PagerDuty (PD) 10-Q2024 Q3 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

_________________________

FORM 10-Q

_________________________

(Mark One)

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_________________________

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which statements involve substantial risk and uncertainties. All statements contained in this Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “likely,” “target,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statement contained in this Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about our expectations regarding:

Such forward-looking statements are based on our expectations as of the date of this filing and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including but not limited to, risks detailed in the “Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023 (“Annual Report”). Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this Form 10-Q and in other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, that disclose risks and uncertainties that may affect our business. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for us to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or may not occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. In addition, the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this filing, and we do not undertake, and expressly disclaim any duty, to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Form 10-Q or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

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(unaudited)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

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PagerDuty, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in May 2010.

PagerDuty is a digital operations management platform that manages urgent and mission-critical work for a modern, digital business. PagerDuty collects data and digital signals from virtually any software-enabled system or device and leverages powerful machine learning to correlate, process, and predict opportunities and issues. Using incident response, event management, and automation, the Company brings together the right people with the right information so they can resolve issues and act on opportunities in minutes or seconds from wherever they are.

As used herein, “PagerDuty”, “we”, “our”, “the Company” and similar terms include PagerDuty, Inc., unless the context indicates otherwise.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2023 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the year ended January 31, 2023, included in the Annual Report.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and subsidiaries in which the Company holds a controlling interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, the information contained herein reflects all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and comprehensive loss, statements of stockholders’ equity, and cash flows. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending January 31, 2024 or for any other interim period, or for any future year.

The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2024, for example, refer to the fiscal year ending January 31, 2024.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make, on an ongoing basis, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The Company’s most significant estimates and judgments involve the period of benefit for amortizing deferred contract costs, the determination of the fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, stock-based compensation, and estimates related to the Company’s revenue recognition, such as the assessment of performance obligations in the Company’s revenue arrangements and the fair value assigned to each performance obligation, among others. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions which management believes to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities.

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents, available-for-sale investments, and accounts receivable. All of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and investments are invested in money market funds, United States (“U.S.”) Treasury securities, commercial paper, corporate debt securities, or U.S. Government agency securities that management believes to be of high credit quality. The Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale investments are spread across several different financial institutions.

No single customer accounted for more than 10% of the total accounts receivable balance as of October 31, 2023 or January 31, 2023. No single customer represented 10% or more of revenue for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 or 2022.

Certain members of the Company’s Board of Directors serve as directors of, or are executive officers of, and in some cases are investors in, companies that are customers or vendors of the Company. The Company billed $3.8 million and $1.6 million to entities associated with related parties during the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other related party transactions were not material for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022.

There have been no significant changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as compared to those described in the Annual Report, other than as set forth below.

The Company has classified cash that is not available for use in its operations as restricted cash. Restricted cash consists primarily of collateral for letters of credit related to security deposits for the Company’s office facility lease arrangements. As of October 31, 2023, the Company had restricted cash of $3.6 million, all of which was classified as non-current. The Company had no restricted cash as of January 31, 2023.

During the quarter ended July 31, 2022, the Company established a joint venture with Japan Cloud Computing II L.P. (the “Investor”) in Japan (“PagerDuty K.K.”), which is a variable interest entity, obtaining a 51% controlling interest. The Company has consolidated the financial results of the joint venture.

The agreements with the non-controlling interest holders of PagerDuty K.K. contain redemption features whereby the interest held by the non-controlling interest holders is redeemable either (i) at the option of the non-controlling interest holders or (ii) at the option of the Company, both beginning on the tenth anniversary of the initial capital contribution. The balance of the redeemable non-controlling interest is reported at the greater of the initial carrying amount adjusted for the redeemable non-controlling interest's share of earnings or losses and other comprehensive income or loss, or its redemption value. The resulting changes in the estimated redemption amount are recorded with corresponding adjustments against additional paid-in-capital due to the absence of retained earnings. The carrying amount of the redeemable non-controlling interest is recorded on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets as temporary equity. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company recorded an adjustment attributable to the redeemable non-controlling interest of $2.4 million and $4.1 million. There were no adjustments attributable to the redeemable non-controlling interest recorded during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022.

