the Company fair values its MSRs on a recurring basis with changes in fair value recorded through earnings on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations in Other, net. The Company accrues a base servicing fee for each serviced loan, typically based on the remaining outstanding principal balance of the loan and a fixed annual percentage fee, which is included in Other, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Costs of servicing and ancillary fees are recognized as incurred or earned, and are included in Servicing expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(G) Loan Commitments: The Company's loan commitments relate to certain reverse mortgage loans extended to borrowers. The Company has elected the FVO for its loan commitments which are included in Loan commitments, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of the Company's loan commitments are included in Other, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(H) Loan Purchase Commitments: The Company's loan purchase commitments relate to commitments to purchase certain residential mortgage loans originated by third parties. The Company has elected the FVO for certain of its loan purchase commitments which are included in Other Assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of such loan purchase commitments are included in Other, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(I) Investments in unconsolidated entities: The Company has made and may in the future make non-controlling equity investments in various entities, such as loan originators. Such investments are generally in the form of preferred and/or common equity, or membership interests. In certain cases, the Company can exercise significant influence over the entity (e.g. by having representation on the entity's board of directors) but the requirements for consolidation under ASC 810 are not met; in such cases the Company is required to account for such equity investments under ASC 323-10, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures ("ASC 323-10"). The Company has chosen to elect the FVO pursuant to ASC 825 for its investments in unconsolidated entities, which, in management's view, more appropriately reflects the results of operations for a particular reporting period, as all investment activities will be recorded in a similar manner. The period change in fair value of the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities is recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations in Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities.

(J) Real Estate Owned "REO": When the Company obtains possession of real property in connection with a foreclosure or similar action, the Company de-recognizes the associated mortgage loan according to ASU 2014-04, Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure ("ASU 2014-04"). Under the provisions of ASU 2014-04, the Company is deemed to have received physical possession of real estate property collateralizing a mortgage loan when it obtains legal title to the property upon completion of a foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to it through a deed in lieu of foreclosure or similar legal agreement. The Company's initial cost basis in REO is equal to the fair value of the real estate associated with the foreclosed mortgage loan, less expected costs to sell. REO valuations are reflected at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of such REO is typically based on management's estimates which generally use information including general economic data, BPOs, recent sales, property appraisals, and bids, and takes into account the expected costs to sell the property. REO recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis are classified as Level 3.

(K) Securities Sold Short: The Company may purchase or engage in short sales of U.S. Treasury securities and sovereign debt to mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates and/or foreign exchange rates on the performance of its portfolio. When the Company sells securities short, it typically satisfies its security delivery settlement obligation by borrowing or purchasing the security sold short from the same or a different counterparty. When borrowing a security sold short from a counterparty, the Company generally is required to deliver cash or securities to such counterparty as collateral for the Company's obligation to return the borrowed security. The Company has chosen to elect the FVO pursuant to ASC 825 for its securities sold short. Electing the FVO allows the Company to record changes in fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, which, in management's view, more appropriately reflects the results of operations for a particular reporting period as all securities activities will be recorded in a similar manner. As such, securities sold short are recorded at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and the period change in fair value is recorded in current period earnings on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as a component of Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net. A realized gain or loss will be recognized upon the termination of a short sale if the market price is less or greater than the original sale price. Such realized gain or loss is recorded on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations in Realized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net.

Table of Contents

(L) Financial Derivatives: The Company enters into various types of financial derivatives subject to its investment guidelines, which include restrictions associated with maintaining qualification as a REIT. The Company's financial derivatives are predominantly subject to bilateral master trade agreements or clearing in accordance with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the "Dodd-Frank Act." The Company may be required to deliver or receive cash or securities as collateral upon entering into derivative transactions. In addition, changes in the value of derivative transactions may require the Company or the counterparty to post or receive additional collateral. In the case of cleared derivatives, the clearinghouse becomes the Company's counterparty and a futures commission merchant acts as an intermediary between the Company and the clearinghouse with respect to all facets of the related transaction, including the posting and receipt of required collateral. Cash collateral received by the Company is included in Due to brokers, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Conversely, cash collateral posted by the Company is included in Due from brokers, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The types of derivatives primarily utilized by the Company are swaps, TBAs, futures, options, and forwards.

Swaps: The Company may enter into various types of swaps, including interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, and total return swaps. The primary risk associated with the Company's interest rate swap activity is interest rate risk. The primary risk associated with the Company's credit default swaps and total return swaps is credit risk.

The Company is subject to interest rate risk exposure in the normal course of pursuing its investment objectives. Primarily to help mitigate interest rate risk, the Company enters into interest rate swaps. Interest rate swaps are contractual agreements whereby one party pays a floating interest rate on a notional principal amount and receives a fixed-rate payment on the same notional principal, or vice versa, for a fixed period of time. Interest rate swaps change in value with movements in interest rates. The Company also enters into interest rate swaps whereby the Company pays one floating rate and receives a different floating rate, or "basis swaps."

The Company enters into credit default swaps. A credit default swap is a contract under which one party agrees to compensate another party for the financial loss associated with the occurrence of a "credit event" in relation to a "reference amount" or notional value of a "reference asset" (usually a bond or an index or basket of bonds). The definition of a credit event may vary from contract to contract. A credit event may occur (i) when the reference asset (or underlying asset, in the case of a reference asset that is an index or basket) fails to make scheduled principal or interest payments to its holders, (ii) with respect to credit default swaps referencing mortgage/asset-backed securities and indices, when the reference asset (or underlying asset, in the case of a reference asset that is an index or basket) is downgraded below a certain rating level, or (iii) with respect to credit default swaps referencing corporate entities and indices, upon the bankruptcy of the obligor of the reference asset (or underlying obligor, in the case of a reference asset that is an index). The Company typically writes (sells) protection to take a "long" position with respect to the underlying reference assets, or purchases (buys) protection to take a "short" position with respect to the underlying reference assets or to hedge exposure to other investment holdings.

The Company enters into total return swaps in order to take a "long" or "short" position with respect to an underlying reference asset. The Company is subject to market price volatility of the underlying reference asset. A total return swap involves commitments to pay interest in exchange for a market-linked return based on a notional value. To the extent that the total return of the corporate debt, security, group of securities or index underlying the transaction exceeds or falls short of the offsetting interest obligation, the Company will receive a payment from or make a payment to the counterparty.

Swaps change in value with movements in interest rates, credit quality, or total return of the reference securities. During the term of swap contracts, changes in value are recognized as unrealized gains or losses on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. When a contract is terminated, the Company realizes a gain or loss equal to the difference between the proceeds from (or cost of) the closing transaction and the Company's basis in the contract, if any. Periodic payments or receipts required by swap agreements are recorded as unrealized gains or losses when accrued and realized gains or losses when received or paid. Upfront payments paid and/or received by the Company to open swap contracts are recorded as an asset and/or liability on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and are recorded as a realized gain or loss on the termination date.

TBA Securities: The Company transacts in the forward settling TBA market. A TBA position is a forward contract for the purchase ("long position") or sale ("short position") of Agency RMBS at a predetermined price, face amount, issuer, coupon, and maturity on an agreed-upon future delivery date. For each TBA contract and delivery month, a uniform settlement date for all market participants is determined by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association. The specific Agency RMBS to be delivered into the contract at the settlement date are not known at the time of the transaction. The Company usually does not take delivery of TBAs, but rather enters into offsetting transactions and settles the associated receivable and payable balances with its counterparties. The Company uses TBAs to mitigate interest rate risk, usually by taking short positions. The Company also invests in TBAs as a means of acquiring additional exposure to Agency RMBS, or for speculative purposes, including holding long positions.

Table of Contents

TBAs are accounted for by the Company as financial derivatives. The difference between the forward contract price and the market value of the TBA position as of the reporting date is included in Unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Futures Contracts: A futures contract is an exchange-traded agreement to buy or sell an asset for a set price on a future date. The Company enters into Eurodollar and/or U.S. Treasury security futures contracts to hedge its interest rate risk. The Company may also enter into various other futures contracts, including equity index futures and foreign currency futures. Initial margin deposits are made upon entering into futures contracts and can generally be either in the form of cash or securities. During the period the futures contract is open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses by marking-to-market to reflect the current market value of the contract. Variation margin payments are made or received periodically, depending upon whether unrealized losses or gains are incurred. When the contract is closed, the Company records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the proceeds of the closing transaction and the Company's basis in the contract.

Options: The Company may purchase or write put or call options contracts or enter into swaptions. The Company enters into options contracts typically to help mitigate overall market, credit, or interest rate risk depending on the type of options contract. However, the Company also enters into options contracts from time to time for speculative purposes. When the Company purchases an options contract, the option asset is initially recorded at an amount equal to the premium paid, if any, and is subsequently marked-to-market. Premiums paid for purchasing options contracts that expire unexercised are recognized on the expiration date as realized losses. If an options contract is exercised, the premium paid is subtracted from the proceeds of the sale or added to the cost of the purchase to determine whether the Company has realized a gain or loss on the related transaction. When the Company writes an options contract, the option liability is initially recorded at an amount equal to the premium received, if any, and is subsequently marked-to-market. Premiums received for writing options contracts that expire unexercised are recognized on the expiration date as realized gains. If an options contract is exercised, the premium received is subtracted from the cost of the purchase or added to the proceeds of the sale to determine whether the Company has realized a gain or loss on the related investment transaction. When the Company enters into a closing transaction, the Company will realize a gain or loss depending upon whether the amount from the closing transaction is greater or less than the premiums paid or received. The Company may also enter into options contracts that contain forward-settling premiums. In this case, no money is exchanged upfront. Instead, the agreed-upon premium is paid by the buyer upon expiration of the option, regardless of whether or not the option is exercised.

Forward Currency Contracts: A forward currency contract is an agreement between two parties to purchase or sell a specific quantity of currency with the delivery and settlement at a specific future date and exchange rate. During the period the forward currency contract is open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses. When the contract is settled, the Company records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the proceeds of the closing transaction and the Company's basis in the contract.

Financial derivative assets are included in Financial derivatives—assets, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Financial derivative liabilities are included in Financial derivatives—liabilities, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has chosen to elect the FVO pursuant to ASC 825 for its financial derivatives. Electing the FVO allows the Company to record changes in fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, which, in management's view, more appropriately reflects the results of operations for a particular reporting period as all securities activities will be recorded in a similar manner. Changes in unrealized gains and losses on financial derivatives are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Realized gains and losses on financial derivatives are included in Realized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(M) Intangible Assets: In connection with the Longbridge Transaction, the Company acquired intangible assets including internally developed software of Longbridge, trademarks, customer relationships, and non-compete agreements for various Longbridge employees. Intangible assets are amortized over their expected useful lives on a straight-line basis. See Note 11 for additional details on the Company's intangible assets.

(N) Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash and short term investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. Cash and cash equivalents typically include amounts held in interest bearing overnight accounts and amounts held in money market funds, and these balances generally exceed insured limits. The Company holds its cash at institutions that it believes to be highly creditworthy. Restricted cash represents cash that the Company can use only for specific purposes.

(O) Repurchase Agreements: The Company enters into repurchase agreements with third-party broker-dealers whereby it sells securities under agreements to be repurchased at an agreed-upon price and date. The Company accounts for repurchase agreements as collateralized borrowings, with the initial sale price representing the amount borrowed, and with the future

Table of Contents

repurchase price consisting of the amount borrowed plus interest, at the implied interest rate of the repurchase agreement, on the amount borrowed over the term of the repurchase agreement. The interest rate on a repurchase agreement is based on competitive rates (or competitive market spreads, in the case of agreements with floating interest rates) at the time such agreement is entered into. When the Company enters into a repurchase agreement, the lender establishes and maintains an account containing cash and/or securities having a value not less than the repurchase price, including accrued interest, of the repurchase agreement. Repurchase agreements are carried at their contractual amounts, which approximate fair value as the debt is short-term in nature.

(P) Reverse Repurchase Agreements: The Company enters into reverse repurchase agreement transactions whereby it purchases securities under agreements to resell at an agreed-upon price and date. In general, securities received pursuant to reverse repurchase agreements are delivered to counterparties of short sale transactions. The interest rate on a reverse repurchase agreement is based on competitive rates (or competitive market spreads, in the case of agreements with floating interest rates) at the time such agreement is entered into. Assets held pursuant to reverse repurchase agreements are reflected as assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Reverse repurchase agreements are carried at their contractual amounts, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.

Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are conducted with the same counterparty may be reported on a net basis if they meet the requirements of ASC 210-20, Balance Sheet Offsetting. There are no repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements reported on a net basis in the Company's consolidated financial statements.

(Q) Transfers of Financial Assets: The Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers financial assets to third parties. Upon such a transfer of financial assets, the Company will sometimes retain or acquire interests in the related assets. The Company evaluates transferred assets pursuant to ASC 860-10, Transfers of Financial Assets, or "ASC 860-10," which requires that a determination be made as to whether a transferor has surrendered control over transferred financial assets. That determination must consider the transferor's continuing involvement in the transferred financial asset, including all arrangements or agreements made contemporaneously with, or in contemplation of, the transfer, even if they were not entered into at the time of the transfer. When a transfer of financial assets does not qualify as a sale, ASC 860-10 requires the transfer to be accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral. ASC 860-10 is a standard that requires the Company to exercise significant judgment in determining whether a transaction should be recorded as a "sale" or a "financing."

(R) Variable Interest Entities: VIEs are entities in which: (i) the equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or (ii) there is insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. Consolidation of a VIE is required by the entity that is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company evaluates all of its interests in VIEs for consolidation under ASC 810. The primary beneficiary is generally the party with both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from the VIE which could be potentially significant to the VIE.

When the Company has an interest in an entity that has been determined to be a VIE, the Company assesses whether it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company will only consolidate a VIE for which it has concluded it is the primary beneficiary. To assess whether the Company has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance, the Company considers all facts and circumstances, including its role in establishing the VIE and its ongoing rights and responsibilities. This assessment includes (i) identifying the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance; and (ii) identifying which party, if any, has power over those activities. To assess whether the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, it considers all of its economic interests, including debt and/or equity investments, as well as other arrangements deemed to be variable interests in the VIE. These assessments to determine whether the Company is the primary beneficiary require significant judgment. In instances where the Company and its related parties have interests in a VIE, the Company considers whether there is a single party in the related party group that meets the criteria to be deemed the primary beneficiary. If one party within the related party group meets such criteria, that reporting entity would be deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE and no further analysis is needed. If no party within the related party group on its own meets the criteria to be deemed the primary beneficiary, but the related party group as a whole meets such criteria, the determination of the primary beneficiary within the related party group requires significant judgment. The Company performs analysis, which is based upon qualitative as well as quantitative factors, such as the relationship of the VIE to each of the members of the related party group, as well as the significance of the VIE's activities to those members, with the objective of determining which party is most closely associated with the VIE.

The Company performs ongoing reassessments of (i) whether any entities previously evaluated have become VIEs, based on certain events, and therefore subject to assessment to determine whether consolidation is appropriate, and (ii) whether changes in the facts and circumstances regarding the Company's involvement with a VIE causes its consolidation conclusion regarding the VIE to change. See Note 12, Note 13, and Note 16 for further information on the Company's investments in VIEs.

Table of Contents

The Company's maximum amount at risk is generally limited to the Company's investment in the VIE. The Company is generally not contractually required to provide and has not provided any form of financial support to the VIEs.

The Company holds beneficial interests in certain securitization trusts that are considered VIEs. The beneficial interests in these securitization trusts are represented by certificates issued by the trusts. The securitization trusts have been structured as pass-through entities that receive principal and interest payments on the underlying collateral and distribute those payments to the certificate holders, which include both third-party investors and the Company. The certificates held by the Company typically include some or all of the most subordinated tranches. The assets held by the trusts are restricted in that they can only be used to fulfill the obligations of the related trust. In certain cases, the design and structure of the securitization trust is such that the Company effectively retains control of the assets as well as the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the trust. In such cases, the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary, and the Company consolidates the trust and all intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation. In cases where the Company does not effectively retain control of the assets of, or have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of, the related trust, it does not consolidate the trust. See Note 13 for further discussion of the Company's securitization trusts.

(S) Offering Costs/Underwriters' Discount: Offering costs and underwriters' discount are generally charged against stockholders' equity upon the completion of a capital raise. Offering costs typically include legal, accounting, and other fees associated with the cost of raising capital.

(T) Debt Issuance Costs: Debt issuance costs associated with debt for which the Company has elected the FVO are expensed at the issuance of the debt, and are included in Investment related expenses—Other on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Costs associated with the issuance of debt for which the Company has not elected the FVO are deferred and amortized over the life of the debt, which approximates the effective interest rate method, and are included in Interest expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Deferred debt issuance costs are presented on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability, unless such deferred debt issuance costs are associated with borrowing facilities that are expected to have a future benefit, such as giving the Company the ability to access additional borrowings over the contractual term of the debt, in which case such deferred debt issuance costs are included in Other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Debt issuance costs include legal and accounting fees, purchasers' or underwriters' discount, as well as other fees associated with the cost of the issuance of the related debt.

(U) Expenses: Expenses are recognized as incurred on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(V) Leases: The Company accounts for its leases under ASU 842, Leases, "ASC 842," using a right-of-use, or "ROU," model, which recognizes that, at the date of commencement, a lessee has a financial obligation to make lease payments to the lessor for the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term. For each lease with a term greater than one year the Company recognizes a ROU asset as well as a lease liability, which is included in Other assets and Accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable, and as a result, the Company utilizes an incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments for a similar term. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(W) Investment Related Expenses: Investment related expenses consist of expenses directly related to specific financial instruments. Such expenses generally include dividend expense on common stock sold short, servicing fees and corporate and escrow advances on mortgage and consumer loans, loan origination fees, and various other expenses and fees related directly to the Company's financial instruments. The Company has elected the FVO for its investments, and as a result all investment related expenses are expensed as incurred and included in Investment related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(X) Investment Related Receivables: Investment related receivables on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet includes receivables for securities sold and interest and principal receivable on securities and loans.

(Y) Long Term Incentive Plan Units: Long term incentive plan units of the Operating Partnership ("OP LTIP Units") have been issued to certain Ellington personnel dedicated or partially dedicated to the Company, certain of the Company's directors, as well as the Manager. Costs associated with OP LTIP Units issued to dedicated or partially dedicated personnel, or to the Company's directors, are measured as of the grant date based on the Company's closing stock price on the New York Stock Exchange, or the "NYSE," and are amortized over the vesting period in accordance with ASC 718-10, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The vesting periods for OP LTIP Units are typically one year from issuance for non-executive directors, and are typically one year to two years from issuance for dedicated or partially dedicated personnel.

Table of Contents

(Z) Non-controlling interests: Non-controlling interests include interests in the Operating Partnership represented by units convertible into shares of the Company's common stock ("Convertible Non-controlling Interests"). Convertible Non-controlling Interests include both the OP LTIP Units and those common units ("OP Units") of the Operating Partnership not held by the Company (collectively, the "Convertible Non-controlling Interest Units"). Non-controlling interests also include the interests of joint venture partners in certain of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries. The joint venture partners' interests are not convertible into shares of the Company's common stock. The Company adjusts the Convertible Non-controlling Interests to align their carrying value with their share of total outstanding Operating Partnership units, including both the OP Units held by the Company and the Convertible Non-controlling Interests. Any such adjustments are reflected in Adjustment to non-controlling interests, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity. Prior to September 30, 2024, non-controlling interests also include a minority ownership stake of Longbridge by employees of Longbridge. See Note 18 for further discussion of non-controlling interests.

(AA) Dividends: Dividends payable on shares of common stock and Convertible Non-controlling Interest Units are recorded on the declaration date. Dividends on shares of preferred stock are accrued daily based on contractual rates.

(AB) Shares Repurchased: Shares of common stock that are repurchased by the Company subsequent to issuance are immediately retired upon settlement and decrease the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding. The cost of such repurchases is charged against Additional paid-in-capital on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(AC) Earnings Per Share ("EPS"): Basic EPS is computed using the two class method by dividing net income (loss) after adjusting for the impact of Convertible Non-controlling Interests which are participating securities, by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding calculated including Convertible Non-controlling Interests. Because the Company's Convertible Non-controlling Interests are participating securities, they are included in the calculation of both basic and diluted EPS.

(AD) Foreign Currency: The functional currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates at the following dates: (i) assets, liabilities, and unrealized gains/losses—at the valuation date; and (ii) income, expenses, and realized gains/losses—at the accrual/transaction date. The Company isolates the portion of realized and change in unrealized gain (loss) resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates on investments and financial derivatives from the fluctuations arising from changes in fair value of investments and financial derivatives held. Changes in realized and change in unrealized gain (loss) due to foreign currency are included in Other, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The Company's reporting currency is U.S. Dollars. If the Company has investments in unconsolidated entities that have a functional currency other than U.S. Dollars, the fair value is translated to U.S. dollars using the current exchange rate at the valuation date. The cumulative remeasurement adjustment, if any, associated with the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of consolidated stockholders' equity.

(AE) Income Taxes: The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code. As a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to federal and state income tax to the extent it distributes its taxable income to its stockholders within the prescribed timeframes. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including distributing at least 90% of its annual taxable income to stockholders. Even if the Company qualifies as a REIT, it may be subject to certain federal, state, local, and foreign taxes on its income and property. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT, and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, it will be subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which the Company fails to qualify as a REIT.

As a REIT, if the Company fails to distribute in any calendar year (subject to specific timing rules for deficiency dividends) at least the sum of (i) 85% of its ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of its capital gain net income for such year, and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from the prior year, the Company would be subject to a non-deductible 4% federal excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (i) the amounts actually distributed and (ii) the amounts of income retained and on which the Company has paid corporate income tax.

The Company elected to treat certain domestic and foreign subsidiaries as TRSs, and may elect to treat other current or future subsidiaries as TRSs. In general, a TRS may hold assets and engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly. A domestic TRS may, but is not required to, declare dividends to the Company; such dividends will be included in the Company's taxable income/(loss) and may necessitate a distribution to the Company's stockholders. Conversely, if the Company retains earnings at the level of a domestic TRS, such earnings will increase the book equity of the consolidated entity. A domestic TRS is subject to U.S. federal, state, and local corporate income taxes. The Company has elected and may elect in the future to treat certain of its foreign corporate subsidiaries as TRSs and,

Table of Contents

accordingly, taxable income generated by these TRSs may not be subject to U.S. federal, state, and local corporate income taxation, but generally will be included in the Company's income on a current basis as Subpart F income, whether or not distributed. The Company's foreign subsidiaries may be subject to income taxes in their relevant foreign jurisdictions. The Company's financial results are generally not expected to reflect provisions for current or deferred income taxes, except for any activities conducted through one or more TRSs that are subject to corporate income taxation.

The Company follows the authoritative guidance on accounting for and disclosure of uncertainty on tax positions, which requires management to determine whether a tax position of the Company is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. For uncertain tax positions, the tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits resulting from tax positions related to the current period or its open tax years (2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023). In the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to examination by federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions, where applicable, for the current period and its open tax years. The Company may take positions with respect to certain tax issues which depend on legal interpretation of facts or applicable tax regulations. Should the relevant tax regulators successfully challenge any of such positions, the Company might be found to have a tax liability that has not been recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Also, management's conclusions regarding the authoritative guidance may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on changing tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions, as income tax expense included in Income tax expense (benefit) on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(AF) Business Combinations: In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), the Company applies the acquisition method to transactions in which it obtains control over one or more other businesses. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at fair value as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is recognized if the consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Alternatively, a bargain purchase gain is recognized if the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeds the consideration transferred.

(AG) Recent Accounting Pronouncements: In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09") which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entities effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-09 will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply ASU 2023-09 retrospectively. ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07") which requires incremental disclosures related to an entity's reportable segments, including identifying significant segment expense categories and any multiple measures of segment profit or loss used by the CODM. Additionally, ASU 2023-07 provides further guidance on interim reporting, disclosures required by entities with a single reportable segment, and recasting of previously reported segment information. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-07 will be applied on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to do so. ASU 2023-07 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

3. Valuation

The tables below reflect the value of the Company's Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024:


Description	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Securities, at fair value:
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	383,107	$	11,536	$	394,643
Non-Agency RMBS	—		87,094		87,877		174,971
CMBS	—		19,544		19,393		38,937
CLOs	—		48,985		25,904		74,889
Asset-backed securities, backed by consumer loans	—		—		65,711		65,711
Other ABS	—		—		32,487		32,487
Corporate debt securities	—		—		13,666		13,666
Corporate equity securities	5,550		—		10,220		15,770
U.S. Treasury securities	—		252,700		—		252,700
Loans, at fair value:
Residential mortgage loans	—		—		3,618,233		3,618,233
Commercial mortgage loans	—		—		293,262		293,262
Consumer loans	—		—		670		670
Corporate loans	—		—		3,745		3,745
Reverse mortgage loans	—		—		9,603,876		9,603,876
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value	—		—		149,831		149,831
MSRs, at fair value	—		—		28,877		28,877
Loan commitments, at fair value	—		—		5,955		5,955
Loan purchase commitments, at fair value	—		—		1,348		1,348
Investment in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	—		—		188,475		188,475
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	—		—		6		6
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	—		1,928		—		1,928
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	—		60		—		60
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	—		8,584		—		8,584
Interest rate swaps	—		137,455		—		137,455
TBAs	—		1,488		—		1,488
Warrants	—		53		—		53
Futures	105		—		—		105
Total assets	$	5,655	$	940,998	$	14,161,072	$	15,107,725

Table of Contents


Description	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
(continued)	(In thousands)
Liabilities:
Securities sold short, at fair value:
Government debt	$	—	$	(304,918)	$	—	$	(304,918)
Financial derivatives–liabilities, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	—		(244)		—		(244)
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	—		(24,327)		—		(24,327)
Interest rate swaps	—		(23,231)		—		(23,231)
TBAs	—		(841)		—		(841)
Futures	(334)		—		—		(334)
Forwards	—		(266)		—		(266)
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		(1,813,755)		(1,813,755)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	—		—		(8,790,589)		(8,790,589)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		(278,128)		(278,128)
Total liabilities	$	(334)	$	(353,827)	$	(10,882,472)	$	(11,236,633)

December 31, 2023:


Description	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Securities, at fair value:
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	847,712	$	5,512	$	853,224
Non-Agency RMBS	—		150,349		155,240		305,589
CMBS	—		31,289		14,143		45,432
CLOs	—		17,539		20,439		37,978
Asset-backed securities, backed by consumer loans	—		—		74,226		74,226
Other ABS	—		—		7,696		7,696
Corporate debt securities	—		—		8,041		8,041
Corporate equity securities	8,834		—		12,294		21,128
U.S. Treasury securities	—		165,063		—		165,063
Loans, at fair value:
Residential mortgage loans	—		—		3,093,912		3,093,912
Commercial mortgage loans	—		—		266,595		266,595
Consumer loans	—		—		1,759		1,759
Corporate loans	—		—		5,819		5,819
Reverse mortgage loans	—		—		8,938,551		8,938,551



Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value	—		—		163,336		163,336
MSRs, at fair value	—		—		29,580		29,580
Servicing asset, at fair value	—		—		1,327		1,327
Loan commitments, at fair value	—		—		2,584		2,584
Investment in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	—		—		116,414		116,414

Table of Contents


Description	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
(continued)	(In thousands)
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	$	—	$	—	$	8	$	8
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	—		3,318		—		3,318
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	—		25		—		25
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	—		7,259		—		7,259
Interest rate swaps	—		129,239		—		129,239
Total return swaps	—		—		6		6
TBAs	—		2,182		—		2,182
Warrants	—		1,702		—		1,702
Futures	245		—		—		245
Forwards	—		12		—		12
Total assets	$	9,079	$	1,355,689	$	12,917,482	$	14,282,250



Liabilities:
Securities sold short, at fair value:
Government debt	$	—	$	(154,303)	$	—	$	(154,303)
Financial derivatives–liabilities, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	—		(32)		—		(32)
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	—		(225)		—		(225)
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	—		(15,894)		—		(15,894)
Interest rate swaps	—		(31,745)		—		(31,745)
TBAs	—		(5,820)		—		(5,820)
Futures	(7,990)		—		—		(7,990)
Forwards	—		(70)		—		(70)
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		(1,424,668)		(1,424,668)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	—		—		(8,423,235)		(8,423,235)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		(272,765)		(272,765)
Total liabilities	$	(7,990)	$	(208,089)	$	(10,120,668)	$	(10,336,747)

Table of Contents

The tables below include roll-forwards of the Company's financial instruments for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (including the change in fair value), for financial instruments classified by the Company within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024


(In thousands)	Beginning Balance as of June 30, 2024		Accreted Discounts / (Amortized Premiums)		Net Realized Gain/ (Loss)		Change in Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Purchases/Payments(1)		Sales/ Issuances(2)		Transfers Into Level 3		Transfers Out of Level 3		Ending Balance as of September 30, 2024
Assets:
Securities, at fair value:
Agency RMBS	$	7,482	$	(317)	$	91	$	586	$	4,656	$	(983)	$	277	$	(256)	$	11,536
Non-Agency RMBS	84,811		(1,130)		(326)		3,428		29,207		(19,579)		918		(9,452)		87,877
CMBS	18,245		197		157		406		—		(3,483)		6,111		(2,240)		19,393
CLOs	35,697		(1,513)		363		(193)		—		(8,611)		2,103		(1,942)		25,904
Asset-backed securities backed by consumer loans	68,924		(1,304)		(5,469)		2,869		7,113		(6,422)		—		—		65,711
Other ABS	31,196		(178)		—		2,291		1,062		(1,884)		—		—		32,487
Corporate debt securities	15,066		—		637		(1,030)		6,232		(7,239)		—		—		13,666
Corporate equity securities	10,162		—		—		(98)		156		—		—		—		10,220
Loans, at fair value:
Residential mortgage loans	3,101,615		(218)		(7,250)		83,967		867,769		(427,650)		—		—		3,618,233
Commercial mortgage loans	266,220		31		—		(1,775)		52,597		(23,811)		—		—		293,262
Consumer loans	949		(51)		(9)		(4)		13		(228)		—		—		670
Corporate loans	4,933		—		—		(1,188)		100		(100)		—		—		3,745
Reverse mortgage loans(3)	9,472,389		—		(19)		180,728		478,484		(527,706)		—		—		9,603,876
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value	158,031		4,041		—		(4,521)		—		(7,720)		—		—		149,831
MSRs, at fair value(3)	29,538		—		—		(661)		—		—		—		—		28,877
Loan commitments, at fair value	5,623		—		—		332		—		—		—		—		5,955
Loan purchase commitments, at fair value	275		—		—		1,073		—		—		—		—		1,348
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	163,182		—		—		7,281		56,785		(38,773)		—		—		188,475
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	8		—		—		(2)		—		—		—		—		6
Total return swaps	3		—		(4)		(3)		5		(1)		—		—		—
Total assets, at fair value	$	13,474,349	$	(442)	$	(11,829)	$	273,486	$	1,504,179	$	(1,074,190)	$	9,409	$	(13,890)	$	14,161,072
Liabilities:
Servicing liability, at fair value	$	(232)	$	—	$	590	$	(358)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	(1,585,838)		(2,890)		—		(59,288)		41,442		(207,181)		—		—		(1,813,755)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(269,069)		—		—		(9,059)		—		—		—		—		(278,128)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(8,832,058)		—		—		(133,837)		527,944		(352,638)		—		—		(8,790,589)
Total liabilities, at fair value	$	(10,687,197)	$	(2,890)	$	590	$	(202,542)	$	569,386	$	(559,819)	$	—	$	—	$	(10,882,472)

(1)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents contributions to investments in unconsolidated entities.

(2)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents distributions from investments in unconsolidated entities.

(3)Change in net unrealized gain (loss) represents the net change in fair value which can include interest income and realized and unrealized gains and losses.

Table of Contents

All amounts of net realized and change in net unrealized gain (loss) in the table above are reflected in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The table above incorporates changes in net unrealized gain (loss) for both Level 3 financial instruments held by the Company at September 30, 2024, as well as Level 3 financial instruments disposed of by the Company during the three-month period ended September 30, 2024. The following table details the change in net unrealized gain (loss) for Level 3 financial instruments still held by the Company at September 30, 2024.


(In thousands)	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
Securities, at fair value	$	6,909
Loans, at fair value	261,765
Forward MSR-related investments	(4,521)
MSRs	(661)
Loan commitments	332
Loan purchase commitments	1,073
Investments in unconsolidated entities	3,854
Financial derivatives-assets	(3)
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	(59,288)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(9,059)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(133,837)

At September 30, 2024, the Company transferred $13.9 million of assets from Level 3 to Level 2 and $9.4 million from Level 2 to Level 3. Transfers between these hierarchy levels were based on the availability of sufficient observable inputs to meet Level 2 versus Level 3 criteria. The leveling of each financial instrument is reassessed at the end of each period, and is based on pricing information received from third-party pricing sources.

Table of Contents

Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023


(In thousands)	Beginning Balance as of June 30, 2023		Accreted Discounts / (Amortized Premiums)		Net Realized Gain/ (Loss)		Change in Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Purchases/Payments(1)		Sales/Issuances(2)		Transfers Into Level 3		Transfers Out of Level 3		Ending Balance as of September 30, 2023
Assets:
Securities, at fair value:
Agency RMBS	$	5,355	$	(353)	$	(358)	$	188	$	—	$	(597)	$	183	$	(352)	$	4,066
Non-Agency RMBS	168,609		(239)		(124)		(4,375)		9,739		(1,729)		534		(2,190)		170,225
CMBS	12,308		130		26		(904)		1,314		(318)		1,576		(720)		13,412
CLOs	19,733		(359)		(6,183)		5,729		2,069		(134)		550		(5,535)		15,870
Asset-backed securities backed by consumer loans	77,139		(1,885)		(4,864)		11		18,070		(7,947)		—		—		80,524
Other ABS	—		26		—		7		1,252		—		—		—		1,285
Corporate debt securities	9,633		—		306		(107)		2,209		(1,749)		—		—		10,292
Corporate equity securities	10,736		—		(206)		218		479		(934)		—		—		10,293
Loans, at fair value:
Residential mortgage loans	2,993,683		(2,176)		913		(25,384)		393,880		(373,401)		—		—		2,987,515
Commercial mortgage loans	348,360		—		2		(4,647)		63,567		(116,338)		—		—		290,944
Consumer loans	3,059		(199)		(192)		194		137		(591)		—		—		2,408
Corporate loans	6,532		—		—		—		544		(453)		—		—		6,623
Reverse mortgage loans(3)	8,471,061		—		—		98,686		435,094		(371,459)		—		—		8,633,382
MSRs, at fair value(3)	7,473		—		—		22,180		—		—		—		—		29,653
Servicing asset, at fair value	1,304		—		—		991		—		—		—		—		2,295
Loan commitments, at fair value	3,800		—		—		(48)		—		—		—		—		3,752
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	118,420		—		2,301		(3,279)		42,289		(46,257)		—		—		113,474
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	76		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		76
Total return swaps	—		—		30		16		—		(30)		—		—		16
Total assets, at fair value	$	12,257,281	$	(5,055)	$	(8,349)	$	89,476	$	970,643	$	(921,937)	$	2,843	$	(8,797)	$	12,376,105
Liabilities:
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	(1,472,368)		(308)		—		18,660		49,449		—		—		—		(1,404,567)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(185,325)		—		—		(4,410)		—		—		—		—		(189,735)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(8,055,288)		—		—		(115,729)		357,638		(368,543)		—		—		(8,181,922)
Total liabilities, at fair value	$	(9,712,981)	$	(308)	$	—	$	(101,479)	$	407,087	$	(368,543)	$	—	$	—	$	(9,776,224)

(1)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents contributions to investments in unconsolidated entities.

(2)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents distributions from investments in unconsolidated entities.

(3)Change in net unrealized gain (loss) represents the net change in fair value which can include interest income and realized and unrealized gains and losses.

Table of Contents

All amounts of net realized and change in net unrealized gain (loss) in the table above are reflected in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The table above incorporates changes in net unrealized gain (loss) for both Level 3 financial instruments held by the Company at September 30, 2023, as well as Level 3 financial instruments disposed of by the Company during the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. The following table details the change in net unrealized gain (loss) for Level 3 financial instruments still held by the Company at September 30, 2023.


(In thousands)	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
Securities, at fair value	$	1,333
Loans, at fair value	68,576
MSRs	22,180
Servicing asset	991
Loan commitments	(48)
Investments in unconsolidated entities	(4,022)
Financial derivatives-assets	16
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	18,660
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(4,410)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(115,729)

At September 30, 2023, the Company transferred $8.8 million of assets from Level 3 to Level 2 and $2.8 million of assets from Level 2 to Level 3. Transfers between these hierarchy levels were based on the availability of sufficient observable inputs to meet Level 2 versus Level 3 criteria. The leveling of each financial instrument is reassessed at the end of each period, and is based on pricing information received from third-party pricing sources.

Table of Contents

Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024


(In thousands)	Beginning Balance as of December 31, 2023		Accreted Discounts / (Amortized Premiums)		Net Realized Gain/ (Loss)		Change in Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Purchases/Payments(1)		Sales/ Issuances(2)		Transfers Into Level 3		Transfers Out of Level 3		Ending Balance as of September 30, 2024
Assets:
Securities, at fair value:
Agency RMBS	$	5,512	$	(688)	$	59	$	207	$	5,564	$	(1,114)	$	2,935	$	(939)	$	11,536
Non-Agency RMBS	155,240		(2,684)		(4,186)		24,159		51,618		(121,468)		2,069		(16,871)		87,877
CMBS	14,143		635		294		(190)		6,092		(4,580)		6,963		(3,964)		19,393
CLOs	20,439		(2,189)		(3,061)		905		69,421		(50,793)		3,711		(12,529)		25,904
Asset-backed securities backed by consumer loans	74,226		(5,129)		(7,734)		2,949		23,212		(21,813)		—		—		65,711
Other ABS	7,696		(23)		—		3,936		23,456		(2,578)		—		—		32,487
Corporate debt securities	8,041		—		160		(350)		15,641		(9,826)		—		—		13,666
Corporate equity securities	12,294		—		549		(605)		320		(2,338)		—		—		10,220
Loans, at fair value:
Residential mortgage loans	3,093,912		(2,042)		(12,716)		104,743		2,063,012		(1,628,676)		—		—		3,618,233
Commercial mortgage loans	266,595		31		(44)		43		268,006		(241,369)		—		—		293,262
Consumer loans	1,759		(286)		17		(1)		153		(972)		—		—		670
Corporate loans	5,819		—		—		(1,288)		828		(1,614)		—		—		3,745
Reverse mortgage loans(3)	8,938,551		—		(19)		532,180		1,217,247		(1,084,083)		—		—		9,603,876
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value	163,336		11,285		—		(1,579)		—		(23,211)		—		—		149,831
MSRs, at fair value(3)	29,580		—		—		(703)		—		—		—		—		28,877
Servicing asset, at fair value	1,327		—		590		(1,917)		—		—		—		—		—
Loan commitments, at fair value	2,584		—		—		3,371		—		—		—		—		5,955
Loan purchase commitments, at fair value	—		—		—		1,348		—		—		—		—		1,348
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	116,414		—		7,948		13,601		244,116		(193,604)		—		—		188,475
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	8		—		(1)		(2)		1		—		—		—		6
Total return swaps	6		—		33		(6)		6		(39)		—		—		—
Total assets, at fair value	$	12,917,482	$	(1,090)	$	(18,111)	$	680,801	$	3,988,693	$	(3,388,078)	$	15,678	$	(34,303)	$	14,161,072
Liabilities:
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	(1,424,668)		(3,532)		—		(73,327)		115,638		(427,866)		—		—		(1,813,755)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(272,765)		—		—		(5,363)		—		—		—		—		(278,128)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(8,423,235)		—		—		(439,491)		1,075,499		(1,003,362)		—		—		(8,790,589)
Total liabilities, at fair value	$	(10,120,668)	$	(3,532)	$	—	$	(518,181)	$	1,191,137	$	(1,431,228)	$	—	$	—	$	(10,882,472)

(1)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents contributions to investments in unconsolidated entities.

(2)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents distributions from investments in unconsolidated entities.

(3)Change in net unrealized gain (loss) represents the net change in fair value which can include interest income and realized and unrealized gains and losses.

Table of Contents

All amounts of net realized and change in net unrealized gain (loss) in the table above are reflected in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The table above incorporates changes in net unrealized gain (loss) for both Level 3 financial instruments held by the Company at September 30, 2024, as well as Level 3 financial instruments disposed of by the Company during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024. The following table details the change in net unrealized gain (loss) for Level 3 financial instruments still held by the Company at September 30, 2024.


(In thousands)	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
Securities, at fair value	$	11,552
Loans, at fair value	635,425
Forward MSR-related investments	(1,579)
MSRs	(703)
Loan purchase commitments	1,348
Loan commitments	3,371
Investments in unconsolidated entities	6,055
Financial derivatives-assets	(2)
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	(73,327)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(5,363)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(439,491)

At September 30, 2024, the Company transferred $34.3 million of assets from Level 3 to Level 2 and $15.7 million from Level 2 to Level 3. Transfers between these hierarchy levels were based on the availability of sufficient observable inputs to meet Level 2 versus Level 3 criteria. The leveling of each financial instrument is reassessed at the end of each period, and is based on pricing information received from third-party pricing sources.

Table of Contents

Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023


(In thousands)	Beginning Balance as of December 31, 2022		Accreted Discounts / (Amortized Premiums)		Net Realized Gain/ (Loss)		Change in Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Purchases/Payments(1)		Sales/Issuances(2)		Transfers Into Level 3		Transfers Out of Level 3		Ending Balance as of September 30, 2023
Assets:
Securities, at fair value:
Agency RMBS	$	7,027	$	(987)	$	(669)	$	621	$	336	$	(1,561)	$	1,143	$	(1,844)	$	4,066
Non-Agency RMBS	132,502		(78)		1,764		(12,268)		39,654		(32,586)		50,768		(9,531)		170,225
CMBS	12,649		210		23		(3,337)		3,441		(459)		3,101		(2,216)		13,412
CLOs	24,598		(289)		(5,944)		3,778		6,112		(7,009)		2,304		(7,680)		15,870
Asset-backed securities backed by consumer loans	73,644		(4,202)		(11,573)		2,148		47,762		(27,255)		—		—		80,524
Other ABS	—		26		—		7		1,252		—		—		—		1,285
Corporate debt securities	7,533		—		(784)		633		13,463		(10,553)		—		—		10,292
Corporate equity securities	11,111		—		(210)		599		1,573		(2,780)		—		—		10,293
Loans, at fair value:
Residential mortgage loans	3,115,518		(6,408)		(7,614)		13,061		1,073,182		(1,200,224)		—		—		2,987,515
Commercial mortgage loans	404,324		—		2		(54)		127,012		(240,340)		—		—		290,944
Consumer loans	4,843		(675)		(387)		150		587		(2,110)		—		—		2,408
Corporate loans	4,086		—		354		10		3,961		(1,788)		—		—		6,623
Reverse mortgage loans(3)	8,097,237		—		(3)		309,647		1,280,465		(1,053,964)		—		—		8,633,382
MSRs, at fair value(3)	8,108		—		—		21,545		—		—		—		—		29,653
Servicing asset, at fair value	999		—		—		1,296		—		—		—		—		2,295
Loan commitments, at fair value	3,060		—		—		692		—		—		—		—		3,752
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	127,046		—		2,527		(5,930)		123,891		(134,060)		—		—		113,474
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	76		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		76
Total return swaps	—		—		30		16		—		(30)		—		—		16
Total assets, at fair value	$	12,034,361	$	(12,403)	$	(22,484)	$	332,614	$	2,722,691	$	(2,714,719)	$	57,316	$	(21,271)	$	12,376,105
Liabilities:
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	$	(1,539,881)	$	(972)	$	—	$	1,133	$	135,153	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(1,404,567)
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(191,835)		—		—		2,100		—		—		—		—		(189,735)
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(7,787,155)		—		—		(271,840)		973,755		(1,096,682)		—		—		(8,181,922)
Total liabilities, at fair value	$	(9,518,871)	$	(972)	$	—	$	(268,607)	$	1,108,908	$	(1,096,682)	$	—	$	—	$	(9,776,224)

(1)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents contributions to investments in unconsolidated entities.

(2)For Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value, amount represents distributions from investments in unconsolidated entities.

(3)Change in net unrealized gain (loss) represents the net change in fair value which can include interest income and realized and unrealized gains and losses.

Table of Contents

All amounts of net realized and change in net unrealized gain (loss) in the table above are reflected in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The table above incorporates changes in net unrealized gain (loss) for both Level 3 financial instruments held by the Company at September 30, 2023, as well as Level 3 financial instruments disposed of by the Company during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. The following table details the change in net unrealized gain (loss) for Level 3 financial instruments still held by the Company at September 30, 2023.