In May 2022, the Company established a joint venture, PagerDuty K.K, which is a variable interest entity. The Company obtained a 51% controlling interest and has consolidated the financial results of the joint venture.

The following table summarizes the activity in the redeemable non-controlling interest for the period indicated below:

Cash, cash equivalents, and investments consisted of the following:

The following tables summarize the Company’s investments’ adjusted cost, net unrealized losses, and fair value by significant investment category as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023. Gross realized gains or losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were not material for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023.

The following tables present the Company’s available-for-sale securities by contractual maturity date as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023:

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had 104 securities in an unrealized loss position with an aggregate fair value of $199.1 million, of which $44.5 million were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months. As of January 31, 2023, the Company had 81 securities in an unrealized loss position with an aggregate fair value of $174.1 million, of which $39.9 million were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months.

When evaluating investments for impairment, the Company reviews factors such as the extent to which fair value has been below cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, and the Company’s intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell, the investment before recovery of the investment’s amortized cost. The Company has not recorded an allowance for credit losses, as the Company believes any such losses would be immaterial based on the high-grade credit rating for each of its marketable securities as of the end of each period.

The Company measures its financial assets and liabilities at fair value each reporting period using a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value, as follows:

Level 2—Valuations based on inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Valuations based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets that are required to be measured or disclosed at fair value using the above input categories:

The Company’s assets that are measured by management at fair value on a recurring basis are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the Company’s Level 2 securities were priced by pricing vendors. These pricing vendors utilize observable market information in pricing these securities or, if specific prices are not available for these securities, use other observable inputs like market transactions involving identical or comparable securities.

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash held in banks, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities and are excluded from the fair value table above.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $2.1 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense was $6.3 million and $5.1 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.4 million related to leasehold improvements abandoned in the period. The impairment charge was recorded in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of operations. In the nine months ended October 31, 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.7 million on its capitalized internal-use software included in construction-in-progress. It was determined that the developed technology would not be placed in service as the technology was replaced with the acquired technology of Catalytic.

Deferred contract costs, which primarily consist of deferred sales commissions, were $43.4 million and $46.4 million as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, respectively. Amortization expense for deferred contract costs was $5.1 million and $4.9 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense for deferred contract costs was $15.3 million and $14.2 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There was no impairment charge related to the costs capitalized for the periods presented.

The Company has entered into various non-cancellable operating leases for its office spaces with lease periods expiring between fiscal 2026 and fiscal 2029. The operating lease agreements generally provide for rental payments on a graduated basis and for options to renew, which could increase future minimum lease payments if exercised.

Lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives such as tenant improvement allowances.

The operating leases typically include non-lease components such as common-area maintenance costs. The Company has elected to include non-lease components with lease payments for the purpose of calculating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, to the extent that they are fixed. Non-lease components that are not fixed are expensed as incurred as variable lease payments.

Leases with a term of one year or less are not recognized on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company entered into a sublease of one office location. The sublease has a remaining lease term of less than two years. Sublease income, which is recorded as a reduction of rent expense, was immaterial for the nine months ended October 31, 2023.

The following table presents information about leases on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

As of October 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term was 3.3 years and the weighted average discount rate used to determine the net present value of the lease liabilities was 3.7%.

The following table presents information about leases on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information about the Company’s leases.

In the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.8 million to the right-of-use asset associated with the subleased office, which is the amount by which the carrying value of the right-of-use asset exceeded its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value was based on the present value of the estimated cash flows that could be generated from subleasing the property for the remaining lease term. The impairment charge was recorded in general and administrative expenses on our condensed consolidated statement of operations. There were no impairment charges recorded in the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 and there were no impairment charges recorded in the nine months ended October 31, 2022.

On June 25, 2020, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $287.5 million of 2025 Notes in a private offering pursuant to an Indenture dated June 25, 2020 (the “2025 Indenture”).

The 2025 Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company and accrue interest payable semiannually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2021, at a rate of 1.25% per year. The 2025 Notes will mature on July 1, 2025, unless such notes are converted, redeemed or repurchased earlier. The 2025 Notes are convertible into cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the 2025 Indenture.

In October 2023, the Company provided written notice to the trustee and the note holders of the 2025 Notes that it had irrevocably elected to settle the principal amount of its convertible senior notes in cash and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect to the remainder, if any, of the Company’s conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes being converted.

In October 2023, the Company paid $223.5 million to repurchase $230.0 million of aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes with a carrying value of $227.5 million, net of unamortized issuance costs of $2.6 million. The Company recorded a gain on partial extinguishment of the 2025 Notes in the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 of $4.0 million in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In October 2023, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $402.5 million 2028 Notes in a private offering pursuant to an Indenture dated October 13, 2023 (the “2028 Indenture” and, together with the 2025 Indenture, the “Indentures”). The total net proceeds from the debt offering, after deducting debt issuance costs of $12.0 million, paid or payable by the Company, were $390.4 million.

The 2028 Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company and accrue interest payable semiannually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on April 15, 2024, at a rate of 1.50% per year. The 2028 Notes will mature on October 15, 2028, unless such notes are converted, redeemed or repurchased earlier. Upon conversion, the Company will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes to be converted and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect to the remainder, if any, of the Company’s conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes being converted, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the 2028 Indenture.

Holders of the Notes may convert all or any portion of their Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on April 1, 2025, with respect to the 2025 Notes, or June 15, 2028, with respect to the 2028 Notes, only under the following circumstances:

On or after April 1, 2025, with respect to the 2025 Notes, or June 15, 2028, with respect to the 2028 Notes, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the relevant maturity date, holders of the Notes may convert all or any portion of their Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances.

The initial conversion rate for the 2025 Notes is 24.95 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2025 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $40.08 per share of common stock. The initial conversion rate for the 2028 Notes is 36.56 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2028 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $27.35 per share of common stock. The conversion rate for the Notes is subject to adjustment under certain circumstances in accordance with the terms of the relevant Indenture, but will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, or if the Company delivers a notice of redemption, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Notes in connection with such a corporate event or convert its notes called (or deemed called) for redemption during the related redemption period (as defined in the relevant Indenture), as the case may be.

The Company may not redeem 2025 Notes prior to July 6, 2023 or the 2028 Notes prior to October 20, 2026. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes, at its option, with respect to the 2025 Notes, on a redemption date occurring on or after July 6, 2023 and prior to the 41st scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the 2025 Notes, or with respect to the 2028 Notes, on a redemption date occurring on or after October 20, 2026 and prior to the 61st scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the 2028 Notes, if the last reported sale price of the common stock has been at least 130% of the relevant conversion price for the Notes then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the 2025 Notes or the 2028 Notes.

If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the relevant Indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

The Indentures governing the Notes contain customary terms and covenants, including that upon certain events of default occurring and continuing, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2025 Notes or 2028 Notes may declare the entire principal of all such 2025 Notes or 2028 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to be immediately due and payable.

The Company accounts for the Notes each as a single liability in accordance with Accounting Standards Update 2020-06 “Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity.” The Notes are classified as long-term liabilities as of October 31, 2023. Issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Notes at an effective interest rate of 2.13% for the 2028 Notes and 1.91% for the 2025 Notes.