(In thousands)	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
Securities, at fair value	$	(11,948)
Loans, at fair value	321,962
MSRs, at fair value	21,545
Servicing asset, at fair value	1,296
Loan commitments, at fair value	692
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	(6,697)
Financial derivatives-assets	16
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	1,133
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	2,100
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(271,840)

At September 30, 2023, the Company transferred $21.3 million of assets from Level 3 to Level 2 and $57.3 million from Level 2 to Level 3. Transfers between these hierarchy levels were based on the availability of sufficient observable inputs to meet Level 2 versus Level 3 criteria. The leveling of each financial instrument is reassessed at the end of each period, and is based on pricing information received from third-party pricing sources.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of all other financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
Other financial instruments
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	217,725	$	217,725	$	228,927	$	228,927
Restricted cash	10,578		10,578		1,618		1,618
Due from brokers	16,048		16,048		51,884		51,884
Reverse repurchase agreements	331,630		331,630		173,145		173,145
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	2,642,052		2,642,052		2,967,437		2,967,437
Other secured borrowings	284,897		284,897		245,827		245,827
Due to brokers	55,529		55,529		62,442		62,442

Cash and cash equivalents generally includes cash held in interest bearing overnight accounts, for which fair value equals the carrying value, and investments which are liquid in nature, such as investments in money market accounts or U.S. Treasury Bills, for which fair value equals the carrying value; such assets are considered Level 1. Restricted cash includes cash held in a segregated account for which fair value equals the carrying value; such assets are considered Level 1. Due from brokers and Due to brokers include collateral transferred to or received from counterparties, along with receivables and payables for open and/or closed derivative positions. These receivables and payables are short term in nature and any collateral transferred consists primarily of cash; fair value of these items is approximated by carrying value and such items are considered Level 1. The Company's reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, and other secured borrowings are carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to their short term nature. Reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, and other secured borrowings are classified as Level 2 based on the adequacy of the collateral and their short term nature.

Table of Contents

The following table identifies the significant unobservable inputs that affect the valuation of the Company's Level 3 assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2024:

September 30, 2024:


	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range						Weighted Average
Description					Min			Max
	(In thousands)
Non-Agency RMBS	$	28,944	Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	1.14		$	132.18		$	81.84
	58,933		Discounted Cash Flows
	87,877			Yield	0.0		%	99.8		%	10.2		%
				Projected Collateral Prepayments	0.0		%	100.0		%	59.2		%
				Projected Collateral Losses	0.0		%	50.7		%	2.9		%
				Projected Collateral Recoveries	0.0		%	19.1		%	6.1		%
Non-Agency CMBS	16,546		Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	4.39		$	95.12		$	57.41
	2,847		Discounted Cash Flows
	19,393			Yield	8.7		%	21.6		%	14.0		%
				Projected Collateral Losses	0.0		%	80.0		%	6.8		%
				Projected Collateral Recoveries	20.0		%	100.0		%	92.4		%
CLOs	19,502		Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	11.50		$	100.80		$	71.00
	6,402		Discounted Cash Flows
	25,904			Yield	7.8		%	56.3		%	16.3		%
Agency interest only RMBS	2,846		Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	2.13		$	19.09		$	14.13
	8,690		Option Adjusted Spread ("OAS")
	11,536			LIBOR OAS(1)	24			3,287			449
				Projected Collateral Prepayments	0.0		%	100.0		%	51.2		%



ABS	23,707		Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	4.85		$	94.53		$	72.77
	74,491		Discounted Cash Flows
	98,198			Yield	9.0		%	34.6		%	11.4		%
				Projected Collateral Prepayments	0.0		%	82.6		%	18.5		%
				Projected Collateral Losses	0.0		%	34.8		%	18.6		%



Corporate debt and equity	23,886		Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	0.0		%	108.0		%	16.5		%
Performing and re-performing residential mortgage loans	1,885,115		Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	0.6		%	33.0		%	8.1		%
Securitized residential mortgage loans(2)(3)	1,521,420		Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	27.36		$	103.59		$	90.45
	59,762		Discounted Cash Flows
	1,581,182			Yield	2.6		%	10.4		%	4.5		%
Non-performing residential mortgage loans	151,936		Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	0.0		%	56.6		%	13.3		%
				Recovery Amount	4.6		%	247.4		%	103.8		%
				Months to Resolution	3.0			125.9			23.3
Performing commercial mortgage loans	221,457		Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	9.6		%	13.0		%	11.2		%
Non-performing commercial mortgage loans	71,805		Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	0.5		%	22.0		%	13.2		%
				Recovery Amount	0.0		%	103.1		%	42.0		%
				Months to Resolution	2.0			9.0			6.1

Table of Contents


	Fair Value	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range						Weighted Average
Description				Min			Max
(continued)	(In thousands)
Consumer loans	670	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	8.9		%	12.8		%	11.4		%
			Projected Collateral Prepayments	—		%	28.9		%	10.8		%
			Projected Collateral Losses	0.3		%	93.8		%	23.5		%
Corporate loans	3,745	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	6.9		%	32.0		%	15.6		%
Reverse Mortgage Loans—HECM	8,996,923	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	2.5		%	5.8		%	4.1		%
			Conditional Prepayment Rate	1.8		%	35.0		%	7.5		%
Reverse Mortgage Loans—HECM buyouts	18,834	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	7.7		%	14.1		%	10.3		%
			Months to Resolution	1.0			73.0			20.5
Reverse Mortgage Loans—Unsecuritized Proprietary	197,558	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	6.5		%	8.2		%	7.2		%
			Conditional Prepayment Rate	12.0		%	41.7		%	14.9		%
Reverse Mortgage Loans—Securitized Proprietary(2)	390,561	Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	92.21		$	114.42		$	109.82
			Yield	6.4		%	9.1		%	6.7		%
Forward MSR-related investments	149,831	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	9.5		%	9.5		%	9.5		%
			Conditional Prepayment Rate	6.3		%	6.3		%	6.3		%
MSRs	28,877	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	17.4		%	17.4		%	17.4		%
			Conditional Prepayment Rate	10.1		%	35.5		%	15.1		%
Loan Purchase Commitments	1,348	Transaction Price	Yield	6.3		%	6.7		%	6.5		%
Loan Commitments	5,955	Discounted Cash Flows	Pull-through rate	60.6		%	99.4		%	73.2		%
			Cost to originate	3.5		%	7.2		%	5.1		%
Investment in unconsolidated entities—Loan origination entities	38,351	Enterprise Value	Equity Price-to-Book(4)	1.2x			1.6x			1.4x
Investment in unconsolidated entities—Other	147,424	Enterprise Value	Net Asset Value	n/a			n/a			n/a
Investment in unconsolidated entities—Loan origination-related entities	2,700	Recent Transactions	Transaction Price	n/a			n/a			n/a
	188,475



Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	6	Net Discounted Cash Flows	Projected Collateral Prepayments	22.9		%	22.9		%	22.9		%
			Projected Collateral Losses	8.6		%	8.6		%	8.6		%
			Projected Collateral Recoveries	12.3		%	12.3		%	12.3		%
Other secured borrowings, at fair value(2)	(1,813,755)	Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	50.00		$	103.59		$	91.58
			Yield	5.4%			9.9%			6.2%
			Projected Collateral Prepayments	9.5%			100.0%			96.9%
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	(8,790,589)	Discounted Cash Flows	Yield	2.4%			5.6%			4.0%
			Conditional Prepayment Rate	6.7%			35.0%			7.5%
Unsecured borrowings, at fair value	(278,128)	Market Quotes	Non Binding Third-Party Valuation	$	75.00		$	99.12		$	93.59

(1)Shown in basis points.

(2)Securitized residential mortgage loans, Reverse Mortgage Loans—Securitized Proprietary, and Other secured borrowings, at fair value, represent financial assets and liabilities of the Company's CFEs as discussed in Note 2.

(3)Includes $55.1 million of non-performing securitized residential mortgage loans.

(4)Represents an estimation of where market participants might value an enterprise on a price-to-book basis. For the range minimum, the range maximum, and the weighted average price-to-book ratio, excludes investments in unconsolidated entities with a total fair value of $0.5 million. Including such investments the weighted average price-to-book ratio was 1.6x.

Table of Contents

Third-party non-binding valuations are validated by comparing such valuations to internally generated prices based on the Company's or third-party models and, when available, to recent trading activity in the same or similar instruments.

For those instruments valued using discounted and net discounted cash flows, collateral prepayments, losses, recoveries, and scheduled amortization are projected over the remaining life of the collateral and expressed as a percentage of the collateral's current principal balance. Averages are weighted based on the fair value of the related instrument. In the case of credit default swaps on asset-backed securities, averages are weighted based on each instrument's bond equivalent value. Bond equivalent value represents the investment amount of a corresponding position in the reference obligation, calculated as the difference between the outstanding principal balance of the underlying reference obligation and the fair value, inclusive of accrued interest, of the derivative contract. For those assets valued using the LIBOR Option Adjusted Spread ("LIBOR OAS") valuation methodology, cash flows are projected using the Company's models over multiple interest rate scenarios, and these projected cash flows are then discounted using the LIBOR rates (which are calculated by using an assumed spread over projected SOFR rates) implied by each interest rate scenario. The LIBOR OAS of an asset is then computed as the unique constant yield spread that, when added to all LIBOR rates in each interest rate scenario generated by the model, will equate (a) the expected present value of the projected asset cash flows over all model scenarios to (b) the actual current market price of the asset. LIBOR OAS is therefore model-dependent. Generally speaking, LIBOR OAS measures the additional yield spread over LIBOR that an asset provides at its current market price after taking into account any interest rate options embedded in the asset. The Company considers the expected timeline to resolution in the determination of fair value for its non-performing commercial and residential mortgage loans.

Material changes in any of the inputs above in isolation could result in a significant change to reported fair value measurements. Additionally, fair value measurements are impacted by the interrelationships of these inputs. For example, for instruments subject to prepayments and credit losses, such as non-Agency RMBS and consumer loans and ABS backed by consumer loans, a higher expectation of collateral prepayments will generally be accompanied by a lower expectation of collateral losses. Conversely, higher losses will generally be accompanied by lower prepayments. Because the Company's credit default swaps on asset-backed security holdings represent credit default swap contracts whereby the Company has purchased credit protection, such credit default swaps on asset-backed securities generally have the directionally opposite sensitivity to prepayments, losses, and recoveries as compared to the Company's long securities holdings. Prepayments do not represent a significant input for the Company's commercial mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans. Losses and recoveries do not represent a significant input for the Company's Agency RMBS interest only securities, given the guarantee of the issuing government agency or government-sponsored enterprise.

Table of Contents

4. Investment in Securities

The Company's securities portfolio primarily consists of Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, CLOs, ABS backed by consumer loans, and corporate debt and equity. The following tables detail the Company's investment in securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Current Principal		Unamortized Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon(1)(2)		Yield		Life (Years)(3)
Long:
Agency RMBS:
15-year fixed-rate mortgages	$	21,968	$	149	$	22,117	$	82	$	(1,144)	$	21,055	2.81	%	2.65	%	3.29
30-year fixed-rate mortgages	339,440		(1,980)		337,460		4,120		(16,294)		325,286		4.16	%	4.09	%	6.52
Reverse mortgages	31,840		3,239		35,079		353		(1,709)		33,723		6.74	%	3.57	%	4.46
Interest only securities	n/a		n/a		13,780		1,224		(425)		14,579		1.10	%	11.43	%	7.02
Non-Agency RMBS	186,760		(74,759)		112,001		14,012		(5,770)		120,243		5.83	%	9.88	%	4.19
CMBS	78,372		(30,517)		47,855		1,496		(12,969)		36,382		3.72	%	10.73	%	4.85
Non-Agency interest only securities	n/a		n/a		52,329		10,158		(5,204)		57,283		0.17	%	11.96	%	5.86
CLOs	n/a		n/a		80,516		1,754		(7,381)		74,889		3.08	%	12.50	%	5.63
ABS	222,173		(193,859)		28,314		4,173		—		32,487		2.88	%	19.30	%	3.40
ABS backed by consumer loans	152,926		(80,239)		72,687		1,276		(8,252)		65,711		5.97	%	10.10	%	1.58
Corporate debt	42,744		(29,017)		13,727		708		(769)		13,666		—	%	—	%	2.56
Corporate equity	n/a		n/a		21,597		1,378		(7,205)		15,770		n/a		n/a		n/a
U.S. Treasury securities	243,569		1,788		245,357		7,358		(15)		252,700		4.30	%	4.01	%	8.07
Total Long	1,319,792		(405,195)		1,082,819		48,092		(67,137)		1,063,774		4.30	%	6.88	%	5.89
Short:
U.S. Treasury securities	(270,592)		(4,141)		(274,733)		59		(3,124)		(277,798)		4.11	%	3.81	%	6.85
European sovereign bonds	(27,488)		(251)		(27,739)		619		—		(27,120)		0.01	%	0.15	%	0.44
Total Short	(298,080)		(4,392)		(302,472)		678		(3,124)		(304,918)		3.73	%	3.47	%	6.28
Total	$	1,021,712	$	(409,587)	$	780,347	$	48,770	$	(70,261)	$	758,856	4.19	%	6.12	%	5.98

(1)Weighted average coupon represents the weighted average coupons of the securities, rather than, in the case of collateralized securities, the coupon rates or loan rates on the underlying collateral.

(2)Total long, total short, and total weighted average coupon exclude interest only securities, CLOs, and corporate equity.

(3)Expected average lives of MBS are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by the contractual maturities of the underlying mortgages, scheduled periodic payments of principal, and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

Table of Contents

December 31, 2023:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Current Principal		Unamortized Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon(1)(2)		Yield		Life (Years)(3)
Long:
Agency RMBS:
15-year fixed-rate mortgages	$	57,987	$	252	$	58,239	$	22	$	(4,225)	$	54,036	2.58	%	2.42	%	3.48
20-year fixed-rate mortgages	2,368		114		2,482		—		(404)		2,078		2.29	%	1.48	%	6.25
30-year fixed-rate mortgages	783,123		(6,744)		776,379		4,313		(38,595)		742,097		4.04	%	4.04	%	6.61
Adjustable rate mortgages	5,252		568		5,820		—		(690)		5,130		3.81	%	2.09	%	4.42
Reverse mortgages	36,196		3,928		40,124		34		(2,987)		37,171		5.37	%	3.55	%	4.76
Interest only securities	n/a		n/a		11,891		1,320		(499)		12,712		1.08	%	13.18	%	5.36
Non-Agency RMBS	427,431		(139,654)		287,777		11,369		(29,672)		269,474		5.07	%	8.96	%	4.73
CMBS	74,591		(20,389)		54,202		349		(11,780)		42,771		4.87	%	8.93	%	4.72
Non-Agency interest only securities	n/a		n/a		35,214		6,212		(2,650)		38,776		0.17	%	14.57	%	7.46
CLOs	n/a		n/a		44,939		1,873		(8,834)		37,978		2.27	%	11.81	%	4.46
ABS	16,416		(8,956)		7,460		256		(20)		7,696		7.16	%	13.85	%	2.49
ABS backed by consumer loans	151,310		(67,159)		84,151		1,577		(11,502)		74,226		12.00	%	11.38	%	1.50
Corporate debt	30,944		(23,191)		7,753		579		(291)		8,041		—	%	—	%	1.93
Corporate equity	n/a		n/a		23,066		1,851		(3,789)		21,128		n/a		n/a		n/a
U.S. Treasury securities	212,433		(49,289)		163,144		2,415		(496)		165,063		4.25	%	4.01	%	7.43
Total Long	1,798,051		(310,520)		1,602,641		32,170		(116,434)		1,518,377		4.95	%	5.99	%	5.80
Short:
U.S. Treasury securities	(130,121)		533		(129,588)		2,094		(619)		(128,113)		3.47	%	3.61	%	1.88
European sovereign bonds	(27,159)		(557)		(27,716)		1,526		—		(26,190)		0.01	%	0.15	%	1.20
Total Short	(157,280)		(24)		(157,304)		3,620		(619)		(154,303)		2.87	%	3.00	%	1.77
Total	$	1,640,771	$	(310,544)	$	1,445,337	$	35,790	$	(117,053)	$	1,364,074	4.78	%	5.71	%	5.42

(2)Total long, total short, and total weighted average coupon excludes interest only securities, CLOs, and corporate equity.

Table of Contents

The following tables detail weighted average life of the Company's Agency RMBS as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


($ in thousands)	Agency RMBS						Agency Interest Only Securities
Estimated Weighted Average Life(1)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(2)		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(2)
Less than three years	$	65,378	$	64,690	5.71	%	$	1,081	$	1,162	1.20	%
Greater than three years and less than seven years	143,622		147,683		5.10	%	6,624		5,915		1.44	%
Greater than seven years and less than eleven years	171,064		182,283		3.20	%	6,324		6,137		0.88	%
Greater than eleven years	—		—		—	%	550		566		0.55	%
Total	$	380,064	$	394,656	4.30	%	$	14,579	$	13,780	1.10	%

(1)Expected average lives of RMBS are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by the contractual maturities of the underlying mortgages, scheduled periodic payments of principal, and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

(2)Weighted average coupon represents the weighted average coupons of the securities, rather than the coupon rates or loan rates on the underlying collateral.

December 31, 2023:


($ in thousands)	Agency RMBS						Agency Interest Only Securities
Estimated Weighted Average Life(1)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(2)		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(2)
Less than three years	$	89,649	$	89,955	5.39	%	$	1,541	$	1,546	0.57	%
Greater than three years and less than seven years	346,074		360,574		4.49	%	8,227		7,601		1.77	%
Greater than seven years and less than eleven years	404,789		432,515		3.30	%	2,676		2,448		1.84	%
Greater than eleven years	—		—		—	%	268		296		0.68	%
Total	$	840,512	$	883,044	3.99	%	$	12,712	$	11,891	1.08	%

(2)Weighted average coupon represents the weighted average coupons of the securities, rather than the coupon rates or loan rates on the underlying collateral.

The following tables detail weighted average life of the Company's long non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, and CLOs and other securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


($ in thousands)	Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS						Non-Agency IOs						CLOs and Other Securities(2)
Estimated Weighted Average Life(1)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(3)		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(3)		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(3)
Less than three years	$	70,168	$	69,719	4.86	%	$	23,878	$	24,673	0.18	%	$	94,401	$	102,710	2.83	%
Greater than three years and less than seven years	53,226		49,383		6.81	%	8,800		9,725		0.17	%	68,100		68,268		6.62	%
Greater than seven years and less than eleven years	31,182		39,629		4.16	%	24,303		17,694		0.16	%	24,252		24,266		2.08	%
Greater than eleven years	2,049		1,125		4.83	%	302		237		1.24	%	—		—		—	%
Total	$	156,625	$	159,856	5.21	%	$	57,283	$	52,329	0.17	%	$	186,753	$	195,244	3.47	%

(1)Expected average lives of MBS are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by the contractual maturities of the underlying mortgages, scheduled periodic payments of principal, and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

(2)Other Securities includes ABS and corporate debt.

(3)Weighted average coupon represents the weighted average coupons of the securities, rather than the coupon rates or loan rates on the underlying collateral.

Table of Contents

December 31, 2023:


($ in thousands)	Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS						Non-Agency IOs						CLOs and Other Securities(2)(3)
Estimated Weighted Average Life(1)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(3)		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(3)		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Coupon(4)
Less than three years	$	116,076	$	117,707	4.41	%	$	3,885	$	4,535	0.10	%	$	99,770	$	114,709	6.02	%
Greater than three years and less than seven years	131,314		135,591		7.05	%	11,014		11,343		0.28	%	19,469		20,981		7.71	%
Greater than seven years and less than eleven years	58,741		74,401		5.04	%	23,555		19,072		0.15	%	8,702		8,613		1.34	%
Greater than eleven years	6,114		14,280		0.38	%	322		264		1.25	%	—		—		—	%
Total	$	312,245	$	341,979	5.04	%	$	38,776	$	35,214	0.17	%	$	127,941	$	144,303	6.02	%

(2)Other Securities includes ABS backed by consumer loans and corporate debt.

(3)Conformed to current period presentation to exclude U.S. Treasury securities. Including such U.S. Treasury securities, CLOs and Other Securities had an aggregate fair value of $293.0 million, amortized cost of $307.4 million, and a weighted average coupon of 5.40%.

(4)Weighted average coupon represents the weighted average coupons of the securities, rather than the coupon rates or loan rates on the underlying collateral.

The following table details the components of interest income by security type for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three-Month Period Ended
(In thousands)	September 30, 2024						September 30, 2023
Security Type	Coupon Interest		Net Amortization		Interest Income		Coupon Interest		Net Amortization		Interest Income
Agency RMBS	$	5,673	$	(239)	$	5,434	$	10,894	$	(403)	$	10,491
Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS	7,663		(1,053)		6,610		7,811		(95)		7,716
CLOs	5,719		(1,800)		3,919		1,205		(372)		833
Other securities(1)	7,934		293		8,227		6,107		(1,865)		4,242
Total	$	26,989	$	(2,799)	$	24,190	$	26,017	$	(2,735)	$	23,282

(1)Other securities includes ABS, corporate debt securities, and U.S. Treasury securities.


	Nine-Month Period Ended
(In thousands)	September 30, 2024						September 30, 2023
Security Type	Coupon Interest		Net Amortization		Interest Income		Coupon Interest		Net Amortization		Interest Income
Agency RMBS	$	21,470	$	(2,109)	$	19,361	$	29,746	$	(4,318)	$	25,428
Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS	22,468		(2,460)		20,008		21,629		(136)		21,493
CLOs	11,333		(3,280)		8,053		3,038		(391)		2,647
Other securities(1)	22,838		(5,442)		17,396		17,590		(4,260)		13,330
Total	$	78,109	$	(13,291)	$	64,818	$	72,003	$	(9,105)	$	62,898

(1)Other securities includes ABS, corporate debt securities, and U.S. Treasury securities.

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 the Catch-Up Amortization Adjustment was $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 the Catch-Up Amortization Adjustment was $(0.1) million and $(0.6) million, respectively.

Table of Contents

The following tables present proceeds from sales and the resulting realized gains and (losses) of the Company's securities for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


(In thousands)	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024								Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
Security Type	Proceeds(1)		Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses(2)		Net Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds(1)		Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses(2)		Net Realized Gain (Loss)
Agency RMBS	$	72,827	$	691	$	(2,863)	$	(2,172)	$	86,936	$	172	$	(5,662)	$	(5,490)
Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS	17,345		1,513		(849)		664		5,012		329		(120)		209
CLOs	8,459		863		(498)		365		—		53		—		53
Other securities(3)	74,965		3,710		(3,167)		543		289,990		1,071		(2,827)		(1,756)
Total	$	173,596	$	6,777	$	(7,377)	$	(600)	$	381,938	$	1,625	$	(8,609)	$	(6,984)

(1)Includes proceeds on sales of securities not yet settled as of period end.

(2)Excludes realized losses of $(5.0) million and $(12.0) million for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to adjustments to the cost basis of certain securities for which the Company has determined all or a portion of such securities' cost basis to be uncollectible.

(3)Other securities includes ABS backed by consumer loans, corporate debt and equity, exchange-traded equity, and U.S. Treasury securities.


(In thousands)	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024								Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023

Security Type	Proceeds(1)		Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses(2)		Net Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds(1)		Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses(2)		Net Realized Gain (Loss)
Agency RMBS	$	491,031	$	1,835	$	(30,322)	$	(28,487)	$	474,962	$	1,023	$	(46,505)	$	(45,482)
Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS	235,160		10,055		(8,371)		1,684		46,243		2,742		(169)		2,573
CLOs	53,613		1,341		(613)		728		—		496		(1)		495
Other securities(3)	223,885		5,053		(4,677)		376		1,000,184		2,893		(6,012)		(3,119)
Total	$	1,003,689	$	18,284	$	(43,983)	$	(25,699)	$	1,521,389	$	7,154	$	(52,687)	$	(45,533)

(1)Includes proceeds on sales of securities not yet settled as of period end.

(2)Excludes realized losses of $(15.8) million and $(20.4) million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to adjustments to the cost basis of certain securities for which the Company has determined all or a portion of such securities' cost basis to be uncollectible.

(3)Other securities includes ABS, corporate debt and equity, exchange-traded equity, and U.S. Treasury securities.

The following tables present the fair value and gross unrealized losses of our long securities, excluding those where there are expected credit losses as of the balance sheet date in relation to such securities' cost basis, by length of time that such securities have been in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


(In thousands)	Less than 12 Months				Greater than 12 Months				Total
Security Type	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Agency RMBS	$	1,479	$	(132)	$	194,414	$	(19,091)	$	195,893	$	(19,223)
Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS	15,162		(2,886)		7,632		(1,852)		22,794		(4,738)
CLOs	2,143		(370)		556		(98)		2,699		(468)
Other securities(1)	34,115		(5,776)		769		(1,444)		34,884		(7,220)
Total	$	52,899	$	(9,164)	$	203,371	$	(22,485)	$	256,270	$	(31,649)

(1)Other securities includes ABS and corporate debt and equity securities.

Table of Contents

December 31, 2023:


(In thousands)	Less than 12 Months				Greater than 12 Months				Total
Security Type	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Agency RMBS	$	125,112	$	(730)	$	426,834	$	(45,854)	$	551,946	$	(46,584)
Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS	10,301		(200)		14,195		(882)		24,496		(1,082)
CLOs	7,152		(69)		5		—		7,157		(69)
Other securities(1)	15,930		(2,276)		10,958		(2,029)		26,888		(4,305)
Total	$	158,495	$	(3,275)	$	451,992	$	(48,765)	$	610,487	$	(52,040)

(1)Other securities includes ABS and corporate debt and equity securities.

As described in Note 2, the Company evaluates the cost basis of its securities for impairment on at least a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had expected future credit losses, which it tracks for purposes of calculating interest income, of $24.7 million and $32.6 million, respectively, related to adverse changes in estimated future cash flows on its securities. Certain of the Company's securities, at the date of acquisition, have experienced or are expected to experience more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination and the Company has established an initial estimate for credit losses on such securities; as of December 31, 2023, the estimated credit losses on such securities was $1.1 million; no such securities were held at September 30, 2024.

The Company has determined for certain securities that a portion of such securities' cost basis is not collectible. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized realized losses on these securities of $(5.0) million and $(12.0) million, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized realized losses on these securities of $(15.8) million and $(20.4) million, respectively. Such losses are reflected in Net realized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

5. Investment in Loans

The Company invests in various types of loans, such as residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, consumer, corporate, and reverse mortgage loans. As discussed in Note 2, the Company has elected the FVO for its investments in loans. The following table is a summary of the Company's investments in loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
Loan Type	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value
Residential mortgage loans	$	3,720,774	$	3,618,233	$	3,305,757	$	3,093,912
Commercial mortgage loans	306,482		293,262		281,531		266,595
Consumer loans	815		670		2,081		1,759
Corporate loans	5,872		3,745		6,379		5,819
Reverse mortgage loans	9,102,556		9,603,876		8,568,271		8,938,551
Total	$	13,136,499	$	13,519,786	$	12,164,019	$	12,306,636

The Company is subject to credit risk in connection with its investments in loans. The two primary components of credit risk are default risk, which is the risk that a borrower fails to make scheduled principal and interest payments, and severity risk, which is the risk of loss upon a borrower default on a mortgage loan or other secured or unsecured loan. Severity risk includes the risk of loss of value of the property or other asset, if any, securing the loan, as well as the risk of loss associated with taking over the property or other asset, if any, including foreclosure costs. Credit risk in the loan portfolio can be amplified by exogenous shocks impacting our borrowers such as man-made or natural disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Table of Contents

The following table provides details, by loan type, for residential and commercial mortgage and consumer loans that are 90 days or more past due as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value
90 days or more past due—non-accrual status
Residential mortgage loans	$	224,270	$	214,663	$	127,685	$	120,087
Commercial mortgage loans	83,791		71,805		47,736		33,314
Consumer loans	57		32		94		66

Residential Mortgage Loans

The tables below detail certain information regarding the Company's residential mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon		Yield		Life (Years)(1)
Residential mortgage loans, held-for-investment(2)	$	3,482,634	$	34,360	$	3,516,994	$	11,533	$	(164,371)	$	3,364,156	7.70	%	6.69	%	3.95
Residential mortgage loans, held-for-sale	$	238,140	$	9,186	$	247,326	$	7,077	$	(326)	$	254,077	7.96	%	6.64	%	5.09
Total residential mortgage loans	$	3,720,774	$	43,546	$	3,764,320	$	18,610	$	(164,697)	$	3,618,233	7.71	%	6.68	%	4.03

(1)Average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

(2)Includes $1.526 billion of non-QM loans that have been securitized and are held in consolidated securitization trusts. Such loans had $(148.6) million of gross unrealized losses. See Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations in Note 13 for additional information.

December 31, 2023:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon		Yield		Life (Years)(1)
Residential mortgage loans, held-for-investment(2)	$	3,305,757	$	37,831	$	3,343,588	$	5,554	$	(255,230)	$	3,093,912	7.17	%	6.77	%	4.17

(1)Average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

(2)Includes $1.555 billion of non-QM loans that have been securitized and are held in consolidated securitization trusts. Such loans had $(228.0) million of gross unrealized losses. See Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations in Note 13 for additional information.

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes the geographic distribution of the real estate collateral underlying the Company's residential mortgage loans as a percentage of total outstanding unpaid principal balance as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


Property Location	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
North America:
United States:
California	29.2	%	32.2	%
Florida	20.7	%	21.4	%
Texas	8.3	%	9.5	%
Georgia	2.9	%	2.6	%
Arizona	2.8	%	2.7	%
Pennsylvania	2.7	%	2.7	%
Utah	2.6	%	3.2	%
North Carolina	2.3	%	2.2	%
New Jersey	2.3	%	2.1	%
Washington	2.3	%	1.8	%
New York	2.1	%	1.2	%
Illinois	1.9	%	1.8	%
Colorado	1.8	%	1.5	%
Nevada	1.5	%	1.5	%
Maryland	1.4	%	0.8	%
Massachusetts	1.4	%	1.5	%
Oregon	1.3	%	1.2	%
Tennessee	1.3	%	1.5	%
Connecticut	1.0	%	—	%
Other	8.6	%	8.6	%
	98.4	%	100.0	%
Europe:
United Kingdom	1.6	%	—	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

The following table presents information on the Company's residential mortgage loans by re-performing or non-performing status, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value
Re-performing	$	20,372	$	19,258	$	4,252	$	3,761
Non-performing	216,269		207,043		127,085		119,524

As described in Note 2, the Company evaluates the cost basis of its residential mortgage loans for impairment on at least a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had expected future credit losses related to adverse changes in estimated future cash flows, which it tracks for purposes of calculating interest income, of $13.1 million and $17.2 million, respectively, related to its residential mortgage loans.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure with a fair value of $123.6 million and $85.6 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

Commercial Mortgage Loans

The tables below detail certain information regarding the Company's commercial mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon		Yield(1)		Life (Years)(2)
Commercial mortgage loans, held-for-investment	$	306,482	$	(9,199)	$	297,283	$	4,913	$	(8,934)	$	293,262	10.84	%	11.04	%	0.98

(1)Excludes non-performing commercial mortgage loans, in non-accrual status, with a fair value of $71.8 million.

(2)Average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

December 31, 2023:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon		Yield(1)		Life (Years)(2)
Commercial mortgage loans, held-for-investment	$	281,531	$	(13,648)	$	267,883	$	—	$	(1,288)	$	266,595	11.44	%	11.45	%	0.79

(1)Excludes non-performing commercial mortgage loans, in non-accrual status, with a fair value of $33.3 million.

(2)Average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

The table below summarizes the geographic distribution of the real estate collateral underlying the Company's commercial mortgage loans as a percentage of total outstanding unpaid principal balance as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


Property Location by U.S. State	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Florida	18.5	%	13.9	%
Illinois	18.4	%	18.6	%
Texas	8.6	%	15.6	%
Georgia	6.6	%	5.3	%
New York	6.5	%	8.9	%
Connecticut	6.0	%	3.2	%
Ohio	5.1	%	5.5	%
Michigan	4.1	%	4.5	%
Pennsylvania	4.0	%	—	%
Colorado	3.9	%	—	%
Alabama	3.7	%	2.3	%
Virginia	3.2	%	—	%
North Carolina	2.5	%	2.7	%
Arizona	2.4	%	7.5	%
Louisiana	2.0	%	2.2	%
New Jersey	2.0	%	3.8	%
Oklahoma	—	%	6.0	%
Other	2.5	%	—	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had seven non-performing commercial mortgage loans with an unpaid principal balance and fair value of $83.8 million and $71.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had three non-performing commercial mortgage loans with an unpaid principal balance and fair value of $47.7 million and $33.3 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

As described in Note 2, the Company evaluates the cost basis of its commercial mortgage loans for impairment on at least a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the expected future credit losses, which the Company tracks for purposes of calculating interest income, of $8.8 million and $1.3 million, related to adverse changes in estimated future cash flows on its commercial mortgage loans.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had two commercial mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure; such loans had an unpaid principal balance and fair value of $25.6 million and $22.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had two commercial mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure; such loans had an unpaid principal balance and fair value of $25.9 million and $25.1 million, respectively.

Consumer Loans

The tables below detail certain information regarding the Company's consumer loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Life (Years)(1)	Delinquency (Days)
Consumer loans, held-for-investment	$	815	$	39	$	854	$	85	$	(269)	$	670	0.78	17

(1)Average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

December 31, 2023:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Life (Years)(1)	Delinquency (Days)
Consumer loans, held-for-investment	$	2,081	$	(120)	$	1,961	$	127	$	(329)	$	1,759	0.75	18

(1)Average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

The table below provides details on the delinquency status as a percentage of total unpaid principal balance of the Company's consumer loans, which the Company uses as an indicator of credit quality, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


Days Past Due	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Current	78.5	%	81.0	%
30-59 Days	7.9	%	7.9	%
60-89 Days	6.6	%	6.6	%
90-119 Days	5.8	%	4.0	%
>120 Days	1.2	%	0.5	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company charged off $45 thousand and $0.1 million, respectively, of unpaid principal balance of consumer loans that were greater than 120 days delinquent. During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company charged off $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of unpaid principal balance of consumer loans that were greater than 120 days delinquent. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held charged-off consumer loans with an aggregate fair value of $20 thousand and $35 thousand, respectively, for which the Company has determined that it is probable the servicer will be able to collect principal and interest.

As described in Note 2, the Company evaluates the cost basis of its consumer loans for impairment on at least a quarterly basis. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had expected future credit losses, which it tracks for purposes of calculating interest income, of $0.3 million, on its consumer loans. The Company has determined for certain of its consumer loans that a portion of such loans' cost basis is not collectible. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized realized losses on these loans of $(0.1) million and $(0.3) million, respectively. For

Table of Contents

the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized realized losses on these loans of $(0.1) million and $(0.7) million, respectively.

Corporate Loans

The tables below detail certain information regarding the Company's corporate loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Rate		Remaining Term (Years)
Corporate loans, held-for-investment(1)	$	5,872	$	(278)	$	5,594	$	—	$	(1,849)	$	3,745	10.53	%	0.78

(1)See Note 24 for further details on the Company's unfunded commitments related to certain of its corporate loans.

December 31, 2023:


					Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Rate		Remaining Term (Years)
Corporate loans, held-for-investment(1)	$	6,379	$	5,819	10.13	%	1.52

(1)See Note 24 for further details on the Company's unfunded commitments related to certain of its corporate loans.

As described in Note 2, the Company evaluates the cost basis of its corporate loans for impairment on at least a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had expected future credit losses, which it tracks for purposes of calculating interest income, of $1.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Reverse Mortgage Loans

The table below details certain information regarding the Company's reverse mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


					Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Coupon		Life (Years)
Reverse mortgage loans, held-for-investment
HECM loans
HECM loans collateralizing HMBS	$	8,441,441	$	8,888,132	6.88	%	5.11
Unsecuritized HECM loans(1)	124,996		127,625		6.75	%	6.49
Proprietary reverse mortgage loans
Securitized proprietary reverse mortgage loans	360,844		390,561		10.38	%	9.38
Unsecuritized proprietary reverse mortgage loans	36,421		43,156		10.70	%	16.61
Total reverse mortgage loans, held-for-investment	8,963,702		9,449,474		7.03	%	5.36
Reverse mortgage loans, held-for-sale
Unsecuritized proprietary reverse mortgage loans	138,854		154,402		10.19	%	16.61
Total reverse mortgage loans	$	9,102,556	$	9,603,876	7.08	%	5.54

(1)Includes unpoolable HECM loans with an unpaid principal balance of $28.3 million.

Table of Contents

December 31, 2023:


					Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Coupon		Life (Years)
Reverse mortgage loans, held-for-investment
HECM loans collateralizing HMBS	$	8,166,222	$	8,506,423	6.82	%	5.10
Unsecuritized HECM loans(1)	103,063		102,553		7.15	%	6.12
Total reverse mortgage loans, held-for-investment	8,269,285		8,608,976		6.83	%	5.11
Reverse mortgage loans, held-for-sale	298,986		329,575		10.67	%	16.78
Total reverse mortgage loans	$	8,568,271	$	8,938,551	6.96	%	5.54

(1)Includes unpoolable HECM loans with an unpaid principal balance of $28.0 million.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024, the Company transferred proprietary reverse mortgage loans held-for-sale with an unpaid principal balance of $97.8 million and $396.0 million, respectively, to held-for-investment.

Unpoolable HECM loans can include unsecuritized inactive HECM loans as well as HECM loans that have reached 98% of their respective maximum claim amount, or the "MCA," and repurchased from the HMBS pool, or "HECM Buyout Loans." The MCA is equal to the lesser of a home's appraised value at the point in time that the conditional commitment is issued or the maximum loan limit that can be insured by FHA. Unpoolable HECM loans are not eligible for securitization into HMBS.

HECM loans where the borrower is deceased, no longer occupies the property, or is delinquent on tax and/or insurance payments, are categorized as "inactive." Active HECM loans that have reached 98% of the MCA and have been repurchased from the HMBS pool, or "ABOs," are subsequently assigned to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, or "HUD," which then reimburses the Company for the outstanding debt on the repurchased loan, up to the MCA. For inactive HECM Buyout Loans, or "NABOs," following resolution of the loan the Company files a claim with HUD for any recoverable remaining principal and advance balances. The timing and amount of the Company obligations with respect to MCA repurchases is uncertain as repurchase is dependent largely on circumstances outside of the Company’s control, including the amount and timing of future draws and the status of the loan.

The following table provides details on the Company's unpoolable HECM loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
Unpoolable HECM Loan Type	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value
ABOs	$	9,302	$	8,211	$	8,508	$	6,897
NABOs	14,798		10,623		14,562		10,167
Other HECM loans(1)	4,190		4,190		4,883		4,908
Total unpoolable HECM loans	$	28,290	$	23,024	$	27,953	$	21,972

(1)Includes HECM tail loans where the borrower is not in compliance with the terms of the underlying loan.

In March 2023, the Company entered into various agreements including a Master Loan Purchase and Servicing Agreement (the "MLPS Agreement") with a third party (the "MLPS Counterparty"), whereby it agreed to purchase and service HECM Buyout Loans with an unpaid principal balance of $80.1 million that had been previously repurchased from various HMBS pools by a third party HMBS issuer, and simultaneously finance such loans with the MLPS Counterparty. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held HECM Buyout Loans purchased under the MLPS Agreement with a fair value of $5.1 million and $8.9 million, respectively, which are included in Loans, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $353.6 million in unpaid principal balance of inactive reverse mortgage loans, of which $339.4 million related to HECM loans and the remainder related to proprietary reverse mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $290.4 million in unpaid principal balance of inactive reverse mortgage loans, of which $280.6 million related to HECM loans and the remainder related to proprietary reverse mortgage loans.

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes the geographic distribution of the real estate collateral underlying the Company's reverse mortgage loans as a percentage of total outstanding unpaid principal balance, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


Property Location by U.S. State	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
California	29.2	%	28.7	%
Florida	8.8	%	8.8	%
Colorado	7.2	%	7.1	%
Arizona	6.4	%	6.3	%
Washington	5.4	%	5.3	%
Utah	5.1	%	5.0	%
Texas	5.1	%	4.8	%
Oregon	3.0	%	3.0	%
Idaho	2.8	%	2.7	%
New York	2.2	%	2.2	%
North Carolina	2.2	%	2.1	%
Massachusetts	2.1	%	2.4	%
Nevada	2.1	%	2.1	%
Georgia	1.7	%	1.6	%
South Carolina	1.5	%	1.4	%
Virginia	1.4	%	1.6	%
Tennessee	1.4	%	1.3	%
Ohio	1.4	%	1.5	%
New Jersey	1.2	%	1.3	%
Pennsylvania	1.0	%	1.1	%
Maryland	0.9	%	1.1	%
Other	7.9	%	8.6	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

6. Mortgage Servicing Rights

Certain of the reverse mortgage loans originated by the Company, through Longbridge, are ineligible for inclusion in HMBS, and are not guaranteed by the FHA ("Proprietary reverse mortgage loans"). Longbridge was party to a Sale and Servicing Agreement (the "Sale and Servicing Agreement") with a third party (the "Proprietary Loan Purchaser") whereby Longbridge originated reverse mortgage loans based on specific proprietary criteria and had committed to sell such loans to the Proprietary Loan Purchaser. Upon the sale of such loans to the Proprietary Loan Purchaser, Longbridge retained the rights and obligations of servicing such loans and an MSR asset was recorded.

Additionally, on July 1, 2023, Longbridge assumed the role as servicer for various private label securitization trusts collateralized by either proprietary reverse mortgage loans or HECM buyout loans. Longbridge was appointed servicer through the bankruptcy proceedings of the previous servicer, and Longbridge assumed the rights and obligations of servicing such loans. Such MSRs related to underlying reverse mortgage loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.1 billion on July 1, 2023.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company's Reverse MSRs related to underlying reverse mortgage loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.7 billion, and the fair value of such Reverse MSRs was $28.9 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's Reverse MSRs related to underlying reverse mortgage loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.8 billion, and the fair value of such Reverse MSRs was $29.6 million.

The fair value of the Company's MSRs is driven by the net cash flows associated with servicing activities, which include contractually specified servicing fees, late fees, and other ancillary servicing revenue. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized a gain (loss) related to its Reverse MSRs of $(0.7) million and $22.2 million, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized a gain (loss) related to its Reverse MSRs of $(0.7) million and $21.5 million, respectively. Gain (loss) related to Reverse MSRs is included in Other (net) on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Table of Contents

7. Forward MSR-related Investments

The Company does not hold the requisite licenses to purchase or hold MSRs on forward mortgage loans, or "Forward MSRs," directly. The Company, through certain of its subsidiaries acquired through the Arlington Merger, is party to various agreements (the "Forward MSR Agreements") with a licensed, government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE") approved residential mortgage loan servicer (the "Forward MSR Master Servicer") that enable the Company to participate in the economic returns of a portfolio of Forward MSRs (the "Forward MSR-related investments"). Under the Forward MSR Agreements, MSRs are purchased by the Forward MSR Master Servicer (the "Underlying Forward MSRs") with funding obtained through financing transactions with the Company. Under the terms of the Forward MSR Agreements, for an MSR acquired by the Forward MSR Master Servicer, the Company: (i) purchases the excess servicing spread from the Forward MSR Master Servicer, which entitles the Company to monthly distributions of the servicing fees collected by the Forward MSR Master Servicer in excess of 12.5 basis points per annum (the "Excess Servicing Spread"), and (ii) enters into an agreement with the parent of the Forward MSR Master Servicer (the "Base MSR Counterparty") that references the Underlying Forward MSRs (the "Base MSR Agreement").

Pursuant to the Base MSR Agreement, the Company is entitled to receive an amount generally equivalent to the excess of servicing proceeds (which may include servicing fee revenue, income generated on escrow balances, and reimbursements for previously made servicing advances) over the sum of the Excess Servicing Spread and the actual costs of servicing (including amounts paid for servicing advances, master and subservicing fees, and other costs and expenses). To the extent that servicing proceeds are less than the sum of servicing costs and the Excess Servicing Spread (which would typically result from high levels of servicing advances), the Company is obligated to pay the equivalent of such deficit to the Base MSR Counterparty.

Upon a sale of any of the Underlying Forward MSRs, the Forward MSR Agreements also entitle the Company to distributions of the corresponding sale proceeds.

Under certain circumstances, the Company can direct the Forward MSR Master Servicer to finance all or some of the Underlying Forward MSRs, alongside other similar MSRs that the Forward MSR Master Servicer oversees on behalf of third parties unrelated to the Company. Proceeds from such financing are distributed to the Company and must be repaid by the Company upon repayment of corresponding financing by the Forward MSR Master Servicer. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Forward MSR-related investments takes into account the MSR Master Servicer's $13.5 million of outstanding borrowings for the benefit of the Company, which were secured by the Underlying Forward MSRs.