The net carrying amount of the Notes as of October 31, 2023 and as of January 31, 2023 was as follows:

Interest expense recognized related to the Notes is as follows:

In connection with the offering of the 2025 Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “2025 Capped Calls”) with certain financial institution counterparties and in connection with the offering of the 2028 Notes, the Company entered into separate privately negotiate capped call transactions (the “2028 Capped Calls” and, together with the 2025 Capped Calls, the “Capped Calls”). The Capped Calls are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to the common stock upon any conversion of the 2025 Notes or the 2028 Notes, as applicable, with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price of such Capped Calls. For accounting purposes, the Capped Calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of the 2025 Notes or the 2028 Notes, as applicable. The Capped Calls are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $35.7 million incurred to purchase the 2025 Capped Calls and the cost of $55.1 million incurred to purchase the 2028 Capped Calls were each recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Capped Calls will not be remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification.

The 2025 Capped Calls each have an initial strike price of approximately $40.08 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2025 Notes. The 2025 Capped Calls have an initial cap price of $61.66 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The 2025 Capped Calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately $7.20 million shares of our common stock. The 2025 Capped Calls are subject to automatic exercise over a 40 trading day period commencing on May 2, 2025, subject to earlier termination under certain circumstances.

The 2028 Capped Calls each have an initial strike price of approximately $27.35 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2028 Notes. The 2028 Capped Calls have an initial cap price of $42.90 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The 2028 Capped Calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 14.7 million shares of our common stock. The 2028 Capped Calls are subject to automatic exercise over a 60 trading day period commencing on July 20, 2028, subject to earlier termination under certain circumstances.

From time to time in the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to various claims and other legal matters arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company investigates these claims as they arise and accrues estimates for resolution of legal and other contingencies when losses are probable and estimable. The Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings nor is it aware of any pending or threatened litigation that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

The Company has entered into service-level agreements with a portion of its customers defining levels of uptime reliability and performance and permitting those customers to receive credits if the Company fails to meet the defined levels of uptime. To date, the Company has not experienced any significant failures to meet defined levels of uptime reliability and performance as a result of those agreements and, as a result, the Company has not incurred or accrued any material liabilities related to these agreements in the financial statements.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may agree to indemnify customers, vendors, lessors, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company, or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. As permitted under Delaware law, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and certain officers and employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. No demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements, and there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on its consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, or consolidated statements of cash flows.

The following table presents the changes to the Company’s deferred revenue:

For the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the majority of revenue recognized was from the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of each quarter. For the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately half of revenue recognized was from the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period.

As of October 31, 2023, future estimated revenue related to performance obligations for cloud-hosted and term-license software subscriptions with terms of more than one year that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting periods was approximately $206.0 million. The Company expects to satisfy the substantial majority of these unsatisfied performance obligations over the next 24 months and the remainder thereafter. The Company applied the optional exemption for subscriptions with terms of less than one year.

The Company has two equity incentive plans: the 2010 Stock Plan (the “2010 Plan”) and the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”, collectively the “Stock Plans”). Upon completion of the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”) in April 2019, the Company ceased granting awards under the 2010 Plan, and all shares that remained available for future issuance under the 2010 Plan at that time were transferred to the 2019 Plan. The 2019 Plan superseded and replaced the 2010 Plan. As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, the Company was authorized to grant up to 31,519,241 shares and 28,881,327 shares of common stock, respectively, under the 2019 Plan.

The Company currently uses authorized and unissued shares to satisfy stock award exercises and settlement of Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) and Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”). As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, there were 17,224,509 shares and 13,581,239 shares available for future issuance under the Stock Plans, respectively.

Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance are as follows:

In October 2023, the Company repurchased a total of 2,331,002 shares of the Company’s common stock through open market purchases at an average per share price of $21.45 for a total repurchase price of $50.0 million. The cost of repurchased shares are recorded as Treasury Stock in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

No stock options were granted during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $4.9 million and $6.4 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $20.9 million and $37.0 million, respectively.

The intrinsic value for options exercised is the difference between the market value of the stock and the exercise price of the stock option at the date of exercise.

As of October 31, 2023, there was approximately $2.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options granted under the Stock Plans, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years.

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information is as follows:

The fair value of RSUs is based on the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

As of October 31, 2023, there was $234.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years based on vesting under the award service conditions.

The Company grants PSUs to certain employees of the Company for which the ultimate number of units that will vest are determined based on the achievement of market and/or performance conditions at the end of the stated performance period.

During the three months ended April 30, 2023, the compensation committee of the Board certified the results of PagerDuty’s operating plan for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023. Based on the results, the PSUs granted in April 2022 (“2022 PSU Awards”) were cancelled as the target was not met.

As of October 31, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to PSUs was $6.9 million. This unrecognized stock-based compensation cost is expected to be recognized using the accelerated attribution method over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.3 years.

The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions over 24-month offering periods beginning June 15 and December 15 of each year, with each offering period consisting of four six-month purchase periods. On each purchase date, eligible employees will purchase the shares at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (1) the fair market value of the Company’s common stock as of the beginning of the offering period or (2) the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the purchase date, as defined in the ESPP.

During the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP. During the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $4.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP.

During the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company withheld $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, in contributions from employees. During the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company withheld $7.8 million and $7.7 million, respectively, in contributions from employees.

During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, 325,983 shares of common stock were issued under the ESPP at a weighted average purchase price of $19.30 per share. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022, 280,725 shares of common stock were issued under the ESPP at a weighted average purchase price of $20.43 per share.

Stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations is as follows:

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to PagerDuty, Inc. common stockholders:

Additionally, as of October 31, 2022, using the conversion rate of 24.9507 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, the potentially dilutive shares that were not included in the diluted per share calculations related to the 2025 Notes was 7,173 million.

In October 2023, the Company provided written notice to the trustee and the note holders of the 2025 Notes that it had irrevocably elected to settle the principal amount of its convertible senior notes in cash and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect to the remainder, if any, of the Company’s conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes being converted. As described in Note 9, “Debt and Financing Arrangements,” upon conversion of the 2028 Notes, the Company will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes to be converted and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect to the remainder, if any, of the Company’s conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes being converted. As of October 31, 2023, the conversion options of the Notes were out of money and as a result, there were no potentially dilutive shares related to the conversion of the Notes.

The Company's provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that arise during the period. Each quarter, the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated annual effective tax rate changes, the Company makes a cumulative adjustment in such period.

The Company's quarterly tax provision, and estimate of its annual effective tax rate, is subject to variation due to several factors, including variability in pre-tax income (or loss), the mix of jurisdictions to which such income (or loss) relates, changes in how the Company does business, and tax law developments. The Company's estimated effective tax rate for the year differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% as a result of our U.S. losses for which no benefit will be realized, our foreign operations which are subject to tax rates that differ from those in the U.S., as well as the benefit for non-U.S. income tax credits.

The Company recorded an immaterial income tax benefit for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and an income tax expense of $0.1 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022, respectively. The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.2 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The income tax benefit for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was primarily due to the deferred tax benefit of $1.3 million associated with the Company’s acquisition in the prior period.

Revenue by location is generally determined by the billing address of the customer. The following table sets forth revenue by geographic area:

Other than the United States, no other individual country accounted for 10% or more of revenue for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 or 2022. As of October 31, 2023, 84% of the Company’s long-lived assets, including property and equipment and right-of-use lease assets, were located in the United States, 13% were located in Canada, 2% were located in Portugal, and 1% were located in the United Kingdom. As of January 31, 2023, 88% of the Company’s long-lived assets, including property and equipment and right-of-use lease assets, were located in the United States, 10% were located in Canada, 1% were located in Portugal, and 1% were located in the United Kingdom.

On November 15, 2023, the Company acquired all of the shares outstanding of Jeli, Inc. (“Jeli”) in a 100% cash deal for an approximate purchase price of $27 million. Jeli with PagerDuty will help customers turn incidents into opportunities by applying learnings to reduce the impact of future incidents.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report. You should review the sections titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report. The last day of our fiscal year is January 31. Our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31 and January 31.