The Company has elected the FVO for its investments under the Forward MSR Agreements which are reflected in Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and the period change in fair value is recorded in current period earnings on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as a component of Other, net.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investments in Forward MSR-related investments was $149.8 million and $163.3 million, respectively. The following table presents activity related to Company’s investments in Forward MSR-related investments for the three- and nine-month-periods ended September 30, 2024. The Company did not hold Forward MSR-related investments during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.


(In thousands)	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024		Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value, beginning balance	$	158,031	$	163,336
Capital investments	—		—
Distributions	(7,719)		(23,210)
Accretion of interest income	4,041		11,284
Change in unrealized gain (loss)	(4,522)		(1,579)
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value, ending balance	$	149,831	$	149,831

Table of Contents

8. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

The Company has various equity investments in entities where it has the ability to exert significant influence over such entity, but does not control such entity. In these cases the criteria for consolidation have not been met and the Company is required to account for such investments under ASC 323-10; the Company has elected the FVO for its investments in unconsolidated entities. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities had an aggregate fair value of $188.5 million and $116.4 million, respectively, which is included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value. Certain of the entities that the Company accounts for under ASC 323-10 are deemed to be VIEs, and the maximum amount at risk is generally limited to the Company's investment in the VIE. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities that have been deemed to be VIEs was $160.3 million and $87.8 million, respectively.

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities of $7.3 million and $(1.0) million, respectively, and for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities of $21.5 million and $(3.4) million, respectively. Gains (losses) recognized from the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities are included in Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities, on its Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following table provides details about the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Percentage Ownership
of Unconsolidated Entity

Investment in Unconsolidated Entity

Form of Investment

September 30, 2024

December 31, 2023

Loan Originators:

LendSure Mortgage Corp.(1)(2)

Common shares

62.9%

49.9%

Other(1)

Various

10.0%–50.0%

45.0%–50.0%

Co-investments with Ellington affiliate(s)(1):

Elizon DB 2015-1 LLC(3)(4)

Membership Interest

34.2%

30.4%

Elizon NM CRE 2020-1 LLC(3)(5)

Membership Interest

20.7%

11.5%

Elizon CH CRE 2021-1 LLC(3)(6)

Membership Interest

40.0%

29.2%

Equity investments in securitization-related vehicles, including risk retention vehicles(7)

Membership Interest

24.6%–84.5%

Other:

Jepson Holdings Limited(1)(3)

Membership Interest

4.5%

7.9%

Other(1)(3)(8)

Various

6.1%–79.0%

(1)See Note 16 for additional details on the Company's related party transactions.

(2)As of September 30, 2024, includes both voting and non-voting equity interests held by the Company; its non-voting stake in the entity was 13.8%. As of December 31, 2023, excludes investment in equity interests convertible into non-voting common shares; including such interests the Company's additional non-voting stake in the entity was 13.8%. See Note 16 Related Party Transactions—Transactions Involving Certain Loan Originators for additional information.

(3)The Company has evaluated this entity and determined that it meets the definition of a VIE. The Company evaluated its interest in the VIE and determined that the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE and does not have control of the underlying assets, where applicable. As a result, the Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of this VIE and therefore has not consolidated the VIE.

(4)As discussed in Note 16 Related Party Transactions—Participation in Multi-Borrower Financing Facilities, the Company and the Affiliated Entities (as defined in Note 16) each consolidate their segregated silos of the Joint Entity (as defined in Note 16). The Company's effective percentage ownership before the effects of consolidation of both its and the Affiliated Entities' respective segregated silos of the Joint Entity, was 58.8% and 60.0% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(5)As discussed in Note 16 Related Party Transactions—Participation in Multi-Borrower Financing Facilities, the Company and the Affiliated Entities (as defined in Note 16) each consolidate their segregated silos of the Joint Entity (as defined in Note 16). The Company's effective percentage ownership before the effects of consolidation of both its and the Affiliated Entities' respective segregated silos of the Joint Entity, was 70.9% and 74.1% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(6)As discussed in Note 16 Related Party Transactions—Participation in Multi-Borrower Financing Facilities, the Company and the Affiliated Entities (as defined in Note 16) each consolidate their segregated silos of the Joint Entity (as defined in Note 16). The Company's effective percentage ownership before the effects of consolidation of both its and the Affiliated Entities' respective segregated silos of the Joint Entity, was 57.3% and 52.1% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(7)Includes interests in Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles, as defined in Note 13—Participation in Multi-Seller Consumer Loan Securitizations, and Participated Risk Retention Vehicle and Residential Loan JV, as defined in Note 13—Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations. The Company has evaluated these entities and determined that they do not meet the definition of a VIE. The Company evaluated its interest in the entity under the voting interest model outlined in ASC 810, and has determined that the Company does not control these entities. As a result, the Company has not consolidated the entity. See Note 13 for additional details on the Company's securitization transactions.

(8)Includes interest in affiliate and interest in warehouse facilities; see Note 16—Investment in Affiliate and —Participation in CLO Transactions, respectively, for additional details.

Table of Contents

9. Real Estate Owned

As discussed in Note 2, the Company obtains possession of REO as a result of foreclosures on the associated mortgage loans. The following tables detail activity in the Company's carrying value of REO for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
	Number of Properties	Carrying Value		Number of Properties	Carrying Value
		(In thousands)			(In thousands)
Beginning Balance (June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	105	$	25,248	78	$	21,076
Transfers from mortgage loans	44	17,144		25	9,764
Capital expenditures and other adjustments to cost		59			(85)
Adjustments to record at the lower of cost or fair value		(820)			(2,226)
Dispositions	(37)	(11,941)		(24)	(4,959)
Ending Balance (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	112	$	29,690	79	$	23,570


	Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
	Number of Properties	Carrying Value		Number of Properties	Carrying Value
		(In thousands)			(In thousands)
Beginning Balance (December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	81	$	22,085	97	$	28,403
Transfers from mortgage loans	127	42,588		71	21,398
Capital expenditures and other adjustments to cost		433			587
Adjustments to record at the lower of cost or fair value		(2,551)			(2,333)
Dispositions	(96)	(32,865)		(89)	(24,485)
Ending Balance (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	112	$	29,690	79	$	23,570

During the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold 37 REO properties, realizing a net gain (loss) of approximately $(0.4) million. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 24 REO properties, realizing a net gain (loss) of approximately $(0.2) million. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold 96 REO properties, realizing a net gain (loss) of approximately $(3.6) million. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 89 REO properties, realizing a net gain (loss) of approximately $(1.5) million. Such realized gains (losses) are included in Realized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net, on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of the Company's REO had been obtained as a result of obtaining physical possession through foreclosure. Of the Company's total REO holdings, $27.6 million and $16.8 million, were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

10. Financial Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company manages certain risks associated with its investments and borrowings, including interest rate, credit, liquidity, and foreign exchange rate risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its investments and borrowings, and through the use of derivative financial instruments. The Company's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of its known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to its investments and borrowings.

Table of Contents

The following table details the fair value of the Company's holdings of financial derivatives as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Financial derivatives–assets, at fair value:
TBA securities purchase contracts	$	3	$	2,182
TBA securities sale contracts	1,485		—
Fixed payer interest rate swaps	65,321		101,881
Fixed receiver interest rate swaps	72,134		27,358
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	6		8
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	1,928		3,318
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	60		25
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	8,584		7,259
Total return swaps	—		6
Futures	105		245
Forwards	—		12
Warrants	53		1,702
Total financial derivatives–assets, at fair value	149,679		143,996
Financial derivatives–liabilities, at fair value:
TBA securities purchase contracts	(660)		—
TBA securities sale contracts	(181)		(5,820)
Fixed payer interest rate swaps	(20,137)		(17,944)
Fixed receiver interest rate swaps	(3,094)		(13,801)
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	—		(32)
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	(244)		(225)
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	(24,327)		(15,894)
Futures	(334)		(7,990)
Forwards	(266)		(70)
Total financial derivatives–liabilities, at fair value	(49,243)		(61,776)
Total	$	100,436	$	82,220

Table of Contents

Interest Rate Swaps

The following tables provide information about the Company's fixed payer interest rate swaps as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024:


					Weighted Average
Maturity	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Pay Rate		Receive Rate		Remaining Years to Maturity
	(In thousands)
2024	$	246,500	$	2,805	4.15	%	4.98	%	0.14
2025	549,561		4,052		3.78		4.87		0.92
2026	441,515		(2,576)		4.04		4.22		1.85
2027	313,150		3,667		3.12		4.91		2.74
2028	588,829		790		3.38		4.91		3.76
2029	496,427		4,548		3.09		4.80		4.92
2030	243,080		(1,328)		3.45		4.87		5.86
2031	170,063		18,252		1.69		4.95		6.69
2032	181,867		7,960		2.80		4.96		7.81
2033	242,353		4,528		3.21		4.96		8.48
2034	335,919		692		3.32		4.81		9.95
2035	500		138		0.78		4.83		11.06
2036	1,102		256		1.19		4.96		11.38
2037	45,000		3,058		2.81		4.96		12.91
2038	32,500		(2,074)		4.01		4.85		13.92
2039	9,422		—		3.47		4.83		14.75
2040	500		174		0.90		4.83		16.07
2050	500		222		0.98		4.83		26.07
2053	2,780		32		3.32		4.83		29.24
2054	200		(12)		3.66		4.83		29.83
Total	$	3,901,768	$	45,184	3.39	%	4.81	%	4.50

Table of Contents

December 31, 2023:


					Weighted Average
Maturity	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Pay Rate		Receive Rate		Remaining Years to Maturity
	(In thousands)
2024	$	629,547	$	9,097	3.18	%	5.41	%	0.61
2025	412,701		6,304		3.69		5.06		1.66
2026	189,287		(573)		4.13		5.39		2.66
2027	174,841		8,970		4.04		5.04		3.35
2028	650,990		7,516		3.48		5.38		4.54
2029	53,011		4,378		2.19		5.38		5.32
2030	150,817		1,122		3.50		5.39		6.59
2031	157,766		24,131		1.51		5.38		7.46
2032	181,867		11,069		2.80		5.38		8.56
2033	437,619		6,960		3.40		5.38		9.42
2035	500		132		0.78		5.33		11.81
2036	1,102		280		1.19		5.38		12.13
2037	45,000		3,780		2.81		5.38		13.66
2038	32,500		(1,727)		4.01		5.39		14.67
2040	500		165		0.90		5.33		16.82
2049	5,729		845		2.63		5.38		25.02
2050	500		207		0.98		5.33		26.82
2052	5,000		1,281		2.07		5.38		28.27
Total	$	3,129,277	$	83,937	3.34	%	5.33	%	4.68

Table of Contents

The following tables provide information about the Company's fixed receiver interest rate swaps as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024:


					Weighted Average
Maturity	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Pay Rate		Receive Rate		Remaining Years to Maturity
	(In thousands)
2024	$	52,236	$	(710)	4.98	%	3.56	%	0.09
2025	151,313		(108)		4.95		4.88		0.49
2026	543,794		6,165		4.88		4.69		1.49
2027	59,110		45		4.89		3.84		2.67
2028	459,063		15,662		4.83		4.42		3.85
2029	884,156		21,858		3.97		3.93		4.72
2030	156,262		6,283		4.89		4.11		5.96
2031	83,160		264		4.83		3.45		6.65
2033	201,626		10,323		4.84		4.08		9.12
2034	278,341		9,876		4.83		3.80		9.76
2035	500		(143)		4.96		0.74		11.06
2038	34,792		(28)		4.83		3.54		14.23
2039	15,361		170		4.83		3.58		14.62
2040	500		(182)		4.96		0.84		16.07
2050	500		(235)		4.96		0.90		26.07
2053	13,154		(216)		4.83		3.33		29.24
2054	1,121		16		4.83		3.41		29.85
Total	$	2,934,989	$	69,040	4.59	%	4.17	%	4.83

December 31, 2023:


					Weighted Average
Maturity	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Pay Rate		Receive Rate		Remaining Years to Maturity
	(In thousands)
2024	$	427,234	$	(578)	5.40	%	5.17	%	0.24
2025	143,183		67		5.38		4.87		1.23
2026	461,658		(8,399)		5.39		3.58		2.28
2027	36,591		30		5.39		3.68		3.90
2028	464,799		13,357		5.39		4.33		4.64
2030	67,000		1,737		5.39		3.97		6.77
2033	198,265		7,701		5.39		3.96		9.88
2035	500		(137)		5.38		0.74		11.81
2038	36,300		131		5.39		3.54		14.98
2040	500		(173)		5.38		0.84		16.82
2050	500		(220)		5.38		0.90		26.82
2053	22,800		41		5.39		3.33		29.99
Total	$	1,859,330	$	13,557	5.39	%	4.28	%	3.93

Table of Contents

Credit Default Swaps

The following table provides information about the Company's credit default swaps as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	As of
	September 30, 2024					December 31, 2023
Type(1)	Notional		Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)	Notional		Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)
($ in thousands)
Asset:
Long:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	$	214	$	11	13.24	$	230	$	12	13.99
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	2,000		60		1.22	2,000		25		1.97
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	143,742		8,584		4.04	149,000		7,259		4.47
Short:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	(46)		6		10.99	(45)		8		11.74
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	(36,858)		1,917		34.59	(42,101)		3,306		35.11
Liability:
Long:
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	—		—		—	60		(32)		25.22
Short:
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	(13,000)		(244)		2.72	(13,000)		(225)		3.47
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	(770,782)		(24,327)		4.81	(537,299)		(15,894)		4.84
	$	(674,730)	$	(13,993)	6.57	$	(441,155)	$	(5,541)	7.81

(1)Long notional represents contracts where the Company has written protection and short notional represents contracts where the Company has purchased protection.

Futures

The following table provides information about the Company's long and short positions in futures as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	As of
	September 30, 2024					December 31, 2023
Description	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Remaining Months to Expiration	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Remaining Months to Expiration
	(In thousands)					(In thousands)
Assets:
Long Contracts:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	—	$	—	—	$	1,900	$	245	2.63
Short Contracts:
U.S. Treasury futures	(23,200)		105		2.67	—		—		—
Liabilities:
Long Contracts:
U.S. Treasury futures	1,900		(18)		2.67	—		—		—
Short Contracts:
U.S. Treasury futures	(191,000)		(316)		4.74	(313,100)		(7,990)		2.21
Total, net	$	(212,300)	$	(229)	4.36	$	(311,200)	$	(7,745)	2.21

Table of Contents

Warrants

The following table provides information about the Company's warrants contracts to purchase shares as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

September 30, 2024

December 31, 2023

Description

Number of Shares Underlying Warrant

Fair Value

Remaining Years to Expiration

Number of Shares Underlying Warrant

Fair Value

Remaining Years to Expiration

(In thousands)

Warrants

102

n/a

202

1,702

5.66

TBAs

The Company transacts in the forward settling TBA market. Pursuant to these TBA transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell, for future delivery, Agency RMBS with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of underlying collateral, but the particular Agency RMBS to be delivered is not identified until shortly before the TBA settlement date. TBAs are generally liquid, have quoted market prices, and represent the most actively traded class of MBS. The Company uses TBAs to mitigate interest rate risk, usually by taking short positions. The Company also invests in TBAs as a means of acquiring additional exposure to Agency RMBS, or for investment purposes, including holding long positions.

The Company does not usually take delivery of TBAs; rather, it settles the associated receivable and payable with its trading counterparties on a net basis. Transactions with the same counterparty for the same TBA that result in a reduction of the position are treated as extinguished.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding TBA purchase and sale contracts as follows:


	September 30, 2024								December 31, 2023
TBA Securities	Notional Amount(1)		Cost Basis(2)		Market Value(3)		Net Carrying Value(4)		Notional Amount(1)		Cost Basis(2)		Market Value(3)		Net Carrying Value(4)
(In thousands)
Purchase contracts:
Assets	$	25,580	$	26,136	$	26,139	$	3	$	375,154	$	362,129	$	364,311	$	2,182
Liabilities	134,286		132,077		131,417		(660)		—		—		—		—
	159,866		158,213		157,556		(657)		375,154		362,129		364,311		2,182
Sale contracts:
Assets	(233,459)		(226,795)		(225,310)		1,485		—		—		—		—
Liabilities	(136,326)		(138,775)		(138,956)		(181)		(433,098)		(392,730)		(398,550)		(5,820)
	(369,785)		(365,570)		(364,266)		1,304		(433,098)		(392,730)		(398,550)		(5,820)
Total TBA securities, net	$	(209,919)	$	(207,357)	$	(206,710)	$	647	$	(57,944)	$	(30,601)	$	(34,239)	$	(3,638)

(1)Notional amount represents the principal balance of the underlying Agency RMBS.

(2)Cost basis represents the forward price to be paid (received) for the underlying Agency RMBS.

(3)Market value represents the current market value of the underlying Agency RMBS (on a forward delivery basis) as of period end.

(4)Net carrying value represents the difference between the market value of the TBA contract as of period end and the cost basis, and is reported in Financial derivatives-assets, at fair value and Financial derivatives-liabilities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Table of Contents

Gains and losses on the Company's derivative contracts for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the tables below:


		Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
Derivative Type	Primary Risk Exposure	Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives
(In thousands)
Interest rate swaps	Interest Rate	$	23,555	$	(43,214)	$	(19,659)	$	(12,789)	$	9,108	$	(3,681)
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	Credit			—		—				(2)		(2)
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	Credit			(1,514)		(1,514)				1,133		1,133
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	Credit			(1,886)		(1,886)				(870)		(870)
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	Credit			(7)		(7)				(26)		(26)
Total return swaps	Equity Market/Credit			(4)		(4)				(3)		(3)
TBAs	Interest Rate			(1,734)		(1,734)				(141)		(141)
Futures	Interest Rate			(16,308)		(16,308)				4,409		4,409
Forwards	Currency			(452)		(452)				(463)		(463)
Total		$	23,555	$	(65,119)	$	(41,564)	$	(12,789)	$	13,145	$	356


		Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
Derivative Type	Primary Risk Exposure	Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps(1)		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives(1)
(In thousands)
Interest rate swaps	Interest Rate	$	7,462	$	3,405	$	10,867	$	6,656	$	38,828	$	45,484
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	Credit			(975)		(975)				224		224
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	Credit			(3,982)		(3,982)				3,531		3,531
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	Credit			(42)		(42)				15		15
Total return swaps	Equity Market/Credit			30		30				16		16
TBAs	Interest Rate			13,015		13,015				3,786		3,786
Futures	Interest Rate			7,253		7,253				2,214		2,214
Forwards	Currency			429		429				203		203
Warrants	Credit			(312)		(312)				312		312
Total		$	7,462	$	18,821	$	26,283	$	6,656	$	49,129	$	55,785

(1)Includes foreign currency remeasurement on financial derivatives in the amount of $(9) thousand for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, which is included on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations in Other, net.

Table of Contents


		Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
Derivative Type	Primary Risk Exposure	Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives
(In thousands)
Interest rate swaps	Interest Rate	$	49,744	$	(64,743)	$	(14,999)	$	(17,695)	$	42,853	$	25,158
Credit default swaps on asset-backed securities	Credit			(1)		(1)				(2)		(2)
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	Credit			(1,945)		(1,945)				(49)		(49)
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	Credit			(8,136)		(8,136)				2,639		2,639
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	Credit			(23)		(23)				17		17
Total return swaps	Equity Market/Credit			33		33				(6)		(6)
TBAs	Interest Rate			2,196		2,196				4,284		4,284
Futures	Interest Rate			(8,965)		(8,965)				7,516		7,516
Forwards	Currency			(20)		(20)				(208)		(208)
Warrants	Credit			86		86				(726)		(726)
Total		$	49,744	$	(81,518)	$	(31,774)	$	(17,695)	$	56,318	$	38,623


		Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
Derivative Type	Primary Risk Exposure	Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives Other Than on Accrued Periodic Settlements of Interest Rate Swaps(1)		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Financial Derivatives(1)
(In thousands)
Interest rate swaps	Interest Rate	$	22,489	$	(5,729)	$	16,760	$	13,421	$	44,706	$	58,127
Credit default swaps on asset-backed indices	Credit			(1,215)		(1,215)				2,156		2,156
Credit default swaps on corporate bond indices	Credit			(6,071)		(6,071)				2,565		2,565
Credit default swaps on corporate bonds	Credit			(124)		(124)				(9)		(9)
Total return swaps	Equity Market/Credit			30		30				16		16
TBAs	Interest Rate			17,287		17,287				165		165
Futures	Interest Rate			4,189		4,189				3,326		3,326
Forwards	Currency			73		73				167		167
Warrants	Credit			(312)		(312)				381		381
Total		$	22,489	$	8,128	$	30,617	$	13,421	$	53,473	$	66,894

(1)Includes foreign currency remeasurement on financial derivatives in the amount of $(3) thousand for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, which is included on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations in Other, net.

Table of Contents

The table below details the average notional values of the Company's financial derivatives, using absolute value of month end notional values, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:


Derivative Type	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024		Year Ended December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Interest rate swaps	$	5,877,502	$	4,309,089
Credit default swaps	788,622		497,857
TBAs	483,077		603,206
Futures	316,670		246,669
Forwards	23,513		15,567
Total return swaps	917		875
Warrants	132		1,926

From time to time the Company enters into credit derivative contracts for which the Company sells credit protection ("written credit derivatives"). As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of the Company's open written credit derivatives were credit default swaps on either mortgage/asset-backed indices (ABX and CMBX indices) or corporate bond indices (CDX), collectively referred to as credit indices, or on individual corporate bonds, for which the Company receives periodic payments at fixed rates from credit protection buyers, and is obligated to make payments to the credit protection buyer upon the occurrence of a "credit event" with respect to underlying reference assets.

Written credit derivatives held by the Company at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized below:


Credit Derivatives	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Fair Value of Written Credit Derivatives, Net	$	8,655	$	7,264
Notional Value of Written Credit Derivatives(1)	145,956		151,290

(1)The notional value is the maximum amount that a seller of credit protection would be obligated to pay, and a buyer of credit protection would receive, upon occurrence of a "credit event." Movements in the value of credit default swap transactions may require the Company or the counterparty to post or receive collateral. Amounts due or owed under credit derivative contracts with an International Swaps and Derivatives Association, or "ISDA," counterparty may be offset against amounts due or owed on other credit derivative contracts with the same ISDA counterparty. As a result, the notional value of written credit derivatives involving a particular underlying reference asset or index has been reduced (but not below zero) by the notional value of any contracts where the Company has purchased credit protection on the same reference asset or index with the same ISDA counterparty.

A credit default swap on a credit index or a corporate bond typically terminates at the stated maturity date in the case of corporate indices or bonds, or, in the case of ABX and CMBX indices, the date that all of the reference assets underlying the index are paid off in full, retired, or otherwise cease to exist. Implied credit spreads may be used to determine the market value of such contracts and are reflective of the cost of buying/selling credit protection. Higher spreads would indicate a greater likelihood that a seller will be obligated to perform (i.e., make protection payments) under the contract. In situations where the credit quality of the underlying reference assets has deteriorated, the percentage of notional values that would be paid up front to enter into a new such contract ("points up front") is frequently used as an indication of credit risk. Credit protection sellers entering the market in such situations would expect to be paid points up front corresponding to the approximate fair value of the contract. As of September 30, 2024, the implied credit spread on the Company's outstanding written credit derivative ranged between 48 and 271 basis points as compared to a range of between 51 and 438 basis points as of December 31, 2023. Total net up-front payments (paid) or received relating to written credit derivatives outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $(2.6) million and $(1.6) million, respectively.

Table of Contents

11. Other Assets

The following table provides additional details of the Company's assets included in Other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


Other Assets	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Prepaid expenses, advances, and deferred offering costs	$	10,843	$	11,602
Accounts receivable	5,891		3,755
Leases—right of use assets(1)	5,330		3,279
Prepaid scheduled draws on reverse mortgage loans and amounts due from sub-servicer	3,281		2,800
Intangible assets	2,297		2,673
Property and equipment(2)	1,435		1,110
Loan purchase commitments, at fair value(3)	1,348		—
Certificates of deposit, security deposits, and escrow cash	1,146		1,043
Receivables and claims related to reverse mortgage loans repurchased from HMBS(4)	365		48,468
Servicing asset, at fair value(5)	—		1,327
Other	445		1,042
	$	32,381	$	77,099

(1)See Note 24 for additional details on the Company's leases and ROU assets.

(2)Net of accumulated depreciation.

(3)See Note 24 for details on loan purchase commitments.

(4)Represents receivables from third-parties and claims to HUD related to loans repurchased from HMBS. See Note 13, Issuance of HMBS for discussion on the maximum claim amount related to reverse mortgage loans in HMBS.

(5)See Note 13 for details on the Servicing asset (liability).

In connection with the Longbridge Transaction, the Company identified and recognized various intangible assets. The following table details the Company's intangible assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	September 30, 2024							December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Useful Life	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Useful Life
	(In thousands)						(In months)	(In thousands)						(In months)
Intangible Asset:
Internally developed software	$	1,400	$	(933)	$	467	36	$	1,400	$	(583)	$	817	36
Trademarks/trade names	1,200		—		1,200		Indefinite	1,200		—		1,200		Indefinite
Customer relationships	700		(70)		630		240	700		(44)		656		240
Total identified intangible assets	$	3,300	$	(1,003)	$	2,297		$	3,300	$	(627)	$	2,673

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes changes in the net carrying value of the Company's intangible assets for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands)	Internally Developed Software		Trademarks/Trade Names		Customer Relationships		Total
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Beginning Balance (June 30, 2024)	$	583	$	1,200	$	639	$	2,422
Accumulated Amortization	(116)		—		(9)		(125)
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Ending Balance (September 30, 2024)	$	467	$	1,200	$	630	$	2,297


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Internally Developed Software		Trademarks/Trade Names		Customer Relationships		Total
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Beginning Balance (June 30, 2023)	$	1,050	$	1,200	$	674	$	2,924
Accumulated Amortization	(117)		—		(9)		(126)
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Ending Balance (September 30, 2023)	$	933	$	1,200	$	665	$	2,798


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands)	Internally Developed Software		Trademarks/Trade Names		Customer Relationships		Total
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Beginning Balance (December 31, 2023)	$	817	$	1,200	$	656	$	2,673
Accumulated Amortization	(350)		—		(26)		(376)
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Ending Balance (September 30, 2024)	$	467	$	1,200	$	630	$	2,297


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Internally Developed Software		Trademarks/Trade Names		Customer Relationships		Non-Compete Agreements		Total
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Beginning Balance (December 31, 2022)	$	1,284	$	1,200	$	691	$	100	$	3,275
Accumulated Amortization	(351)		—		(26)		(100)		(477)
Net carrying value of intangible assets—Ending Balance (September 30, 2023)	$	933	$	1,200	$	665	$	—	$	2,798

The following table summarizes the Company's estimated future amortization expense on its intangible assets.


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024
2024	$	126
2025	385
2026	35
2027	35
2028	35
Thereafter	481
Total	$	1,097

Table of Contents

12. Consolidated VIEs

As discussed in Note 2, the Company has interests in entities that it has determined to be VIEs. The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities of the Company's consolidated VIEs that are included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See Note 13 and Note 16 for additional information on the Company's consolidated VIEs.


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,207	$	178
Restricted cash	8,973		—
Securities, at fair value	65,711		74,226
Loans, at fair value	4,289,622		3,342,478
Forward MSR-related investments, at fair value	76,496		82,273
Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value	98,812		63,701
Real estate owned	25,297		16,100
Investment related receivables	33,196		19,929
Other assets	361		469
Total Assets	$	4,605,675	$	3,599,354
Liabilities
Repurchase agreements	$	1,723,513	$	1,244,401
Other secured borrowings	39,013		25,787
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	1,813,755		1,424,668
Interest payable	6,469		1,879
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	970		451
Total Liabilities	3,583,720		2,697,186
Total Stockholders' Equity	1,015,557		897,303
Non-controlling interests	6,398		4,865
Total Equity	1,021,955		902,168
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	4,605,675	$	3,599,354

13. Securitization Transactions

Participation in CLO Transactions

An affiliate of Ellington sponsored four CLO securitization transactions (the "Ellington-sponsored CLO Securitizations"), collateralized by corporate loans and managed by an affiliate of Ellington (the "CLO Manager"). Ellington, the Company, several other affiliates of Ellington, and in certain cases, third parties, participated in the Ellington-sponsored CLO Securitizations (collectively, the "CLO Co-Participants").

Pursuant to each Ellington-sponsored CLO Securitization, a newly formed securitization trust (each a "CLO Issuer") issued various classes of notes, which were in turn sold to unrelated third parties and the applicable CLO Co-Participants.

The CLO Issuers are each deemed to be a VIE. The Company evaluates its interests in the CLO Issuers under ASC 810, and while the Company retains credit risk in each of the securitization trusts through its beneficial ownership of a portion of the subordinated interests of each of the securitization trusts, which are the first to absorb credit losses on the securitized assets, the Company does not retain control of these assets or the power to direct the activities of the CLO Issuers that most significantly impact the CLO Issuers' economic performance. As a result, the Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of the CLO Issuers, and therefore the Company has not consolidated the CLO Issuers. The Company's maximum amount at risk is limited to the Company's investment in each of the CLO Issuers. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investment in the notes issued by the CLO Issuers was $2.7 million and $5.1 million, respectively.

See Note 16 for further details on the Company's participation in CLO transactions.

Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations—Non-QM loans

The Company has participated in securitizations of non-QM loans (each, a "non-QM securitization"). In each case, the applicable sponsor of such securitization (the "Sponsor") transferred a pool of non-QM loans (each, a "Collateral Pool") to a

Table of Contents

wholly-owned subsidiary of such Sponsor (each, a "Depositor"), and on the closing date such Collateral Pool was deposited into a newly created securitization trust (such trusts collectively, the "Issuing Entities"). Pursuant to the securitizations, the Issuing Entities issued various classes of mortgage pass-through certificates (the "Certificates") which are backed by the cash flows from the underlying non-QM loans.

For the non-QM securitizations in which the Company participated between November 2017 and July 2022, the Sponsor and the Depositor are wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company. The Company has subsequently participated in non-QM securitizations with other entities managed by Ellington (each a "Non-QM Co-Participant"), and in such cases the Sponsor and the Depositor are not subsidiaries of the Company.

Under the Dodd-Frank Act, sponsors of securitizations are generally required to retain at least 5% of the economic interest in the credit risk of the securitized assets (the "Risk Retention Rules"). In order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules, in each non-QM securitization for which the applicable Sponsor was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, the Company purchased and intends to hold, at a minimum, the requisite amount of the most subordinated classes of Certificates and the excess cash flow certificates. The applicable Sponsor also purchased the Certificates entitled to excess servicing fees in each securitization, while the remaining classes of Certificates were purchased by unrelated parties. In the non-QM securitizations for which the Sponsor was not a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, the Company and the applicable Non-QM Co-Participants have membership interests in an entity formed for such purpose (the "Participated Risk Retention Vehicle") which purchased, and intends to hold, the requisite amount of each class of Certificate for each applicable non-QM securitization. The Participated Risk Retention Vehicle also purchased the Certificates entitled to excess servicing fees of such Issuing Entities. The remaining Certificates were purchased by the Company, the Non-QM Co-Participants, and/or various unrelated parties.

Notwithstanding that the Certificates carry final scheduled distribution dates in November 2059 or later, the applicable Depositor may, at its sole option, purchase all of the outstanding Certificates (an "Optional Redemption") following the earlier of (1) the applicable anniversary of the closing date (typically two or three years) of the respective securitization or (2) the date on which the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the applicable Collateral Pool has declined below 30% of the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the applicable Collateral Pool as of the date as of which such loans were originally transferred to the applicable Issuing Entity. The purchase price that the Depositor is required to pay in connection with an Optional Redemption is equal to the sum of the unpaid principal balance of each class of Certificates as of the redemption date and any accrued and unpaid interest thereon. These Optional Redemption rights are held by the applicable Depositor and are deemed to give such Depositor effective control over the loans. In cases where the Depositor was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, the transfers of non-QM loans to each of the Issuing Entities do not qualify as sales under ASC 860-10, and the Company continues to reflect the loans on its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Loans, at fair value. In cases where the Depositor was not wholly-owned or consolidated by the Company, the transfers of non-QM loans to the Issuing Entities did qualify as sales in accordance with ASC 860-10.

In the event that certain breaches of representations or warranties are discovered with respect to any underlying non-QM loans, the Company could be required to repurchase or replace such loans.

Each Sponsor also serves as the servicing administrator of its respective securitization, for which it is entitled to receive a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of the product of (a) 0.03% and (b) the unpaid principal balance of the underlying non-QM loans as of the first day of the related due period. Each Sponsor in its role as servicing administrator provides direction and consent for certain loss mitigation activities to the third-party servicer of the underlying non-QM loans. In certain circumstances, the servicing administrator will be required to reimburse the servicer for principal and interest advances and servicing advances made by the servicer.

Consolidated Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations

For non-QM securitizations in which the Company owned 100% of the interests in both the Sponsor and Depositor ("Consolidated Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations"), the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the Issuing Entities, which are VIEs, and has consolidated the Issuing Entities ("Consolidated Issuing Entities") given the Company's retained interests in each of the securitizations, together with the Optional Redemption rights held by the wholly-owned Depositor and the Company's ability to direct the third-party servicer regarding certain loss mitigation activities. Interest income from these loans and the expenses related to the servicing of these loans are included in Interest income and Investment related expenses—Servicing expense, respectively, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Each of the Consolidated Issuing Entities meet the definition of a CFE as defined in Note 2, and as a result the fair value of the assets of each of the Issuing Entities have been derived from the fair value of the liabilities of the respective Issuing Entity, as such liabilities have been assessed to be more observable than such assets.

Table of Contents

The debt of the Consolidated Issuing Entities is included in Other secured borrowings, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and is shown net of the Certificates held by the Company.

The following table details the Company's outstanding consolidated residential mortgage loan securitizations:


Issuing Entity	Closing Date	Principal Balance of Loans Transferred to the Depositor		Total Face Amount of Certificates Issued(1)
		(In thousands)
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2019-2	11/19	$	267,255	$	267,255
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2020-1	6/20	259,273		259,273
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2020-2	10/20	219,732		219,732
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2021-1	2/21	251,771		251,771
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2021-2	6/21	331,777		331,777
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2021-3	10/21	257,645		257,645
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2022-1	1/22	417,188		417,188
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2022-2	4/22	425,651		425,651
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 2022-3	7/22	345,652		345,652

(1)The Sponsor purchased various classes of Certificates issued by each Issuing Entity in order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules.

The following table details the assets and liabilities of the Consolidated Issuing Entities included in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Loans, at fair value	$	1,526,018	$	1,555,371
Investment related receivables	2,403		1,884
Liabilities:
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	1,390,854		1,424,668

Non-Consolidated Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations

As described above, the Company has also participated in non-QM securitizations with various Non-QM Co-Participants. For the non-QM securitization which closed in December 2022, the Company and the Non-QM Co-Participant each sold loans to a jointly held entity (the "Residential Loan JV") which then transferred the loans to the respective series of the applicable Sponsor, which is wholly-owned by the Residential Loan JV, for further transfer to the applicable Depositor. For the non-QM securitizations that closed after December 2022, the Company and the Non-QM Co-Participants each sold loans directly to the respective series of the applicable Sponsor, for further transfer to the applicable Depositor. The sales by the Company in each instance were accounted for as sales in accordance with ASC 860-10.

The following table provides details on outstanding non-consolidated residential mortgage loan securitizations in which the Company has participated:


Issuing Entity	Closing Date	Principal Balance of Loans Sold By the Company		Principal Balance of Loans Sold By the Non-QM Co-Participants		Total Face Amount of Certificates Issued
		(In thousands)
EFMT 2022-4	12/22	$	309,998	$	55,264	$	365,262
EFMT 2023-1	2/23	176,218		154,149		330,367
EFMT 2024-INV1	4/24	194,497		105,955		300,452

In order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules, the Participated Risk Retention Vehicle purchased a percentage of each of the classes of Certificates issued by the respective Issuing Entities. The aggregate fair value of the Company's ownership interests in the Residential Loan JV, and respective series of both the Participated Risk Retention Vehicle and Sponsor, was $8.7 million as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Such interests are included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value. The Company and the non-QM Co-Participants also directly purchased, certain of the Certificates issued by the non-consolidated Issuing Entities; the Company

Table of Contents

subsequently sold various of these Certificates. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investment in such Certificates was $2.3 million and $33.0 million, respectively, and is included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Securities, at fair value.

The Company has evaluated its interests in the Residential Loan JV, the Participated Risk Retention Vehicle, and the Sponsor, which are each VIEs. Because the Company does not control the assets of such entities nor does it have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact such entities' economic performance, the Company determined that the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs, and therefore the Company has not consolidated these VIEs.

Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations—European Residential Mortgage Loans

The Company holds an interest in a European RMBS issued by an unaffiliated European securitization trust (the "European RMBS Issuer"). The European RMBS Issuer issued various tranches of notes (the "European Debt Tranches") collateralized by a pool of European residential mortgage loans (the "European Mortgage Loan Securitization"). As of June 30, 2024, as the holder of a majority interest in the most subordinate European Debt Tranche, the Company may, at its sole option, purchase all of the outstanding European Debt Tranches (the "Optional Redemption").

At June 30, 2024, the Company re-evaluated its interest in the European RMBS Issuer, which is a VIE. As of such date, because the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact such entities' economic performance, the Company determined that the Company is the current primary beneficiary of this VIE, and therefore the Company has consolidated the European RMBS Issuer. Prior to June 30, 2024, the Company determined that it was not the primary beneficiary of this VIE, and did not consolidate the European RMBS Issuer. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investment in the most subordinate European Debt Tranche was $0.1 million and is included in Securities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The following table details the assets and liabilities of the European RMBS Issuer included in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,153
Loans, at fair value	55,167
Investment related receivables	704
Liabilities:
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	61,304
Investment related payables	1,656

Participation in Multi-Seller Consumer Loan Securitizations

The Company has participated in various securitizations whereby the Company, together with certain other entities managed by Ellington (the "Consumer Co-Participants"), sold consumer loans to newly formed securitization trusts (each a "Consumer Securitization Issuer"). The sales were accounted for as sales in accordance with ASC 860-10. The following table provides additional details for each such securitization.


Securitization Closing	UPB of Loans Sold to Consumer Securitization Issuer		% Contributed by the Company		Principal Amount of Notes Issued(1)		% Ownership of Consumer Risk Retention Vehicle
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
November 2020	$	205,088	56.3	%	$	193,650	56.3	%
March 2022(2)	193,450		24.7	%	400,000		24.6	%

(1)Total principal amount of notes issued by the Consumer Securitization Issuer pursuant to the securitization.

(2)UPB of loans sold to the Consumer Securitization Issuer represent the UPB of consumer loans sold by the Company and the Consumer Co-Participants. Such amount excludes $227.6 million of UPB of consumer loans sold to the Consumer Securitization Issuer by a third-party.

As shown in the above table, pursuant to each of the securitizations, the respective Consumer Securitization Issuer issued senior and subordinated notes. Trust certificates representing beneficial ownership of each of the Consumer Securitization Issuers were also issued. In connection with each transaction, through a jointly owned newly formed entity (each a "Consumer Risk Retention Vehicle"), the Company and the Consumer Co-Participants acquired certain of the subordinated notes as well as the trust certificates in the respective Consumer Securitization Issuer. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's total interest in the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles, for which the Company has elected the FVO, was

Table of Contents

$0.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles is included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value.

The notes and trust certificates issued by each of the Consumer Securitization Issuers are backed by the cash flows from the underlying consumer loans. If there are breaches of representations and warranties with respect to any underlying consumer loans, the Company could, under certain circumstances, be required to repurchase or replace such loans. Absent such breaches, the Company has no obligation to repurchase or replace any underlying consumer loans that become delinquent or otherwise default. In addition, another affiliate of Ellington acts as the administrator for these securitizations and is paid a monthly fee for its services.

The Consumer Securitization Issuers are each deemed to be a VIE. The Company has evaluated its interest in each of the Consumer Securitization Issuers under ASC 810, and while the Company retains credit risk in each of the securitization trusts through its beneficial ownership of most of the subordinated interests of each of the securitization trusts, which are the first to absorb credit losses on the securitized assets, neither the Company nor the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles retain control of these assets or the power to direct the activities of the Consumer Securitization Issuers that most significantly impact the Consumer Securitization Issuers' economic performance. As a result, the Company determined that neither the Company nor the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles are the primary beneficiary of the respective Consumer Securitization Issuer, and therefore the Company has not consolidated the Consumer Securitization Issuers. Additionally, the Company evaluated its interest in each of the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles, which do not meet the criteria to be deemed a VIE, under the voting interest model provided by ASC 810 and determined the Company does not control the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles. As a result, the Company has not consolidated the Consumer Risk Retention Vehicles.

Proprietary Reverse Mortgage Loan Securitizations

The Company has sponsored securitizations of reverse mortgage loans (each, a "Reverse Mortgage Securitization"). In each case, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary (the "RM Sponsor"), transferred a pool of proprietary reverse mortgage loans (each, a "RM Collateral Pool") to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the RM Sponsor (the "RM Depositor"), which then deposited such RM Collateral Pool into a newly created securitization trust on the related securitization closing date. Pursuant to the Reverse Mortgage Securitizations, the securitization trusts (collectively, the "RM Issuing Entities") issued various classes of asset-backed notes (the "RM Notes") which are backed by the cash flows from the underlying proprietary reverse mortgage loans.

The Company purchased and intends to hold, at a minimum, the requisite amount of RM Notes it is required to hold under the Risk Retention Rules.

The RM Sponsor also serves as the servicing administrator of each Reverse Mortgage Securitization, for which it is entitled to receive a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of the product of (a) 0.03% and (b) the unpaid principal balance of the underlying reverse mortgage loans as of the first day of the related due period. The Sponsor in its role as servicing administrator provides direction and consent for certain loss mitigation activities to the third-party servicer of the underlying reverse mortgage loans. In certain circumstances, the servicing administrator will be required to reimburse the servicer for principal and interest advances and servicing advances made by the servicer.

The Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of each of the RM Issuing Entities, which are VIEs, and has consolidated such entities given the Company's retained interests in each of the Reverse Mortgage Securitizations, together with the Optional Redemption rights held by the RM Depositor and the Company's ability to direct the third-party servicer regarding certain loss mitigation activities. Interest income from these loans and the expenses related to the servicing of these loans are included in Interest income and Investment related expenses—Servicing expense, respectively, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Each of the RM Issuing Entities meet the definition of a CFE and, as a result, the fair value of the assets of the RM Issuing Entities have been derived from the fair value of the liabilities of the RM Issuing Entities, as such liabilities have been assessed to be more observable than such assets.

The debt of the RM Issuing Entities is included in Other secured borrowings, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and is shown net of the RM Notes held by the Company.

Table of Contents

The following table provide additional details for the Company's outstanding consolidated Reverse Mortgage Securitizations:


RM Issuing Entity	Closing Date	Principal Balance of Loans Transferred to the Depositor		Total Face Amount of RM Notes Issued(1)
		(In thousands)
EFMT 2024-RM1	3/24	$	171,412	$	208,100
EFMT 2024-RM2	7/24	188,117		232,150

(1)The RM Sponsor purchased various classes of RM Notes issued by each RM Issuing Entity in order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules.

The following table details the assets and liabilities of the RM Issuing Entities included in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024:


	September 30, 2024
Assets:	(In thousands)
Restricted cash	$	8,973
Loans, at fair value	390,562
Liabilities:
Other secured borrowings, at fair value	361,596

Issuance of HMBS

Longbridge is approved as a Title II, non-supervised direct endorsement mortgagee with HUD. Longbridge is also an approved issuer of HMBS whereby it pools HECM loans and issues HMBS securities which are sold to third-parties with only the servicing rights retained. As discussed in Note 5, HMBS are structured whereby the HMBS issuer is required to repurchase loans whenever the outstanding principal balance of such loan reaches 98% of the MCA. In accordance with ASC 860-10, the transfer of the loans to the HMBS securitization vehicle does not qualify as a sale as the Company has not surrendered control over transferred financial assets. As a result, the transfer of the loans is accounted for as secured borrowings for which the Company has elected the FVO. Such secured borrowings are included in HMBS-related obligations, at fair value. The majority of the related collateral is included as a component of Loans, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company recognizes interest expense on such HMBS-related obligations based on the stated coupon rate of the respective HMBS. Interest expense and changes in fair value are recorded in net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company pooled HECM loans with an unpaid principal balance of $331.2 million and $352.1 million, respectively, into HMBS. During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company pooled HECM loans with an unpaid principal balance of $940.2 million and $1.0 billion, respectively, into HMBS. As of September 30, 2024, the Company was servicing 859 pools of HMBS with an unpaid principal balance of $8.4 billion. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was servicing 974 pools of HMBS with an unpaid principal balance of $8.2 billion.

The Company had entered into a Collaboration and Transfer Agreement, or the "HECM CT Agreement" with a third party. Pursuant to the HECM CT Agreement, the Company purchased HECM loans and the associated MSR from the third party and securitized such loans into HMBS. While the Company was the legal owner and servicer of the HMBS, under the HECM CT Agreement, the third party received a portion of the cash flows generated from the HMBS. The Company retained a base participation fee, along with the right to premiums on subsequent HECM tail securitizations. Additionally, in the event Company was required to repurchase a loan from the HMBS pool, there was a put option repurchase guarantee from the third-party whereby such party was required to repurchase such HECM loans from the Company. The Company recognizes the amount due to/from the third party under the HECM CT Agreement as an asset or a liability (the "Servicing Asset" or "Servicing Liability") which is included in Other Assets or Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company elected the FVO on its Servicing Asset/Liability and changes in value are included in Other Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2023, the Company has a Servicing Asset related to the HECM CT Agreement of $1.3 million, which is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities and Other Assets, respectively, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The HECM CT Agreement was terminated in September 2024 and the Company transferred the related HECM loans and the associated MSR to the third party.

During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased HECM loans from HMBS pools, largely consisting of loans subject to 98% of the MCA requirement, with an unpaid principal balance of $61.9 million and $217.4 million, respectively. Of these repurchases during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, $42.9 million and $211.2 million, respectively, were subsequently transferred to a third party in accordance with the

Table of Contents

HECM CT Agreement. During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased HECM loans from HMBS pools, largely consisting of loans subject to 98% of the MCA requirement, with an unpaid principal balance of $318.3 million and $583.5 million, respectively. Of these repurchases during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, $281.5 million and $571.4 million, respectively, were subsequently transferred to a third party in accordance with the HECM CT Agreement.

14. Borrowings

Secured Borrowings

The Company's secured borrowings consist of repurchase agreements, Other secured borrowings, Other secured borrowings, at fair value, and HMBS-related obligations, at fair value. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's total secured borrowings were $13.5 billion and $13.1 billion, respectively.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company enters into repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement involves the sale of an asset to a counterparty together with a simultaneous agreement to repurchase the transferred asset or similar asset from such counterparty at a future date. The Company accounts for its repurchase agreements as collateralized borrowings, with the transferred assets effectively serving as collateral for the related borrowing. The Company's repurchase agreements typically range in term from 30 to 364 days, although the Company also has repurchase agreements that provide for longer or shorter terms. The principal economic terms of each repurchase agreement—such as loan amount, interest rate, and maturity date—are typically negotiated on a transaction-by-transaction basis. Other terms and conditions, such as those relating to events of default, are typically governed under the Company's master repurchase agreements. Absent an event of default, the Company maintains beneficial ownership of the transferred securities during the term of the repurchase agreement and receives the related principal and interest payments. Interest rates on these borrowings are generally fixed based on prevailing rates corresponding to the terms of the borrowings, and for most repurchase agreements, interest is generally paid at the termination of the repurchase agreement, at which time the Company may enter into a new repurchase agreement at prevailing market rates with the same counterparty, repay that counterparty and possibly negotiate financing terms with a different counterparty, or choose to no longer finance the related asset. Some repurchase agreements provide for periodic payments of interest, such as monthly payments. In response to a decline in the fair value of the transferred securities, whether as a result of changes in market conditions, security paydowns, or other factors, repurchase agreement counterparties will typically make a margin call, whereby the Company will be required to post additional securities and/or cash as collateral with the counterparty in order to re-establish the agreed-upon collateralization requirements. In the event of increases in fair value of the transferred securities, the Company can generally require the counterparty to post collateral with it in the form of cash or securities. The Company is generally permitted to sell or re-pledge any securities posted by the counterparty as collateral; however, upon termination of the repurchase agreement, or other circumstance in which the counterparty is no longer required to post such margin, the Company must return to the counterparty the same security that had been posted.

At any given time, the Company seeks to have its outstanding borrowings under repurchase agreements with several different counterparties in order to reduce the exposure to any single counterparty. The Company had outstanding borrowings under repurchase agreements with 23 and 26 counterparties as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of September 30, 2024, remaining days to maturity on the Company's open repurchase agreements ranged from 1 day to 655 days. Interest rates on the Company's open repurchase agreements ranged from 4.37% to 8.42% as of September 30, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, remaining days to maturity on the Company's open repurchase agreements ranged from 2 days to 513 days. Interest rates on the Company's open repurchase agreements ranged from 4.81% to 8.68% as of December 31, 2023.

Table of Contents

The following table details the Company's outstanding borrowings under repurchase agreements for Agency RMBS, credit assets (which can include non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, CLOs, consumer loans, corporate debt, residential mortgage loans, and commercial mortgage loans and REO), reverse mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasury securities by remaining maturity as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024					December 31, 2023
			Weighted Average					Weighted Average
Remaining Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings		Interest Rate		Remaining Days to Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings		Interest Rate		Remaining Days to Maturity
Agency RMBS:	(In thousands)					(In thousands)
30 Days or Less	$	332,416	5.34	%	13	$	1,076,710	5.55	%	17
31-60 Days	4,005		5.81	%	52	15,786		5.81	%	49
61-90 Days	7,442		5.44	%	77	914		6.16	%	72
151-180 Days	2,330		5.76	%	161	1,931		6.23	%	159
Total Agency RMBS	346,193		5.35	%	15	1,095,341		5.55	%	18
Credit Assets:
30 Days or Less	681,209		7.23	%	6	124,617		6.80	%	22
31-60 Days	130,165		6.46	%	44	136,434		7.03	%	41
61-90 Days	79,799		6.29	%	74	82,992		6.85	%	74
91-120 Days	171,032		6.82	%	118	290,215		7.36	%	116
121-150 Days	49,053		7.42	%	124	—		—	%	—
151-180 Days	13,562		6.23	%	163	5,980		6.68	%	161
181-364 Days	135,049		8.02	%	258	867,983		7.61	%	268
> 364 Days	724,073		7.10	%	434	58,631		8.61	%	513
Total Credit Assets	1,983,942		7.11	%	198	1,566,852		7.44	%	199
Reverse Mortgage Loans:
30 Days or Less	30,499		8.30	%	3	—		—	%	—
61-90 Days	16,365		5.85	%	85	—		—	%	—
181-364 Days	8,751		8.14	%	309	150,228		7.97	%	282
Total Reverse Mortgage Loans	55,615		7.55	%	75	150,228		7.97	%	282
U.S. Treasury Securities:
30 Days or Less	256,302		5.07	%	1	155,016		5.51	%	2
Total U.S. Treasury Securities	256,302		5.07	%	1	155,016		5.51	%	2
Total	$	2,642,052	6.69	%	153	$	2,967,437	6.67	%	126

Repurchase agreements involving underlying investments that the Company sold prior to period end, for settlement following period end, are shown using their contractual maturity dates even though such repurchase agreements may be expected to be terminated early upon settlement of the sale of the underlying investment.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of investments transferred as collateral under outstanding borrowings under repurchase agreements was $3.3 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively. Collateral transferred under outstanding borrowings under repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, include investments in the amount of $3.6 million and $346.6 million, respectively, that were sold prior to period end but for which such sale had not yet settled. As of December 31, 2023, such amount included $341.1 million of Agency RMBS that had been acquired as a result of the Arlington merger and then subsequently sold but for which such sale transaction had not yet settled. In addition, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company posted (received) net cash collateral of $2.0 million and $(11.2) million, respectively, to its counterparties. In addition, as of September 30, 2024 additional securities with a fair value of $0.1 million were posted by the Company as a result of margin calls from various counterparties.

Table of Contents

Amount at risk represents the excess, if any, for each counterparty of the fair value of collateral held by such counterparty over the amounts outstanding under repurchase agreements. The following table provides details by counterparty for such counterparties for which the amounts at risk relating to our repurchase agreements was greater than 10% of total equity as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


Counterparty	Amount at Risk		Weighted Average Remaining Days to Maturity	Percentage of Equity
	(In thousands)
Nomura Holdings Inc.	$	207,549	29	12.8	%

December 31, 2023:


Counterparty	Amount at Risk		Weighted Average Remaining Days to Maturity	Percentage of Equity
	(In thousands)
Nomura Holdings Inc.	$	216,886	246	14.2	%

Other Secured Borrowings

In September 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to finance a portfolio of ABS backed by consumer loans through a recourse secured revolving borrowing facility, which terminates in January 2026, whereby the Company can vary its borrowings based on the size of its portfolio, subject to certain maximum limits. The facility accrues interest on a floating rate basis. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had outstanding borrowings under this facility in the amount of $38.2 million, which is included under the caption Other secured borrowings, on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of September 30, 2024, the effective interest rate on this facility, was 8.93% and the fair value of ABS backed by consumer loans collateralizing this borrowing was $64.5 million. There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with this borrowing; as of September 30, 2024 the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants.

The Company entered into an agreement to finance a portfolio of ABS backed by consumer loans through a recourse secured borrowing facility that included a revolving borrowing period ending in September 2024. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had terminated this facility. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding borrowings under this facility in the amount of $25.8 million, which is included under the caption Other secured borrowings, on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The facility accrued interest on a floating rate basis, and the effective interest rate on this facility was 9.83% as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of ABS backed by consumer loans collateralizing this borrowing was $69.8 million. There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with this borrowing; as of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants.

The Company has completed securitization transactions, as discussed in Note 13—Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations—Non-QM loans, whereby it financed portfolios of non-QM loans. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's outstanding liabilities associated with the Company's Consolidated Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations was $1.39 billion and $1.42 billion, respectively, representing the fair value of the securitization trust certificates held by third parties as of such date, and is included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings, at fair value. The weighted average coupon of the certificates held by third parties was 3.04% and 3.03% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of non-QM loans held in the Consolidated Residential Mortgage Loan Securitization trusts was $1.5 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively.

The Company has completed securitization transactions, as discussed in Note 13—Proprietary Reverse Mortgage Loan Securitizations, whereby it financed portfolios of reverse mortgage loans. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of the Company's outstanding liabilities associated with the Company's Reverse Mortgage Securitizations was $361.6 million, representing the fair value of the RM Notes held by third parties as of such date, and is included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings, at fair value. The weighted average coupon of the RM Notes held by third parties was 4.78%. Collateral held in the RM Issuing Entities as of September 30, 2024 includes the fair value of reverse mortgage loans of $390.6 million and $9.0 million of cash held in securitization reserve funds.

As discussed in Note 13—Residential Mortgage Loan Securitizations—European Residential Mortgage Loans, the Company has determined that, beginning June 30, 2024, it is the primary beneficiary of the European RMBS Issuer, resulting in consolidation. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of the outstanding liabilities of the European RMBS Issuer was $61.3 million, representing the fair value of the European Debt Tranches held by third parties as of such date, and is included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings, at fair value. The weighted average

Table of Contents

coupon of the European Debt Tranches held by third parties was 6.92%. Collateral held in the European RMBS Issuer as of September 30, 2024 includes the fair value of residential mortgage loans of $55.2 million and $7.2 million of cash.

The Company has various warehouse lines of credit which it uses to finance its portfolio of reverse mortgage loans prior to them being sold or pooled into HMBS. There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with these lines of credit; as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of these covenants. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding borrowings under these financing lines of $201.6 million and $160.1 million, respectively, which is included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings. The following table provides details for each of the warehouse lines of credit.


		September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings		Fair Value of Underlying Collateral		Effective Interest Rate		Outstanding Borrowings		Fair Value of Underlying Collateral		Effective Interest Rate
		(In thousands)						(In thousands)
Facility A	May 2025	$	107,559	$	126,109	8.32	%	$	83,393	$	99,340	8.95	%
Facility B	April 2025	94,066		105,965		7.60	%	76,717		88,251		8.21	%
		$	201,625	$	232,074	7.98	%	$	160,110	$	187,591	8.60	%

The Company entered into an agreement to finance a portfolio of HECM tail draws prior to being sold or pooled into HMBS. This facility matures in November 2024, and accrues interest on a floating-rate basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's outstanding borrowings under this facility was $20.4 million and $18.7 million, respectively, which are included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings. The effective interest rate was 8.50% and 9.00% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of HECM tail draws collateralizing this borrowing was $31.1 million and $29.2 million, respectively, which are included in Loans, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with this borrowing; as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants.

The Company entered into a line of credit agreement to finance its portfolio of HMBS-related MSRs. This facility matures in January 2025 and accrues interest on a floating-rate basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's outstanding borrowings under this facility were $8.2 million and $26.6 million, respectively, which are included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings. The effective interest rate was 10.32% and 10.46% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of MSRs collateralizing this borrowing was $99.9 million and $88.4 million, respectively. There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with this borrowing; as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants.

As discussed in Note 5—Reverse Mortgage Loans, the Company is a party to various agreements with the MLPS Counterparty, which provide for the financing of certain HECM Buyout Loans. This facility was executed in March 2023 with a three-year term and accrues interest on a floating-rate basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's outstanding borrowings under this facility were $15.7 million and $14.7 million, which are included on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other secured borrowings. The effective interest rate was 7.31% and 7.59% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of HECM Buyout Loans collateralizing this borrowing was $15.1 million and $14.9 million, respectively. There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with this borrowing; as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants.

HMBS-related Obligations

As discussed in Note 13—Proprietary Reverse Mortgage Loan Securitizations, the Company issues pools of HMBS which are accounted for as secured borrowings. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had HMBS-related obligations, at fair value of $8.8 billion and $8.4 billion, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, such HMBS-related obligations are secured by $8.9 billion and $8.5 billion, respectively, of HECM loans, REO, and HMBS-related claims or other receivables. The weighted average interest rate on the Company's HMBS-related obligations was 6.52% and 6.46% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

Unsecured Borrowings

Senior Notes

The Company has issued $210.0 million in aggregate principal amount of unsecured long-term debt, which is structured as a joint and several co-issuance by certain of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries and fully guaranteed by the Company (the "5.875% Senior Notes"). The 5.875% Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.875%, subject to adjustment based on changes, if any, in the ratings of the 5.875% Senior Notes. Interest on the 5.875% Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears. The 5.875% Senior Notes mature on April 1, 2027. Prior to April 1, 2026, the Company may redeem the 5.875% Senior Notes, at its option, in whole or in part, at a premium as detailed in the indenture dated March 31, 2022. On or after April 1, 2026, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 5.875% Senior Notes at a redemption price of 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Upon the completion of the Arlington Merger, the Company assumed Arlington's liabilities including various unsecured debt. The Company assumed $34.9 million Arlington's 6.75% Senior Notes, which bear interest at a rate of 6.75% and are due March 15, 2025 (the "6.75% Senior Notes"). Interest on the 6.75% Senior Notes is payable quarterly in arrears. The Company may redeem the 6.75% Senior Notes, at its option, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount of the 6.75% Senior Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The 6.75% Senior Notes are obligations of a certain subsidiary of the Company and are fully guaranteed by the Company.

The Company also assumed $37.8 million of Arlington's 6.00% Senior Notes, which bear interest at a rate of 6.00% and are due August 1, 2026 (the "6.00% Senior Notes"). Interest on the 6.00% Senior Notes is payable quarterly in arrears. The Company may redeem the 6.00% Senior Notes, at its option, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount of the 6.00% Senior Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption. The 6.00% Senior Notes are obligations of a certain subsidiary of the Company and are fully guaranteed by the Company.

The Company has elected the FVO for the 5.875% Senior Notes, 6.75% Senior Notes, and 6.00% Senior Notes (collectively the "Senior Notes"), which are included in Unsecured borrowings, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Change in unrealized gains and losses on the Company's Senior Notes are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on Unsecured borrowings, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

There are a number of covenants, including several financial covenants, associated with the Senior Notes; as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants for its outstanding Senior Notes. The Senior Notes are unsecured and are effectively subordinated to secured indebtedness of the Company, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness.

Subordinated Notes

The Company also assumed $15.0 million of Arlington's unregistered junior subordinated unsecured debt securities (the "Trust Preferred Debt"). The Trust Preferred Debt includes $10.0 million, which bears interest at a rate of three-month term SOFR plus 3.26%, payable quarterly in arrears, and which matures on October 7, 2033; and $5.0 million, which bears interest at a rate of three-month term SOFR plus 2.51%, payable quarterly in arrears, and which matures on July 7, 2035. The Trust Preferred Debt may be redeemed in whole or in part at any time and from time to time at the Company’s option, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Company has elected the FVO for the Trust Preferred Debt, which is included in Unsecured borrowings, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, and change in unrealized gains and losses on the Company's Trust Preferred Debt are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on Unsecured borrowings, at fair value, on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Trust Preferred Debt is an obligation of a certain subsidiary of the Company and is fully guaranteed by the Company.

Table of Contents

Schedule of Principal Repayments

The following table details the Company's principal repayment schedule, over the next 5 years, for outstanding borrowings as of September 30, 2024:


Year	Repurchase Agreements(1)		Other Secured Borrowings(2)		HMBS-related Obligations(3)		Unsecured Borrowings(1)		Total
(In thousands)
Next Twelve Months	$	2,408,520	$	532,793	$	1,066,727	$	34,931	$	4,042,971
Year 2	233,532		381,700		907,783		37,750		1,560,765
Year 3	—		254,794		844,310		210,000		1,309,104
Year 4	—		198,322		797,670		—		995,992
Year 5	—		159,051		848,670		—		1,007,721
Total	$	2,642,052	$	1,526,660	$	4,465,160	$	282,681	$	8,916,553

(1)Reflects the Company's contractual principal repayment dates.

(2)Includes $959.6 million, $242.2 million, and $40.0 million of expected principal repayments related to the Company's consolidated non-QM, reverse mortgage loan, and European Mortgage Loan securitizations, respectively, which are projected based upon the underlying assets' expected repayments and may be prior to the stated contractual maturities.

(3)Represents expected principal repayments projected based upon the expected repayments of the underlying HECM loans, which may be prior to the stated contractual maturities of the related HMBS.

15. Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. A REIT is generally not subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax on the portion of its income that is distributed to its owners if it distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income within the prescribed time frames, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains. The Company intends to operate in a manner which will allow it to continue to meet the requirements for qualification as a REIT. Accordingly, Ellington Financial Inc. does not believe that it will be subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax on the portion of its net taxable income that is distributed to its stockholders as long as certain asset, income, and share ownership tests are met.

Cash dividends declared by the Company that do not exceed its current or accumulated earnings and profits will be considered ordinary income to stockholders for income tax purposes unless all or a portion of a dividend is designated by the Company as a capital gain dividend. Distributions in excess of the Company's current and accumulated earnings and profits will be characterized as return of capital or will be treated by shareholders as capital gains.

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, or "ASC 740." Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences that may exist between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities under U.S. GAAP and the carrying amounts used for income tax purposes. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded income tax expense (benefit) of $12 thousand and $0.2 million, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded income tax expense (benefit) of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets for recoverability using a consistent approach which considers the relative impact of negative and positive evidence, including historical profitability and projections of future taxable income. Based upon the available evidence at September 30, 2024, the Company determined that it was more likely than not that the deferred tax assets of its TRS would not be utilized in future periods; a valuation allowance of $73.7 million was recorded to fully reserve against these deferred tax assets.

16. Related Party Transactions

The Company is party to the Management Agreement (which may be amended from time to time), pursuant to which the Manager manages the assets, operations, and affairs of the Company, in consideration of which the Company pays the Manager management and incentive fees. The descriptions of the Base Management Fees and Incentive Fees are detailed below.

Base Management Fees

The Operating Partnership pays the Manager 1.50% per annum of total equity of the Operating Partnership calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP as of the end of each fiscal quarter (before deductions for base management fees and incentive fees payable with respect to such fiscal quarter), provided that total equity is adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in U.S. GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between the Manager and the Company's independent directors, and approval by a majority of the Company's independent directors in the case of non-cash charges.

Table of Contents

Pursuant to the Management Agreement, if the Company invests at issuance in the equity of any collateralized debt obligation that is managed, structured, or originated by Ellington or one of its affiliates, or if the Company invests in any other investment fund or other investment for which Ellington or one of its affiliates receives management, origination, or structuring fees, then, unless agreed otherwise by a majority of the Company's independent directors, the base management and incentive fees payable by the Company to its Manager will be reduced by an amount equal to the applicable portion (as described in the Management Agreement) of any such management, origination, or structuring fees.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, the total base management fee incurred was $6.0 million, consisting of $6.1 million of total gross base management fee incurred, less $0.1 million of management fee rebates. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, the total base management fee incurred was $4.9 million, consisting of $5.0 million of total gross base management fee incurred, less $0.1 million of management fee rebates. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, the total base management fee incurred was $17.6 million, consisting of $17.8 million of total gross base management fee incurred, less $0.2 million of management fee rebates. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, the total base management fee incurred was $14.8 million, consisting of $15.1 million of total gross base management fee incurred, less $0.4 million of management fee rebates. See "—Participation in CLO Transactions" below for details on management fee rebates.

Incentive Fees

The Manager is entitled to receive a quarterly incentive fee equal to the positive excess, if any, of (i) the product of (A) 25% and (B) the excess of (1) Adjusted Net Income (described below) for the Incentive Calculation Period (which means such fiscal quarter and the immediately preceding three fiscal quarters) over (2) the sum of the Hurdle Amounts (described below) for the Incentive Calculation Period, over (ii) the sum of the incentive fees already paid or payable for each fiscal quarter in the Incentive Calculation Period preceding such fiscal quarter.

For purposes of calculating the incentive fee, "Adjusted Net Income" for the Incentive Calculation Period means the net increase in equity from operations of the Operating Partnership, after all base management fees but before any incentive fees for such period, and excluding any non-cash equity compensation expenses for such period, as reduced by any Loss Carryforward (as described below) as of the end of the fiscal quarter preceding the Incentive Calculation Period.

For purposes of calculating the incentive fee, the "Loss Carryforward" as of the end of any fiscal quarter is calculated by determining the excess, if any, of (1) the Loss Carryforward as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter over (2) the Company's net increase in equity from operations (expressed as a positive number) or net decrease in equity from operations (expressed as a negative number) of the Operating Partnership for such fiscal quarter. As of December 31, 2023, there was a Loss Carryforward of $22.1 million; there was no Loss Carryforward as of September 30, 2024.

For purposes of calculating the incentive fee, the "Hurdle Amount" means, with respect to any fiscal quarter, the product of (i) one-fourth of the greater of (A) 9% and (B) 3% plus the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate for such fiscal quarter, (ii) the sum of (A) the weighted average gross proceeds per share of all common stock and OP Unit issuances since inception of the Company and up to the end of such fiscal quarter, with each issuance weighted by both the number of shares of common stock and OP Units issued in such issuance and the number of days that such issued shares of common stock and OP Units were outstanding during such fiscal quarter, using a first-in first-out basis of accounting (i.e. attributing any share of common stock and OP Unit repurchases to the earliest issuances first) and (B) the result obtained by dividing (I) retained earnings attributable to shares of common stock and OP Units at the beginning of such fiscal quarter by (II) the average number of shares of common stock and OP Units outstanding for each day during such fiscal quarter, and (iii) the sum of (x) the average number of shares of common stock and long term incentive plan units of the Company outstanding for each day during such fiscal quarter, and (y) the average number of Convertible Non-controlling Interests outstanding for each day during such fiscal quarter. For purposes of determining the Hurdle Amount, issuances of common stock, and Convertible Non-controlling Interests (a) as equity incentive awards, (b) to the Manager as part of its base management fee or incentive fee and (c) to the Manager or any of its affiliates in privately negotiated transactions, are excluded from the calculation. The payment of the incentive fee will be in a combination of shares of common stock and cash, provided that at least 10% of any quarterly payment will be made in shares of common stock.

The Company did not accrue an incentive fee for either of the three- or nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 or 2023, since on a rolling four quarter basis, the Company's income did not exceed the prescribed hurdle amount.

Termination Fees

The Management Agreement requires the Company to pay a termination fee to the Manager in the event of (1) the Company's termination or non-renewal of the Management Agreement without cause or (2) the Company's termination of the Management Agreement based on unsatisfactory performance by the Manager that is materially detrimental to the Company or (3) the Manager's termination of the Management Agreement upon a default by the Company in the performance of any

Table of Contents

material term of the Management Agreement. Such termination fee will be equal to the amount of three times the sum of (i) the average annual quarterly base management fee amounts paid or payable with respect to the two 12-month periods ending on the last day of the latest fiscal quarter completed on or prior to the date of the notice of termination or non-renewal and (ii) the average annual quarterly incentive fee amounts paid or payable with respect to the two 12-month periods ending on the last day of the latest fiscal quarter completed on or prior to the date of the notice of termination or non-renewal.

Expense Reimbursement

Under the terms of the Management Agreement the Company is required to reimburse the Manager for operating expenses related to the Company that are incurred by the Manager, including expenses relating to legal, accounting, due diligence, other services, and all other costs and expenses. The Company's reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation. Expenses will be reimbursed in cash within 60 days following delivery of the expense statement by the Manager; provided, however, that such reimbursement may be offset by the Manager against amounts due to the Company from the Manager. The Company will not reimburse the Manager for the salaries and other compensation of the Manager's personnel except that the Company will be responsible for expenses incurred by the Manager in employing certain dedicated or partially dedicated personnel as further described below.

The Company reimburses the Manager for the allocable share of the compensation, including, without limitation, wages, salaries, and employee benefits paid or reimbursed, as approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors to certain dedicated or partially dedicated personnel who spend all or a portion of their time managing the Company's affairs, based upon the percentage of time devoted by such personnel to the Company's affairs. In their capacities as officers or personnel of the Manager or its affiliates, such personnel will devote such portion of their time to the Company's affairs as is necessary to enable the Company to operate its business.

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company reimbursed the Manager $19.6 million and $14.4 million, respectively, for previously incurred operating expenses. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding payable to the Manager for operating expenses was $5.1 million and $5.2 million, respectively, which are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Transactions Involving Investments in Unconsolidated Entities—Certain Loan Originators

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the loan originators in which the Company holds equity investments represent related parties. Transactions that have been entered into with these related party loan originators are summarized below.

The Company is a party to a mortgage loan purchase and sale flow agreement, with a mortgage loan originator (the "Related-Party MLPA") in which the Company holds a non-controlling equity investment, whereby the Company purchases residential mortgage loans that satisfy certain specified criteria. The Company also provided a $5.0 million line of credit to the mortgage originator. Under the terms of this line of credit, the Company has agreed to make advances to the mortgage originator solely for the purpose of funding specifically identified residential mortgage loans designated for sale to the Company. To the extent the advances are drawn by the mortgage originator, it must pay interest, at a rate of 15% per annum, on the outstanding balance of each advance from the date the advance is made until such advance is repaid in full. The mortgage originator is required to repay advances in full no later than two business days following the date that the Company purchases the related residential mortgage loans from the mortgage originator. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no advances outstanding. The Company has also entered into agreements whereby it guarantees the performance of such mortgage originator under third-party master repurchase agreements. See Note 24, Commitments and Contingencies, for further information on the Company's guarantees of the third-party borrowing arrangements and certain loan purchase commitments under the Related-Party MLPA. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, the Company held warrants to purchase 8.28 million shares with a fair value of $10.3 million, which were included in Investments in unconsolidated entities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. In March 2024, the Company exercised such warrants in exchange for Class B Common Stock of the mortgage loan originator. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investment in this mortgage loan originator was $25.9 million and $23.8 million, respectively.

The Company is a party to an agreement with another mortgage loan originator (the "Related Party Loan Purchase Agreement") in which the Company holds a non-controlling equity investment, whereby the Company purchases residential mortgage loans that satisfy certain specified criteria. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of the Company's investment in this mortgage loan originator was $1.5 million.

The Company holds an investment in common and preferred stock of a consumer loan originator (the "Consumer Loan Originator"). An employee of Ellington has a less-than-10% equity interest in, and serves on the board of, this consumer loan originator. Another employee of Ellington, who serves as an officer of the Company, also serves on the board, as the Company's representative. The Company, through a related party of Ellington, or the "Loan Purchaser," was a party to a

Table of Contents

consumer loan purchase and sale flow agreement with the "Consumer Loan Originator, whereby the Loan Purchaser purchased consumer loans that satisfied certain specified criteria (the "Legacy PSFA"). The Company had investments in participation certificates related to such consumer loans titled in the name of the Loan Purchaser. Through its participation certificates, the Company had beneficial interests in the loan cash flows, net of servicing-related fees and expenses. The total fair value of the Company's participation certificates was $74.2 million as of December 31, 2023, which is included in Securities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. In September 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned trust subsidiary, and the Consumer Loan Originator, entered into an amended consumer loan purchase and sale flow agreement (the "Amended PSFA") whereby the Company purchases consumer loans that satisfy certain specified criteria. The Company also entered into an agreement with the Loan Purchaser whereby the Company acquired the consumer loans titled in the name of the Loan Purchaser purchased under the Legacy PSFA from the Loan Purchaser. The Company has beneficial interests in the loan cash flows, net of servicing-related fees and expenses, including financing expenses. As discussed in Note 14, the Company has entered into a secured revolving borrowing facility to finance its consumer loans. As of September 30, 2024, the total fair value of the Company's beneficial interests was $65.7 million, which is included in Securities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Additionally, in December 2022, the Company extended a two-year revolving line of credit to the consumer loan originator; see table below for additional details.

In November 2023, the Company entered into various agreements with a residential mortgage loan originator (the "RTL Originator") in which it holds a non-controlling equity investment. Under the terms of such agreements, the Company has the option to purchase additional non-controlling equity interests at certain valuation thresholds. The Company also entered into a Commitment Letter Agreement (the "RTL Commitment Agreement") whereby it committed to purchase eligible loans originated by the RTL Originator; see Note 24, Commitments and Contingencies, for further information on the Company's commitment under the RTL Commitment Agreement. The RTL Originator has been determined to be a VIE. The Company has evaluated the RTL Originator and determined that the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the RTL Originator. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's investment in the RTL Originator was $0.6 million, which is included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value.

Transactions Involving Investments in Unconsolidated Entities—Certain Loan Origination-Related Entities

The following table provides details of financing that the Company has provided, in the form of secured promissory notes, to certain loan origination-related entities in which the Company also holds equity investments:


Effective Date of Promissory Note	Maturity Date of Promissory Note			Interest Rate as of		Outstanding Borrowings as of				Fair Value(1) as of
		Maximum Borrowing		September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
		(In thousands)				(In thousands)
May 2021(2)	December 31, 2025	$	6,000	12.0%	9.0%	$	1,000	$	2,335	$	1,000	$	2,335
February 2022	January 31, 2025	750		7.0%	7.0%	625		575		625		575
December 2022	December 16, 2024	3,500		15.0%	15.0%	1,644		1,644		—		1,233

(1)Classified as a Corporate loan and is included in Loans, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2)Convertible into non-voting equity interests, at the option of the borrower, at any time prior to maturity.

Consumer, Residential, and Commercial Loan Transactions with Affiliates

The Company purchased certain of its consumer loans through an affiliate, or the "Purchasing Entity," under various purchase agreements. The Company's beneficial interests in the consumer loans purchased through the Purchasing Entity are evidenced by participation certificates issued by trusts that hold legal title to the loans. These trusts are owned by a related party of Ellington and were established to hold such loans. Through its participation certificates, the Company participates in the cash flows of the underlying loans held by each trust. The total amount of consumer loans underlying the Company's participation certificates and held in the related party trust was $0.6 million and $1.6 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company has beneficial interests in residential mortgage loans and REO held in a trust owned by a related party of Ellington. Through these beneficial interests, the Company participates in the cash flows of the underlying loans held by such trust. The total amount of residential mortgage loans and REO underlying the Company's beneficial interests and held in the related party trust was $2.1 billion and $1.6 billion as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

The Company is a co-investor in certain commercial mortgage loans and REO with other investors, including various unrelated third parties and various affiliates of Ellington. Each co-investor in a particular loan has an interest in the limited liability company that owns such loan or REO. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair value of the Company's investments in the jointly owned limited liability companies was approximately $98.8 million and $63.7 million, respectively. Such investments are included in Investments in unconsolidated entities, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The consumer, residential mortgage, and certain commercial mortgage loans that are the subject of the foregoing loan transactions are held in trusts, each of which the Company has determined to be a VIE. The Company has evaluated each of these VIEs and determined that the Company has the power to direct the activities of each VIE that most significantly impact such VIE's economic performance and the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As a result the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of each of these VIEs and has consolidated each VIE.

Equity Investment in Unconsolidated Entity

The Company is a co-investor, together with other affiliates of Ellington, in Jepson Holdings Limited ("Jepson"), the parent of an entity (the "Jepson Risk Retention Vehicle") that has sponsored various European mortgage loan securitizations. The Jepson Risk Retention Vehicle is expected to hold certain of the notes it issues for each securitization it completes in order to comply with European risk retention rules. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's equity investment in Jepson Holdings Limited had a fair value of $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively. See Note 8 for additional details on this equity investment.

Participation in Multi-Borrower Financing Facilities

The Company is a co-participant with certain other entities managed by Ellington or its affiliates (the "Affiliated Entities") in various entities (each, a "Joint Entity"), which were formed in order to facilitate the financing of commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans, and REO (collectively, the "Mortgage Loan and REO Assets"), through repurchase agreements. Each Joint Entity has a master repurchase agreement with a particular financing counterparty.

In connection with the financing of the Mortgage Loan and REO Assets under repurchase agreements, each of the Company and the Affiliated Entities transferred certain of their respective Mortgage Loan and REO Assets to one of the Joint Entities in exchange for its pro rata share of the financing proceeds that the respective Joint Entity received from the financing counterparty. While the Company's Mortgage Loan and REO Assets were transferred to the Joint Entity, the Company's Mortgage Loan and REO Assets and the related debt were not derecognized for financial reporting purposes, in accordance with ASC 860-10, because the Company continued to retain the risks and rewards of ownership of its Mortgage Loan and REO Assets. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Joint Entities had aggregate outstanding issued debt under the repurchase agreements in the amount of $718.1 million and $560.5 million, respectively. The Company's segregated silo of this debt as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was $184.9 million and $165.9 million, respectively, and is included under the caption Repurchase agreements on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. To the extent that there is a default under the repurchase agreements, all of the assets of each respective Joint Entity, including those beneficially owned by any non-defaulting owners of such Joint Entity, could be used to satisfy the outstanding obligations under such repurchase agreement. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no party to any of the repurchase agreements was in default.

Each of the Joint Entities has been determined to be a VIE. The Company has evaluated each of these VIEs and determined that it continued to retain the risks and rewards of ownership of certain of the Mortgage Loan and REO Assets, where such Mortgage Loan and REO Assets and the related debt are segregated for the Company and each of the Affiliated Entities. On account of the segregation of certain of each co-participant's assets and liabilities within each of the Joint Entities, as well as the retention by each co-participant of control over its segregated Mortgage Loan and REO Assets within the Joint Entities, the Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of, and has consolidated its segregated silo of assets and liabilities within, each of the Joint Entities. See Note 12 and Note 14 for additional information.

Participation in CLO Transactions

As discussed in Note 13, the Company participated in a number of CLO securitization transactions, all managed by the CLO Manager.

The CLO Manager is entitled to receive management and incentive fees in accordance with the respective management agreements between the CLO Manager and the respective CLO Issuers. In accordance with the Management Agreement, the Manager rebates to the Company the portion of the management fees payable by each CLO Issuer to the CLO Manager that are allocable to the Company's participating interest in the unsecured subordinated notes issued by such CLO Issuer. For each of

Table of Contents

the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of such management fee rebates was $0.1 million. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of such management fee rebates was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

In addition, from time to time, the Company along with various other affiliates of Ellington, and in certain cases various third parties, advance funds in the form of loans ("Initial Funding Loans") to securitization vehicles to enable them to establish warehouse facilities for the purpose of acquiring the assets to be securitized. Pursuant to the terms of the warehouse facilities and the Initial Funding Loans, the applicable securitization trust is required, at the closing of each respective CLO securitization, first to repay the warehouse facility, then to repay the Initial Funding Loans, and then to distribute interest earned, net of any necessary reserves and/or interest expense, and the aggregate realized or unrealized gains, if any, on assets purchased into the warehouse facility. In the event that such CLO securitization fails to close, the assets held by the respective securitization vehicle would, subject to a cure period, be liquidated. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's investment in such warehouse facilities was $30 thousand and $0.2 million, respectively, which are included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in Investments in unconsolidated entities.

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased $1.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of various underperforming corporate debt and equity securities from certain of the Ellington-sponsored CLO Securitizations. No such purchases were made during either of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Such purchases are effected at market prices determined through the procedures set forth in the indentures of the respective Ellington-sponsored CLO Securitizations.

Investment in Affiliate

The Company has an investment in the common shares of Ellington Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (the "Affiliated REIT"), which is an affiliate of the Company managed by an affiliate of Ellington (the "Affiliate REIT Manager"). The Company, Ellington, and various unrelated third parties (collectively, the "Affiliated REIT Founding Investors") have entered into various agreements committing to invest in the common stock of the Affiliated REIT. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had contributed $12.5 million and its remaining commitment to fund capital calls was $12.5 million; see Note 24—Commitments to Affiliate. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of the Company's investment in the Affiliated REIT was $12.5 million. In accordance with the management agreement between the Affiliated REIT and the Affiliate REIT Manager (the "REIT Management Agreement"), investors pay a quarterly base management fee and, if certain performance hurdles are met, a performance fee. In accordance with the Management Agreement, the Manager rebates to the Company the portion of the management fee and performance fee payable to the Affiliated REIT Manager.

In connection with the commitment to contribute capital to the Affiliated REIT, each of the Affiliated REIT Founding Investors entered into an agreement with the Affiliate REIT Manager whereby each of the Affiliated REIT Founding Investors participates in a net revenue share arrangement based on each Affiliated REIT Founding Investors’ pro rata share of the Affiliate REIT’s initial capital (the "Revenue Share Arrangement"). Under the terms of the Revenue Share Arrangement, each of the Affiliated REIT Founding Investors, including the Company, is entitled to receive from the Affiliate REIT Manager an amount equal to the product of (i) a fixed percentage and (ii) the management and performance fees earned by, less certain expenses incurred by, the Affiliate REIT Manager. The Revenue Share Arrangement will continue in perpetuity for each Affiliated REIT Founding Investor given (i) such Affiliate REIT Founding Investor has not defaulted on its obligation to fund its capital calls, and (ii) the REIT Management Agreement has not been terminated or is not renewed. To the extent that the net revenue share received by the Company is less than the management fees and performance fees incurred by the Company with respect to its investment in the Affiliated REIT, the Manager will rebate to the Company such difference.

The directors of the Affiliated REIT are currently: Michael Vranos, the Company's Co-Chief Investment Officer; Laurence Penn, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and President and a member of our Board of Directors; and Mark Tecotzky, the Company's Co-Chief Investment Officer. The Company has evaluated its interests in the Affiliated REIT, which is a VIE. Because the Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the Affiliated REIT's economic performance, the Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of the Affiliated REIT.

17. Long-Term Incentive Plan Units

OP LTIP Units issued under the Company's incentive plans are generally exercisable by the holder at any time after vesting. Each OP LTIP Unit is convertible into an OP Unit on a one-for-one basis. Subject to certain conditions, the OP Units are redeemable by the holder for an equivalent number of shares of common stock of the Company or for the cash value of such shares of common stock, at the Company's election. Costs associated with the OP LTIP Units issued under the Company's incentive plans are measured as of the grant date and expensed ratably over the vesting period. Total expense associated with OP LTIP Units issued under the Company's incentive plans is presented in Compensation and benefits, on the Statement of Operations. Total expense associated with OP LTIP Units issued under the Company's incentive plans for each of the three-

Table of Contents

month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $0.3 million and for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $0.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

The below table details unvested OP LTIP Units as of September 30, 2024:

Grant Recipient

Number of OP LTIP Units Granted

Grant Date

Vesting Date(1)

Directors:

33,512

September 11, 2024

September 10, 2025

Dedicated or partially dedicated personnel:

14,708

December 15, 2022

December 15, 2024

22,135

December 14, 2023

December 14, 2024

17,538

December 14, 2023

December 14, 2025

39,740

March 19, 2024

December 31, 2025

Total unvested OP LTIP Units at September 30, 2024

127,633

(1)Date at which such OP LTIP Units will vest and become non-forfeitable.

The following tables summarize issuance and exercise activity of OP LTIP Units for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
	Manager	Director/ Employee	Total	Manager	Director/ Employee	Total
OP LTIP Units Outstanding (June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	365,518	423,177	788,695	365,518	404,055	769,573
Granted	—	33,512	33,512	—	—	—
Exercised	—	(7,657)	(7,657)	—	(6,199)	(6,199)
OP LTIP Units Outstanding (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	365,518	449,032	814,550	365,518	397,856	763,374
OP LTIP Units Unvested and Outstanding (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	—	127,633	127,633	—	88,819	88,819
OP LTIP Units Vested and Outstanding (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	365,518	321,399	686,917	365,518	309,037	674,555


	Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
	Manager	Director/ Employee	Total	Manager	Director/ Employee	Total
OP LTIP Units Outstanding (December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	365,518	383,437	748,955	365,518	404,055	769,573
Granted	—	73,252	73,252	—	—	—
Exercised	—	(7,657)	(7,657)	—	(6,199)	(6,199)
OP LTIP Units Outstanding (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	365,518	449,032	814,550	365,518	397,856	763,374
OP LTIP Units Unvested and Outstanding (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	—	127,633	127,633	—	88,819	88,819
OP LTIP Units Vested and Outstanding (September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	365,518	321,399	686,917	365,518	309,037	674,555

There were an aggregate of 1,365,928 and 1,439,180 shares of common stock of the Company underlying awards, including OP LTIP Units, available for future issuance under the Company's 2017 Equity Incentive Plan as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

18. Non-controlling Interests

Operating Partnership

Non-controlling interests include the Convertible Non-controlling Interests in the Operating Partnership owned by an affiliate of our Manager, our directors, and certain current and former Ellington employees and their related parties in the form

Table of Contents

of OP LTIP Units. Income allocated to Convertible Non-controlling Interests is based on the non-controlling interest owners' ownership percentage of the Operating Partnership during the period, calculated using a daily weighted average of all shares of common stock of the Company and Convertible Non-controlling Interests outstanding during the period. Holders of Convertible Non-controlling Interests are entitled to receive the same distributions that holders of shares of common stock of the Company receive. Convertible Non-controlling Interests are non-voting with respect to matters as to which holders of common stock of the Company are entitled to vote.

As of September 30, 2024, the Convertible Non-controlling Interests consisted of the outstanding 814,550 OP LTIP Units and 46,360 OP Units, and represented an interest of approximately 0.7% in the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2023, the Convertible Non-controlling Interests consisted of the outstanding 748,955 OP LTIP Units and 46,360 OP Units, and represented an interest of approximately 0.7% in the Operating Partnership. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, non-controlling interests related to all outstanding Convertible Non-controlling Interests was $11.9 million and $11.1 million, respectively.

Joint Venture Interests

Non-controlling interests also include the interests of joint venture partners in various consolidated subsidiaries of the Company. These subsidiaries hold the Company's investments in certain commercial mortgage loans and REO. The joint venture partners participate in the income, expense, gains and losses of such subsidiaries as set forth in the related operating agreements of the subsidiaries. The joint venture partners make capital contributions to the subsidiaries as new approved investments are purchased by the subsidiaries, and are generally entitled to distributions when investments are sold or otherwise disposed of. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the joint venture partners' interests in subsidiaries of the Company were $6.4 million and $4.9 million, respectively.

The joint venture partners' interests are not convertible into shares of common stock of the Company or OP Units, nor are the joint venture partners entitled to receive distributions that holders of shares of common stock of the Company receive.

Non-Controlling Interests in Longbridge

As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned 99.6% of Longbridge; the remainder relates to units held by various executives at Longbridge (the "Longbridge Executive Unit Holders") and stock options issued to various Longbridge employees (collectively, the "Longbridge Minority Holders"). Units held by the Longbridge Executive Unit Holders and exercised stock options participate in the income, expense, gains and losses of Longbridge but do not participate in the income, expense, gains and losses of the Operating Partnership. The Longbridge Minority Holders' interests are not convertible into shares of common stock of the Company or OP Units, nor are the Longbridge Minority Holders' entitled to receive distributions that holders of shares of common stock of the Company receive. Total expense associated with such options is presented under Compensation and benefits on the Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Longbridge Minority Holders' interests in Longbridge were $2.4 million. In September 2024, the Company executed the buyout of the Longbridge Minority Holders' interests and as of September 30, 2024, Longbridge was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. These transactions are reflected on the Condensed Consolidation Statement of Changes in Equity in Cancellation of employee stock options and Purchase of non-controlling interests.

19. Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has authorized 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total amount of cumulative preferred dividends in arrears was $4.0 million.

As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 4,600,000 shares of 6.750% Series A Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series A Preferred Stock") outstanding.

As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 4,820,421 shares of 6.250% Series B Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series B Preferred Stock") outstanding.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 4,000,000 shares of 8.625% Series C Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series C Preferred Stock") outstanding. The 4,000,000 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were issued during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 and provided $96.5 million of net proceeds after $3.5 million of commissions and offering costs.

Table of Contents

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 379,668 shares of 7.00% Series D Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("Series D Preferred Stock") outstanding and 957,133 shares of 8.250% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("Series E Preferred Stock") outstanding.

On January 20, 2022, the Company commenced an "at-the-market" offering for our Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock, or the "Preferred ATM Program," by entering into equity distribution agreements with sales agents under which it is authorized to offer and sell up to $100.0 million of Series A Preferred Stock and/or Series B Preferred Stock from time to time. The Company did not issue any shares of preferred stock under the Preferred ATM Program during either of the three- or nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had remaining authorization under the Preferred ATM Program of $99.5 million.

The Company's Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock, and Series E Preferred Stock (collectively the "Series Preferred Stock") rank senior to its common stock and Convertible Non-controlling Interests. Each Series Preferred Stock ranks on a parity with all other Series Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company.

Series A

The Company's Series A Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. The Series A Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to October 30, 2024, except under circumstances where it is necessary to allow the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and except in certain instances upon the occurrence of a change of control. Holders of the Company's Series A Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights.

Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends (i) from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, October 30, 2024, at a fixed rate equal to 6.750% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference and (ii) from and including October 30, 2024, at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.196% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 30th day of each January, April, July, and October.

Series B

The Company's Series B Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. The Series B Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to January 30, 2027, except under circumstances where it is necessary to allow the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and except in certain instances upon the occurrence of a change of control. Holders of the Company's Series B Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights.

Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, January 30, 2027 (the "Series B First Reset Date"), at a fixed rate equal to 6.250% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. The applicable fixed rate resets on the First Reset Date and again on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date (each a "Series B Reset Date"), at a rate equal to the five-year treasury rate as measured three business days prior to the Series B Reset Date plus 4.99% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 30th day of each January, April, July, and October.

Series C

The Company's Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. The Series C Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to April 30, 2028, except under circumstances where it is necessary to allow the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and except in certain instances upon the occurrence of a change of control. Holders of the Company's Series C Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights.

Holders of the Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, April 30, 2028 (the "Series C First Reset Date"), at a fixed rate equal to 8.625% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. The applicable fixed rate resets on the First Reset Date and again on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date (each a "Series C Reset Date"), at a rate equal to the five-year treasury rate as measured three business days prior to the Series C Reset Date plus 5.13% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 30th day of each January, April, July, and October.

Table of Contents

Series D

The Company's Series D Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund. The Series D Preferred Stock is redeemable by the Company at its discretion upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ notice. Holders of the Company's Series D Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights.

Holders of the Series D Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends from and including, September 30, 2023, at a fixed rate equal to 7.000% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 30th day of each March, June, September, and December.

Series E

The Company's Series E Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. The Series E Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to March 30, 2024, except under circumstances where it is necessary to allow the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and except in certain instances upon the occurrence of a change of control. Holders of the Company's Series E Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights.

Holders of the Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends (i) from and including September 30, 2023 to but not including March 30, 2024, at a fixed rate equal to 8.250% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference and (ii) from and including March 30, 2024, at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.664% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 30th day of each March, June, September, and December.

Common Stock

The Company has authorized 300,000,000 and 200,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of additional shares, subject to the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of common stock then outstanding. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 90,661,736 and 83,000,488 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively.

The Company previously commenced an "at-the-market" offering program for shares of its common stock, or the "Common ATM Program," by entering into equity distribution agreements with sales agents. Under the current equity distribution agreements, amended on September 30, 2024, the Company is authorized to offer and sell up to $300.0 million of common stock from time to time. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued 5,612,166 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program which provided $72.7 million of net proceeds after $1.1 million of agent commissions and offering costs. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued 7,715,891 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program which provided $99.6 million of net proceeds after $1.4 million of agent commissions and offering costs. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 1,066,221 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program which provided $14.5 million of net proceeds after $0.2 million of agent commissions and offering costs. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 5,500,082 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program which provided $75.0 million of net proceeds after $0.9 million of agent commissions and offering costs. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has a remaining authorization to issue $300.0 million of common shares.

The following table summarizes issuance, repurchase, and other activity with respect to the Company's common stock for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024, and 2023:


	Three-Month Period Ended		Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023
Shares of Common Stock Outstanding (as of 6/30/2024, 6/30/2023, 12/31/2023, and 12/31/2022, respectively)	85,041,913	67,161,740	83,000,488	63,812,215
Share Activity:
Shares of common stock issued	5,612,166	1,066,221	7,715,891	5,500,082
Shares of common stock repurchased	—	—	(62,300)	(1,084,336)
OP Units exercised	7,657	6,199	7,657	6,199
Shares of Common Stock Outstanding (as of 9/30/24, 9/30/23, 9/30/24, and 9/30/23, respectively)	90,661,736	68,234,160	90,661,736	68,234,160

Table of Contents

If all Convertible Non-controlling Interests that have been previously issued were to become fully vested and exchanged for shares of common stock as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's issued and outstanding shares of common stock would increase to 91,522,646 and 83,795,803 shares, respectively.

In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved the adoption of a share repurchase program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $50 million of the Company's common stock (the "2023 Repurchase Plan"), which extended the Company’s ability to repurchase common stock beyond the 1.55 million shares authorized under the previous plan. The 2023 Repurchase Plan is open-ended in duration and allow the Company to make repurchases from time to time on the open market or in negotiated transactions, including under Rule 10b5-1 plans. Repurchases under the 2023 Repurchase Plan are at the Company's discretion, subject to applicable law, share availability, price and financial performance, among other considerations. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased 62,300 shares at an average price per share of $11.00 and a total cost of $0.7 million. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,084,336 shares at an average price per share of $11.39 and a total cost of $12.4 million. The Company did not repurchase any common shares during either of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has authorization to repurchase an additional $45.1 million of the Company's common stock under the 2023 Repurchase Plan.

Distributions to Stockholders

The following table summarizes cash dividends declared by the Company on its common and preferred stock during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024:


(In thousands, except per share amounts)	Three-Month Period Ended September 30,								Nine-Month Period Ended September 30,
	2024				2023				2024				2023
Class of Stock	Amount		Per Share		Amount		Per Share		Amount		Per Share		Amount		Per Share
Series A Preferred Stock	$	1,941	$	0.42	$	1,941	$	0.42	$	5,823	$	1.27	$	5,823	$	1.27
Series B Preferred Stock	1,883		0.39		1,883		0.39		5,649		1.17		5,649		1.17
Series C Preferred Stock	2,156		0.54		2,156		0.54		6,468		1.62		6,325		1.58
Series D Preferred Stock	166		0.44		—		—		498		1.31		—		—
Series E Preferred Stock	688		0.72		—		—		1,868		1.95		—		—
Common Stock	34,796		0.39		30,992		0.45		105,224		1.21		92,246		1.35

Table of Contents

20. Earnings Per Share

The components of the computation of basic and diluted EPS are as follows:


	Three-Month Period Ended				Nine-Month Period Ended
(In thousands except share amounts)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	16,175	$	6,591	$	95,437	$	48,405
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to Convertible Non-controlling Interests(1)	156		80		925		591
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders and Convertible Non-controlling Interests	16,331		6,671		96,362		48,996
Dividends declared:
Common stockholders	(34,468)		(30,626)		(104,223)		(91,146)
Convertible Non-controlling Interests	(328)		(366)		(1,001)		(1,100)
Total dividends declared to common stockholders and Convertible Non-controlling Interests	(34,796)		(30,992)		(105,224)		(92,246)
Undistributed (Distributed in excess of) earnings:
Common stockholders	(18,293)		(24,035)		(8,786)		(42,741)
Convertible Non-controlling Interests	(172)		(286)		(76)		(509)
Total undistributed (distributed in excess of) earnings attributable to common stockholders and Convertible Non-controlling Interests	$	(18,465)	$	(24,321)	$	(8,862)	$	(43,250)
Weighted average shares outstanding (basic and diluted):
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding	87,198,435		67,789,827		85,576,158		67,212,137
Weighted average Convertible Non-controlling Interest Units outstanding	840,759		814,855		825,657		815,570
Weighted average shares of common stock and Convertible Non-controlling Interest Units outstanding	88,039,194		68,604,682		86,401,815		68,027,707
Basic earnings per share of common stock and Convertible Non-controlling Interest Unit:
Distributed	$	0.39	$	0.45	$	1.21	$	1.35
Undistributed (Distributed in excess of)	(0.20)		(0.35)		(0.09)		(0.63)
	$	0.19	$	0.10	$	1.12	$	0.72
Diluted earnings per share of common stock and Convertible Non-controlling Interest Unit:
Distributed	$	0.39	$	0.45	$	1.21	$	1.35
Undistributed (Distributed in excess of)	(0.20)		(0.35)		(0.09)		(0.63)
	$	0.19	$	0.10	$	1.12	$	0.72

(1)For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, excludes net income (loss) of $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, attributable to joint venture partners and Longbridge, as applicable, which have non-participating interests as described in Note 18. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, excludes net income (loss) of $0.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively, attributable to joint venture partners and Longbridge, as applicable, which have non-participating interests as described in Note 18.

21. Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents cash that the Company can use only for specific purposes. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $10.6 million of restricted cash including cash balances that are restricted under a warehouse line of credit agreement and cash held in securitization reserve funds. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $1.6 million of restricted cash including cash balances that are restricted under a warehouse line of credit agreement.

22. Offsetting of Assets and Liabilities

The Company generally records financial instruments at fair value as described in Note 2. Financial instruments are generally recorded on a gross basis on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. In connection with the vast majority of its derivative, reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements, and the related trading agreements, the Company and its counterparties are required to pledge collateral. Cash or other collateral is exchanged as required with each of the Company's counterparties in connection with open derivative positions, and reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements.

Table of Contents

The Company has not entered into master netting agreements with any of its counterparties. Certain of the Company's reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements and financial derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide a right of net settlement, as well as a right of offset in the event of default or in the event of a bankruptcy of either party to the transaction.

The following tables present information about certain assets and liabilities representing financial instruments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


Description	Amount of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet(1)		Financial Instruments Available for Offset		Financial Instruments Transferred or Pledged as Collateral(2)(3)		Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged(2)(3)		Net Amount
(In thousands)
Assets
Financial derivatives–assets	$	149,679	$	(48,751)	$	—	$	(53,074)	$	47,854
Reverse repurchase agreements	331,630		(151,336)		(180,294)		—		—
Liabilities
Financial derivatives–liabilities	(49,243)		48,751		—		169		(323)
Repurchase agreements	(2,642,052)		151,336		2,488,680		2,036		—

(1)In the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, all balances associated with repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements, and financial derivatives are presented on a gross basis.

(2)For the purpose of this presentation, for each row the total amount of financial instruments transferred or pledged and cash collateral (received) or pledged may not exceed the applicable gross amount of assets or (liabilities) as presented here. Therefore, the Company has reduced the amount of financial instruments transferred or pledged as collateral related to the Company's repurchase agreements and cash collateral pledged on the Company's financial derivative liabilities. Total financial instruments transferred or pledged as collateral on the Company's repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2024 was $3.3 billion. As of September 30, 2024, total cash collateral on financial derivative assets and liabilities excludes excess net cash collateral pledged (received) of $1.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

(3)When collateral is pledged to or pledged by a counterparty, it is often pledged or posted with respect to all positions with such counterparty, and in such cases such collateral cannot be specifically identified as relating to a particular asset or liability. As a result, in preparing the above tables, the Company has made assumptions in allocating pledged or posted collateral among the various rows.

December 31, 2023:


Description	Amount of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet(1)		Financial Instruments Available for Offset		Financial Instruments Transferred or Pledged as Collateral(2)(3)		Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged(2)(3)		Net Amount
(In thousands)
Assets
Financial derivatives–assets	$	143,996	$	(50,301)	$	—	$	(38,812)	$	54,883
Reverse repurchase agreements	173,145		(155,719)		(17,426)		—		—
Liabilities
Financial derivatives–liabilities	(61,776)		50,301		—		3,822		(7,653)
Repurchase agreements	(2,967,437)		155,719		2,822,912		(11,194)		—

(1)In the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, all balances associated with repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements, and financial derivatives are presented on a gross basis.

(2)For the purpose of this presentation, for each row the total amount of financial instruments transferred or pledged and cash collateral (received) or pledged may not exceed the applicable gross amount of assets or (liabilities) as presented here. Therefore, the Company has reduced the amount of financial instruments transferred or pledged as collateral related to the Company's repurchase agreements and cash collateral pledged on the Company's financial derivative liabilities. Total financial instruments transferred or pledged as collateral on the Company's repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2023 was $3.7 billion. As of December 31, 2023, total cash collateral on financial derivative assets and liabilities excludes excess net cash collateral pledged of $(13.9) million and $12.1 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

23. Counterparty Risk

The Company is exposed to concentrations of counterparty risk. It seeks to mitigate such risk by diversifying its exposure among various counterparties, when appropriate. The following table summarizes the Company's exposure to counterparty risk as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

September 30, 2024:


	Amount of Exposure		Number of Counterparties with Exposure	Maximum Percentage of Exposure to a Single Counterparty(1)
	(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	217,725	10	27.2	%
Collateral on repurchase agreements held by dealers(2)	3,293,735		24	20.6	%
Due from brokers	16,048		21	22.8	%
Receivable for securities sold(3)	5,126		5	38.7	%

(1)Each counterparty is a financial institution that the Company believes to be creditworthy as of September 30, 2024.

(2)Includes securities, loans, and REO as well as cash posted as collateral for repurchase agreements.

(3)Included in Investment related receivables on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

December 31, 2023:


	Amount of Exposure		Number of Counterparties with Exposure	Maximum Percentage of Exposure to a Single Counterparty
	(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	228,927	11	28.8	%
Collateral on repurchase agreements held by dealers(1)	3,672,278		28	18.6	%
Due from brokers	51,884		21	58.5	%
Receivable for securities sold(2)	345,429		9	54.3	%

(1)Includes securities, loans, and REO as well as cash posted as collateral for repurchase agreements.

(2)Included in Investment related receivables on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

24. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company provides current directors and officers with a limited indemnification against liabilities arising in connection with the performance of their duties to the Company.

In the normal course of business the Company may also enter into contracts that contain a variety of representations, warranties, and general indemnifications. The Company's maximum exposure under these arrangements, including future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred, is unknown. The Company has not incurred any costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements.

The Company's maximum risk of loss from credit events on its securities (excluding Agency securities, which are guaranteed by the issuing government agency or government-sponsored enterprise), loans, and investments in unconsolidated entities is limited to the amount paid for such investment.

Commitments and Contingencies Related to Investments in Residential Mortgage Loans

In connection with certain of the Company's investments in residential mortgage loans, the Company has unfunded commitments in the amount of $310.4 million and $288.0 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Loan Purchase Commitments

The Company is party to mortgage loan purchase and sale flow agreements with various loan originators, or "MLPAs." The Company had commitments, subject to completion of satisfactory due diligence and other terms of the respective MLPA, to purchase residential mortgage loans with a principal balance of $406.7 million. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of the Company's purchase loan commitments was $1.3 million, which is included in Other Assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Table of Contents

Commitments and Contingencies Related to Investments in Loan Originators

In connection with certain of its investments in mortgage and consumer loan originators, the Company has outstanding commitments and contingencies as described below.

As described above in —Loan Purchase Commitments, the Company has entered into various MLPAs, including the Related-Party MLPA, as described in Note 16, under which it commits to purchase non-QM loans from a certain mortgage loan originator. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had commitments, subject to the terms of the Related-Party MLPA, to purchase non-QM loans with a principal balance of $26.2 million. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of such purchase loan commitments was $0.1 million, which is included in Other Assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has also entered into agreements whereby it guarantees the performance of this mortgage loan originator under master repurchase agreements. The Company's maximum guarantees were capped at $15.0 million as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and there were no such borrowings outstanding as of either date. The Company's obligations under these arrangements are deemed to be guarantees under ASC 460-10. The Company has elected the FVO for its guarantees, which are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of such guarantee was insignificant.

As described above in —Loan Purchase Commitments, the Company has entered into various MLPAs, including the Related Party Loan Purchase Agreement, as described in Note 16, under which it commits to purchase RTL and non-QM loans from a certain mortgage loan originator. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had commitments, subject to the terms of the Related-Party MLPA, to purchase non-QM loans with a principal balance of $27.3 million. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of such purchase loan commitments was $0.7 million, which is included in Other Assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

As described in Note 16, the Company entered into various secured promissory notes with certain loan originators in which it also holds an equity interest. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments related to such secured promissory notes of $7.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies Related to Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

The Company has entered into agreements whereby it guarantees the performance of a securitization-related risk retention vehicle, in which it has an equity investment, under a promissory note. The Company's maximum guarantees were capped at $15.5 million. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of the promissory note outstanding, for which the Company provided a guarantee, was $1.0 million; no such amounts were outstanding as of September 30, 2024.

As discussed in Note 16, under the terms of the RTL Commitment Agreement, the Company committed to purchase at least $500 million of eligible loans originated by the RTL Originator. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company has unfunded commitments under the RTL Commitment Agreement of $376.9 million and $475.4 million, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies Related to Corporate Loans

The Company has investments in certain corporate loans whereby the borrowers can request additional funds under the respective agreements. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments related to such investments in the amount of $2.7 million and $3.0 million, respectively.

The Company has extended a line of credit whereby the borrower can draw funds up to $1.0 million. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments related to such line of credit in the amount of $0.9 million.

Commitments to Affiliate

As discussed in Note 16, the Company has committed to invest in the common shares of the Affiliated REIT. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had contributed $12.5 million and its remaining commitment to fund capital calls was $12.5 million.

Commitments to Extend Credit

The Company enters into loan commitment arrangements with borrowers who have applied for reverse mortgage loans that have not yet closed. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of such commitments was $6.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively, which is reflected in Loan commitments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Table of Contents

The Company is required to fund further borrower advances for loans where the borrower has not fully drawn down all of the reverse mortgage loan proceeds available to them. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments related to such reverse mortgage loans of $2.0 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. Additionally, the Company has the obligation to advance various other reverse mortgage loan-related amounts such as the borrowers' property taxes and, in the case of HECM reverse mortgage loans, monthly insurance premiums to FHA.

Mandatory Repurchase Obligations

As detailed in Note 13, the Company is required to purchase from HMBS pools any HECM loan that has reached 98% of the MCA. For active loans, the Company subsequently assigns such loan to HUD, which then reimburses the Company up to the MCA. For inactive loans, following resolution of the loan, the Company files a claim with HUD for any recoverable remaining principal and advance balances.

Lease Commitments

Longbridge, a consolidated subsidiary of the Company, leases office space and office equipment, under various operating lease arrangements, which expire on various dates through January 2035. Additionally, as a result of the Arlington Merger, the Company assumed the remaining lease for Arlington's principal office space which expires in October 2024. As discussed in Note 2, the Company makes various assumptions and estimates in recognizing the operating lease ROU assets and corresponding lease liabilities, including the expected lease term, incremental borrowing rate, and identifying lease and non-lease components. Total expense under all operating leases amounted to $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and to $1.1 million and $0.8 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Such expense is included in Other expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following table provides details of the Company's outstanding leases as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
ROU assets	$	5,330		$	3,279
Lease liabilities	5,853			3,524
Weighted average remaining term (in years)	7.4			5.1
Weighted average discount rate	8.85		%	7.31		%

The following table details contractual future minimum lease payments as of September 30, 2024.


	Minimum Payments
	(In thousands)
Year ended December 31, 2024	$	305
Year ended December 31, 2025	1,240
Year ended December 31, 2026	1,237
Year ended December 31, 2027	1,140
Year ended December 31, 2028	929
Thereafter	3,467
Total	8,318
Less: implied interest payments	(2,465)
Lease Liability	$	5,853

25. Segment Reporting

On October 3, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of a controlling interest in Longbridge, a reverse mortgage loan originator and servicer. As a result of the Longbridge Transaction, the Company determined that it has two reportable segments, the Investment Portfolio Segment and the Longbridge Segment, for each of which the chief operating decision maker receives and reviews separate financial information. As discussed in Note 1, the Investment Portfolio Segment includes a diverse array of the Company's financial assets, as well as associated financing, hedging, and various allocable expenses. The Longbridge Segment is focused on the origination and servicing of, and investments in, reverse mortgage loans, including associated financial assets, financing, hedging, and allocated expenses.

Table of Contents

Income and expense items that are not directly allocated to either segment are included in Corporate/Other as reconciling items to our consolidated financial statements. These unallocated items include: (i) all income and expense items related to the Company's Unsecured borrowings, at fair value and preferred stock outstanding, including any hedges related thereto; (ii) management and incentive fees; (iii) income tax expense (benefit); (iv) certain compensation and benefits expenses, professional fees, administrative and custody fees, non-cash equity compensation; and (v) interest income (expense) on cash margin.

The following tables present the Company's results of operations by reportable segment for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, and various reconciling items to the Company's results of operations overall.


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands)	Investment Portfolio Segment		Longbridge Segment		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest income	$	91,158	$	14,600	$	1,523	$	107,281
Interest expense	(55,302)		(13,861)		(4,491)		(73,654)
Total other income (loss)	6,542		30,621		(3,812)		33,351
Total expenses	(5,564)		(33,811)		(11,549)		(50,924)
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	36,834		(2,451)		(18,329)		16,054
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		12		12
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	7,281		—		—		7,281
Net Income (Loss)	44,115		(2,451)		(18,341)		23,323
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	116		39		160		315
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		6,833		6,833
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	43,999	$	(2,490)	$	(25,334)	$	16,175
Non-cash items:
Amortization and depreciation expense	$	—	$	314	$	—	$	314


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Investment Portfolio Segment		Longbridge Segment		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest income	$	89,445	$	5,190	$	1,581	$	96,216
Interest expense	(58,045)		(7,540)		(3,117)		(68,702)
Total other income (loss)	(11,969)		31,752		6,437		26,220
Total expenses	(3,771)		(25,319)		(10,362)		(39,452)
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	15,660		4,083		(5,461)		14,282
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		224		224
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	(978)		—		—		(978)
Net Income (Loss)	14,682		4,083		(5,685)		13,080
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	438		(12)		83		509
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		5,980		5,980
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	14,244	$	4,095	$	(11,748)	$	6,591
Non-cash items:
Amortization and depreciation expense	$	—	$	149	$	—	$	149

Table of Contents


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands)	Investment Portfolio Segment		Longbridge Segment		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest income	$	271,352	$	32,606	$	5,314	$	309,272
Interest expense	(166,241)		(31,034)		(13,718)		(210,993)
Total other income (loss)	44,203		98,658		(7,465)		135,396
Total expenses	(14,019)		(89,719)		(33,826)		(137,564)
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	135,295		10,511		(49,695)		96,111
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		214		214
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	21,549		—		—		21,549
Net Income (Loss)	156,844		10,511		(49,909)		117,446
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	684		76		937		1,697
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		20,312		20,312
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	156,160	$	10,435	$	(71,158)	$	95,437
Non-cash items:
Amortization and depreciation expense	$	—	$	1,156	$	—	$	1,156


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Investment Portfolio Segment		Longbridge Segment		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest income	$	254,932	$	11,862	$	4,688	$	271,482
Interest expense	(164,388)		(18,003)		(9,361)		(191,752)
Total other income (loss)	12,314		95,779		4,466		112,559
Total expenses	(11,140)		(76,583)		(32,263)		(119,986)
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	91,718		13,055		(32,470)		72,303
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		328		328
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	(3,403)		—		—		(3,403)
Net Income (Loss)	88,315		13,055		(32,798)		68,572
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	2,522		(35)		603		3,090
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		17,077		17,077
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	85,793	$	13,090	$	(50,478)	$	48,405
Non-cash items
Amortization and depreciation expense	$	—	$	859	$	—	$	859

The following tables present our balance sheet by reportable segment as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 which reconciles to the Company's financial position overall.


	September 30, 2024
(In thousands)	Investment Portfolio Segment		Longbridge Segment		Corporate/ Other		Total
Total Assets	$	5,728,990	$	10,020,874	$	203,426	$	15,953,290
Total Liabilities	4,195,113		9,769,027		363,501		14,327,641
Total Equity	1,533,877		251,847		(160,075)		1,625,649

Table of Contents


	December 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Investment Portfolio Segment		Longbridge Segment		Corporate/ Other		Total
Total Assets	$	5,978,988	$	9,092,840	$	244,102	$	15,315,930
Total Liabilities	4,555,212		8,872,153		352,953		13,780,318
Total Equity	1,423,776		220,687		(108,851)		1,535,612

26. Subsequent Events

On October 7, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a dividend in the amount of $0.13 per share of common stock payable on November 25, 2024 to stockholders of record as of October 31, 2024.

On November 7, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a dividend in the amount of $0.13 per share of common stock payable on December 26, 2024 to stockholders of record as of November 29, 2024.

Table of Contents

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Except where the context suggests otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to "EFC," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Ellington Financial Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Ellington Financial Operating Partnership LLC, our operating partnership subsidiary, which we refer to as our "Operating Partnership." References in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to (1) "common shares" refer to shares of our common stock, $0.001 par value per share and (2) "common shareholders" refer to holders of shares of our common stock. We conduct all of our operations and business activities through our Operating Partnership. Our "Manager" refers to Ellington Financial Management LLC, our external manager, "Ellington" refers to Ellington Management Group, L.L.C. and its affiliated investment advisory firms, including our Manager, and "Manager Group" refers collectively to officers and directors of EFC, and partners and affiliates of Ellington (including families and family trusts of the foregoing). In certain instances, references to our Manager and services to be provided to us by our Manager may also include services provided by Ellington and its other affiliates from time to time.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the "SEC," or in press releases or other written or oral communications, statements which are not historical in nature, including those containing words such as "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "project," "plan," "continue," "intend," "should," "would," "could," "goal," "objective," "will," "may," "seek," or similar expressions or their negative forms or references to strategy, plans or intentions, are intended to identify "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the "Securities Act," and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the "Exchange Act," and, as such, may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions.

Forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions, and expectations of our future operations, business strategies, performance, financial condition, liquidity and prospects, taking into account information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions, and expectations are subject to risks and uncertainties and can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and strategies may vary materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. The following factors are examples of those that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements: changes in interest rates and the market value of our securities or our investments; market volatility; changes in the prepayment rates on the mortgage loans underlying the securities owned by us for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a U.S. government-sponsored entity; increased rates of default and/or decreased recovery rates on our assets; our ability to borrow to finance our assets and the available terms for such borrowings; changes in government regulations affecting our business; our ability to maintain our exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the "Investment Company Act"; our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust, or "REIT"; and risks associated with investing in real estate assets, including changes in business conditions and the general economy such as changes to fiscal or monetary policy, heightened inflation, slower growth or recession, and currency fluctuations. These and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including the risk factors described under Item 1A of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three-month period ended March 31, 2024, as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected or implied in any forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Executive Summary

Our primary objective is to generate attractive, risk-adjusted total returns for our stockholders. We seek to attain this objective by utilizing an opportunistic strategy to make investments, without restriction as to ratings, structure, or position in the capital structure, that we believe compensate us appropriately for the risks associated with them rather than targeting a specific yield. At any particular point in time, depending on how we perceive the market's pricing of risk both generally and across sectors, we may favor higher-risk assets or we may favor lower-risk assets, or a combination of the two, in the interests of portfolio diversification or other considerations.

We conduct all of our operations and business activities through the Operating Partnership. As of September 30, 2024, we had an ownership interest of approximately 99.3% in the Operating Partnership. The remaining ownership interest of approximately 0.7% in the Operating Partnership represents the interests in the Operating Partnership that are owned by an affiliate of our Manager, our current and certain former directors, and certain current and former Ellington employees and their related parties, and is reflected in our financial statements as a non-controlling interest. We are externally managed and advised by our Manager, an affiliate of Ellington. Ellington is a registered investment adviser with a 29-year history of investing in the Agency and credit markets.

Table of Contents

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or "the Code." Provided that we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax on our REIT taxable income that is currently distributed to our stockholders. Any taxes paid by a domestic taxable REIT subsidiary, or "TRS," will reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders. REITs are subject to a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that they currently distribute at least 90% of their annual REIT taxable income excluding net capital gains.

On October 3, 2022, we completed the acquisition of a controlling interest in Longbridge Financial, LLC ("Longbridge"), a reverse mortgage loan originator and servicer (the "Longbridge Transaction"). As a result of the Longbridge Transaction, we consolidate Longbridge's financial results. On December 14, 2023, we completed a merger between Arlington Asset Investment Corp., a Virginia corporation ("Arlington"), and our subsidiary EF Merger Sub Inc., a Virginia corporation (such transaction, the "Arlington Merger").

In our investment portfolio, we invest in a diverse array of financial assets, including residential mortgage-backed securities, or "RMBS," including RMBS for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a U.S. government-sponsored entity, or "Agency RMBS"; residential and commercial mortgage loans; commercial mortgage-backed securities, or "CMBS"; consumer loans and asset-backed securities, or "ABS," including ABS backed by consumer loans; investments referencing mortgage servicing rights on traditional forward mortgage loans, or "Forward MSR-related investments"; collateralized loan obligations, or "CLOs"; non-mortgage- and mortgage-related derivatives; equity investments in loan origination companies; and other strategic investments. We refer to the portion of our investment portfolio excluding Agency RMBS as our credit portfolio.

Longbridge originates and services reverse mortgage loans, including both home equity conversion mortgage loans ("HECM loans") which are insured by the Federal Housing Administration ("FHA"), as well as non-FHA-insured reverse mortgage loans, which we refer to as "proprietary reverse mortgage loans." HECM loans are generally eligible for securitization into HECM-backed MBS ("HMBS"), which are guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA").

The strategies that we employ are intended to capitalize on opportunities in the current market environment. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we intend to adjust our strategies to changing market conditions by shifting our asset allocations across various asset classes as credit and liquidity trends evolve over time. We believe that this flexibility, combined with Ellington's experience, will help us generate more consistent returns on our capital throughout changing market cycles. Additionally, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we opportunistically hedge our credit risk, interest rate risk, yield spread risk, and foreign currency risk; however, at any point in time we may choose not to hedge all or a portion of these risks, and we will generally not hedge those risks that we believe are appropriate for us to take at such time, or that we believe would be impractical or prohibitively expensive to hedge. For more information on our targeted assets, see "—Our Targeted Asset Classes" below.

Table of Contents

Our Targeted Asset Classes

Our targeted asset classes currently include investments in the U.S. and Europe (as applicable) in the categories listed below. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to continue to invest in these targeted asset classes. Also, we expect to continue to hold certain of our targeted assets through one or more TRSs. As a result, a portion of the income from such assets will be subject to U.S. federal and certain state corporate income taxes, as applicable.


Asset Class		Principal Assets
Agency RMBS	.	Whole pool pass-through certificates;
	.	Partial pool pass-through certificates;
	.	Agency collateralized mortgage obligations, or "CMOs," including interest only securities, or "IOs," principal only securities, or "POs," inverse interest only securities, or "IIOs"; and

CMBS and Commercial Mortgage Loans	.	CMBS;
	.	CLOs backed by commercial mortgage loans, or "CRE CLOs"; and
	.	Commercial mortgage loans and other commercial real estate debt.

Consumer Loans and ABS	.	Consumer loans;
	.	ABS backed by consumer loans;
	.	ABS backed by Small Business Administration, or "SBA," loans, including IOs backed by SBA loans; and
	.	Retained tranches from securitizations to which we have contributed assets.

Corporate CLOs	.	Corporate CLO debt and equity tranches; and
	.	Investments in CLO loan accumulation facilities.

Mortgage-Related Derivatives	.	To-Be-Announced mortgage pass-through certificates, or "TBAs";
	.	Credit default swaps, or "CDS," on individual RMBS, on the ABX, CMBX and PrimeX indices and on other mortgage-related indices; and
	.	Other mortgage-related derivatives.

Non-Agency RMBS	.	RMBS backed by prime jumbo, Alt-A, non-QM, manufactured housing, and subprime mortgages;
	.	RMBS backed by fixed rate mortgages, Adjustable rate mortgages, or "ARMs," Option-ARMs, and Hybrid ARMs;
	.	RMBS backed by mortgages on single-family-rental properties;
	.	RMBS backed by first-lien and second-lien mortgages;
	.	RMBS backed by performing and non-performing mortgages;
	.	Investment grade and non-investment grade securities;
	.	Senior and subordinated securities;
	.	IOs, POs, IIOs, and inverse floaters;
	.	Collateralized debt obligations, or "CDOs";
	.	RMBS backed by European residential mortgages, or "European RMBS";
	.	Retained tranches from securitizations in which we have participated; and
	.	Credit risk transfer securities, or "CRTs."



Residential Mortgage Loans	.	Non-QM loans;
	.	Residential "transition loans," such as residential bridge loans and residential "fix-and-flip" loans;
	.	Residential non-performing mortgage loans, or "NPLs";
	.	Re-performing loans, or "RPLs," which generally are loans that were modified and/or formerly NPLs where the borrower has resumed making payments in some form or amount;
	.	Retained tranches from securitizations to which we have contributed assets;
	.	Reverse mortgage loans;
	.	Closed-end second liens; and
	.	Home equity lines of credit, or "HELOCs."

Table of Contents


Asset Class		Principal Assets
(continued)
Strategic Investments in Loan Originators	.	Strategic equity and/or debt investments in loan originators and mortgage-related entities;



Other	.	Mortgage servicing rights, or "MSRs" and MSR-related investments;
	.	Real estate, including commercial and residential real property;
	.	Strategic equity and/or debt investments in entities related to our business;
	.	Corporate debt and equity securities and corporate loans;
	.	Other non-mortgage-related derivatives; and
	.	Confirmation of originator fee certificates.

Agency RMBS

Our Agency RMBS assets consist primarily of whole pool (and to a lesser extent, partial pool) pass-through certificates, the principal and interest of which are guaranteed by a federally chartered corporation, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, or "Fannie Mae," the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or "Freddie Mac," or the Government National Mortgage Association, within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, or "Ginnie Mae," and which are backed by ARMs, Hybrid ARMs, or fixed-rate mortgages. In addition to investing in pass-through certificates which are backed by traditional mortgages, we have also invested in Agency RMBS backed by reverse mortgages. Reverse mortgages are mortgage loans for which neither principal nor interest is due until the borrower dies, the home is sold, or other trigger events occur. Mortgage pass-through certificates are securities representing undivided interests in pools of mortgage loans secured by real property where payments of both interest and principal, plus prepaid principal, on the securities are made monthly to holders of the security, in effect "passing through" monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans that underlie the securities, net of fees paid to the issuer/guarantor and servicers of the securities. Whole pool pass-through certificates are mortgage pass-through certificates that represent the entire ownership of (as opposed to merely a partial undivided interest in) a pool of mortgage loans.

Our Agency RMBS assets are typically concentrated in specified pools. Specified pools are fixed-rate Agency pools consisting of mortgages with special characteristics, such as mortgages with low loan balances, mortgages backed by investor properties, mortgages originated through the government-sponsored "Making Homes Affordable" refinancing programs, and mortgages with various other characteristics. Our Agency strategy also includes RMBS that are backed by ARMs or Hybrid ARMs and reverse mortgages, and CMOs, including IOs, POs, and IIOs.

CLOs

CLOs are a form of asset-backed security typically collateralized by syndicated corporate loans or commercial mortgage loans. Our CLO holdings may include both debt and equity interests. Some of our CLOs include retained tranches from CLO securitizations for which we participated in the accumulation of the underlying assets.

CMBS

We acquire CMBS, which are securities collateralized by mortgage loans on commercial properties. The majority of CMBS issued are fixed rate securities backed by fixed rate loans made to multiple borrowers on a variety of property types, though single-borrower CMBS and floating rate CMBS have also been issued.

The majority of CMBS utilize senior/subordinate structures, similar to those found in non-Agency RMBS. Subordination levels vary so as to provide for one or more AAA credit ratings on the most senior classes, with less senior securities rated investment grade and non-investment grade, including a first loss component which is typically unrated. This first loss component is commonly referred to as the "B-piece," which is the most subordinated (and therefore highest yielding and riskiest) tranche of a CMBS securitization. We acquire investment grade, non-investment grade, and non-rated CMBS. Our target assets also include single-asset single-borrower CMBS, or "SASB CMBS." SASB CMBS can be collateralized by single properties or by a portfolio of properties.

Commercial Mortgage Loans and Other Commercial Real Estate Debt

We directly originate and participate in the origination of commercial mortgage "bridge" loans, which are loans secured by liens on commercial properties, and which have shorter terms and higher interest rates than more traditional commercial mortgage loans. Bridge loans are often secured by properties in transition, where the borrower is in the process of either re-developing or stabilizing operations at the property.

Table of Contents

We also acquire seasoned commercial mortgage bridge loans, as well as longer-term commercial mortgage loans. Some of the seasoned commercial mortgage loans that we acquire may be non-performing, underperforming, or otherwise distressed; these loans are typically acquired at a discount both to their unpaid principal balances and to the value of the underlying real estate.

Our commercial mortgage loans may be fixed or floating rate and will generally have maturities ranging from one to ten years. We typically originate and acquire first-lien loans but may also originate and acquire subordinated loans. As of September 30, 2024, all of our commercial mortgage loans were first-lien loans. Commercial real estate debt typically limits the borrower's right to freely prepay for a period of time through provisions such as prepayment fees, lockout, yield maintenance, or defeasance provisions.

Within both our loan origination and acquisition strategies, we often focus on smaller balance loans and/or loan packages that are less-competitively-bid. These loans typically have balances that are less than $30 million, and are secured by real estate and, in some cases, a personal guarantee from the borrower.

Consumer Loans and ABS

We acquire U.S. consumer whole loans and ABS, including ABS backed by U.S. consumer loans. Our U.S. consumer loan portfolio consists of unsecured loans and secured auto loans. We are currently purchasing newly originated consumer loans under flow agreements with certain originators, as well as seasoned consumer loans in the secondary market, and we continue to evaluate new opportunities.

MSRs and MSR-Related Investments

An MSR represents the right to service one or more mortgage loans in exchange for a specified revenue stream, typically a portion of the interest payments due on such mortgage loans together with certain other ancillary revenue. While the owner of an MSR is ultimately responsible for servicing the underlying loans in accordance with applicable regulations, the actual loan servicing functions are often subcontracted out to third-party licensed subservicers. The mortgages underlying MSRs can either be traditional "forward" mortgage loans ("Forward MSRs") or reverse mortgage loans ("Reverse MSRs").

The revenue stream associated with an MSR is often bifurcated into two components: a "base servicing fee," representing the actual or approximate cost of performing the loan servicing functions; and the remaining revenue, or "excess servicing spread." We have in the past acquired, and, may in the future acquire, excess servicing spread from mortgage loan servicers.

As a result of the Arlington Merger, the Company, through certain of its subsidiaries, is party to various agreements that enable the Company to participate in the economic returns of a portfolio of forward MSRs. The mortgage loans underlying such Forward MSR-related investments consist solely of residential mortgage loans guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.

Non-Agency RMBS

We acquire non-Agency RMBS backed by prime jumbo, Alt-A, non-QM, manufactured housing, subprime residential, and single-family-rental mortgage loans. The loans backing our non-Agency RMBS can be performing or non-performing. Our non-Agency RMBS holdings can include investment-grade and non-investment grade classes, including non-rated classes.

Non-Agency RMBS are generally debt obligations issued by private originators of, or investors in, residential mortgage loans. Non-Agency RMBS generally are issued as CMOs and are backed by pools of whole mortgage loans or by mortgage pass-through certificates. Non-Agency RMBS generally are securitized in senior/subordinated structures, or in excess spread/over-collateralization structures. In senior/subordinated structures, the subordinated tranches generally absorb all losses on the underlying mortgage loans before any losses are borne by the senior tranches. In excess spread/over-collateralization structures, losses are first absorbed by any existing over-collateralization, then borne by subordinated tranches and excess spread, which represents the difference between the interest payments received on the mortgage loans backing the RMBS and the interest due on the RMBS debt tranches, and finally by senior tranches and any remaining excess spread. We also have acquired, and may acquire in the future, both Agency-issued and non-Agency-issued CRTs, which have credit risks similar to those of subordinated RMBS tranches, as well as non-QM RMBS, including retained tranches from non-QM RMBS securitizations in which we have participated.

We also have acquired, and may acquire in the future, European RMBS, including retained tranches from European RMBS securitizations in which we have participated.

Table of Contents

Residential Mortgage Loans

Our residential mortgage loans include newly originated non-QM loans, residential transition loans, as well as legacy residential NPLs and RPLs. A non-QM loan is not necessarily high-risk, or subprime, but is instead a loan that does not conform to the complex Qualified Mortgage, or "QM," rules of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. For example, many non-QM loans are made to creditworthy borrowers who cannot provide traditional documentation for income, such as borrowers who are self-employed. There is also demand from certain creditworthy borrowers for loans above the QM 43% debt-to-income ratio limit that still meet all ability-to-repay standards. We hold equity investments in various non-QM originators, and to date we have purchased the majority of our non-QM loans from these originators, although we could potentially purchase a greater share of non-QM loans from other sources in the future.

The residential transition loans that we purchase are typically newly originated loans and include: (i) "fix and flip" loans, which are made to real estate investors for the purpose of acquiring residential homes, making value-add improvements to such homes, and reselling the newly rehabilitated homes for a potential profit, and (ii) loans made to real estate investors for a "business purpose," such as purchasing a rental investment property, financing or refinancing a fully rehabilitated home awaiting sale, or securing short-term financing pending qualification for longer-term lower-rate financing. Our residential transition loans are secured by non-owner occupied properties, and are typically structured as fixed-rate, interest-only loans with terms to maturity between 6 and 24 months. Our underwriting guidelines focus on both the "as is" and "as repaired" property values, borrower experience as a real estate investor, and asset verification.

We are also active in the market for residential NPLs and RPLs. The market for large residential NPL and RPL pools has remained highly concentrated, with the great majority having traded to only a handful of large players who typically securitize the residential NPLs and RPLs that they purchase. As a result, we have continued to focus our acquisitions on less-competitively-bid, and more attractively-priced mixed legacy pools sourced from motivated sellers.

We also acquire HELOCs and closed-end second lien loans, which are loans made to homeowners collateralized by the existing equity in their home. Closed-end second lien loans allow the borrower to take a one-time lump sum and are subordinate to the rights of the first lien mortgage holder as well as other potential senior liens. A HELOC is a line of credit that allows the borrower to draw down on their available line of credit as needed, and is subordinate to the rights of the first lien mortgage holder and to the rights of any other lien-holder on the home.

Reverse Mortgage Loans and Reverse MSRs

Reverse mortgage loans are residential mortgage loans for which neither principal nor interest is due until the borrower dies, the home is sold, or other trigger events occur. Reverse mortgage loans can have either fixed interest rates or adjustable interest rates. In the case of most fixed-rate reverse mortgage loans, the borrower must draw the loan proceeds up front in one lump sum, while many adjustable-rate mortgage loans provide the borrower with a line of credit that can be drawn over time.

As a result of the Longbridge Transaction, we consolidate Longbridge, which acquires reverse mortgage loans both through its origination activities and through secondary market purchases. Historically, the majority of loans acquired by Longbridge have been home equity conversion mortgage loans, or "HECMs," which are insured by FHA and eligible for inclusion in GNMA-guaranteed HECM-backed MBS, or "HMBS." Longbridge is an approved issuer of HMBS, and it pools and securitizes the majority of its HECM loans into HMBS, which it then sells in the secondary market while retaining the servicing rights on the underlying HECM loans. In addition, Longbridge opportunistically acquires, in the secondary market, HECM loans that have been mandatorily repurchased from HMBS pools ("HECM Buyout Loans") by other HECM servicers upon the outstanding principal balance of such loans reaching or exceeding 98% of their respective maximum claim amount. Depending on their status, HECM Buyout Loans are either eligible to be assigned to HUD in connection with an FHA insurance claim ("assignable buyout loans," or "ABOs"), or ineligible to be assigned to HUD ("non-assignable buyout loans," or "NABOs").

Longbridge also originates and purchases proprietary reverse mortgage loans, which typically carry loan balances or credit lines that exceed FHA limits or have other characteristics that make them ineligible for FHA insurance.

The majority of Longbridge's existing MSRs relate to HECM loans that Longbridge pooled and securitized into HMBS and then sold into the secondary market with servicing rights retained. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, so long as Longbridge retains such mortgage servicing rights and the obligations relating thereto, such HECM loans do not meet the requirement for sale accounting in accordance with US GAAP and remain on Longbridge's balance sheet. The sold HMBS securities are accounted for as secured borrowings. In addition, Longbridge opportunistically acquires, in the secondary market or otherwise, MSRs associated with either proprietary reverse mortgage loans, HECMs or HECM buyout loans.

Table of Contents

Strategic Equity Investments in Loan Originators

We have made, and in the future may make additional, equity investments in loan originators and other related entities; historically, our investments have generally represented non-controlling interests, although we are not restricted from holding controlling interests in such entities. We have also acquired debt investments and/or warrants in certain of these loan originators. We have also entered into various other arrangements, such as entering into flow agreements or providing guarantees or financing lines, with certain of the loan originators in which we have invested.

TBAs and Other Mortgage-Related Derivatives

In addition to investing in specified pools of Agency RMBS, we utilize TBA transactions, whereby we agree to purchase or sell, for future delivery, Agency RMBS with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of underlying collateral, but the particular Agency RMBS to be delivered is not identified until shortly before the TBA settlement date. TBAs are liquid, have quoted market prices, and represent the most actively traded class of mortgage-backed securities, or "MBS." TBA trading is based on the assumption that mortgage pools that are eligible to be delivered at TBA settlement are fungible and thus the specific mortgage pools to be delivered do not need to be explicitly identified at the time a trade is initiated.

We generally engage in TBA transactions for purposes of managing certain risks associated with our investment strategies. Other than with respect to TBA transactions entered into by our TRSs, most of our TBA transactions are treated for tax purposes as hedging transactions used to hedge indebtedness incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets, or "qualifying liability hedges." The principal risks that we use TBAs to mitigate are interest rate and yield spread risks. For example, we may hedge the interest rate and/or yield spread risk inherent in our long Agency RMBS by taking short positions in TBAs that are similar in character. Alternatively, we may opportunistically engage in TBA transactions because we find them attractive in their own right, from a relative value perspective or otherwise. For accounting purposes, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or "U.S. GAAP," we classify TBA transactions as derivatives.

We also take long and short positions in various other mortgage-related derivative instruments, including mortgage-related credit default swaps. A credit default swap is a credit derivative contract in which one party (the protection buyer) pays an ongoing periodic premium (and often an upfront payment as well) to another party (the protection seller) in return for compensation for default (or similar credit event) by a reference entity. In this case, the reference entity can be an individual MBS or an index of several MBS, such as an ABX, PrimeX, or CMBX index. Payments from the protection seller to the protection buyer typically occur if a credit event takes place. A credit event can be triggered by, among other things, the reference entity's failure to pay its principal obligations or a severe ratings downgrade of the reference entity.

Other Investment Assets

Our other investment assets include real estate, including residential and commercial real property, strategic equity and/or debt investments in entities related to our business, corporate debt and equity securities, corporate loans, which can include litigation finance loans, and other non-mortgage-related derivatives. We do not typically purchase real property directly; rather, our real estate ownership usually results from foreclosure activity with respect to our acquired residential and commercial loans.

Hedging Instruments

Interest Rate Hedging

We opportunistically hedge our interest rate risk by using various hedging strategies, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT. The interest rate hedging instruments that we use and may use in the future include, without limitation:

•TBAs;

•interest rate swaps (including floating-to-fixed, fixed-to-floating, floating-to-floating, or more complex swaps such as floating-to-inverse floating, callable or non-callable);

•CMOs;

•U.S. Treasury securities;

•swaptions, caps, floors, and other derivatives on interest rates;

•futures and forward contracts; and

•options on any of the foregoing.

Because fluctuations in short-term interest rates may expose us to fluctuations in the spread between the interest we earn on certain of our investments and the interest we pay on certain of our borrowings, we may seek to manage such exposure by entering into short positions in interest rate swaps. An interest rate swap is an agreement to exchange interest rate cash flows, calculated on a notional principal amount, at specified payment dates during the life of the agreement. Typically, one party pays a fixed interest rate and receives a floating interest rate and the other party pays a floating interest rate and receives a fixed

Table of Contents

interest rate. Each party's payment obligation is computed using a different interest rate. In an interest rate swap, the notional principal is generally not exchanged. We generally enter into these transactions to offset the potential adverse effects of rising interest rates on short-term repurchase agreements. Our repurchase agreements generally have maturities of up to 364 days and carry interest rates that are determined by reference to a benchmark rate such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or "SOFR." As each then-existing fixed-rate repurchase agreement, or "repo," borrowing matures, it will generally be replaced with a new fixed-rate repo borrowing based on market interest rates established at that future date.

In the case of interest rate swaps, most of our agreements are structured such that we receive payments based on a variable interest rate and make payments based on a fixed interest rate. The variable interest rate on which payments are received is generally calculated based on various reset mechanisms for a benchmark rate such as SOFR. To the extent that the benchmark rates used to calculate the payments we receive on our interest rate swaps continue to be highly correlated with our repo borrowing costs, our interest rate swap contracts should help to reduce the variability of our overall repo borrowing costs, thus reducing risk to the extent we hold fixed-rate assets that are financed with repo borrowings.

Credit Risk Hedging

We enter into credit-hedging positions in order to protect against adverse credit events with respect to our credit investments, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT. Our credit hedging portfolio can vary significantly from period to period, and can encompass a wide variety of financial instruments, including corporate debt or equity-related instruments, RMBS- or CMBS-related instruments, or instruments involving other markets. Our hedging instruments can include both "single-name" instruments (i.e., instruments referencing one underlying entity or security) and hedging instruments referencing indices.

Currently, our credit hedges consist primarily of financial instruments tied to corporate credit, such as CDS on corporate bond indices, short positions in and CDS on corporate bonds; and positions involving exchange traded funds, or "ETFs," of corporate bonds. Our credit hedges also currently include CDS tied to individual MBS or an index of several MBS, such as CDS on CMBS indices, or "CMBX."

Foreign Currency Hedging

To the extent that we hold instruments denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, we may enter into transactions to offset the potential adverse effects of changes in currency exchange rates, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT. In particular, we may use currency forward contracts and other currency-related derivatives to mitigate this risk.

Trends and Recent Market Developments

Market Overview

•After maintaining its target range for the federal funds rate in July, the U.S. Federal Reserve, or the "Federal Reserve," reduced the range by 50 basis points to 4.75%–5.00% in September. In cutting rates for the first time in four years, the Federal Reserve "judges that the risks to achieving its employment and inflation goals are roughly in balance." The Summary of Economic Projections released in September implied another 50 basis points of interest rate cuts in 2024.

In the third quarter, the Federal Reserve continued to reinvest only principal payments that exceeded $35 billion on Agency RMBS and $25 billion on U.S. Treasury securities, thus maintaining the reduced monthly reinvestment cap on U.S. Treasury securities announced at its May meeting.

•After rising during the first half of the year, interest rates fell significantly in the third quarter, particularly short-term interest rates, and the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury exceeded that of the 2-year U.S. Treasury for the first time since July 2022. Quarter over quarter, the 2-year U.S. Treasury yield decreased by 111 basis points to 3.64%, and the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield declined by 62 basis points to 3.78%. Meanwhile, interest rate volatility, as measured by the MOVE index, spiked in early August and again in early September, before declining into quarter end.

•In the third quarter, Secured Overnight Financing Rates, or "SOFR" rates, fell sharply following the decline in the federal funds rate, with one-month SOFR decreasing by 49 basis points to 4.85% and three-month SOFR decreasing by 73 basis points to 4.59%. SOFR rates drive many of our financing costs.

•Mortgage rates moved in sympathy with long-term interest rates during the third quarter. The Freddie Mac survey 30-year mortgage rate decreased from 6.86% at the end of June to 6.08% on September 26th. While still low on an historical basis, the Mortgage Bankers Association's Refinance Index more than doubled during the third quarter, with mortgage rates lower. Overall prepayment speeds ticked up in July and August and then fell in September, with Fannie Mae 30-year RMBS registering CPRs of 6.6 in July, 6.7 in August, and 6.4 in September.

Year-to-date through August, the S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller US National Home Price NSA Index increased by 4.5% and the National Association of Realtors Housing Affordability Index declined by 1.9%.

100

Table of Contents

•U.S. real GDP increased at an estimated annualized rate of 2.8% in the third quarter, as compared to 3.0% in the prior quarter. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate decreased moderately during the quarter, registering 4.3% in July, 4.2% in August, and 4.1% in September.

•Inflation continued its modest decline in the third quarter, reaching a three-year low in September. The 12-month percentage change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (“CPI-U"), not seasonally adjusted, was 2.9% in July, 2.5% in August, and 2.4% in September 2024. This compares to 12-month percentage changes of 3.4% in April, 3.3% in May, and 3.0% in June 2024.

•For the third quarter, the Bloomberg U.S. MBS Index posted a return of 5.48% and an excess return (on a duration-adjusted basis) of 0.76% relative to the Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Index. Meanwhile, the Bloomberg U.S. Corporate Bond Index generated a return of 5.81% and an excess return of 0.80%, and the Bloomberg U.S. Corporate High Yield Bond Index generated a return of 5.42% and an excess return of 1.83%, for the quarter.

•Corporate credit spreads generally tightened during the third quarter, with spreads on the Markit CDX North America Investment Grade and High Yield Indices decreasing by 1 and 15 basis points quarter over quarter, respectively. Default rates on U.S. leveraged loans declined further, with the twelve-month trailing default rate on the Morningstar LSTA Leveraged Loan Index decreasing to 0.80% at quarter end, as compared to 0.92% at June 30th, and well below the 10-year historical average of 1.68%, per PitchBook|LCD. Additionally, the Morningstar LSTA US Leveraged Loan Index rose in the third quarter to $96.71 at September 30th, compared to $96.59 at June 30th.

•Similar to U.S leveraged loans, default rates on EU leveraged loans also declined. The twelve-month trailing default rate on the Morningstar LSTA EU Leveraged Loan Index decreased to 0.79% at quarter end, as compared to 1.29% at June 30th, and below the 10-year historical average of 1.44%, per PitchBook|LCD. However, the Morningstar LSTA EU Leveraged Loan Index declined modestly in the third quarter to $97.58 at September 30th, compared to $97.61 at June 30th.

•U.S. CLO issuance activity, while still elevated on an historical basis, declined in the third quarter. According to PitchBook|LCD, the U.S. CLO market saw $41 billion of new CLO issuance in the third quarter, compared to $53 billion in the second quarter.

•U.S. equity markets performed well in the third quarter. The Dow Jones Industrial Average increased by 8.2% and the S&P 500 rose by 5.5%, with both indices ending the quarter at record highs. Meanwhile, the NASDAQ rose by 2.6% and reached a record high intra-quarter. Meanwhile, the VIX volatility index spiked in early August to its highest level since January 2021; the VIX subsequently moderated, but remained relatively elevated through quarter end. Finally, London's FTSE 100 index increased by 0.9%, and the MSCI World global equity index rose by 6.0% quarter over quarter.

101

Table of Contents

Portfolio Overview and Outlook—Investment Portfolio

Investment Portfolio—Credit(1)

The following tables summarize the long investments in our credit portfolio as of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024.


	September 30, 2024				June 30, 2024
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		% of Total		Fair Value		% of Total
Dollar Denominated:
CLOs(4)	$	67,963	1.4	%	$	75,719	1.8	%
CMBS	38,937		0.8	%	42,842		1.0	%
Commercial Mortgage Loans(3)	392,073		8.3	%	362,914		8.8	%
Consumer Loans and ABS backed by Consumer Loans(4)	88,805		1.9	%	85,802		2.1	%
Corporate Debt and Equity and Corporate Loans	31,650		0.7	%	32,100		0.8	%
Debt and Equity Investments in Loan Origination Entities(7)	42,376		0.9	%	37,381		0.9	%
Forward MSR-related investments	149,831		3.2	%	158,031		3.8	%
Home Equity Line of Credit and Closed-End Second Lien Loans	186,050		4.0	%	62,737		1.5	%
Non-Agency RMBS	155,423		3.3	%	143,690		3.5	%
Non-QM Loans and Retained Non-QM RMBS(2)(8)	2,165,375		46.1	%	1,802,847		43.5	%
Other investments(5)(6)	49,651		1.1	%	23,533		0.6	%
Residential Transition Loans and Other Residential Mortgage Loans(2)	1,248,001		26.6	%	1,234,796		29.8	%
Non-Dollar Denominated:
CLOs(4)	6,956		0.1	%	6,973		0.2	%


Corporate Debt and Equity	206		—	%	219		—	%
RMBS(9)	17,480		0.4	%	18,138		0.4	%
Other Residential Mortgage Loans	55,167		1.2	%	52,368		1.3	%
Total Long Credit Portfolio	$	4,695,944	100.0	%	$	4,140,090	100.0	%
Less: Non-retained Tranches of Consolidated Securitization Trusts	1,445,466				1,414,389
Total Long Credit Portfolio excluding Non-retained Tranches of Consolidated Securitization Trusts	$	3,250,478			$	2,725,701

(1)This information does not include U.S. Treasury securities, securities sold short, or financial derivatives.

(2)Includes related REO. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, REO is not considered a financial instrument and, as a result, is included at the lower of cost or fair value, as discussed in Note 2 of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

(3)Includes equity investments in unconsolidated entities holding commercial mortgage loans and REO.

(4)Includes equity investments in securitization-related vehicles.

(5)Includes equity investment in Ellington affiliate.

(6)Includes equity investment in an unconsolidated entity which purchases certain other loans for eventual securitization.

(7)Includes corporate loans to certain loan origination entities in which we hold an equity investment.

(8)Retained non-QM RMBS represents RMBS issued by non-consolidated Ellington-sponsored non-QM loan securitization trusts, and interests in entities holding such RMBS.

(9)Includes an investment in an unconsolidated entity holding European RMBS.

Our total long credit portfolio, excluding non-retained tranches of consolidated securitization trusts, increased by 19% to $3.25 billion as of September 30, 2024, from $2.73 billion as of June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by net purchases of non-QM loans, closed-end second lien loans, HELOCs, commercial mortgage loans, and non-Agency RMBS. A portion of the increase was offset by smaller CLO and CMBS portfolios, driven by net sales.

Including associated financing costs and hedging gains and losses, strong net interest income and net gains from our non-QM loans and retained tranches, non-Agency RMBS, closed-end second lien loans, and CMBS drove the positive performance of our credit strategy in the third quarter. We also benefited from mark-to-market gains on our equity investments in the loan originators LendSure and American Heritage Lending, which reflected strong performance at those originators driven by increased origination volumes and strong gain-on-sale margins. Offsetting a portion of these gains were net losses on our consumer loan portfolio and a related equity investment in a consumer loan originator, as well as negative operating income on certain non-performing commercial mortgage loans and REO. Finally, we had a net loss on the Great Ajax common shares we had purchased in connection with last year's terminated merger.

102

Table of Contents

The percentage of delinquent loans in our residential mortgage loan portfolio decreased quarter over quarter, while the percentage of delinquent loans in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio (including loans accounted for as equity method investments) increased. Both of these portfolios continue to experience low levels of realized credit losses and strong overall credit performance, though we continue to work out several non-performing commercial mortgage assets.

During the quarter the net interest margin on our credit portfolio, including the effect of actual and accrued periodic payments on interest rate swaps used to hedge the assets, decreased to 2.64% from 2.76%. We continued to benefit from positive carry on our interest rate swap hedges, where we overall receive a higher floating rate and pay a lower fixed rate.

Supplemental Credit Portfolio Information:

The following tables provide supplemental information to, and should be read in conjunction with, the notes to our financial statements. See Note 5—Investments in Loans, Note 7—Forward MSR-related Investments, and Note 8—Investments in Unconsolidated Entities, of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The table below details certain information regarding our investments in commercial mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024:


							Gross Unrealized						Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Coupon		Yield(1)		Life (Years)(2)
Commercial mortgage loans(3)(4)	$	610,462	$	(13,285)	$	597,177	$	4,913	$	(9,015)	$	593,075	10.75	%	10.88	%	1.02

(1)Excludes commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status, with a fair value of $86.5 million.

(2)Expected average lives of loans are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Average lives are affected by scheduled periodic payments of principal and unscheduled prepayments of principal.

(3)Includes our allocable portion of commercial mortgage loans, based on our ownership percentage, held in variable interest entities. Our equity investments in such variable interest entities are included in Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(4)As of September 30, 2024 all of our commercial mortgage loans were first-lien mortgages, the vast majority of which have floating rates, most of which benefit from interest rate floors.

The table(1)(2) below summarizes our interests in commercial mortgage loans by payment status of the loan as of September 30, 2024:


	September 30, 2024
(In thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value
Performing	$	509,331	$	506,534
Non-performing	101,131		86,541
Total	$	610,462	$	593,075

(1)Includes our allocable portion of commercial mortgage loans, based on our ownership percentage, held in variable interest entities. Our equity investments in such variable interest entities are included in Investments in unconsolidated entities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2)As discussed in Note 2 and Note 5 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, commercial loans that are 90 days or more delinquent are considered non-performing.

Additionally, as of September 30, 2024, an unconsolidated variable interest entity, in which we co-invest with other Ellington affiliates, held a commercial multi-family REO property; the fair value of our allocable portion of such REO was approximately $32.5 million.

103

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes our interests in commercial mortgage loans by property type of the underlying real estate collateral, as a percentage of total outstanding unpaid principal balance, as of September 30, 2024:


Property Type(1)	September 30, 2024
Multifamily	65.6	%
Hotel	7.5	%
Industrial	5.7	%
Retail	5.0	%
Office	4.7	%
Commercial Mixed Use	3.7	%
Healthcare	3.6	%
Mobile Home Community	3.1	%
Self Storage	1.1	%
	100.0	%

The table below summarizes our interests in commercial mortgage loans by geographic location of the underlying real estate collateral, as a percentage of total outstanding unpaid principal balance, as of September 30, 2024:


Property Location by U.S. State(1)	September 30, 2024
Florida	21.0	%
Illinois	11.1	%
New York	10.9	%
Texas	9.5	%
New Jersey	5.7	%
Michigan	5.2	%
All other states <5%	36.6	%
	100.0	%

The table below summarizes our interests in residential mortgage loans by loan type, and REO resulting from the foreclosure of residential mortgage loans, as of September 30, 2024:



Loan Type	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
North America—United States:
Non-QM loans	$	2,256,738	$	2,153,456
Residential transition loans	1,174,062		1,168,981
HELOCs and closed-end second lien loans	177,905		186,050
Other residential mortgage loans	53,981		54,579
Europe—United Kingdom:
Other residential mortgage loans	58,088		55,167
Total residential mortgage loans	$	3,720,774	$	3,618,233
Residential REO(1)			25,297
Total residential mortgage loans and residential REO(1)			$	3,643,530

(1)REO is not considered a financial instrument and, as a result, is included at the lower of cost or fair value, as discussed in Note 2 of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

104

Table of Contents

The table below details (in thousands) the underlying reference amounts and components of our Forward MSR-related investments as of September 30, 2024:



Fair Value of Underlying MSR		Financing		Advances Receivable		Cash and Other Net Receivables		Fair Value of Forward MSR-related Investments
$	149,458	$	(13,500)	$	3,995	$	9,878	$	149,831

The table below provides additional details on the MSRs underlying our Forward MSR-related investments as of September 30, 2024:



					Weighted Average
Holder of Mortgage Loan	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Rate		Servicing Fee		Loan Age (Months)	Projected CPR		Market Yield		Multiple
	(In thousands)
Federal National Mortgage Association	$	10,971,863	$	137,898	3.09	%	0.25	%	46	6.24	%	9.51	%	5.02
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	886,175		11,560		3.71	%	0.25	%	42	6.38	%	9.55	%	5.21
Total	$	11,858,038	149,458		3.14	%	0.25	%	46	6.25	%	9.51	%	5.03

As discussed in Note 16 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we, through a wholly-owned trust subsidiary, purchase automobile loans under agreements with a consumer loan originator. We have beneficial interests in the loan cash flows, which are net of servicing-related fees and expenses including a deferred performance-based fee to the consumer loan originator, in which we have a non-controlling equity interest. The total fair value of these investments, which are included in Securities, at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, was $65.7 million as of September 30, 2024. The table below provides additional information about the automobile loans underlying these participation certificates, which comprise our investments in ABS backed by consumer loans, as of September 30, 2024:


									Weighted Average
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Life (Years)	Delinquency (Days)
Automobile loans underlying ABS backed by consumer loans(1)(2)	$	76,014	$	(3,327)	$	72,687	$	64,512	1.6	12

(1)Fair value excludes accrued deferred performance-based fees to loan originator of $0.1 million.

(2)Excludes charged-off consumer loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance and fair value of $76.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively, for which the Company has determined that it is probable the servicer will be able to collect principal and interest. See Note 5 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on charged-off consumer loans.

105

Table of Contents

The following table provides additional details about our investments in unconsolidated entities as of September 30, 2024:

Investment in Unconsolidated Entity

Description

Fair Value

Loan Originators:

Entity Type

(In thousands)

LendSure Mortgage Corp.

Residential Mortgage Loan Originator

25,922

Other

Residential Mortgage Loan, Commercial Mortgage Loan, and Consumer Loan Originators

13,387

39,309

Other Unconsolidated Entities:

Underlying Product Type

Co-investments with Ellington affiliate(s)

Commercial Mortgage Loans and REO

98,812

Equity investments in securitization-related risk retention vehicles

Consumer Loans and European RMBS

988

Equity investments in securitization-related risk retention vehicles

Residential Mortgage Loan

8,725

Other

Various

40,641

149,166

188,475

Investment Portfolio—Agency RMBS


	September 30, 2024				June 30, 2024
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		% of Long Agency Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Long Agency Portfolio
Long Agency RMBS:
Fixed Rate	$	346,341	87.8	%	$	413,685	90.4	%

Reverse Mortgages	33,723		8.5	%	33,853		7.4	%
IOs	14,579		3.7	%	10,162		2.2	%
Total Long Agency RMBS	$	394,643	100.0	%	$	457,700	100.0	%

Our total long Agency RMBS portfolio decreased by approximately 14% quarter over quarter to $394.6 million, driven by net sales and principal repayments, which were partially offset by net gains.

In the third quarter, interest rates fell, the yield curve steepened, and Agency RMBS yield spreads tightened as the market anticipated the beginning of the Federal Reserve's interest rate cutting cycle. In September the Federal Reserve reduced the target range for the federal funds rate by 50 basis points and also released updated economic projections that implied another 50 basis points of interest rate cuts later in 2024. Overall for the third quarter, the U.S. Agency MBS Index generated an excess return of 0.76%. Against this backdrop, our Agency strategy generated positive results for the quarter, as net gains on our Agency RMBS exceeded net losses on interest rate hedges, which were driven by declining interest rates.

During the quarter, we continued to hedge interest rate risk through the use of interest rate swaps and short positions in U.S. Treasury securities and futures. We ended the quarter with a net short TBA position on a notional basis but a net long TBA position as measured by 10-year equivalents. Ten-year equivalents for a group of positions represent the amount of 10-year U.S. Treasury securities that would be expected to experience a similar change in market value under a standard parallel move in interest rates.

During the quarter, the net interest margin on our Agency RMBS, excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, increased to 2.03% from 1.99%. As with our credit strategy, we continued to benefit from positive carry on our interest rate swap hedges, where we overall receive a higher floating rate and pay a lower fixed rate.

As of both September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024, the weighted average net pass-through rate on our fixed-rate specified pools was 4.1%. Portfolio turnover for our Agency strategy, as measured by sales and excluding paydowns, was 17.1% for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024.

We expect to continue to target specified pools that, taking into account their particular composition and based on our prepayment projections, should: (1) generate attractive yields relative to other Agency RMBS and U.S. Treasury securities, (2) have less prepayment sensitivity to government policy shocks, and/or (3) create opportunities for trading gains once the market recognizes their value, which for newer pools may come only after several months, when actual prepayment experience

106

Table of Contents

can be observed. We believe that our research team, proprietary prepayment models, and extensive databases remain essential tools in our implementation of this strategy.

The following table summarizes the prepayment rates for our portfolio of fixed-rate specified pools (excluding those backed by reverse mortgages) for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024, June 30, 2024, March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and September 30, 2023.


	Three-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024	June 30, 2024	March 31, 2024	December 31, 2023	September 30, 2023
Three-Month Constant Prepayment Rates(1)	7.5	8.5	5.2	5.7	7.0

(1)Excludes Agency fixed-rate RMBS without any prepayment history.

The following table provides details about the composition of our portfolio of fixed-rate specified pools (excluding those backed by reverse mortgages) as of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024:


		September 30, 2024							June 30, 2024
	Coupon (%)	Current Principal		Fair Value		Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)	Weighted Average Coupon		Current Principal		Fair Value		Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)	Weighted Average Coupon
		(In thousands)							(In thousands)
Fixed-rate Agency RMBS:
15-year fixed-rate mortgages:

	2.00–2.49	$	8,068	$	7,428	43	2.00	%	$	8,279	$	7,361	40	2.00	%
	2.50–2.99	—		—		—	—	%	7,337		6,973		63	2.54	%
	3.00–3.49	6,189		6,007		81	3.00	%	6,619		6,246		79	3.00	%
	3.50–3.99	7,569		7,478		91	3.50	%	8,031		7,706		89	3.50	%

	4.50–4.99	142		142		162	4.50	%	172		170		159	4.50	%
Total 15-year fixed-rate mortgages		21,968		21,055		71	2.81	%	30,438		28,456		67	2.76	%






30-year fixed-rate mortgages:
	2.00–2.49	17,688		14,836		36	2.00	%	21,175		16,790		34	2.00	%
	2.50–2.99	22,565		19,488		41	2.50	%	24,639		20,252		38	2.50	%
	3.00–3.49	71,912		65,463		50	3.00	%	77,513		67,411		49	3.00	%
	3.50–3.99	56,328		53,029		65	3.50	%	58,554		52,702		63	3.50	%
	4.00–4.49	33,664		32,638		52	4.00	%	74,465		69,579		79	4.00	%
	4.50–4.99	9,702		9,626		47	4.50	%	8,783		8,393		49	4.50	%
	5.00–5.49	47,778		48,057		27	5.00	%	61,787		60,334		33	5.00	%
	5.50–5.99	10,340		10,490		19	5.50	%	12,146		12,044		22	5.50	%
	6.00–6.49	34,412		35,348		19	6.00	%	40,989		41,343		16	6.00	%
	6.50–6.99	35,051		36,311		16	6.50	%	35,550		36,381		13	6.50	%
Total 30-year fixed-rate mortgages		339,440		325,286		41	4.16	%	415,601		385,229		46	4.17	%
Total fixed-rate Agency RMBS		$	361,408	$	346,341	42	4.08	%	$	446,039	$	413,685	47	4.07	%

Portfolio Overview and Outlook—Longbridge

As discussed in Note 13 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, when Longbridge pools HECM loans into HMBS, such transfers do not qualify as sales under U.S. GAAP, and as a result, such transactions are treated as secured borrowings on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The pooled HECM loans are included in Loans, at fair value, and the related liabilities are reflected as HMBS-related obligations, at fair value. After pooling the HECM loans into

107

Table of Contents

HMBS, Longbridge retains the mortgage servicing rights associated with such HMBS, which we refer to as the "HMBS MSR Equivalent." Additionally, Longbridge typically retains the MSRs associated with the proprietary reverse mortgage loans that it originates and has acquired MSRs on reverse mortgage loans in the secondary market (collectively, "Reverse MSRs"). We refer to the HMBS MSR Equivalent and Reverse MSRs collectively as our "Reverse MSR-related Net Assets." We have also securitized some of the proprietary reverse mortgage loans originated by Longbridge, and we have retained certain securitization tranches in compliance with credit risk retention rules.

The following table summarizes loan-related assets(1) in the Longbridge segment as of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		June 30, 2024
HMBS assets(2)	$	8,890,459	$	8,926,658
Less: HMBS liabilities	(8,790,589)		(8,832,058)
HMBS MSR Equivalent	99,870		94,600
Unsecuritized HECM loans(3)	127,625		103,668
Proprietary reverse mortgage loans(4)	597,093		449,968
Reverse MSRs	28,877		29,538
Unsecuritized REO	2,372		1,375
Total	855,837		679,149
Less: Non-retained tranches of consolidated securitization trusts	361,596		158,397
Total, excluding non-retained tranches of consolidated securitization trusts	$	494,241	$	520,752

(1)This information does not include financial derivatives or loan commitments.

(2)Includes HECM loans, REO, and claims or other receivables.

(3)As of September 30, 2024, includes $8.2 million of active HECM Buyout Loans, $10.6 million of inactive HECM Buyout Loans, and $4.2 million of other inactive HECM loans. As of June 30, 2024, includes $5.1 million of active HECM Buyout Loans, $9.9 million of inactive HECM Buyout Loans, and $4.3 million of other inactive HECM loans.

(4)As of September 30, 2024, includes $390.6 million of securitized proprietary reverse mortgage loans and $9.0 million of cash held in securitization reserve funds. As of June 30, 2024, includes $181.1 million of securitized proprietary reverse mortgage loans and $4.5 million of cash held in a securitization reserve fund.

Our Longbridge segment generated a net loss attributable to common stockholders for the third quarter, driven by net losses on interest rate hedges, partially offset by positive results in originations. We had a mark-to-market gain on our HMBS MSR Equivalent, but this gain was muted by wider HMBS yield spreads, which resulted in a net loss on this position after taking into account the net losses on the interest rate hedges that we hold against this position. Wider HMBS yield spreads adversely affect the value of our HMBS MSR Equivalent because they lower the component of projected servicing income that stems from the right to fund and securitize future borrower draws. In HECM originations, a decline in origination margins, also driven by wider HMBS yield spreads, was partially offset by higher volumes; whereas in proprietary reverse originations, net gains related to the securitization in July, along with improved origination margins and higher volumes, led to strong profits in that product line.

Our Longbridge portfolio, excluding non-retained tranches of a consolidated securitization trusts, decreased by 5% sequentially to $494.2 million as of September 30, 2024, driven primarily by the completion of our securitization of proprietary reverse mortgage loans, partially offset by new proprietary reverse mortgage loan originations during the quarter.

Supplemental Longbridge Information:

The following table summarizes origination volumes by channel for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024:


	Three-Month Period Ended
($ In thousands)	September 30, 2024					June 30, 2024
Channel	Units	New Loan Origination Volume(1)		% of New Loan Origination Volume		Units	New Loan Origination Volume(1)		% of New Loan Origination Volume
Retail	459	$	83,080	23	%	408	$	60,601	20	%
Wholesale and correspondent	1,391	271,660		77	%	1,298	243,937		80	%
Total	1,850	$	354,740	100	%	1,706	$	304,538	100	%

(1)Represents initial borrowed amounts on reverse mortgage loans.

108

Table of Contents

Corporate/Other

In addition to expenses not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or Longbridge segment, our results for the quarter also reflect a net unrealized loss on our unsecured borrowings, driven by the decline in interest rates. This loss was partially offset by a net gain, also driven by the decrease in interest rates, on the fixed receiver interest rate swaps that we use to hedge the fixed payments on both our unsecured borrowings and our preferred equity.

Financing—Overall

We have various financing arrangements in place as of September 30, 2024, including both secured and unsecured borrowings. We use repos, secured lines of credit, and various other secured borrowings to finance our portfolios, each of which we account for as collateralized borrowings. We have also obtained, through the securitization markets, term financing for certain of our non-QM loans, certain of our proprietary reverse mortgage loans, and certain of our consumer loans. Additionally, as an issuer of HMBS, we account for HMBS-related obligations as secured borrowings. Finally, as of September 30, 2024, we had $297.7 million of outstanding Unsecured borrowings including: (i) senior notes of $210.0 million, maturing in April 2027 and bearing an interest rate of 5.875%; (ii) senior notes of $34.9 million, maturing in March 2025 and bearing an interest rate of 6.75%; and (iii) senior notes of $37.8 million, maturing in August 2026 and bearing an interest rate of 6.00% (collectively, the "Senior Notes") as well as $15.0 million of unregistered junior subordinated unsecured debt securities (the "Trust Preferred Debt"). The indentures governing the outstanding Senior Notes contain a number of covenants, including several financial covenants. See Note 14 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on our Unsecured borrowings.

As of September 30, 2024, outstanding borrowings under repos and Total other secured borrowings (which include Other secured borrowings and Other secured borrowings, at fair value, as presented on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet) were $4.7 billion, of which approximately 7.3%, or $346.2 million, related to our Agency RMBS holdings. The remaining outstanding borrowings related to our credit portfolio and Longbridge. Additionally, we had $8.8 billion of HMBS-related obligations.

The following table details our borrowings outstanding and debt-to-equity ratios as of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024:


	As of
($ in thousands)	September 30, 2024		June 30, 2024
Recourse(1) borrowings:
Repurchase agreements	$	2,642,052	$	2,301,976
Other secured borrowings	284,897		217,225
Unsecured borrowings, at par	297,681		297,681
Total recourse borrowings	$	3,224,630	$	2,816,882
Debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse borrowings(1)	2.0:1		1.8:1
Debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse borrowings excluding U.S. Treasury securities	1.8:1		1.6:1
Debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse borrowings excluding U.S. Treasury securities, adjusted for unsettled purchases and sales(2)	1.8:1		1.6:1
Non-Recourse(3) Borrowings:


Other Secured Borrowings, at fair value(4)	1,813,755		1,585,838
HMBS-related obligations, at fair value	8,790,589		8,832,058
Total non-recourse borrowings	10,604,344		10,417,896
Total Recourse and Non-Recourse Borrowings	$	13,828,974	$	13,234,778
Debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse and non-recourse borrowings	8.5:1		8.4:1
Debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse and non-recourse borrowings excluding U.S. Treasury securities	8.3:1		8.3:1
Debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse and non-recourse borrowings excluding U.S. Treasury securities, adjusted for unsettled purchases and sales(2)	8.3:1		8.2:1

(1)As of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024, excludes borrowings at certain unconsolidated entities that are recourse to us. Including such borrowings, our debt-to-equity ratio based on total recourse borrowings was 2.1:1 and 1.9:1 as of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

(2)For unsettled purchases and sales, assumes associated borrowings are subject to haircuts of 5.6% and 5.4% as of September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

109

Table of Contents

(3)All of our non-recourse borrowings are secured by collateral. In the event of default under a non-recourse borrowing, the lender has a claim against the collateral but not any of the Operating Partnership's other assets. In the event of default under a recourse borrowing, the lender's claim is not limited to the collateral (if any).

(4)Relates to our non-QM, European residential mortgage, and reverse mortgage loan securitizations, where we have elected the fair value option on the related debt.

Our recourse debt-to-equity ratio, excluding U.S. Treasury securities and adjusted for unsettled purchases and sales, increased to 1.8:1 as of September 30, 2024 as compared to 1.6:1 as of June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in borrowings on our larger credit portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in borrowings on our smaller Agency portfolio, the proprietary reverse mortgage securitization which converted certain recourse borrowings to non-recourse borrowings, and an increase in shareholders' equity. Our overall debt-to-equity ratio, based on total recourse and non-recourse borrowings excluding U.S. Treasury securities, adjusted for unsettled purchases and sales, also increased during the quarter, to 8.3:1 as of September 30, 2024, as compared to 8.2:1 as of June 30, 2024.

Our debt-to-equity ratio does not account for liabilities other than debt financings and does not include debt associated with securitization transactions accounted for as sales.

Our secured financing costs include interest expense related to our repo borrowings and Total other secured borrowings (which include Other secured borrowings and Other secured borrowings, at fair value, as presented on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet but exclude HMBS-related obligations). For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, the average cost of funds on our secured financings increased to 5.94%, as compared to 5.73% for the three-month period ended June 30, 2024. Our unsecured financing costs consist of interest expense related to our Unsecured borrowings. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024, the average borrowing rate on our unsecured financings was 5.59% and 6.15%, respectively. Our average cost of funds, including both secured and unsecured financings, increased to 5.92% from 5.76% over the same period.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ellington Financial Inc., its Operating Partnership, its subsidiaries, including Longbridge, and variable interest entities, or "VIEs," for which we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our critical accounting estimates are those which require assumptions to be made about matters that are highly uncertain. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could have a material impact on our financial condition and/or results of operations. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our consolidated financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made based upon information available to us at that time. We rely on the experience of our Manager and Ellington and analysis of historical and current market data in order to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. See Note 2 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies. We have identified our most critical accounting estimates to be the following:

Valuation: We have elected the fair value option for the vast majority of our assets and liabilities for which such election is permitted, as provided for under ASC 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825"). For financial instruments that are traded in an "active market," the best measure of fair value is the quoted market price. However, many of our financial instruments are not traded in an active market. Therefore, management generally uses third-party valuations when available. If third-party valuations are not available, management uses other valuation techniques, such as the discounted cash flow methodology.

Summary descriptions, for various categories of financial instruments, of the valuation methodologies management uses in determining fair value of our financial instruments are detailed in Note 2 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements. Management utilizes such methodologies to assign a good faith fair value (the estimated price that, in an orderly transaction at the valuation date, would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, as the case may be) to each such financial instrument. See the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information on valuation techniques used by management in the valuation of our assets and liabilities.

Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, the estimated fair value of our financial instruments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed, and the differences could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

The determination of estimated fair value of those of our financial instruments that are not traded in an active market requires the use of both macroeconomic and microeconomic assumptions and/or inputs, which are generally based on current

110

Table of Contents

market and economic conditions. Changes in market and/or economic conditions could have a significant adverse effect on the estimated fair value of our financial instruments. Changes to assumptions, including assumed market yields, may significantly impact the estimated fair value of our investments. Our valuations are sensitive to changes in interest rate; see the interest rate sensitivity analysis included in Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

VIEs: We evaluate each of our investments and other contractual arrangements to determine whether our interest constitutes a variable interest in a VIE, and if so whether we are the primary beneficiary of such VIE. In making these determinations we use both qualitative and quantitative analyses involving a significant amount of judgment, taking into consideration factors such as which interests in the VIE create or absorb variability, the contractual terms related to such interests, other transactions or agreements with the entity, key decision makers and their impact on the VIE’s economic performance, and related party relationships.

Purchases and Sales of Investments and Investment Income: Purchase and sales transactions are generally recorded on trade date. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are calculated based on identified cost.

For securities, residential and commercial mortgage loans, consumer loans, and corporate loans, we generally amortize premiums and accrete discounts using the effective interest method. For certain of our securities, for purposes of estimating future expected cash flows, management uses assumptions including, but not limited to, assumptions for future prepayment rates, default rates, and loss severities (each of which may in turn incorporate various macroeconomic assumptions, such as future housing prices, GDP growth rates, and unemployment rates). In estimating future cash flows on certain of our loans, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies, including assumptions relating to prepayment rates, default rates, loan loss severities, and loan repurchases. These estimates require the use of a significant amount of judgment. Any resulting changes in effective yield are recognized prospectively based on the current amortized cost of the investment as adjusted for credit impairment, if any.

The effective yield on our debt securities that are deemed to be of high credit quality (including Agency RMBS, exclusive of interest only securities) can be significantly impacted by our estimate of future prepayments. Future prepayment rates are difficult to predict. We estimate prepayment rates over the remaining life of our securities using models that generally incorporate the forward yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rates on the outstanding loans, age and size of the outstanding loans, and other factors. We compare estimated prepayments to actual prepayments on a quarterly basis, and effective yields are recalculated retroactive to the time of purchase. When differences arise between our previously calculated effective yields and our current calculated effective yields, a catch-up adjustment, or "Catch-up Amortization Adjustment," is made to interest income to reflect the cumulative impact of the changes in effective yields. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, we recognized a Catch-Up Amortization Adjustment of $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, we recognized a Catch-Up Amortization Adjustment of $(0.1) million, and $(0.6) million, respectively. The Catch-up Amortization Adjustment is reflected as an increase (decrease) to Interest income on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

See the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information on the assumptions and methods that we use to amortize purchase premiums and accrete purchase discounts.

Income Taxes: We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and are generally are not subject to corporate-level federal and state income tax on net income we distribute to our stockholders within the prescribed timeframes. We have elected to treat certain domestic and foreign subsidiaries as TRSs. Our financial results are generally not expected to reflect provisions for current or deferred income taxes, except for any activities conducted through one or more TRSs that are subject to corporate income taxation. Establishing a provision for income tax expense requires judgement and interpretation of the application of various federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdiction's tax laws. We may take positions with respect to certain tax issues which depend on legal interpretation of facts or applicable tax regulations. Should the relevant tax regulators successfully challenge any such positions, we might be found to have a tax liability that has not been recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Also, management's conclusions regarding the authoritative guidance may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on changing tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof. See Note 2 and Note 15 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details on income taxes.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of relevant recent accounting pronouncements, if any.

111

Table of Contents

Financial Condition

The following table summarizes the fair value of our consolidated portfolio of investments(1) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Long:
Investment Portfolio:
Credit:
Dollar Denominated:
CLOs(4)	$	67,963	$	33,920
CMBS	38,937		45,432
Commercial Mortgage Loans(2)(3)	392,073		330,296
Consumer Loans and ABS backed by Consumer Loans(4)	88,805		83,130
Other investments(5)(6)	49,651		10,314
Corporate Debt and Equity and Corporate Loans	31,650		29,720
Debt and Equity Investments in Loan Origination Entities(7)	42,376		38,528
Non-Agency RMBS	155,423		253,522
Non-QM Loans and Retained Non-QM RMBS(2)(8)	2,165,375		2,037,914
Residential Transition Loans and Other Residential Mortgage Loans(2)	1,248,001		1,113,816
Home Equity Line of Credit and Closed-End Second Lien Loans	186,050		—
Forward MSR-related Investments	149,831		163,336
Non-Dollar Denominated:
CLO(4)	6,956		4,234


Corporate Debt and Equity	206		189
RMBS(8)	17,480		19,674
Other Residential Mortgage Loans	55,167		—
Agency:
Fixed-Rate Specified Pools	346,341		798,211
Floating-Rate Specified Pools	—		5,130
IOs	14,579		12,712
Reverse Mortgage Pools	33,723		37,171
Government Debt	252,700		165,063
Longbridge:
Reverse Mortgage Loans(2)	9,608,269		8,944,536
Reverse MSRs	28,877		29,580
Total Long	$	14,980,433	$	14,156,428
Short:
Investment Portfolio:



Government Debt:
Dollar Denominated	(277,798)		(128,113)
Non-Dollar Denominated	(27,120)		(26,190)
Total Short	$	(304,918)	$	(154,303)

(1)For more detailed information about the investments in our portfolio, please see the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(2)Includes related REO. REO is not eligible to elect the fair value option as described in Note 2 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements and, as a result, is included at the lower of cost or fair value.

(3)Includes investments in unconsolidated entities holding commercial mortgage loans and REO.

(4)Includes equity investments in securitization-related vehicles.

(5)Includes equity investment in Ellington affiliate.

(6)Includes equity investment in an unconsolidated entity which purchases certain other loans for eventual securitization.

(7)Includes corporate loans to certain loan origination entities in which we hold an equity investment.

(8)Retained non-QM RMBS represents RMBS issued by non-consolidated Ellington-sponsored non-QM loan securitization trusts, and interest in entities holding such RMBS.

(9)Includes an equity investment in an unconsolidated entity holding European RMBS.

112

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes our financial derivatives portfolio(1)(2) as of September 30, 2024.


	Notional						Net Fair Value
(In thousands)	Long		Short		Net
Mortgage-Related Derivatives:
CDS on MBS and MBS Indices	$	214	$	(36,904)	$	(36,690)	$	1,934
Total Net Mortgage-Related Derivatives							1,934
Corporate-Related Derivatives:
CDS on Corporate Bonds and Corporate Bond Indices	145,742		(783,782)		(638,040)		(15,927)


Warrants(3)	102		—		102		53
Total Net Corporate-Related Derivatives							(15,874)
Interest Rate-Related Derivatives:
TBAs	159,866		(369,785)		(209,919)		647
Interest Rate Swaps	2,934,989		(3,901,768)		(966,779)		114,224
U.S. Treasury Futures(4)	1,900		(214,200)		(212,300)		(229)

Total Interest Rate-Related Derivatives							114,642
Other Derivatives:
Foreign Currency Forwards(5)	—		(22,099)		(22,099)		(266)


Total Net Other Derivatives							(266)
Net Total							$	100,436

(1)For more detailed information about the financial derivatives in our portfolio, please refer to Note 10 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(2)In the table above, fair value of certain derivative transactions are shown on a net basis. The accompanying financial statements separate derivative transactions as either assets or liabilities. As of September 30, 2024, derivative assets and derivative liabilities were $149.7 million and $(49.2) million, respectively, for a net fair value of $100.4 million, as reflected in "Net Total" above.

(3)Notional represents the maximum number of shares available to be purchased upon exercise.

(4)Notional value represents the total face amount of U.S. Treasury securities underlying all contracts held. As of September 30, 2024, a total of 19 long and 1,893 short U.S. Treasury futures contracts were held.

(5)Short notional value represents U.S. Dollars to be received by us at the maturity of the forward contract.

The following table summarizes our financial derivatives portfolio(1)(2) as of December 31, 2023.


	Notional						Net Fair Value
(In thousands)	Long		Short		Net
Mortgage-Related Derivatives:
CDS on MBS and MBS Indices	$	290	$	(42,146)	$	(41,856)	$	3,294
Total Net Mortgage-Related Derivatives							3,294
Corporate-Related Derivatives:
CDS on Corporate Bonds and Corporate Bond Indices	151,000		(550,299)		(399,299)		(8,835)
Total Return Swaps on Corporate Bond Indices and Corporate Debt(3)	1,389		—		1,389		6

Warrants(3)	202		—		202		1,702
Total Net Corporate-Related Derivatives							(7,127)
Interest Rate-Related Derivatives:
TBAs	375,154		(433,098)		(57,944)		(3,638)
Interest Rate Swaps	1,859,330		(3,129,277)		(1,269,947)		97,494
U.S. Treasury Futures(4)	1,900		(313,100)		(311,200)		(7,745)

Total Interest Rate-Related Derivatives							86,111
Other Derivatives:
Foreign Currency Forwards(5)	—		(23,016)		(23,016)		(58)


Total Net Other Derivatives							(58)
Net Total							$	82,220

(1)For more detailed information about the financial derivatives in our portfolio, please refer to Note 10 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

113

Table of Contents

(2)In the table above, fair value of certain derivative transactions are shown on a net basis. The accompanying financial statements separate derivative transactions as either assets or liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, derivative assets and derivative liabilities were $144.0 million and $(61.8) million, respectively, for a net fair value of $82.2 million, as reflected in "Net Total" above.

(3)Notional represents the maximum number of shares available to be purchased upon exercise.

(4)Notional value represents the total face amount of U.S. Treasury securities underlying all contracts held. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 19 long and 2,882 short U.S. Treasury futures contracts were held.

(5)Short notional value represents U.S. Dollars to be received by us at the maturity of the forward contract.

As of September 30, 2024, our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet reflected total assets of $16.0 billion and total liabilities of $14.3 billion. As of December 31, 2023, our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet reflected total assets of $15.3 billion and total liabilities of $13.8 billion. Our investments in securities, loans, MSRs, Forward MSR-related investments, unconsolidated entities, loan commitments, financial derivatives, and real estate owned included in total assets were $15.1 billion and $14.3 billion as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our investments in securities sold short and financial derivatives included in total liabilities were $354.2 million and $216.1 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, investments in securities sold short consisted principally of short positions in U.S. Treasury securities and sovereign bonds. We primarily use short positions in U.S. Treasury securities and sovereign bonds to hedge the risk of rising interest rates and foreign currency risk.

Typically, we hold a net short position in TBAs. The amounts of net short TBAs, as well as of other hedging instruments, may fluctuate according to the size of our investment portfolio as well as according to how we view market dynamics as favoring the use of one hedging instrument or another. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had a net short notional TBA position of $209.9 million and $57.9 million, respectively.

For a more detailed discussion of our investment portfolio, see "—Trends and Recent Market Developments—Portfolio Overview and Outlook" above.

We use mortgage-related credit derivatives primarily to hedge credit risk in certain credit strategies, although we have also taken net long positions in certain CDS on RMBS and CMBS indices. Our CDS on individual RMBS represent "single-name" positions whereby we have synthetically purchased credit protection on specific non-Agency RMBS bonds. As there is no longer an active market for CDS on individual RMBS or CDS on RMBS indices, our portfolios in these sectors continues to run off. We also use CDS on corporate bond indices, options thereon, and various other instruments as a means to hedge credit risk. As market conditions change, especially as the pricing of various credit hedging instruments changes in relation to our outlook on future credit performance, we continuously re-evaluate both the extent to which we hedge credit risk and the particular mix of instruments that we use to hedge credit risk.

We may hold long and/or short positions in corporate bonds or equities. Our long and short positions in corporate bonds or equities may serve as outright investments or portfolio hedges.

We use a variety of instruments to hedge interest rate risk in our portfolio, including non-derivative instruments such as U.S. Treasury securities and sovereign debt instruments, and derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps, TBAs, Eurodollar and U.S. Treasury futures, and options on the foregoing. The mix of instruments that we use to hedge interest rate risk may change materially from one period to the next. We have also entered into foreign currency forward and futures contracts in order to hedge risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations.

We have entered into repos to finance many of our assets. We account for our repos as collateralized borrowings. As of September 30, 2024 indebtedness outstanding on our repos was approximately $2.6 billion. As of September 30, 2024, our assets financed with repos consisted of Agency RMBS of $365.1 million, credit portfolio assets of $2.6 billion, reverse mortgage loans of $75.5 million, and U.S. Treasury securities of $252.7 million. As of September 30, 2024, outstanding indebtedness under repos was $346.2 million for Agency RMBS, $2.0 billion for credit portfolio assets, $55.6 million of reverse mortgage loans, and $256.3 million for U.S. Treasury securities. As of December 31, 2023 indebtedness outstanding on our repos was approximately $3.0 billion. As of December 31, 2023, our assets financed with repos consisted of Agency RMBS of $1.2 billion, credit portfolio assets of $2.1 billion, reverse mortgage loans of $203.7 million, and U.S. Treasury securities of $154.6 million. As of December 31, 2023, outstanding indebtedness under repos was $1.1 billion for Agency RMBS, $1.6 billion for credit portfolio assets, $150.2 million on reverse mortgage loans, and $155.0 million for U.S. Treasury securities.

In addition to our repos, as of September 30, 2024 we had Total other secured borrowings of $2.1 billion, collateralized by $2.4 billion of non-QM loans, European residential mortgage loans, ABS backed by consumer loans, reverse mortgage loans, and Reverse MSRs. This compares to Total other secured borrowings of $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2023, used to finance $1.9 billion of non-QM loans, ABS backed by consumer loans, reverse mortgage loans, and Reverse MSRs. Additionally, as of September 30, 2024, we had HMBS-related obligations of $8.8 billion collateralized by $8.9 billion of HMBS assets, and as of December 31, 2023, we had HMBS-related obligations of $8.4 billion collateralized by $8.5 billion of HMBS assets, which

114

Table of Contents

include HECM loans as well as REO and claims and other receivables. In addition to our secured borrowings, as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $297.7 million of Unsecured borrowings outstanding.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our debt-to-equity ratio was 8.5:1 and 8.7:1, respectively. Our recourse debt-to-equity ratio was 2.0:1 as of September 30, 2024 as compared to 2.3:1 as of December 31, 2023. See the discussion in "—Liquidity and Capital Resources" below for further information on our borrowings.

Equity

As of September 30, 2024, our equity increased by $90.0 million to $1.626 billion from $1.536 billion as of December 31, 2023. The increase principally consisted of net income of $117.4 million; net proceeds from the issuance of shares of common stock of $99.6 million, after commissions and offering costs; and contributions from our non-controlling interests of $10.0 million. These increases were partially offset by common and preferred dividends of $125.5 million, distributions to non-controlling interests of $9.1 million, payments of $1.8 million related to the cancellation of employee stock options, purchases of non-controlling interests of $0.7 million, and repurchases of common stock of $0.7 million. Stockholders' equity, which excludes the non-controlling interests related to the minority interest in the Operating Partnership as well as the minority interests of our joint venture partners, was $1.607 billion as of September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, our book value per share of common stock, calculated using Total Stockholders' Equity less the aggregate liquidation preference of outstanding preferred stock, was $13.66.

Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

The following tables summarizes our results of operations by segment (as applicable) for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands except per share amounts)	Investment Portfolio			Longbridge		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest Income (Expense)
Interest income	$	91,158		$	14,600	$	1,523	$	107,281
Interest expense	(55,302)			(13,861)		(4,491)		(73,654)
Net interest income	35,856			739		(2,968)		33,627
Other Income (Loss)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net	98,534			16,131		—		114,665
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net	(30,954)			(15,501)		5,247		(41,208)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net	(1,166)			—		—		(1,166)
Unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value, net	(58,035)		1856	1,856		—		(56,179)
Unrealized gains (losses) on unsecured borrowings, at fair value	—			—		(9,059)		(9,059)
Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value	—			158,554		—		158,554
Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value	—			(133,837)		—		(133,837)
Other, net	(1,837)			3,418		—		1,581
Total other income (loss)	6,542			30,621		(3,812)		33,351
Expenses
Base management fee to affiliate, net of fee rebates(1)	—			—		6,031		6,031

Other investment related expenses	4,146			11,539		—		15,685
Other operating expenses	1,418			22,272		5,518		29,208
Total expenses	5,564			33,811		11,549		50,924
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	36,834			(2,451)		(18,329)		16,054
Income tax expense (benefit)	—			—		12		12
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	7,281			—		—		7,281
Net Income (Loss)	44,115			(2,451)		(18,341)		23,323
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	116			39		160		315
Dividends on preferred stock	—			—		6,833		6,833
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	43,999		$	(2,490)	$	(25,334)	$	16,175
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share	$	0.51		$	(0.03)	$	(0.29)	$	0.19

(1)See Note 16 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on management fee rebates.

115

Table of Contents


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands except per share amounts)	Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest Income (Expense)
Interest income	$	89,445	$	5,190	$	1,581	$	96,216
Interest expense	(58,045)		(7,540)		(3,117)		(68,702)
Net interest income	31,400		(2,350)		(1,536)		27,514
Other Income (Loss)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net	(77,345)		(3,867)		—		(81,212)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net	47,282		23,948		10,847		82,077
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net	(1,867)		—		—		(1,867)
Unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value, net	18,660		—		—		18,660
Unrealized gains (losses) on unsecured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		(4,410)		(4,410)
Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value	—		99,929		—		99,929
Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value	—		(115,729)		—		(115,729)
Other, net	1,301		27,471		—		28,772
Total other income (loss)	(11,969)		31,752		6,437		26,220
Expenses
Base management fee to affiliate, net of fee rebates(1)	—		—		4,890		4,890

Other investment related expenses	2,330		7,273		—		9,603
Other operating expenses	1,441		18,046		5,472		24,959
Total expenses	3,771		25,319		10,362		39,452
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	15,660		4,083		(5,461)		14,282
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		224		224
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	(978)		—		—		(978)
Net Income (Loss)	14,682		4,083		(5,685)		13,080
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	438		(12)		83		509
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		5,980		5,980
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	14,244	$	4,095	$	(11,748)	$	6,591
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share	$	0.21	$	0.06	$	(0.17)	$	0.10

(1)See Note 16 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on management fee rebates.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024 we had net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders of $16.2 million, compared to $6.6 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. The increase in our results of operations was primarily due to increases in total other income and net interest income, along with earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities in the current period, as compared to losses from investments in unconsolidated entities in the prior period. These increases in our results of operations were partially offset by an increase in total expenses in the current period.

Interest Income

Interest income was $107.3 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $96.2 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. Interest income includes coupon payments received and accrued on our holdings, the net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums on various holdings, and interest on our cash balances, including those balances held by our counterparties as collateral.

Investment Portfolio

Interest income from our investment portfolio segment for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024 increased to $91.2 million, as compared to $89.4 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023.

116

Table of Contents

The following table details our interest income, average holdings of yield-bearing assets, and weighted average yield based on amortized cost for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Credit(1)						Agency(1)						Total(1)
(In thousands)	Interest Income		Average Holdings		Yield		Interest Income		Average Holdings		Yield		Interest Income		Average Holdings		Yield
Three-month period ended September 30, 2024	$	80,535	$	4,365,991	7.38	%	$	5,434	$	466,890	4.66	%	$	85,969	$	4,832,881	7.12	%
Three-month period ended September 30, 2023	$	75,361	$	4,153,697	7.26	%	$	10,491	$	1,040,433	4.03	%	$	85,852	$	5,194,130	6.61	%

(1)Amounts exclude interest income on cash and cash equivalents (including when posted as margin) and long positions in U.S. Treasury securities.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, interest income from our credit portfolio was $80.5 million, as compared to $75.4 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. This period-over-period increase was due to higher average asset yields and the larger size of the credit portfolio for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, interest income from our Agency RMBS was $5.4 million, as compared to $10.5 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. This period-over-period decrease was due to the significantly smaller size of the Agency portfolio, which was partially offset by higher average asset yields for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024.

Some of the variability in our interest income and portfolio yields is due to the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had a positive Catch-up Amortization Adjustment of $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, which increased our interest income. Excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, the weighted average yield of our Agency portfolio and our total portfolio was 4.23% and 7.07%, respectively, for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024. Excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, the weighted average yield of our Agency portfolio and our total portfolio was 3.90% and 6.58%, respectively, for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023.

In addition, we had $4.3 million and $3.0 million of interest income related to long U.S. Treasury securities and reverse repo on short positions in U.S. Treasury securities for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which we generally use to hedge our exposure to changes in interest rates.

Longbridge

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest income from the Longbridge segment was $14.6 million and $5.2 million, respectively. The increase was primarily related to a larger average holdings of proprietary reverse mortgage loans period over period as well as an increase in interest income related to reverse repo on short positions in U.S. Treasury securities for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024.

Corporate/Other

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest income not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or Longbridge segment, typically interest income earned on cash balances and cash collateral held by counterparties, was $1.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily includes interest on funds borrowed under repos and Total other secured borrowings, interest on our unsecured borrowings, coupon interest on securities sold short, the related net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums on those short holdings, and interest on our counterparties' cash collateral held by us. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had total interest expense of $73.7 million and $68.7 million, respectively.

Investment Portfolio

Total interest expense in our investment portfolio segment decreased to $55.3 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $58.0 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in interest expense was primarily the result of a decline in average secured borrowings on our Agency RMBS assets, partially offset by an increase in financing rates.

117

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes the components of interest expense in our Investment Portfolio for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three-Month Period Ended
(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Repos and Total Other Secured Borrowings	$	55,187	$	56,983
Securities Sold Short (1)	115		1,008
Other	—		54
Total	$	55,302	$	58,045

(1)Amount includes the related net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums.

The following table summarizes our aggregate secured borrowings, including repos and Total other secured borrowings, for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024						September 30, 2023
Collateral for Secured Borrowing	Average Borrowings		Interest Expense		Average Cost of Funds		Average Borrowings		Interest Expense		Average Cost of Funds
(In thousands)
Credit	$	3,292,127	$	46,699	5.64	%	$	3,292,421	$	43,788	5.28	%
Agency RMBS	367,556		5,132		5.55	%	844,405		11,617		5.46	%
Subtotal(1)	3,659,683		51,831		5.63	%	4,136,826		55,405		5.31	%
U.S. Treasury Securities	240,640		3,356		5.55	%	116,212		1,578		5.39	%
Total	$	3,900,323	$	55,187	5.63	%	$	4,253,038	$	56,983	5.32	%

(1)Excludes U.S. Treasury securities.

Among other instruments, we use interest rate swaps to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates. If we were to include as a component of our cost of funds the actual and accrued periodic payments on our interest rate swaps used to hedge our assets, our total average cost of funds would decrease to 4.48% and 3.86% for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, our net interest margin, defined as the average yield on our portfolio of yield-bearing targeted assets less the average cost of funds on our secured borrowings (including actual and accrued periodic payments on interest rate swaps as described above), was 2.59% and 2.72% for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These metrics do not include costs associated with any unsecured debt or costs associated with other instruments that we use to hedge interest rate risk, such as TBAs and futures.

Longbridge

Interest expense in the Longbridge segment primarily relates to Other secured borrowings and repurchase agreements. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest expense related to the Longbridge segment was $13.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense in the current period was primarily due to a significant increase in the average size of borrowings on the Longbridge portfolio, partially offset by lower average financing rates. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, our average borrowings related to the Longbridge portfolio were $621.7 million, and our average cost of funds was 7.88%. This compares to average borrowings of $307.3 million and an average cost of funds of 8.82% for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Corporate/Other

Certain items of interest expense are not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or Longbridge segment, such as interest expense on our Unsecured borrowings and certain cash collateral held by us. Total interest expense not allocated to either the investment portfolio or Longbridge segments increased to $4.5 million as compared to $3.1 million for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This increase was primarily due to interest expense incurred on unsecured borrowings assumed by us as a result of the completion of the Arlington Merger in the fourth quarter of 2023.

118

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes the components of interest expense not included in either segment for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three-Month Period Ended
(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Unsecured borrowings	$	4,555	$	3,084
Other (1)	(64)		33
Total	$	4,491	$	3,117

(1)Amount includes the related net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums.

Base Management Fees

Corporate/Other

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, the gross base management fee, which is based on total equity at the end of each quarter, was $6.1 million, and our Manager credited us with rebates on our base management fee of $0.1 million, resulting in a net base management fee of $6.0 million. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, the gross base management fee was $5.0 million, and our Manager credited us with rebates on our base management fee of $0.1 million, resulting in a net base management fee of $4.9 million. The increase in the net base management fee period over period was primarily due to a larger capital base at the end of the third quarter of 2024, as compared to 2023.

Other Investment Related Expenses

Other investment related expenses consist of servicing fees on our mortgage and consumer loans, as well as various other expenses and fees directly related to our financial assets and certain financial liabilities carried at fair value. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, other investment related expenses were $15.7 million and $9.6 million, respectively.

Investment Portfolio

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, Other investment related expenses in our investment portfolio segment were $4.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively. The increase in Other investment related expenses was primarily due to an increase in servicing expenses on our larger residential mortgage loan portfolio as well as an increase in various legal and due diligence expenses on newly originated loans we purchase.

Longbridge

Other investment related expenses in the Longbridge segment primarily consist of servicing expense related to reverse mortgage loans and various loan origination expenses. For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, Other investment related expenses were $11.5 million and $7.3 million, respectively. The increase in Other investment related expenses in the Longbridge segment was primarily due to debt issuance costs incurred in connection with a securitization of proprietary reverse mortgage loans during the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, as well as an increase in servicing and various loan origination expenses resulting from our larger holdings and originations of reverse mortgage loans.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses consist of professional fees, compensation and benefit expenses related to our dedicated or partially dedicated personnel, and various other operating expenses necessary to run our business. Other operating expenses exclude management and incentive fees, interest expense, and other investment related expenses. Other operating expenses were $29.2 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024 as compared to $25.0 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Investment Portfolio

Other operating expenses for our investment portfolio segment were $1.4 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Longbridge

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, other operating expenses related to the Longbridge segment were $22.3 million and $18.0 million, respectively. These expenses primarily consist of compensation and benefits expense, and consist to a lesser extent of various overhead costs including rent expense, licensing fees, expenses related to office equipment, and amortization of intangible assets. The period-over-period increase was primarily due to an increase in compensation and benefits expense.

119

Table of Contents

Corporate/Other

For each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, other operating expenses not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or the Longbridge segment were $5.5 million.

Other Income (Loss)

Other income (loss) consists of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on securities and residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, consumer, and corporate loans, financial derivatives, and real estate owned, unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value and Unsecured borrowings, at fair value, net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value, and net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value. Other, net, another component of Other income (loss), includes rental income and income related to loan originations, as well as income on MSRs and Forward MSR-related investments, unrealized gains (losses) on loan commitments, realized gains (losses) on foreign currency transactions, and unrealized gains (losses) on foreign currency remeasurement.

Investment Portfolio

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss) was $6.5 million, consisting primarily of net realized and unrealized gains of $98.5 million on our securities and loans, partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses of $(58.0) million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value, $(31.0) million on our financial derivatives, $(1.8) million of Other, net, and $(1.2) million on real estate owned, net. Net realized and unrealized gains of $98.5 million on our securities and loans were primarily on non-QM loans, non-Agency RMBS, closed-end second lien loans, and non-Agency CMBS, all primarily driven by lower interest rates. These gains were partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses on commercial mortgage bridge loans and consumer loans. We recognized net unrealized losses of $(58.0) million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, related to borrowings on our securitized non-QM loans. These securitized non-QM loans had net unrealized gains of $62.5 million, which are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net. Net realized and unrealized losses of $(31.0) million on our financial derivatives were primarily related to net realized and unrealized losses, driven by lower interest rates, on our interest rate swaps, and to a lesser extent, on our TBAs and on our short positions in U.S. Treasury futures. Other, net of $(1.8) million consisted primarily of net realized and unrealized losses on our Forward MSR-related investments, partially offset by various origination and loan income, and rental income.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, other income (loss) was $(12.0) million, consisting primarily of net realized and unrealized losses on our securities and loans of $(77.3) million, partially offset by net realized and unrealized gains on our financial derivatives of $47.3 million and net unrealized gains of $18.7 million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value. Net realized and unrealized losses of $(77.3) million on our securities and loans primarily related to our non-QM loans and Agency RMBS, driven by higher interest rates, as well as to our commercial whole loans and ABS backed by consumer loans. Such losses were partially offset by net realized and unrealized gains of $47.3 million on our financial derivatives, which primarily related to net gains on interest rate swaps, net short TBA positions, and futures, driven by higher interest rates. We recognized net unrealized gains of $18.7 million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, related to borrowings on our securitized non-QM loans. These securitized non-QM loans had net unrealized losses of $(10.4) million, which are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net.

Longbridge

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss) from the Longbridge segment was $30.6 million, consisting primarily of gains from Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value of $158.6 million, net realized and unrealized gains of $16.1 million on securities and loans, other income of $3.4 million, and net unrealized gains of $1.9 million on Other Secured borrowings, at fair value. These gains were partially offset by Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(133.8) million and net realized and unrealized losses of $(15.5) million on financial derivatives. Gains from Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans at fair value of $158.6 million primarily consisted of $149.2 million of coupon income on HECM loans and net realized and unrealized gains of $10.3 million on HECM loans. The net realized and unrealized gains on HECM loans were primarily driven by a decline in interest rate quarter over quarter. Losses from Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(133.8) million primarily consisted of $(140.4) million of interest expense on the HMBS obligations and net unrealized gains of $6.5 million on the HMBS obligations, which partially offset the interest income on HECM loans and net realized and unrealized gains on HECM loans. Net gains of $16.1 million on securities and loans were primarily driven by tighter yield spreads on proprietary reverse mortgage loans. Other income, included in Other, net of $3.4 million, is primarily related to $2.1 million of servicing fees and $2.5 million of origination fees, partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses of $(0.7) million on MSRs.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, other income (loss) from the Longbridge segment was $31.8 million, consisting primarily of gains from Net change from reverse mortgage loans, at fair value of $99.9 million, realized and unrealized gains on financial derivatives of $23.9 million, and other income of $27.5 million primarily related to MSRs. Such

120

Table of Contents

gains were partially offset by Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(115.7) million. Gains from Net change from reverse mortgage loans, at fair value of $99.9 million consisted primarily of coupon income on HECM loans of $130.5 million, offset by a mark-to-market losses of $(30.3) million due to our adoption of more conservative valuation assumptions in light of current market conditions. Losses from Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(115.7) million consists primarily of interest expenses of the HMBS obligation. Other income of $27.5 million is primarily related to unrealized gains of $23.9 million on the MSRs acquired out of a bankruptcy proceeding in July 2023, and $2.2 million of servicing fees.

Corporate/Other

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss) was $(3.8) million, consisting primarily of a net loss on our Unsecured borrowings, at fair value of $(9.1) million, driven by the decrease in interest rates. This net loss was partially offset by net gains of $5.2 million, primarily on the fixed receiver interest rate swaps that we use to hedge the fixed payments on both our unsecured long-term debt and our preferred equity, also driven by the decline in interest rates. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, other income (loss) was $6.4 million, consisting primarily of net realized and unrealized gains on the fixed payer interest rate swaps associated with the then-pending merger with Great Ajax Corp., partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses on the fixed receiver interest rate swaps that we use to hedge the fixed payments on both our Unsecured borrowings, at fair value and our preferred equity, and net unrealized losses on our outstanding Unsecured borrowings, at fair value.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Corporate/Other

Income tax expense (benefit) was $12 thousand for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $0.2 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

Investment Portfolio

We have elected the fair value option for our equity investments in unconsolidated entities. Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities was $7.3 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $(1.0) million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities of $7.3 million primarily consisted of net realized and unrealized gains on investments in loan originators, investments in entities holding commercial mortgage loans and REO, in which we co-invest with other Ellington affiliates, and investments in risk retention vehicles related to non-QM securitizations. Losses from investments in unconsolidated entities of $(1.0) million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, primarily related to net unrealized losses on investments in the risk retention vehicles holding tranches of non-consolidated Ellington-sponsored non-QM securitizations in which we have participated, and risk retention vehicles related to unconsolidated consumer securitizations. Such losses were partially offset by net realized and unrealized gains from investments in entities holding commercial mortgage loans and REO, in which we co-invest with other Ellington affiliates.

121

Table of Contents

Results of Operations for the Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

The following tables summarizes our results of operations by segment (as applicable) for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands except per share amounts)	Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/ Other		Total
Interest Income (Expense)
Interest income	$	271,352	$	32,606	$	5,314	$	309,272
Interest expense	(166,241)		(31,034)		(13,718)		(210,993)
Net interest income	105,111		1,572		(8,404)		98,279
Other Income (Loss)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net	110,823		9,510		—		120,333
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net	5,846		3,105		(2,102)		6,849
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net	(4,213)		—		—		(4,213)
Unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value, net	(71,749)		1,531		—		(70,218)
Unrealized gains (losses) on unsecured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		(5,363)		(5,363)
Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value	—		510,757		—		510,757
Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value	—		(439,491)		—		(439,491)
Other, net	3,496		13,246		—		16,742
Total other income (loss)	44,203		98,658		(7,465)		135,396
Expenses
Base management fee to affiliate, net of fee rebates(1)	—		—		17,572		17,572

Other investment related expenses	10,425		29,583		—		40,008
Other operating expenses	3,594		60,136		16,254		79,984
Total expenses	14,019		89,719		33,826		137,564
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	135,295		10,511		(49,695)		96,111
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		214		214
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	21,549		—		—		21,549
Net Income (Loss)	156,844		10,511		(49,909)		117,446
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	684		76		937		1,697
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		20,312		20,312
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	156,160	$	10,435	$	(71,158)	$	95,437
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share	$	1.82	$	0.12	$	(0.82)	$	1.12

(1)See Note 16 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on management fee rebates.

122

Table of Contents


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands except per share amounts)	Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/Other		Total
Interest Income (Expense)
Interest income	$	254,932	$	11,862	$	4,688	$	271,482
Interest expense	(164,388)		(18,003)		(9,361)		(191,752)
Net interest income	90,544		(6,141)		(4,673)		79,730
Other Income (Loss)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net	(53,295)		5,801		—		(47,494)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net	61,841		33,307		2,366		97,514
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on real estate owned, net	(1,989)		—		—		(1,989)
Unrealized gains (losses) on other secured borrowings, at fair value, net	1,133		—		—		1,133
Unrealized gains (losses) on unsecured borrowings, at fair value	—		—		2,100		2,100
Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value	—		295,170		—		295,170
Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value	—		(271,840)		—		(271,840)
Other, net	4,624		33,341		—		37,965
Total other income (loss)	12,314		95,779		4,466		112,559
Expenses
Base management fee to affiliate, net of fee rebates(1)	—		—		14,759		14,759

Other investment related expenses	6,779		20,890		—		27,669
Other operating expenses	4,361		55,693		17,504		77,558
Total expenses	11,140		76,583		32,263		119,986
Net Income (Loss) before Income Tax Expense (Benefit) and Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	91,718		13,055		(32,470)		72,303
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		328		328
Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities	(3,403)		—		—		(3,403)
Net Income (Loss)	88,315		13,055		(32,798)		68,572
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	2,522		(35)		603		3,090
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		17,077		17,077
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	85,793	$	13,090	$	(50,478)	$	48,405
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share	$	1.26	$	0.20	$	(0.74)	$	0.72

(1)See Note 16 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on management fee rebates.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 we had net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders of $95.4 million, compared to $48.4 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. The increase in our results of operations was primarily due to increases in total other income and net interest income, along with earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities in the current period, as compared to losses from investments in unconsolidated entities in the prior period. These increases were partially offset by an increase in total expenses and dividends on preferred stock.

Interest Income

Interest income was $309.3 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $271.5 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. Interest income includes coupon payments received and accrued on our holdings, the net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums on various holdings, and interest on our cash balances, including those balances held by our counterparties as collateral.

Investment Portfolio

Interest income from our investment portfolio segment for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 increased to $271.4 million, as compared to $254.9 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

123

Table of Contents

The following table details our interest income, average holdings of yield-bearing assets, and weighted average yield based on amortized cost for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Credit(1)						Agency(1)						Total(1)
(In thousands)	Interest Income		Average Holdings		Yield		Interest Income		Average Holdings		Yield		Interest Income		Average Holdings		Yield
Nine-month period ended September 30, 2024	$	239,477	$	4,281,532	7.46	%	$	19,361	$	615,346	4.20	%	$	258,838	$	4,896,878	7.05	%
Nine-month period ended September 30, 2023	$	218,884	$	4,188,473	6.97	%	$	25,428	$	989,018	3.43	%	$	244,312	$	5,177,491	6.29	%

(1)Amounts exclude interest income on cash and cash equivalents (including when posted as margin) and long positions in U.S. Treasury securities.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, interest income from our credit portfolio was $239.5 million, as compared to $218.9 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. This period-over-period increase was primarily driven by higher average asset yields for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024.

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest income from our Agency RMBS was $19.4 million and $25.4 million, respectively. This period-over-period decrease was due to the significantly smaller size of the Agency portfolio, partially offset by higher average asset yields for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024.

Some of the variability in our interest income and portfolio yields is due to the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had a negative Catch-up Amortization Adjustment of $(0.1) million and $(0.6) million, respectively, which decreased our interest income. Excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, the weighted average yield of our Agency portfolio and our total portfolio was 4.21% and 7.05%, respectively, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024. Excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, the weighted average yield of our Agency portfolio and our total portfolio was 3.51% and 6.31%, respectively, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

In addition, we had $9.8 million and $9.0 million of interest income related to long U.S. Treasury securities and reverse repo on short U.S. Treasury securities for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which we generally use to hedge our exposure to changes in interest rates.

Longbridge

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest income from the Longbridge segment was $32.6 million and $11.9 million, respectively. The increase was primarily related to a larger average portfolio of proprietary reverse mortgage loans period over period as well as an increase in interest income related to reverse repo on short positions in U.S. Treasury securities for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024.

Corporate/Other

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest income not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or the Longbridge segment was $5.3 million and $4.7 million, respectively.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily includes interest on funds borrowed under repos and Total other secured borrowings, interest on our unsecured borrowings, coupon interest on securities sold short, the related net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums on those short holdings, and interest on our counterparties' cash collateral held by us. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had total interest expense of $211.0 million and $191.8 million, respectively.

Investment Portfolio

Total interest expense in our investment portfolio segment increased to $166.2 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $164.4 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. The increase in interest expense was primarily the result of an increase in financing rates as well as a larger short position in U.S. Treasury securities, which we use to hedge interest rate risk. Such increases were partially offset by a decline in average secured borrowings on our credit and Agency RMBS assets.

124

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes the components of interest expense in our Investment Portfolio for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Nine-Month Period Ended
(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Repos and Total Other Secured Borrowings	$	164,049	$	161,304
Securities Sold Short (1)	2,148		2,966
Other	44		118
Total	$	166,241	$	164,388

(1)Amount includes the related net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums.

The following table summarizes our aggregate secured borrowings, including repos and Total other secured borrowings, for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Nine-Month Period Ended
	September 30, 2024						September 30, 2023
Collateral for Secured Borrowing	Average Borrowings		Interest Expense		Average Cost of Funds		Average Borrowings		Interest Expense		Average Cost of Funds
(In thousands)
Credit	$	3,208,302	$	133,524	5.56	%	$	3,306,117	$	126,208	5.10	%
Agency RMBS	506,026		21,103		5.57	%	798,033		30,114		5.05	%
Subtotal(1)	3,714,328		154,627		5.56	%	4,104,150		156,322		5.09	%
U.S. Treasury Securities	228,423		9,422		5.51	%	131,994		4,982		5.05	%
Total	$	3,942,751	$	164,049	5.56	%	$	4,236,144	$	161,304	5.09	%

(1)Excludes U.S. Treasury securities.

Among other instruments, we use interest rate swaps to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates. If we were to include as a component of our cost of funds the actual and accrued periodic payments on our interest rate swaps used to hedge our assets, our total average cost of funds would decrease to 4.40% and 3.80% for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Excluding the Catch-up Amortization Adjustment, our net interest margin, defined as the average yield on our portfolio of yield-bearing targeted assets less the average cost of funds on our secured borrowings (including actual and accrued periodic payments on interest rate swaps as described above), was 2.65% and 2.51% for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These metrics do not include costs associated with any unsecured debt or costs associated with other instruments that we use to hedge interest rate risk, such as TBAs and futures.

Longbridge

Interest expense in the Longbridge segment primarily relates to Other secured borrowings and repurchase agreements. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, interest expense related to the Longbridge segment was $31.0 million and $18.0 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense in the current period was primarily due to a significant increase in the average size of borrowings on the Longbridge portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in financing costs. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, our average borrowings related to the Longbridge portfolio were $488.7 million and our average cost of funds was 8.05%. This compares to average borrowings of $283.5 million and an average cost of funds of 8.49% for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Corporate/Other

Certain items of interest expense are not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or the Longbridge segment, such as interest expense on our Unsecured borrowings and certain cash collateral held by us. Total interest expense not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or the Longbridge segment was $13.7 million and $9.4 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This increase was primarily due to interest expense incurred on unsecured borrowings assumed by us as a result of the completion of the Arlington Merger in the fourth quarter of 2023.

125

Table of Contents

The table below summarizes the components of interest expense not included in either segment for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Nine-Month Period Ended
(In thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Unsecured borrowings	$	13,653	$	9,253
Other (1)	65		108
Total	$	13,718	$	9,361

(1)Amount includes the related net accretion and amortization of purchase discounts and premiums.

Base Management Fees

Corporate/Other

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, the gross base management fee, which is based on total equity at the end of each quarter, was $17.8 million, and our Manager credited us with rebates on our base management fee of $0.2 million, resulting in a net base management fee of $17.6 million. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, the gross base management fee was $15.1 million, and our Manager credited us with rebates on our base management fee of $0.4 million, resulting in a net base management fee of $14.8 million. The increase in the net base management fee period over period was due to a larger capital base at the end of each quarter in 2024, as compared to 2023.

Other Investment Related Expenses

Other investment related expenses consist of servicing fees on our mortgage and consumer loans, as well as various other expenses and fees directly related to our financial assets and certain financial liabilities carried at fair value. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, other investment related expenses were $40.0 million and $27.7 million, respectively.

Investment Portfolio

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, Other investment related expenses in our investment portfolio segment were $10.4 million and $6.8 million, respectively. The increase in Other investment related expenses was primarily due to an increase in servicing expense on our larger residential mortgage loan portfolio as well as an increase in various legal and due diligence expenses on newly originated loans we purchase.

Longbridge

Other investment related expenses related to the Longbridge segment primarily consist of servicing expense related to reverse mortgage loans and various loan origination expenses. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, Other investment related expenses were $29.6 million and $20.9 million, respectively. The increase in Other investment related expenses in the Longbridge segment was primarily due to debt issuance costs incurred in connection with two securitizations of proprietary reverse mortgage loans in 2024, as well as an increase in servicing and various loan origination expenses resulting from our larger holdings and originations of reverse mortgage loans.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses consist of professional fees, compensation and benefit expenses related to our dedicated or partially dedicated personnel, and various other operating expenses necessary to run our business. Other operating expenses exclude management and incentive fees, interest expense, and other investment related expenses. Other operating expenses were $80.0 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 as compared to $77.6 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Investment Portfolio

Other operating expenses in our investment portfolio segment were $3.6 million and $4.4 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in other operating expenses for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 was due to a decrease in compensation and benefits expense.

Longbridge

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, other operating expenses related to the Longbridge segment were $60.1 million and $55.7 million, respectively. These expenses primarily consist of compensation and benefits expense, and consist to a lesser extent of various overhead costs including rent expense, licensing fees, expenses related to office equipment, and amortization of intangible assets. The period-over-period increase was primarily due to an increase in compensation and benefits expenses and technology expenses, which were partially offset by a decline in professional fees.

126

Table of Contents

Corporate/Other

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, other operating expenses not allocated to either the investment portfolio segment or the Longbridge segment were $16.3 million and $17.5 million, respectively. The period-over-period decrease in other operating expenses was primarily due to a decrease in professional fees, which were partially offset by an increase in compensation and benefits expense.

Other Income (Loss)

Investment Portfolio

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss) was $44.2 million, consisting primarily of net realized and unrealized gains of $110.8 million on our securities and loans, $5.8 million on our financial derivatives, and $3.5 million of Other, net. These gains were partially offset by net unrealized losses of $(71.7) million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value, and net realized and unrealized losses of $(4.2) million on real estate owned, net. Net realized and unrealized gains of $110.8 million on our securities and loans were primarily on non-QM loans and Agency and non-Agency RMBS, primarily due to a combination of lower interest rates and yield spread tightening. These gains were partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses on residential transition loans and consumer loans. Net realized and unrealized gains of $5.8 million on our financial derivatives were primarily related to net realized and unrealized gains on our interest rate swaps, and to a lesser extent, on our TBAs, driven by higher interest rates during the first half of the year. These net gains on our financial derivatives for the first half of 2024 were partially offset by net losses in the third quarter, driven by declining interest rates during that quarter. Other, net of $3.5 million consisted primarily of origination and loan income, rental income, and income and net realized and unrealized gains on our Forward MSR-related investment. We recognized net unrealized losses of $(71.7) million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, related to borrowings on our securitized non-QM loans. These securitized non-QM loans had net unrealized gains of $79.4 million, which are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, other income (loss) was $12.3 million, consisting primarily of net realized and unrealized gains of $61.8 million on our financial derivatives partially offset by $(53.3) million of net realized and unrealized losses on our securities and loans. Net realized and unrealized gains of $61.8 million on our financial derivatives were primarily related to net realized and unrealized gains on interest rate swaps, net short positions in TBAs, and futures, which were driven by higher interest rates. Such gains were partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses on credit default swaps on corporate bond indices. We also recognized net unrealized gains of $1.1 million on our Other secured borrowings, at fair value for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, related to borrowings on our securitized non-QM loans. These securitized non-QM loans had net unrealized gains of $19.2 million, which are included in Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net. Net realized and unrealized losses of $(53.3) million on our securities and loans were primarily on Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, ABS backed by consumer loans, and net short positions in U.S. Treasury securities. These losses were partially offset by net realized and unrealized gains on non-QM loans.

Longbridge

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss) from the Longbridge segment was $98.7 million, consisting primarily of gains from Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans, at fair value of $510.8 million, $13.2 million of Other, net, net gains of $9.5 million on securities and loans, net gains of $3.1 million on financial derivatives, and net gains of $1.5 million on Other secured borrowings, at fair value. These gains were partially offset by Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(439.5) million. Net change from HECM reverse mortgage loans at fair value of $510.8 million primarily consisted of $432.8 million of coupon income on HECM loans and net realized and unrealized gains of $85.0 million on HECM loans. The net realized and unrealized gains on the HECM loans were primarily driven by tighter yield spreads of HECM loans. Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(439.5) million primarily consisted of $(407.3) million of interest expense on the HMBS obligations and net unrealized losses of $(32.2) million on the HMBS obligations, which partially offset the interest income and net realized and unrealized gains on HECM loans. Other income, included in Other, net of $13.2 million, is primarily related to $6.7 million of origination fees and $6.4 million of servicing fees. Net gains of $9.5 million on securities and loans were primarily driven by tighter yield spreads of proprietary reverse mortgage loans.

127

Table of Contents

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, other income (loss) from the Longbridge segment was $95.8 million, consisting primarily of gains from Net change from reverse mortgage loans, at fair value of $295.2 million, net realized and unrealized gains of $33.3 million on financial derivatives, and $33.3 million of other income. These gains were partially offset by Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(271.8) million. Gains from Net change from reverse mortgage loans at fair value of $295.2 million primarily consisted of coupon income of HECM loans of $363.1 million offset by a mark-to-market loss of $(32.1) million due to our adoption of more conservative valuation assumptions in light of current market conditions. Net change related to HMBS obligations, at fair value of $(271.8) million relate to interest expense on the HMBS obligation. Other income of $33.3 million is primarily related to unrealized gains of $23.9 million on the MSRs acquired out of a bankruptcy proceeding in July 2023, $6.1 million of origination fees and $3.7 million of servicing fees.

Corporate/Other

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss) was $(7.5) million, consisting primarily of net losses on the fixed receiver interest rate swaps that we use to hedge the fixed payments on both our unsecured long-term debt and our preferred equity and on our Unsecured borrowings, at fair value. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, other income (loss) was $4.5 million, consisting primarily of net realized and unrealized gains on the fixed payer interest rate swaps associated with the then-pending merger with Great Ajax Corp. and unrealized gains on our unsecured borrowings, at fair value, partially offset by net realized and unrealized losses on the fixed receiver interest rate swaps that we use to hedge the fixed payments on both our unsecured borrowings, at fair value and our preferred equity.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Corporate/Other

Income tax expense (benefit) was $0.2 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $0.3 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Earnings (Losses) from Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

Investment Portfolio

We have elected the fair value option for our equity investments in unconsolidated entities. Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities was $21.5 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $(3.4) million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, Earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities of $21.5 million primarily consisted of net realized and unrealized gains on investments in loan originators and on investments in entities holding commercial mortgage loans and REO, in which we co-invest with other Ellington affiliates, partially offset by net unrealized losses on investments in unconsolidated entities related to risk retention related vehicles related to non-QM securitizations.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, earnings (losses) from investments in unconsolidated entities of $(3.4) million primarily includes net unrealized losses on investments in loan originators, partially offset by net unrealized gains on investments in entities holding commercial mortgage loans and REO, in which we co-invest with other Ellington affiliates.

Adjusted Distributable Earnings

We calculate Adjusted Distributable Earnings as U.S. GAAP net income (loss) as adjusted for: (i) realized and unrealized gain (loss) on securities and loans, REO, mortgage servicing rights, financial derivatives (excluding periodic settlements on interest rate swaps), any borrowings carried at fair value, and foreign currency transactions; (ii) incentive fee to affiliate; (iii) Catch-up Amortization Adjustment (as defined below); (iv) non-cash equity compensation expense; (v) provision for income taxes; (vi) certain non-capitalized transaction costs; and (vii) other income or loss items that are of a non-recurring nature. For certain investments in unconsolidated entities, we include the relevant components of net operating income in Adjusted Distributable Earnings. The Catch-up Amortization Adjustment is a quarterly adjustment to premium amortization or discount accretion triggered by changes in actual and projected prepayments on our Agency RMBS (accompanied by a corresponding offsetting adjustment to realized and unrealized gains and losses). The adjustment is calculated as of the beginning of each quarter based on our then-current assumptions about cashflows and prepayments, and can vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Non-capitalized transaction costs include expenses, generally professional fees, incurred in connection with the acquisition of an investment or issuance of long-term debt. We also include in Adjusted Distributable Earnings, for all loans that we originate through Longbridge, any realized and unrealized gains (losses) on such loans up to the point of loan sale or securitization, net of sale or securitization costs.

128

Table of Contents

Adjusted Distributable Earnings is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted Distributable Earnings provides information useful to investors, because: (i) we believe that it is a useful indicator of both current and projected long-term financial performance, in that it excludes the impact of certain current-period earnings components that we believe are less useful in forecasting long-term performance and dividend-paying ability; (ii) we use it to evaluate the effective net yield provided by our investment portfolio, after the effects of financial leverage and by Longbridge, to reflect the earnings from its reverse mortgage origination and servicing operations; and (iii) we believe that presenting Adjusted Distributable Earnings assists investors in measuring and evaluating our operating performance, and comparing our operating performance to that of our residential mortgage REIT and mortgage originator peers. Please note, however, that: (I) our calculation of Adjusted Distributable Earnings may differ from the calculation of similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures by our peers, with the result that these non-GAAP financial measures might not be directly comparable; and (II) Adjusted Distributable Earnings excludes certain items that may impact the amount of cash that is actually available for distribution.

In addition, because Adjusted Distributable Earnings is an incomplete measure of our financial results and differs from net income (loss) computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP, it should be considered supplementary to, and not as a substitute for, net income (loss) computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Furthermore, Adjusted Distributable Earnings is different from REIT taxable income. As a result, the determination of whether we have met the requirement to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders, in order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, is not based on whether we distributed 90% of our Adjusted Distributable Earnings.

In setting our dividends, our Board of Directors considers our earnings, liquidity, financial condition, REIT distribution requirements, and financial covenants, along with other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time.

129

Table of Contents

The following tables reconcile, for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 our Adjusted Distributable Earnings by strategy to the line on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations entitled Net Income (Loss), which we believe is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure:


	Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024								Three-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/Other		Total		Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/Other		Total
Net Income (Loss)	$	44,115	$	(2,451)	$	(18,341)	$	23,323	$	14,682	$	4,083	$	(5,685)	$	13,080
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		12		12		—		—		224		224
Net income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	44,115		(2,451)		(18,329)		23,335		14,682		4,083		(5,461)		13,304
Adjustments:
Realized (gains) losses, net(1)	63,515		—		(1)		63,514		4,409		—		840		5,249
Unrealized (gains) losses, net(2)	(57,575)		52		2,429		(55,094)		22,946		—		(8,230)		14,716
Unrealized (gains) losses on MSRs, net of hedge (gains) losses(3)	—		11,728		—		11,728		—		(7,974)		—		(7,974)


Negative (positive) component of interest income represented by Catch-up Amortization Adjustment	(498)		—		—		(498)		(349)		—		—		(349)
Adjustment related to consolidated proprietary reverse mortgage loan securitizations(4)	—		(2,007)		—		(2,007)		—		—		—		—
Non-capitalized transaction costs and other expense adjustments(5)	2,353		2,846		219		5,418		995		881		1,486		3,362

(Earnings) losses from investments in unconsolidated entities	(7,281)		—		—		(7,281)		978		—		—		978
Adjusted distributable earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities(6)	2,769		—		—		2,769		2,179		—		—		2,179
Total Adjusted Distributable Earnings	$	47,398	$	10,168	$	(15,682)	$	41,884	$	45,840	$	(3,010)	$	(11,365)	$	31,465
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		6,833		6,833		—		—		5,980		5,980
Adjusted Distributable Earnings attributable to non-controlling interests	205		43		332		580		2,661		(12)		318		2,967
Adjusted Distributable Earnings Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	47,193	$	10,125	$	(22,847)	$	34,471	$	43,179	$	(2,998)	$	(17,663)	$	22,518
Adjusted Distributable Earnings Attributable to Common Stockholders, per share	$	0.54	$	0.12	$	(0.26)	$	0.40	$	0.64	$	(0.05)	$	(0.26)	$	0.33

(1)Includes realized (gains) losses on securities and loans, REO, financial derivatives (excluding periodic settlements on interest rate swaps and foreign currency transactions which are components of Other Income (Loss) on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(2)Includes unrealized (gains) losses on securities and loans, REO, financial derivatives (excluding periodic settlements on interest rate swaps), borrowings carried at fair value, and foreign currency remeasurement which are components of Other Income (Loss) on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(3)Represents net change in fair value of HMBS MSR Equivalent and mortgage servicing rights related to proprietary mortgage loans attributable to changes in market conditions and model assumptions. This adjustment also includes net (gains) losses on certain hedging instruments (including interest rate swaps, futures, and short U.S. Treasury securities), which are components of realized and/or unrealized gains (losses) on financial derivatives, net, realized and/or unrealized gains (losses) on securities and loans, net, interest income, and interest expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(4)Represents the effect of replacing mortgage loan interest income (net of securitization debt expense) with interest income of the retained tranches.

(5)For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, includes $2.1 million of one-time compensation expense related to the cancellation of employee stock options, $2.2 million of non-capitalized transaction costs, $0.8 million of various other expenses, and $0.3 million of non-cash equity compensation expense. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, includes $0.4 million of expenses related to our merger with Arlington Asset Investment Corp., $1.0 million related to our previously announced merger with Great Ajax Corp., which was subsequently terminated in October 2023, $0.8 million of non-capitalized transaction costs, $0.3 million of non-cash equity compensation expense, and $0.9 million of various other expenses.

(6)Includes net interest income and operating expenses for certain investments in unconsolidated entities.

130

Table of Contents


	Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2024								Nine-Month Period Ended September 30, 2023
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/Other		Total		Investment Portfolio		Longbridge		Corporate/Other		Total
Net Income (Loss)	$	156,844	$	10,511	$	(49,909)	$	117,446	$	88,315	$	13,055	$	(32,798)	$	68,572
Income tax expense (benefit)	—		—		214		214		—		—		328		328
Net income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	156,844		10,511		(49,695)		117,660		88,315		13,055		(32,470)		68,900
Adjustments:
Realized (gains) losses, net(1)	118,244		—		2,731		120,975		69,603		—		(903)		68,700
Unrealized (gains) losses, net(2)	(124,836)		1,942		(355)		(123,249)		(38,381)		—		(9,648)		(48,029)
Unrealized (gains) losses on MSRs, net of hedge (gains) losses(3)	—		(2,609)		—		(2,609)		—		(14,087)		—		(14,087)


Negative (positive) component of interest income represented by Catch-up Amortization Adjustment	80		—		—		80		616		—		—		616
Adjustment related to consolidated proprietary reverse mortgage loan securitizations(4)	—		(2,007)		—		(2,007)		—		—		—		—
Non-capitalized transaction costs and other expense adjustments(5)	4,356		3,982		1,040		9,378		2,504		3,506		5,303		11,313

(Earnings) losses from investments in unconsolidated entities	(21,549)		—		—		(21,549)		3,403		—		—		3,403
Adjusted distributable earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities(6)	6,857		—		—		6,857		8,780		—		—		8,780
Total Adjusted Distributable Earnings	$	139,996	$	11,819	$	(46,279)	$	105,536	$	134,840	$	2,474	$	(37,718)	$	99,596
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—		20,312		20,312		—		—		17,077		17,077
Adjusted Distributable Earnings attributable to non-controlling interests	907		51		836		1,794		3,028		11		938		3,977
Adjusted Distributable Earnings Attributable to Common Stockholders	$	139,089	$	11,768	$	(67,427)	$	83,430	$	131,812	$	2,463	$	(55,733)	$	78,542
Adjusted Distributable Earnings Attributable to Common Stockholders, per share	$	1.62	$	0.14	$	(0.79)	$	0.97	$	1.96	$	0.04	$	(0.83)	$	1.17

(2)Includes unrealized (gains) losses on securities and loans, REO, financial derivatives (excluding periodic settlements on interest rate swaps), borrowings carried at fair value, and foreign currency transactions which are components of Other Income (Loss) on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(4)Represents the effect of replacing mortgage loan interest income (net of securitization debt expense) with interest income of the retained tranches.

(5)For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, includes $4.2 million of non-capitalized transaction costs, $2.1 million of one-time compensation expense related to the cancellation of employee stock options, $1.6 million of various other expenses, $0.9 million of non-cash equity compensation expense, and $0.6 million of merger and other business transition-related expenses. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, includes $2.5 million of expenses related to our merger with Arlington Asset Investment Corp., $2.5 million related to our previously announced merger with Great Ajax Corp., which was subsequently terminated in October 2023, $1.8 million of non-capitalized transaction costs, $1.1 million of professional fees related to the acquisition and integration of Longbridge, $1.1 million of non-cash equity compensation expense, and $1.0 million of various other expenses.

(6)Includes net interest income and operating expenses for certain investments in unconsolidated entities.

131

Table of Contents

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity refers to our ability to generate and obtain adequate amounts of cash to meet our requirements, including repaying our borrowings, funding and maintaining positions in our targeted assets, making distributions in the form of dividends, and other general business needs. Our short-term (the 12 months following period end) and long-term (beyond 12 months from period end) liquidity requirements include acquisition costs for assets we acquire, payment of our base management fee and incentive fee, compliance with margin requirements under our repos, reverse repos, and financial derivative contracts, repayment of repo borrowings and other secured borrowings to the extent we are unable or unwilling to extend such borrowings, payment of our general operating expenses, payment of interest payments on our unsecured borrowings, and payment of our dividends. Our capital resources primarily include cash on hand, cash flow from our investments (including principal and interest payments received on our investments and proceeds from the sale of investments), borrowings under repos and other secured borrowings, and proceeds from equity and debt offerings. We expect that these sources of funds will be sufficient to meet our short-term and long-term liquidity needs.

We held cash and cash equivalents of approximately $217.7 million and $228.9 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following summarizes our borrowings under repos by remaining maturity:


(In thousands)	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
Remaining Days to Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings		% of Total		Outstanding Borrowings		% of Total
30 Days or Less	$	1,300,426	49.2	%	$	1,356,343	45.7	%
31 - 60 Days	134,170		5.1	%	152,220		5.1	%
61 - 90 Days	103,606		3.9	%	83,906		2.8	%
91 - 120 Days	171,032		6.5	%	290,215		9.8	%
121 - 150 Days	49,053		1.9	%	—		—	%
151 - 180 Days	15,892		0.6	%	7,911		0.3	%
181 - 364 Days	143,800		5.4	%	1,018,211		34.3	%
> 364 Days	724,073		27.4	%	58,631		2.0	%
	$	2,642,052	100.0	%	$	2,967,437	100.0	%

Repos involving underlying investments that were sold prior to period end for settlement following period end, are shown using their contractual maturity dates even though such repos may be expected to be terminated early upon settlement of the sale of the underlying investment.

The amounts borrowed under our repo agreements are generally subject to the application of "haircuts." A haircut is the percentage discount that a repo lender applies to the market value of an asset serving as collateral for a repo borrowing, for the purpose of determining whether such repo borrowing is adequately collateralized. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average contractual haircut applicable to the assets that serve as collateral for our outstanding repo borrowings was 22.8% with respect to credit portfolio assets, 18.3% with respect to reverse mortgage loans, 5.6% with respect to Agency RMBS assets, and 19.1% overall. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average contractual haircuts were 26.7% with respect to credit portfolio assets, 21.5% with respect to reverse mortgage loans, 5.1% with respect to Agency RMBS assets, and 18.3% overall.

We expect to continue to borrow funds in the form of repos as well as other similar types of financings. The terms of our repo borrowings are predominantly governed by master repurchase agreements, which generally conform to the terms in the standard master repurchase agreement as published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association as to repayment and margin requirements. In addition, each lender may require that we include supplemental terms and conditions to the standard master repurchase agreement. Typical supplemental terms and conditions include the addition of or changes to provisions relating to margin calls, net asset value requirements, cross default provisions, certain key person events, changes in corporate structure, and requirements that all controversies related to the repurchase agreement be litigated in a particular jurisdiction. These provisions may differ for each of our repo lenders.

132

Table of Contents

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $2.6 billion and $3.0 billion of borrowings outstanding under our repos, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, the remaining terms on our repos ranged from 1 day to 655 days, with a weighted average remaining term of 153 days. Our repo borrowings were with a total of 23 counterparties as of September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, our repos had interest rates ranging from 4.37% to 8.42%, with a weighted average borrowing rate of 6.69%. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining terms on our repos ranged from 2 days to 513 days, with a weighted average remaining term of 126 days. Our repo borrowings were with a total of 26 counterparties as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, our repos had interest rates ranging from 4.81% to 8.68%, with a weighted average borrowing rate of 6.67%. Investments transferred as collateral under repos had an aggregate fair value of $3.3 billion and $3.7 billion, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. It is expected that amounts due upon maturity of our repos will be funded primarily through the roll/re-initiation of repos and, if we are unable or unwilling to roll/re-initiate our repos, through free cash and proceeds from the sale of securities.

The following table details total outstanding borrowings, average outstanding borrowings, and the maximum outstanding borrowings at any month end for each quarter under repos for the past twelve quarters:


Quarter Ended	Borrowings Outstanding at Quarter End		Average Borrowings Outstanding		Maximum Borrowings Outstanding at Any Month End
	(In thousands)
September 30, 2024	$	2,642,052	$	2,383,976	$	2,642,052
June 30, 2024	2,301,976		2,290,348		2,371,482
March 31, 2024	2,517,747		2,550,390		2,648,371
December 31, 2023	2,967,437		2,640,625		2,967,437
September 30, 2023	2,573,043		2,605,359		2,707,121
June 30, 2023	2,557,864		2,402,711		2,557,864
March 31, 2023(1)	2,285,898		2,464,050		2,641,488
December 31, 2022	2,609,685		2,859,085		2,915,610
September 30, 2022	2,895,019		2,877,500		2,912,264
June 30, 2022	2,865,222		2,590,120		2,865,222
March 31, 2022	2,717,638		2,533,978		2,717,638
December 31, 2021	2,469,763		2,187,363		2,469,763

(1)During this quarter, our borrowings decreased as the size of our investment portfolio decreased driven primarily by our participation in a non-QM securitization in February 2023.

In addition to our borrowings under repos, we have entered into various other types of transactions to finance certain of our investments, including non-QM loans and REO, European residential mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans, consumer loans and ABS backed by consumer loans, reverse mortgage loans, and Reverse MSRs; such transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had outstanding borrowings related to such transactions in the amount of $2.1 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, which is reflected under the captions "Other secured borrowings" and "Other secured borrowings, at fair value" on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of assets collateralizing our Total other secured borrowings was $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. Additionally, as of September 30, 2024, as an HMBS issuer, we had HMBS-related obligations of $8.8 billion collateralized by $8.9 billion of HMBS assets and as of December 31, 2023, we had HMBS-related obligations of $8.4 billion collateralized by $8.5 billion of HMBS assets; HMBS assets include HECM loans as well as REO and claims and other receivables. See Note 14 in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on our other secured borrowings and HMBS-related obligations.

As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $297.7 million of outstanding unsecured borrowings. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our outstanding unsecured borrowings were comprised of $210.0 million of 5.875% Senior Notes due April 2027, $34.9 million of 6.75% Senior Notes due March 2025, $37.8 million of 6.00% Senior Notes due August 2026, and $15.0 million of unregistered junior subordinated unsecured debt securities, the "Trust Preferred Debt." The Trust Preferred Debt includes $10.0 million which accrues and requires the payment of interest quarterly at three-month term SOFR plus 3.26% and which matures on October 7, 2033, and $5.0 million which accrues and requires the payment of interest quarterly at three-month term SOFR plus 2.51% and which matures on July 7, 2035. See Note 14 in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further detail on our unsecured borrowings.

133

Table of Contents

As of September 30, 2024, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our repos with 23 counterparties of approximately $655.0 million, and as of December 31, 2023, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our repos with 27 counterparties of approximately $705.4 million. Amounts at risk represent the excess, if any, for each counterparty of the fair value of collateral held by such counterparty over the amounts outstanding under repos. If the amounts outstanding under repos with a particular counterparty are greater than the collateral held by the counterparty, there is no amount at risk for the particular counterparty. Amount at risk as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, does not include approximately $0.3 million and $(0.6) million, respectively, of net accrued interest receivable (payable), which is defined as accrued interest on securities held as collateral less interest payable on cash borrowed.

Our derivatives are predominantly subject to bilateral master trade agreements or clearing in accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act. We may be required to deliver or receive cash or securities as collateral upon entering into derivative transactions. Changes in the relative value of derivative transactions may require us or the counterparty to post or receive additional collateral. Entering into derivative contracts involves market risk in excess of amounts recorded on our balance sheet. In the case of cleared derivatives, the clearinghouse becomes our counterparty and the future commission merchant acts as an intermediary between us and the clearinghouse with respect to all facets of the related transaction, including the posting and receipt of required collateral.

As of September 30, 2024, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our derivative contracts, excluding TBAs, with seven counterparties of approximately $48.2 million. We also had $44.5 million of initial margin for cleared over-the-counter, or "OTC," derivatives posted to central clearinghouses as of that date. As of December 31, 2023, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our derivatives contracts, excluding TBAs, with nine counterparties of approximately $65.6 million. We also had $56.9 million of initial margin for cleared OTC derivatives posted to central clearinghouses as of that date. Amounts at risk under our derivatives contracts represent the excess, if any, for each counterparty of the fair value of our derivative contracts plus our collateral held directly by the counterparty less the counterparty's collateral held by us. If a particular counterparty's collateral held by us is greater than the aggregate fair value of the financial derivatives plus our collateral held directly by the counterparty, there is no amount at risk for the particular counterparty.

We purchase and sell TBAs and Agency pass-through certificates on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis. The delayed delivery for these securities means that these transactions are more prone to market fluctuations between the trade date and the ultimate settlement date, and therefore are more vulnerable, especially in the absence of margining arrangements with respect to these transactions, to increasing amounts at risk with the applicable counterparties. As of September 30, 2024, in connection with our forward settling TBA and Agency pass-through certificates, we had an aggregate amount at risk with seven counterparties of approximately $3.9 million. As of December 31, 2023, in connection with our forward settling TBA and Agency pass-through certificates, we had an aggregate amount at risk with eight counterparties of approximately $12.9 million. Amounts at risk in connection with our forward settling TBA and Agency pass-through certificates represent the excess, if any, for each counterparty of the net fair value of the forward settling transactions plus our collateral held directly by the counterparty less the counterparty's collateral held by us. If a particular counterparty's collateral held by us is greater than the aggregate fair value of the forward settling transactions plus our collateral held directly by the counterparty, there is no amount at risk for the particular counterparty.

We have commenced an "at-the-market" offering for shares of our common stock, or the "Common ATM Program," by entering into equity distribution agreements with sales agents. Under the current equity distribution agreements, amended in September 2024, we are authorized to offer and sell up to $300.0 million of common stock from time to time. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2024, we issued 5,612,166 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program, which provided $72.7 million of net proceeds after approximately $0.6 million of commissions and $0.5 million of offering costs. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, we issued 7,715,891 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program, which provided $99.6 million of net proceeds after approximately $0.8 million of commissions and $0.6 million of offering costs. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, we issued 1,066,221 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program, which provided $14.5 million of net proceeds after approximately $0.1 million of commissions and $41 thousand of offering costs. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, we issued 5,500,082 shares of common stock under the Common ATM Program, which provided $75.0 million of net proceeds after approximately $0.8 million of commissions and $0.2 million of offering costs. As of September 30, 2024, we had remaining authorization under the Common ATM Program to issue $300.0 million of common stock.

On January 20, 2022, we commenced an "at-the-market" offering for our Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock, or the "Preferred ATM Program," by entering into equity distribution agreements with third party sales agents under which we are authorized to offer and sell up to $100.0 million of 6.750% Series A Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series A Preferred Stock") and/or 6.250% Series B Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series B Preferred Stock") from time to time. As of September 30, 2024, we had remaining authorization under the Preferred ATM Program to issue $99.5 million of common

134

Table of Contents

stock. We did not issue any preferred stock under the Preferred ATM Program during the three- or nine-month month periods ended September 30, 2024.

On February 6, 2023, we issued 4,000,000 shares of Series C Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series C Preferred Stock"), for proceeds of $96.5 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs of $3.5 million. Holders of the Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, April 30, 2028 (the "First Reset Date"), at a fixed rate equal to 8.625% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. The applicable fixed rate resets on the First Reset Date and again on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date (each a "Reset Date"), at a rate equal to the five-year treasury rate as measured three business days prior to the Reset Date plus 5.13% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 30th day of each January, April, July, and October.

In accordance with the terms of the Arlington Merger Agreement, on the closing date of the Arlington Merger, each outstanding share of Arlington's Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (other than shares held by us, EF Merger Sub Inc. or any of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, EF Merger Sub Inc. or Arlington) was automatically converted into the right to receive 0.3619 newly issued shares of common stock. In connection with the transactions completed pursuant to the Arlington Merger Agreement, 11,040,704 shares of our common stock were issued. In addition, in accordance with the terms of the Arlington Merger Agreement (i) each of the 379,668 outstanding shares of Arlington’s 7.00% Series B Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share, was automatically converted into the right to receive one newly issued share of our 7.000% Series D Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series D Preferred Stock"); and (ii) each of the 957,133 outstanding shares of Arlington’s 8.250% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share, was automatically converted into the right to receive one newly issued share of our 8.250% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Series E Preferred Stock").

On March 21, 2023, our Board of Directors approved the adoption of a share repurchase program under which we are authorized to repurchase up to $50 million of common stock, or the "2023 Common Share Repurchase Program." The 2023 Common Share Repurchase Program extends our ability to repurchase beyond the share repurchase program adopted in 2018 under which we were authorized to repurchase up to 1.55 million shares of common stock, or the "2018 Common Share Repurchase Program." The 2023 Common Share Repurchase Program, which is open-ended in duration, allows us to make repurchases from time to time on the open market or in negotiated transactions, including under 10b5-1 plans. Repurchases are at our discretion, subject to applicable law, share availability, price and our financial performance, among other considerations. In addition to making discretionary repurchases, we from time to time use 10b5-1 plans to increase the number of trading days available to implement these repurchases. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 62,300 shares of common stock at an average price per share of $11.00 and a total cost of $0.7 million. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,084,336 shares at an average price per share of $11.39 and a total cost of $12.4 million. The Company did not repurchase any common shares during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. As of September 30, 2024, we have authorization to repurchase an additional $45.1 million of common stock under the 2023 Common Share Repurchase Program.

On February 21, 2022, our Board of Directors approved the adoption of a share repurchase program under which we are authorized to repurchase up to $30.0 million of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock, or the "Preferred Share Repurchase Program." The Preferred Share Repurchase Program, which is open-ended in duration, allows us to make repurchases from time to time on the open market or in negotiated transactions, including under 10b5-1 plans. Repurchases are at our discretion, subject to applicable law, share availability, price and our financial performance, among other considerations. We have not yet repurchased any shares of preferred stock under the Preferred Share Repurchase Program.

We may declare dividends based on, among other things, our earnings, our financial condition, the REIT qualification requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, our working capital needs and new opportunities. The declaration of dividends to our stockholders and the amount of such dividends are at the discretion of our Board of Directors.

135

Table of Contents

The following table sets forth the dividend distributions authorized by the Board of Directors payable to common stockholders and holders of Convertible Non-controlling Interest Units (as defined in Note 2 of the condensed consolidated financial statements) for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

Declaration Date

Dividend Per Share

Dividend Amount

Record Date

Payment Date

(In thousands)

2024:

September 9, 2024

0.13

11,898

September 30, 2024

October 25, 2024

August 7, 2024

0.13

11,488

August 30, 2024

September 25, 2024

July 8, 2024

0.13

11,410

July 31, 2024

August 26, 2024

June 10, 2024

0.13

11,164

June 28, 2024

July 25, 2024

May 7, 2024

0.13

11,164

May 31, 2024

June 25, 2024

April 8, 2024

0.13

11,164

April 30, 2024

May 28, 2024

March 7, 2024

0.13

11,166

March 29, 2024

April 25, 2024

February 7, 2024

0.15

12,885

February 29, 2024

March 25, 2024

January 8, 2024

0.15

12,885

January 31, 2024

February 26, 2024

2023:

September 7, 2023

0.15

10,356

September 29, 2023

October 25, 2023

August 7, 2023

0.15

10,325

August 31, 2023

September 25, 2023

July 10, 2023

0.15

10,311

July 31, 2023

August 25, 2023

June 7, 2023

0.15

10,197

June 30, 2023

July 25, 2023

May 8, 2023

0.15

10,197

May 31, 2023

June 26, 2023

April 10, 2023

0.15

10,197

April 28, 2023

May 25, 2023

March 7, 2023

0.15

10,200

March 31, 2023

April 25, 2023

February 7, 2023

0.15

10,359

February 28, 2023

March 27, 2023

January 9, 2023

0.15

10,105

January 31, 2023

February 27, 2023

On October 7, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a dividend in the amount of $0.13 per share of common stock payable on November 25, 2024 to stockholders of record as of October 31, 2024. On November 7, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a dividend in the amount of $0.13 per share of common stock payable on December 26, 2024 to stockholders of record as of November 29, 2024.

136

Table of Contents

The following table sets forth the dividend distributions authorized by the Board of Directors during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and payable to holders of our preferred stock:

Declaration Date

Dividend Per Share

Dividend Amount

Record Date

Payment Date

(In thousands)

Series A Preferred Stock:

2024:

September 9, 2024

0.4218750

1,941

September 30, 2024

October 30, 2024

June 10, 2024

0.4218750

1,941

June 28, 2024

July 30, 2024

March 7, 2024

0.4218750

1,941

March 29, 2024

April 30, 2024

2023:

September 7, 2023

0.4218750

1,941

September 29, 2023

October 30, 2023

June 7, 2023

0.4218750

1,941

June 30, 2023

July 31, 2023

March 7, 2023

0.4218750

1,941

March 31, 2023

May 1, 2023

Series B Preferred Stock:

2024:

September 9, 2024

0.3906250

1,883

September 30, 2024

October 30, 2024

June 10, 2024

0.3906250

1,883

June 28, 2024

July 30, 2024

March 7, 2024

0.3906250

1,883

March 29, 2024

April 30, 2024

2023:

September 7, 2023

0.3906250

1,883

September 29, 2023

October 30, 2023

June 7, 2023

0.3906250

1,883

June 30, 2023

July 31, 2023

March 7, 2023

0.3906250

1,883

March 31, 2023

May 1, 2023

Series C Preferred Stock:

2024:

September 9, 2024

0.5390625

2,156

September 30, 2024

October 30, 2024

June 10, 2024

0.5390625

2,156

June 28, 2024

July 30, 2024

March 7, 2024

0.5390625

2,156

March 29, 2024

April 30, 2024

2023:

September 7, 2023

0.5390625

2,156

September 29, 2023

October 30, 2023

June 7, 2023

0.5390625

2,156

June 30, 2023

July 31, 2023

March 7, 2023

0.5031300

2,013

March 31, 2023

May 1, 2023

Series D Preferred Stock:

2024:

September 9, 2024

0.4375000

166

September 20, 2024

September 30, 2024

June 10, 2024

0.4375000

166

June 20, 2024

July 1, 2024

March 7, 2024

0.4375000

166

March 20, 2024

April 1, 2024

Series E Preferred Stock:

2024:

September 9, 2024

0.7187630

688

September 20, 2024

September 30, 2024

June 10, 2024

0.7170790

686

June 20, 2024

July 1, 2024

March 7, 2024

0.5156250

494

March 20, 2024

April 1, 2024

At those times when cash flows from the Company’s operating activities are insufficient to fund its dividend payments, the Company funds such dividend payments through cash flows from its investing and/or financing activities, and in some cases from additional cash on hand. The following paragraphs summarize the Company’s cash flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, our operating activities used net cash in the amount of $289.7 million and our investing activities used net cash in the amount of $106.9 million. Our repo activity used to finance many of our investments (including repayments of amounts borrowed under our repos) provided net cash of $122.1 million. We received $1.4 billion in proceeds from the issuance of Total other secured borrowings, and we used $1.3 billion for principal payments on our Total other secured borrowings. Thus our operating and investing activities, when combined with our repo financings and Other secured borrowings (net of repayments), used net cash of $169.0 million during the nine-month period ended

137

Table of Contents

September 30, 2024. We received proceeds from HMBS-related obligations of $1.0 billion and used $814.0 million for principal payments on HMBS-related obligations. We received proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of underwriters' discounts, commissions, and offering costs paid, of $99.5 million and contributions from non-controlling interests of $9.6 million. We used $121.2 million to pay dividends, $9.1 million for distributions to non-controlling interests (our joint venture partners), $0.7 million to repurchase common stock, and $0.7 million to purchase non-controlling interests. As a result there was an decrease in our cash holdings of $2.2 million, from $230.5 million as of December 31, 2023 to $228.3 million as of September 30, 2024.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, our operating activities used net cash in the amount of $162.9 million and our investing activities used net cash in the amount of $121.5 million. Our repo activity used to finance many of our investments (including repayments of amounts borrowed under our repos) provided net cash of $92.3 million. We received $1.32 billion in proceeds from the issuance of Total other secured borrowings, and we used $1.37 billion for principal payments on our Total other secured borrowings. Thus our operating and investing activities, when combined with our repo financings and Other secured borrowings (net of repayments), used net cash of $236.7 million during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. We received proceeds from HMBS-related obligations of $1.10 billion and used $954.4 million for principal payments on HMBS-related obligations. We received proceeds from the issuance of common and preferred stock, net of underwriters' discounts, commissions, and offering costs paid, of $171.4 million and contributions from non-controlling interests of $6.7 million. We used $107.2 million to pay dividends, $9.8 million for distributions to non-controlling interests (our joint venture partners), and $12.4 million to repurchase common stock. As a result there was a decrease in our cash holdings of $45.6 million, from $221.9 million as of December 31, 2022 to $176.3 million as of September 30, 2023.

Based on our current portfolio, amount of free cash on hand, debt-to-equity ratio, and current and anticipated availability of credit, we believe that our capital resources will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated short-term and long-term liquidity requirements. However, the unexpected inability to finance our Agency RMBS portfolio would create a serious short-term strain on our liquidity and would require us to liquidate much of that portfolio, which in turn would require us to restructure our portfolio to maintain our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act and to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Steep declines in the values of our credit assets financed using repos, or in the values of our derivative contracts, would result in margin calls that would significantly reduce our free cash position. Furthermore, a substantial increase in prepayment rates on our assets financed by repos could cause a temporary liquidity shortfall, because we are generally required to post margin on such assets in proportion to the amount of the announced principal paydowns before the actual receipt of the cash from such principal paydowns. If our cash resources are at any time insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may have to sell assets or issue additional debt or equity securities.

Although we may from time to time enter into financing arrangements that limit our leverage, our investment guidelines do not limit the amount of leverage that we may use, and we believe that the appropriate leverage for the particular assets we hold depends on the credit quality and risk of those assets, as well as the general availability and terms of stable and reliable financing for those assets.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We are a party to a management agreement with our Manager. Pursuant to that agreement, our Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee, an incentive fee, reimbursement of certain expenses and, in certain circumstances, a termination fee. Such fees and expenses do not have fixed and determinable payments. For a description of the management agreement provisions, see Note 16 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

We have numerous contractual obligations and commitments related to our outstanding borrowings (see Note 14 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements) and related to our financial derivatives (see Note 10 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements).

See Note 24 of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further detail on our other contractual obligations and commitments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2024, we did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, we have not guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities nor do we have any commitment to provide funding to any such entities that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or resources that would be material to an investor in our securities. As such, we are not materially exposed to any market, credit, liquidity, or financing risk

138

Table of Contents

that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships.

Longbridge has a fiduciary responsibility related to escrow balances held in trust for borrowers' draws and other custodial funds due to servicing customers; as of September 30, 2024 the amount held in such accounts was $71.0 million. These funds, which do not represent assets or liabilities of the Company are maintained in segregated accounts at Longbridge, and accordingly, are not reflected on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

At September 30, 2024 we have not entered into any repurchase agreements for which delivery of the borrowed funds is not scheduled until after period end.

Inflation

Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors generally influence our performance more than does inflation, although inflation rates often have a meaningful influence over the direction of interest rates, including influencing the Federal Reserve's monetary policy. In any event, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.

In addition, elevated, long-term inflation could adversely impact the performance of our investment portfolio, or the prices of our investments, or both. For example, if higher inflation is not matched by an increase in wages, inflation could cause the real income of the borrowers on our residential and consumer loans to decline. In addition, in the case of borrowers on our commercial mortgage loans, net cash flow could decline if rents and/or expense reimbursements do not increase in kind with higher inflation.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The primary components of our market risk at September 30, 2024 are related to credit risk, prepayment risk, and interest rate risk. We seek to actively manage these and other risks and to acquire and hold assets that we believe justify bearing those risks, and to maintain capital levels consistent with those risks.

Credit Risk

We are subject to credit risk in connection with many of our assets, especially non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, residential and commercial mortgage loans, proprietary reverse mortgage loans, corporate debt investments including CLOs and investments in securitization warehouses, and consumer loans.

Credit losses on real estate loans can occur for many reasons, including, but not limited to, poor origination practices, fraud, faulty appraisals, documentation errors, poor underwriting, legal errors, poor servicing practices, weak economic conditions, decline in the value of homes, businesses or commercial properties, special hazards, earthquakes and other natural events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or an outbreak of another highly infectious or contagious disease, over-leveraging of the borrower on a property, reduction in market rents and occupancy rates and poor property management services, changes in legal protections for lenders, reduction in personal income, job loss, and personal events such as divorce or health problems. Property values are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional, and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors), local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of housing), changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments, construction quality, age and design, demographic factors, and retroactive changes to building or similar codes.

The ability of borrowers to repay consumer loans may be adversely affected by numerous borrower-specific factors, including unemployment, divorce, major medical expenses or personal bankruptcy. General factors, including an economic downturn, high energy costs or acts of God or terrorism, pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic or another highly infectious or contagious disease, may also affect the financial stability of borrowers and impair their ability or willingness to repay their loans. Whenever any of our consumer loans defaults, we are at risk of loss to the extent of any deficiency between the liquidation value of the collateral, if any, securing the loan, and the principal and accrued interest of the loan. Many of our consumer loans are unsecured, or are secured by collateral (such as an automobile) that depreciates rapidly; as a result, these loans may be at greater risk of loss than residential real estate loans.

Our corporate investments, especially our lower-rated or unrated CLO investments, corporate equity, and our investments in loan originators, have significant risk of loss, and our efforts to protect these investments may involve substantial costs and may not be successful. We also will be subject to significant uncertainty as to when and in what manner and for what value the corporate debt in which we directly or indirectly invest will eventually be satisfied (e.g., through liquidation of the obligor's assets, an exchange offer or plan of reorganization involving the debt securities or a payment of some amount in satisfaction of the obligation). In addition, these investments could involve loans to companies that are more likely to experience bankruptcy or similar financial distress, such as companies that are thinly capitalized, employ a high degree of financial leverage, are in

139

Table of Contents

highly competitive or risky businesses, are in a start-up phase, or are experiencing losses.

Similarly, we are exposed to the risk of potential credit losses on the other assets in our credit portfolio. For many of our investments, the two primary components of credit risk are default risk and severity risk.

Default Risk

Default risk is the risk that a borrower fails to make scheduled principal and interest payments on a mortgage loan or other debt obligation. We may attempt to mitigate our default risk by, among other things, opportunistically entering into credit default swaps and total return swaps. These instruments can reference various MBS indices, corporate bond indices, or corporate entities. We often rely on third-party servicers to mitigate our default risk, but such third-party servicers may have little or no economic incentive to mitigate loan default rates.

Severity Risk

Severity risk is the risk of loss upon a borrower default on a mortgage loan or other secured or unsecured debt obligation. Severity risk includes the risk of loss of value of the property or other asset, if any, securing the mortgage loan or debt obligation, as well as the risk of loss associated with taking over the property or other asset, if any, including foreclosure costs. We often rely on third-party servicers to mitigate our severity risk, but such third-party servicers may have little or no economic incentive to mitigate loan loss severities. In the case of mortgage loans, such mitigation efforts may include loan modification programs and prompt foreclosure and property liquidation following a default. Many of our consumer loans are unsecured, or are secured by collateral (such as an automobile) that depreciates rapidly; as a result, these loans may be at greater risk of loss than residential real estate loans. Pursuing any remaining deficiency following a default on a consumer loan is often difficult or impractical, especially when the borrower has a low credit score, making further substantial collection efforts unwarranted. In addition, repossessing personal property securing a consumer loan can present additional challenges, including locating and taking physical possession of the collateral. We rely on servicers who service these consumer loans, to, among other things, collect principal and interest payments on the loans and perform loss mitigation services, and these servicers may not perform in a manner that promotes our interests. In the case of corporate debt, if a company declares bankruptcy, the bankruptcy process has a number of significant inherent risks. Many events in a bankruptcy proceeding are the product of contested matters and adversarial proceedings and are beyond the control of the creditors. A bankruptcy filing by a company whose debt we have purchased may adversely and permanently affect such company. If the proceeding results in liquidation, the liquidation value of the company may have deteriorated significantly from what we believed to be the case at the time of our initial investment. The duration of a bankruptcy proceeding is also difficult to predict, and our return on investment can be adversely affected by delays until a plan of reorganization or liquidation ultimately becomes effective. A bankruptcy court may also re-characterize our debt investment as equity, and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. This could occur even if our investment had initially been structured as senior debt.

Prepayment Risk

Prepayment risk is the risk of change, whether an increase or a decrease, in the rate at which principal is returned in respect of fixed-income assets in our portfolio, including both through voluntary prepayments and through liquidations due to defaults and foreclosures. Most significantly, our portfolio is exposed to the risk of changes in prepayment rates of mortgage loans, including the mortgage loans underlying our RMBS, Reverse MSRs and Forward MSR-related investments; and changes in prepayment rates of certain of our consumer loan, residential mortgage loan, and CLO holdings. This rate of prepayment is affected by a variety of factors, including the prevailing level of interest rates as well as economic, demographic, tax, social, legal, and other factors. Mortgage prepayment rates can be highly sensitive to changes in interest rates, but they are also affected by housing turnover, which can be driven by factors other than interest rates, including worker mobility and home price appreciation. Changes in prepayment rates will have varying effects on the different types of securities in our portfolio, and we attempt to take these effects into account in making asset management decisions. Increases in prepayment rates may cause us to experience both realized and unrealized losses on our interest only securities and inverse interest only securities, as these securities are extremely sensitive to prepayment rates. Conversely, decreases in prepayment rates on our loans and securities with below-market interest rates may cause the duration of such investments to extend, which may cause us to experience unrealized losses on such investments. Prepayment rates, besides being subject to interest rates and borrower behavior, are also substantially affected by government policy and regulation. For example, prepayment rates are generally lower in states with substantially higher mortgage recording taxes.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with most of our assets and liabilities. For some securities in our portfolio, the coupon interest rates on, and therefore also the values of, such securities are highly sensitive to interest rate movements, such as inverse floating rate RMBS,

140

Table of Contents

which benefit from falling interest rates. Whenever one of our repo borrowings matures, it will generally be replaced with a new repo borrowing based on market interest rates prevailing at such time. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act, we opportunistically hedge our interest rate risk by entering into interest rate swaps, TBAs, U.S. Treasury securities, Eurodollar futures, U.S. Treasury futures, and other instruments. In general, such hedging instruments are used to mitigate the interest rate risk arising from the mismatch between the duration of our financed assets and the duration of the liabilities used to finance such assets.

The following sensitivity analysis table shows the estimated impact on the value of our portfolio segregated by certain identified categories as of September 30, 2024, assuming a static portfolio and immediate and parallel shifts in interest rates from current levels as indicated below.


(In thousands)	Estimated Change for a Decrease in Interest Rates by								Estimated Change for an Increase in Interest Rates by
	50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Category of Instruments	Market Value		% of Total Equity		Market Value		% of Total Equity		Market Value		% of Total Equity		Market Value		% of Total Equity
Agency RMBS	$	7,384	0.45	%	$	13,952	0.86	%	$	(8,199)	(0.50)	%	$	(17,212)	(1.06)	%
Long TBAs	4,173		0.26	%	7,370		0.45	%	(5,149)		(0.32)	%	(11,273)		(0.69)	%
Short TBAs	(7,423)		(0.46)	%	(13,049)		(0.80)	%	9,220		0.57	%	20,233		1.24	%
Non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, ABS, Loans, and MSRs	14,720		0.91	%	22,581		1.39	%	(21,581)		(1.33)	%	(50,019)		(3.08)	%
U.S. Treasury Securities and Interest Rate Swaps, Options, and Futures	(19,222)		(1.18)	%	(38,930)		(2.39)	%	18,735		1.15	%	36,982		2.27	%
Corporate Securities and Other	745		0.04	%	1,489		0.08	%	(745)		(0.05)	%	(1,489)		(0.09)	%
Repurchase Agreements, Reverse Repurchase Agreements, and Unsecured Borrowings	(2,611)		(0.16)	%	(5,251)		(0.32)	%	2,580		0.16	%	5,130		0.32	%
Total	$	(2,234)	(0.14)	%	$	(11,838)	(0.73)	%	$	(5,139)	(0.32)	%	$	(17,648)	(1.09)	%

The preceding analysis does not show sensitivity to changes in interest rates for instruments for which we believe that the effect of a change in interest rates is not material to the value of the overall portfolio and/or cannot be accurately estimated. In particular, this analysis excludes certain of our holdings of corporate securities and derivatives on corporate securities, and reflects only sensitivity to U.S. interest rates.

Our analysis of interest rate risk is derived from Ellington's proprietary models as well as third-party information and analytics. Many assumptions have been made in connection with the calculations set forth in the table above and, as such, there can be no assurance that assumed events will occur or that other events will not occur that would affect the outcomes. For example, for each hypothetical immediate shift in interest rates, assumptions have been made as to many important factors that can significantly and/or adversely affect the fair value of the instruments in our portfolio, including the response of mortgage prepayment rates, the shape of the yield curve, and market volatilities of interest rates. Furthermore, the fair value of each of the instruments comprising our portfolio is impacted by many other factors, each of which may or may not be correlated, or may only be loosely correlated, with interest rates. Depending on the nature of the instrument, these additional factors may include credit spreads, yield spreads, option-adjusted spreads, real estate prices, collateral adequacy, borrower creditworthiness, inflation, unemployment, general macroeconomic conditions, and other factors. For each instrument, our analysis makes many simplifying assumptions as to the response of these additional factors to shifts in interest rates, including that many if not most such factors are unaffected by such shifts.

The above analysis utilizes assumptions and estimates based on management's judgment and experience, and relies on financial models, which are inherently imperfect; in fact, different models can produce different results for the same instruments. While the table above reflects the estimated impacts of immediate parallel interest rate increases and decreases on specific categories of instruments in our portfolio, we actively trade many of the instruments in our portfolio, and therefore our current or future portfolios may have risks that differ significantly from those of our September 30, 2024 portfolio estimated above. Moreover, the impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change by a greater amount than the hypothetical shifts assumed above.

For all of the foregoing reasons and others, the table above is for illustrative purposes only and actual changes in interest rates would likely cause changes in the actual fair value of our portfolio that would differ from those presented above, and such differences might be significant and/or adverse. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and

141

Table of Contents

Results of Operations—Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."

Liquidity Risk

To fund our assets we may use a variety of debt alternatives in addition to equity capital that present us with liquidity risks. Certain of our assets are long-term fixed-rate assets, and we believe that liquidity risk arises from these assets with shorter-term variable rate borrowings. We seek to manage these risks, including by maintaining a prudent level of leverage, implementing interest rate hedges, maintaining sources of long-term financing, monitoring our liquidity position on a daily basis, monitoring the ongoing financial stability and future business plans of our financing counterparties, and maintaining a reasonable cushion of cash and unpledged real estate securities and loans in our portfolio in order to meet future margin calls.

We pledge assets, including mortgage loans or real estate securities, as collateral to secure most of our financing arrangements. However, should the value of our collateral or the value of our derivative instruments suddenly decrease, or margin requirements increase, we may be required to post additional collateral for certain of these arrangements, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Furthermore, there is no assurance that we will always be able to renew (or roll) our short-term funding liabilities at their scheduled maturities, which could materially harm our liquidity position and result in substantial losses. In addition, in some cases our counterparties have the option to increase our haircuts (margin requirements) on the assets we pledge against our funding liabilities, thereby reducing the amount that can be borrowed against an asset even if they agree to renew or roll our funding liabilities. Significantly higher haircuts would require us to post additional collateral and could reduce our ability to leverage our portfolio or may even force us to sell assets, especially if correlated with asset price declines or faster prepayment rates on our assets.

Additionally, as a REIT, we are required to distribute a significant portion of our taxable income annually, which constrains our ability to accumulate operating cash flow and therefore may require us to utilize debt or equity capital to finance our business and, therefore, we are exposed to risks related to the equity capital markets, and our related ability to raise capital through the issuance of our common stock, preferred stock or other equity instruments. We seek to mitigate these risks by monitoring the equity capital markets to inform our decisions on the amount, timing, and terms of capital we raise.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2024.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

142

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Neither we, nor our subsidiaries, nor Ellington nor its affiliates (including our Manager) are currently subject to any legal proceedings that we or our Manager consider material to us. Nevertheless, we, our subsidiaries, and Ellington and its affiliates operate in highly regulated markets that currently are under regulatory scrutiny, and over the years, Ellington and its affiliates have received, and we expect in the future that we and they may receive, inquiries and requests for documents and information from various federal, state and foreign regulators.

We and Ellington cannot provide any assurance that, whether the result of regulatory inquiries or otherwise, neither we nor Ellington nor its affiliates will become subject to investigations, enforcement actions, fines, penalties or the assertion of private litigation claims or that, if any such events were to occur, they would not materially adversely affect us. For a discussion of these and other related risks, see "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors—We, Ellington, or its affiliates may be subject to regulatory inquiries and proceedings, or other legal proceedings" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

For information regarding factors that could affect our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity, see the risk factors discussed under "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 1, 2024 (the "Form 10-K") as well as Item 1A of Part II of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on May 10, 2024. See also "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," included in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

143

Item 6. Exhibits


Exhibit						Description

31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002

31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002

32.1*						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002

32.2*						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS						Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase

101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Furnished herewith. These certifications are not deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

144

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

Date:

November 12, 2024

By:

/s/ LAURENCE PENN

Laurence Penn
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

ELLINGTON FINANCIAL INC.

Date:

November 12, 2024

By:

/s/ JR HERLIHY

JR Herlihy
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

145

Positive
Negative
Uncertain
Constraining
Legalese
Litigous
Readability	H.S. sophomore Bad

Ellington Financial (EFC) 10-Q2024 Q3 Quarterly report

Content analysis