PagerDuty is a digital operations management platform that manages urgent and mission critical work for a modern, digital enterprise. We empower teams to respond rapidly to incidents to resolve or avoid customer issues, reduce noise, predict and avoid performance degradation, improve productivity, and accelerate digital transformation.

Today, nearly every business is a digital business. As such, organizations are under pressure to enhance their digital operations in order to meet escalating customer expectations, resolve incidents proactively and free up time for innovation projects. This means critical, time sensitive, and unpredictable work needs to be detected and orchestrated.

We collect data and digital signals from virtually any software-enabled system or device and leverage powerful machine learning to correlate, process, and predict opportunities and issues. Using incident response, event management, and automation, we bring together the right people with the right information so they can resolve issues and act on opportunities in minutes or seconds from wherever they are.

Since our founding in 2009, we have expanded our capabilities from a single product focused on on-call management for developers to a multi-product platform that crosses silos into IT operations, security, customer service, and executive stakeholder roles across the organization. We have evolved from an on-call tool into the platform for digital operations, which resides at the center of a company’s technology ecosystem.

We have spent more than a decade building deep product integrations to our platform, and our ecosystem now includes over 700 direct integrations to enable our customers to gather and correlate digital signals from virtually any software-enabled system or device. This allows technical teams to collect digital signals from any system or platform in their environment, and without the effects of context switching. Those same integrations connect with popular collaboration tools and business applications, as well as all types of technology stacks to drive automation of work.

We generate revenue primarily from cloud-hosted subscription fees. We also generate revenue from term-license software subscription fees. We have a land-and-expand business model that leads to viral adoption of our products and subsequent expansion. Our online self-service model is the primary mechanism for landing new customers and enabling teams to get started without assistance. We complement our self-service model with high-velocity inside sales focused on small and medium businesses, a commercial team focused on mid-market customers, and a field sales team focused on enterprise customers. Our mid-market and enterprise customers account for the majority of our revenue today. These teams drive expansion to additional users, new use cases, and add-on products, as well as upsell to higher value plans.

Our business and financial performance may be subject to the effects of the worldwide macroeconomic conditions, including, but not limited to global inflation and the rise in interest rates, existing and new laws and regulations, recession or economic downturn globally or in the jurisdictions in which we do business, the COVID-19 pandemic, volatility in foreign currency exchange rates, and recent bank failures.

We continuously monitor geopolitical conflicts around the world and their effects on our business. While we do not believe the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict or the conflict in Israel and surrounding areas will have a material impact on our business and results of operations, our business and results of operations could be materially impacted if these conflicts continue or worsen, leading to greater global economic disruptions and uncertainty. Our customers in Russia represented an immaterial portion of our net assets as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, and of our total consolidated revenues for each of the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022.

We review the following key business metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

While these numbers are based on what we believe to be a reasonable representation of our customer base for the applicable period of measurement, we rely on a third party to validate legal entities, which uses the best available data at period end, and therefore is subject to change as new information becomes available. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our methodology, which may result in future changes to our key metrics.

Our key metrics include the results of Catalytic, Inc. (“Catalytic”) to the extent applicable, beginning on the acquisition date of March 8, 2022.

We believe that the number of customers using our platform, particularly those that have subscription agreements for more than $100,000 in annual recurring revenue (“ARR”), are indicators of our market penetration, particularly within enterprise accounts, the growth of our business, and our potential future business opportunities. We define ARR as the annualized recurring value of all active contracts at the end of a reporting period. We define a customer as a separate legal entity, such as a company or an educational or government institution, that has an active subscription with us or one of our partners to access our platform. In situations where an organization has multiple subsidiaries or divisions, we treat the parent entity as the customer instead of treating each subsidiary or division as a separate customer. Increasing awareness of our platform and its broad range of capabilities, coupled with the fact that the world is always on and powered by increasingly complex technology, has expanded the diversity of our customer base to include organizations of all sizes across virtually all industries. Over time, enterprise and mid-market customers have constituted a greater share of our revenue.

We use dollar-based net retention rate to evaluate the long-term value of our customer relationships, since this metric reflects our ability to retain and expand the ARR from our existing customers. Our dollar-based net retention rate compares our ARR from the same set of customers across comparable periods.

We calculate dollar-based net retention rate as of a period end by starting with the ARR from the cohort of all customers as of 12 months prior to such period end (“Prior Period ARR”). We then calculate the ARR from these same customers as of the current period end (“Current Period ARR”). Current Period ARR includes any expansion and is net of downgrades or churn over the last 12 months but excludes ARR from new customers in the current

We generate revenue primarily from cloud-hosted software subscription fees with the majority of our revenue from such arrangements. We also generate revenue from term-license software subscription fees. Our subscriptions are typically one year in duration but can range from monthly to multi-year. Subscription fees are driven primarily by the number of customers, the number of users per customer, and the level of subscription purchased. We generally invoice customers in advance in annual installments for subscriptions to our software. Revenue related to our cloud-hosted software subscriptions is recognized ratably over the related contractual term beginning on the date that our platform is made available to a customer. For our term-license software subscriptions, we recognize license revenue upon delivery and software maintenance revenue ratably, typically beginning on the start of the contractual term of the arrangement.

Due to the low complexity of implementation and integration of our platform with our customers’ existing infrastructure, revenue from professional services has been immaterial to date.

Cost of revenue primarily consists of expenses related to providing our platform to customers, including personnel expenses for operations and global support, payments to our third-party cloud infrastructure providers for hosting our software, payment processing fees, amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs, amortization of acquired developed technology, and allocated overhead costs for facilities, information technology, and other allocated overhead costs. We will continue to invest additional resources in our platform infrastructure and our customer support and success organizations to expand the capability of our platform and ensure that our customers are realizing the full benefit of our offerings. The level and timing of investment in these areas could affect our cost of revenue in the future.

Gross profit represents revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as our revenue fluctuates, and as a result of the timing and amount of investments to expand the capacity of our third-party cloud infrastructure providers and our continued efforts to enhance our platform support and customer success teams.

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel expenses are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense, and sales commissions. Operating expenses also include amortization of acquired intangible assets, acquisition-related expenses, allocated overhead costs for facilities, shared IT related expenses, including depreciation expense, and certain company-wide events and functions.

Research and development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our engineering, product, and design teams. Additionally, research and development expenses include contractor fees, depreciation of equipment

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, costs of general marketing activities and promotional activities, travel related expenses, amortization of acquired intangible assets, allocated overhead costs, and bad debt expense. Sales commissions earned by our sales force that are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a subscription with a customer are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which we have determined to be four years. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will generally increase in dollar value and continue to be our largest operating expense for the foreseeable future as we expand our sales and marketing efforts.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and contractor fees for finance, legal, human resources, information technology, and other administrative functions. In addition, general and administrative expenses include non-personnel costs, such as legal, accounting, and other professional fees, hardware and software costs, certain tax, license and insurance-related expenses, acquisition-related expenses, and allocated overhead costs. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in dollar value as our business grows. However, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over the longer term as we expect our investments to allow for improved efficiency for future growth in the business.

Interest income consists of income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and interest earned on our short-term investments which consist of U.S. Treasury securities, commercial paper, corporate debt securities, and U.S. Government agency securities.

Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs on our 1.25% Convertible senior notes that were outstanding from the beginning of the year through their partial extinguishment in October 2023. Interest expense for the three months ended October 31, 2023 also includes the contractual interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs on our 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”) that were issued in October 2023.

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of accretion income and amortization expense on our available-for-sale investments and foreign currency transaction gains and losses.

(Provision) benefit from income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our net federal and state deferred tax assets as we have concluded that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. (Provision) benefit from income taxes also includes the benefit associated with the reduction in our valuation allowance from the increase in the deferred tax liability associated with acquired intangible assets from our acquisition during the nine months ended October 31, 2022.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated: