CyberArk Software (CYBR) 20-F2023 FY Annual report (foreign)

We cannot guarantee that we will be able to anticipate future market needs and opportunities or be able to develop or acquire product enhancements or new products or services to meet such needs or opportunities in a timely manner or at all. Additionally, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements (see “—The dynamic regulatory environment around privacy, data protection, and AI may limit our offering or require modification of our products and services, which could limit our ability to attract new customers and support our current customers and increase our operational expenses. We could also be subject to investigations, litigation, or enforcement actions alleging that we fail to comply with regulatory requirements, which could harm our operating results and adversely affect our business.”). Furthermore, new technologies and solutions that may make our solutions obsolete may be introduced into the market, lowering the demand for our products and reducing our sales. Even if we are able to anticipate, develop and commercially introduce new features and products and ongoing enhancements to our existing products, there can be no assurance that such enhancements or new solutions will achieve widespread market acceptance or that we will be able to meet our customers’ expectations. Implementing machine learning and AI technology-based features in our products to stay abreast of the latest technology advancements may encounter challenges, as some customers may resist these changes, leading to limited acceptance. To fully capitalize on the advantages of these technologies, adjustments to our products and corresponding terms of use may be necessary, potentially resulting in customer dissatisfaction. Delays in developing, completing, or delivering new or enhanced solutions could cause our offerings to be less competitive, impair customer acceptance of our solutions and result in delayed or reduced revenue and share price decline.

Our success and continued growth depend, in part, on our ability to acquire a sufficient number of new customers while maintaining and expanding our revenues from existing customers, by selling incremental or new solutions to existing customers, as well as ensuring that our customers renew their subscriptions when their existing contract terms expire.

Our ability to expand our customer base may be affected by a number of factors, for example, competition in the industry (which may also lead us to providing more favorable commercial terms to new or existing customers), an unfavorable macroeconomic environment that extends sales cycles and can make acquiring new customers more difficult, or changes in compliance standards or audit requirements that reduce the demand for our solutions. Additional factors that could negatively impact customer acquisition and expansion include the size or prioritization of our prospective and existing customers’ IT budgets, the proven or perceived utility and efficacy of our existing and new offerings, changes in our pricing or licensing models that may impact the size of new business transactions, and any downgrade of our recognized industry leadership position by industry analysts (see “— We face intense competition from a wide variety of information security vendors operating in different market segments and across diverse IT environments. This may challenge our ability to maintain or improve our competitive position or to meet planned growth rates.”). Furthermore, the introduction of new product offerings and solutions (including in additional segments of cybersecurity) as well as customer transition to SaaS in order to receive certain functionalities, may result in longer sales cycles or lost opportunities if our new or existing customers, prospects, and partners are less receptive to such advancements, or require a longer period to assess and select the solutions appropriate to them. The introduction of more SaaS offerings may similarly lead to extended presale periods due to, among other factors, comprehensive product and security reviews and requirements by customers, extensive contract negotiations, and more stringent compliance and operational obligations (such as those related to data protection or use).

As a recurring revenue company, we are dependent on renewals to meet our performance targets and measures and investors’ expectations, including revenue, operating income, net income and annual recurring revenue (ARR), as well as certain non-GAAP performance measures (see “— If our quarterly results of operations fluctuate due to condensed intra-quarter sales execution, seasonality or other factors, or if we fail to successfully operate as a subscription company, our revenues, ARR, operating results and share price may be adversely affected and we may fail to meet publicly announced financial guidance or other expectations about our business.”) Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions, and they may decide not to renew their subscriptions with a similar contract period, at the same prices and terms, or with the same or a greater number of users. Additionally, our ability to retain our existing customers is also dependent on our customers’ satisfaction with our products and overall user experience in various areas, such as product support, and ease of deployment and implementation. For instance, as part of the natural lifecycle of our solutions, we may determine that certain products will be reaching their end of development or end of life and will no longer be supported or receive updates and security patches. Failure to effectively introduce new solutions, offer easy transition for our customers to such new solutions, or manage our product lifecycles appropriately could lead to customer dissatisfaction and lower renewal rates.

If we are unsuccessful in our efforts to obtain new customers, secure renewals or expand our existing customer penetration, or miss our publicly announced financial guidance or fail to meet our investors’ expectations as a result of the foregoing, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted and the market price of our ordinary shares could be negatively impacted.

Security products, solutions and services such as ours are complex in development, design and deployment and are subject to errors, bugs, gaps, design failures, misconfigurations or security vulnerabilities, some of which are potentially incapable of being remediated or detected until after their deployment, if at all. Additionally, our solutions have limitations in functionality and scope and cannot guarantee protection against any and all threats, specifically those outside the product’s boundary. Real or perceived errors, bugs, gaps, design failures, defects, vulnerabilities, limitations, misconfigurations in our solutions or their accompanying documentation, or untimely or insufficient remediation thereof, could cause our solutions not to meet their specifications or security standards. The affected solutions may not fulfill their primary security functions, falsely identify threats or create new security threats, and be vulnerable to security attacks. There is no guarantee that we will identify all vulnerabilities and gaps in our products or that our products will be free of flaws or vulnerabilities, and we may not correct all known vulnerabilities, gaps, or errors promptly, fully, or at all.

Further, our solutions serve as mission-critical applications in our customers’ operational environments, allowing them to manage access and privileges in their systems and networks. Any breach, interruption or shutdown of our solutions could significantly damage customers’ internal and external operations, and therefore we may suffer significant reputational, financial and legal adverse impact. Potential vulnerabilities or deficiencies associated with a product developed or obtained through an acquisition could also deteriorate our solutions’ security and expose our customers to additional risk (see “—We may fail to fully execute, integrate, or realize the benefits expected from acquisitions, which may require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value and adversely affect our results of operations.”).

Several of our solutions are made available to our customers as SaaS and involve our use of third-party cloud and SaaS infrastructure and related services. Providing SaaS solutions involves storage and transmission of customers’ proprietary information, including personal data, related to their assets, employees and users. Security breaches, bugs, vulnerabilities, gaps, defects or improper configuration of our solutions, cloud accounts or production and development environments (including those embedded in third-party technology, such as SaaS solutions, used in our products or by our customers) could result in loss or alteration of, or unauthorized access to this data and compromise of our networks or our customers’ networks secured by our SaaS solutions. Any such incident, whether or not caused by us, could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

Our solutions not only reinforce but also rely on the common security concept of placing multiple layers of security controls throughout an IT environment. The failure of our customers, channel partners, managed service providers, subcontractors or similar entities to correctly implement our solutions in accordance with security best practices, or effectively manage and maintain our solutions and the environments in which they are utilized, or to consistently implement and utilize generally accepted and comprehensive, multi-layered security measures and processes, may lessen the efficacy of our solutions, in whole or in part. These entities may also independently develop or change existing application programming interfaces (APIs) that we provide or other customizable components in an incorrect or insecure manner. Such failures or actions may lead to security breaches and data loss, which could result in a perception that our solutions or services failed and associated negative business implications. In addition, we are expected to provide timely notice and high levels of transparency regarding security vulnerabilities in our products, which, once conveyed, may increase our customers’ exposure to a security breach until they properly implement the relevant fix. Further, our failure to provide our customers and channel partners with adequate services or accurate product documentation and training related to the use, implementation and maintenance of our solutions, could lead to claims against us.

Similarly, a failure by a provider like us to effectively secure and detect threats within our own resources and networks, such as corporate, development or customer-serving production environments, could lead to threat actors compromising our customers’ environments through a breach or exploitation of our various networks and/or our products or services (see “—If our IT network systems, or those of our third-party providers, are compromised by cyberattacks or other security incidents, or by a critical system disruption or failure, then our reputation, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.”). A similar effect could arise from the use of compromised or vulnerable third-party software, including open-source software, in or in relation to our products or use by our third-party vendors (see “— Our use of open-source software, third-party software, and other intellectual property may negatively affect our ability to offer our solutions and expose us to litigation or other risks.”) or through the use of AI technologies by our workforce, which could expose our solutions, networks and environments – and thereby our customers – to additional vulnerabilities and security incidents.

Additionally, the incorporation of machine learning, AI and generative AI capabilities into our products and services may create content that appears correct but is factually inaccurate or flawed. Our products, customers or others may rely on or use this flawed content to their detriment, which may expose us to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, and/or legal liability.

As we increase our developers’ workforce globally to meet our business goals, including by engaging external developers or through mergers and acquisitions, the risk of errors, misconfigurations, vulnerabilities or intentional misconduct, may be heightened due to governance difficulties and limited centralized oversight. In addition, difficulties or delays in hiring and retaining personnel may impact the resources available to us for continuous improvement of our product security posture and therefore, increase this risk (see “—The highly competitive cybersecurity labor market has made it a challenge to attract and retain qualified personnel, and if we are unable to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business will suffer.”).

An actual or perceived error, bug, misconfiguration, vulnerability, gap, cyberattack or other security breach, regardless of whether the vulnerability or breach is attributable to the failure of our solutions or the related services we provide, could adversely affect the market’s perception of the efficacy of our solutions and our industry standing. Such circumstances could cause current or potential customers to look to our competitors for alternatives to our solutions and subject us to negative media attention, reputational harm, lawsuits (including class actions), regulatory investigations and other government inquiries, indemnity claims and financial losses, as well as the expenditure of significant financial resources to, among other actions, analyze, correct or eliminate any vulnerabilities. Provisions in our agreements and documentation that attempt to limit our liability towards our customers, channel partners, and relevant third parties may not withstand legal challenges, and certain liabilities may not be limited or capped. Additionally, any insurance coverage we have may not adequately cover all claims asserted against us and may leave a significant portion of such claims to be directly covered by us. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

The confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT network systems and of our third-party providers, and the perception thereof, is critical to our ability to deliver products and services to customers as well as to run internal operations. While we operate certain of these network systems, we also rely on third-party providers across an array of technologies and services that enable us to conduct, monitor and/or protect our business operations. For example, we rely on third parties to host our SaaS products (see “—We increasingly rely on third-party providers of cloud infrastructure services to deliver our SaaS solutions to customers, and any disruption of or interference with our use of these services, including any specifications limitations, could adversely affect our business.”) and support our customer relationship management and financial operation services (provided by our Enterprise Resource Planning system). In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we and our third-party providers generate, collect, process and store sensitive information and data, including proprietary and personal data belonging to us, to customers and to others.

We acknowledge that the threat landscape is broad and that threats are persistent. Being a prominent Israeli security company that provides solutions centered on privileged access security and identity management to leading global enterprises, we are and will remain an attractive target for cyber attackers and malicious actors, including insiders, as well as cyber terrorists, sophisticated criminal groups or nation-state affiliated actors. We and certain of our service providers regularly experience cyberattacks and security incidents and we expect such attacks and incidents to continue in varying degrees. For example, we have experienced incidents that have impacted our IT network systems, physical facilities, our data or our customers’ networks or data. While, to date, no attacks or incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future. Further, as we deploy scanning tools in our infrastructure and systems, conduct penetration testing and engage in other threat detection practices, we regularly identify and track security vulnerabilities and security gaps of varying severities. Given the nature of complex systems, software, services and operations like ours and certain of our providers, we are unable to ensure that all vulnerabilities and gaps are mitigated at all times or to guarantee that effective mitigating measures will be applied before the foregoing can be exploited by a threat actor. Accordingly, we can provide no assurances that our or our providers’ cybersecurity risk management programs and processes, including our applicable controls, policies and procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our or our customers’ IT network systems, data, products or services.

The operation of our solutions relies at times on third-party software, including open-source and other software, services, networks, environments, and generative AI tools, which could also serve as an attack vector. Cyberattacks and security incidents are expected to accelerate in both frequency and impact as the use of cloud-based solutions expands and as the use of AI increases. In particular, the use of AI enables attackers to become increasingly sophisticated and provides them with tools, advanced techniques and new attack-vectors to circumvent controls, avoid detection, and remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to systems or sabotage systems or disable or degrade services are continuously evolving and can sometimes be unrecognizable until launched against a target and therefore we may be unable to anticipate these techniques and implement preventative measures. Our security measures, controls and processes might prove insufficient to protect us against any and all attacks. We might inadequately evaluate certain risks and threats, leading to a lack of prioritization. Additionally, there could be a lack of oversight and employee awareness. This means that we may be unable to detect, investigate, contain or recover from future attacks or incidents in a timely or effective manner. Disruptive attacks, such as through ransomware and other extortion-based tactics, that can temporarily or permanently disable operations are increasingly prevalent. For example, we face the risk of malicious third parties injecting malicious code into our products’ source code, disrupting our research and development pipelines and production environments and/or using our solutions and network as a point-of-entry to infiltrate our customers’ IT systems. Malicious third parties or insiders may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords or other information through phishing attempts, or otherwise compromise the security of our or our customers’ networks or data. Individuals who are able to circumvent our security measures may misappropriate proprietary, confidential or personal information held by or on behalf of us, disrupt our operations, damage our computers or otherwise damage our business. Additionally, we face ongoing risks due to the increased frequency of sophisticated cyberattacks coordinated by foreign nation-states and other actors. For example, the ongoing conflicts between Israel and Hamas, as well as other hostile countries, such as Iran, and Ukraine and Russia may result, and in certain cases have resulted, in a heightened threat environment and create unknown cyber risks, including increased risk of actors against Israeli companies, institutions and governmental bodies, or the proliferation of nation-state capabilities to non-state attack groups (see “—Conditions in Israel, including the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas and other conflicts in the region, as well as political and economic instability, may adversely impact our business operations.”)

As many companies continue to provide workers with the ability to operate remotely or in a hybrid environment the attack surface possibilities for cyberattacks against us, our customers, and third-party providers increases due the challenges associated with managing remote computing assets and security vulnerabilities inherent in many non-corporate and home networks. Material cyberattacks against our Company may also be caused by breaches of our contractors, channel partners, supply chain network, vendors, and other third parties associated with us, which could result from, among other causes, the sophistication of the attackers, human error, and insufficient employee training, or lack of security and compliance oversight and prioritization. Our workforce is exposed to and uses AI technologies for certain tasks related to our business which poses potential security risks relating to the protection of data, cybersecurity breaches and exposure of confidential information to unauthorized recipients.

In addition, the risk for a cyberattack on our networks and environments may be heightened if we fail to identify or remediate any deficiencies in the products, procedures, and policies of companies that we acquire (see “—We may fail to fully execute, integrate, or realize the benefits expected from acquisitions, which may require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value, and adversely affect our results of operations.”).

We and our third-party providers are also vulnerable to information technology system failures or network disruptions caused by a variety of factors, including pandemics, natural disasters (such as increased frequency and severity of storms, earthquakes, flooding, fires, heatwaves or drought), accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, acts of terrorism, wars (including the conflicts between Israel and Hamas and Ukraine and Russia), computer viruses and malware (such as ransomware), or other events or disruptions. System redundancy, data back-ups and other continuity measures may be ineffective or inadequate, and our business continuity and disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Cyberattacks, security breaches and other incidents could result in significant damage to our market position and lead to costly remediation requirements, indemnity claims, legal claims (including class action litigation), regulatory investigations and fines or penalties, as well as the loss of proprietary and confidential data, trade secrets and customers (see “—The dynamic regulatory environment around privacy, data protection, and AI may limit our offering or require modification of our products and services, which could limit our ability to attract new customers and support our current customers and increase our operational expenses. We could also be subject to investigations, litigation, or enforcement actions alleging that we fail to comply with regulatory requirements, which could harm our operating results and adversely affect our business.”). An actual or perceived failure, disruption, or breach of our network, our operations or privileged account security in our systems could adversely affect the market perception of our products and services, or of our expertise in this field. Moreover, if critical business functions or services from third-party providers are breached and become unavailable due to extended outages or interruptions or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to manage our operations could be interrupted, our contractual service level commitments could be breached, and our ability to provide timely and adequate maintenance and support services to our customers could be impacted. Any of the foregoing events could have a material and adverse effect on our operations, reputation, financial condition and operating results and expenses.

With the increase in the likelihood and severity of security breaches and the increase in cybersecurity insurance premiums for our customers, negotiations with customers may require us to assume more risk, including higher liabilities with regards to security and data breaches. In addition, we are unable to ensure that any limitations of liability provisions in our customer contracts with respect to our information security operations or our product liability would be enforceable, adequate, or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim (including in cases where existing customers purchase new solutions based on previously agreed contractual terms). We also may not be able to adequately recover damages from third parties associated with us, who were involved in a security incident. Additionally, any insurance coverage we may have may not adequately cover any of these claims asserted against us or any related damage and may leave a significant portion of such claims to be directly covered by us. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business may suffer materially adverse results due to extensive costs, reduced sales, negative share price impacts and/or a host of other consequences affecting our business.

Federal, state and international bodies continue to adopt, enact, and enforce new laws and regulations, as well as industry standards and guidelines, addressing cybersecurity, privacy, data protection and the collection, processing, storage, cross-border transfer and use of personal information.

We are subject to diverse laws and regulations relating to data privacy, including but not limited to the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HIPAA), the U.K. Data Protection Act 2018 (UK DPA) and the UK General Data Protection Regulation (together with the UK DPA, the UK GDPR), and, national privacy laws of EU Member States and other laws relating to privacy, data protection, and cloud computing. These laws impose comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations on us in relation to our collection, processing, sharing, disclosure, transfer and other use of data relating to an identifiable living individual. These laws are also evolving rapidly, as exemplified by the recent adoption by the European Commission of a new set of Standard Contractual Clauses, the U.K.’s adoption of its own international data transfer agreement, and the implementation of the California Privacy Rights Act, which expands upon the CCPA, as well as privacy legislation in several other U.S. states, and the EU’s AI Act and Cyber Resilience Act, which are politically agreed to, and proposed. Compliance with these laws, as well as the efforts required to understand and interpret new legal requirements, require us to expend significant capital and other resources. We could be found to not be in compliance with obligations or suffer from adverse interpretations of such legal requirements either as directly relating to our business or in the context of legal developments impacting our customers or other businesses, which could impact our ability to offer our products or services, impact operating results, or reduce demand for our products or services.

Additionally, any violation of data or security laws, or of our relevant measures and safeguards, by our third-party processors could have a material adverse effect on our business, result in applicable fines and penalties, damage our reputation, and/ or result in civil claims. Due to concerns about data security and integrity, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted breach notification and other requirements in the event that information subject to such laws is accessed by unauthorized persons and additional regulations regarding security of such data are possible. We may need to notify governmental authorities and affected individuals with respect to such incidents. For example, laws in the EU and UK and all 50 U.S. states may require businesses to provide notice to individuals whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data security breach. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of a data security breach would be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability. We may also be contractually required to notify customers or other counterparties of a security incident, including a data security breach.

Compliance with privacy and data protection laws and contractual obligations may require changes in services, business practices, or internal systems resulting in increased costs, lower revenue, reduced efficiency, or greater difficulty in competing with firms that are not subject to these laws and regulations. For example, GDPR and the UK GDPR’s compliance regimes impose several stringent requirements for controllers and processors of personal data and increase our obligations such as, requiring robust disclosures to individuals, establishing an individual data rights regime (including the right to be “forgotten”), setting timelines for data breach notifications, imposing conditions for international data transfers, requiring detailed internal policies and procedures to demonstrate compliance through the principle of accountability and limiting retention periods. Ongoing compliance with these and other legal and contractual requirements may necessitate changes in services and business practices, which may lead to the diversion of engineering resources from other projects.

As a company that focuses on identity security with a foundation in Privilege Access Management, our customers may rely on our products and services as part of their own efforts to comply with security control obligations under GDPR, CCPA, HIPAA and other laws and contractual commitments. If our products or services are found insufficient to meet these standards in the context of an investigation into us or our customers, or we are unable to engineer products that meet these standards, we could experience reduced demand for our products or services. There is also increased international scrutiny of cross-border transfers of data, including by the EU for personal data transfers to countries such as the United States, following recent case law and regulatory guidance. This increased scrutiny, as well as evolving legal and other regulatory requirements around the privacy or cross-border transfer of personal data, including the new EU-US Data Privacy Framework or the UK extension to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, could increase our costs, restrict our ability to store and process data as part of our solutions, or, in some cases, impact our ability to offer our solutions or services in certain jurisdictions.

We are also subject to federal privacy and security standards regarding the protection of individually identifiable health information under HIPAA and these carry significant enforcement penalties for non-compliance. Failure to comply with HIPAA can result in an injunction, regulatory action, civil monetary penalties, or in certain circumstances, criminal penalties with fines and/or imprisonment. We operate as a HIPAA business associate for certain of our customers and, therefore, must comply with applicable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards required by HIPAA. If we are unable to comply with our obligations as a HIPAA business associate, in addition to potential regulatory enforcement actions, we also could face contractual liability under applicable business associate agreements.

Since the CCPA went into effect, comprehensive privacy statutes that share similarities with the CCPA are now in effect and enforceable in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah, and similar laws will soon be enforceable in other states.

Additionally, laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing, advertising, and other activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet may be applicable to our business. Numerous class-action suits under federal and state laws have been filed in recent years against companies who conduct telemarketing and/or SMS texting programs, with many resulting in significant liability. We send marketing messages via email and are subject to the CAN-SPAM Act and implementing legislation under Directive 2002/58 on Privacy and Electronic Communications which impose certain obligations regarding the content of emails and providing opt-outs (with the corresponding requirement to honor such opt-outs promptly).

Enactment of further privacy laws in the United States, at the state or federal level, or introduction of new services or products that are subject to additional regulations, including services based on machine learning or AI technologies, as well as ensuring compliance of solutions that we obtained through acquisitions, may require us to expend considerable resources to fulfill regulatory obligations, and could carry the potential for significant financial or reputational exposure to our business, delay introduction to the market and affect adoption rates.

The legal landscape pertaining to machine learning and AI technologies, including generative AI, remains undeveloped by competent legal tribunals and existing laws and regulations. Incorporating third-party AI technologies, including the output of generative AI, into our products and services may expose us to claims of copyright infringement or other intellectual property-related actions (see “— Our use of open-source software, third-party software, and other intellectual property may negatively affect our ability to offer our solutions and expose us to litigation or other risks.”). The potential for robust regulation around AI systems may necessitate substantial resources for the design, development, testing, and maintenance of our platform and products, including appropriate protections and safeguards for handling the use of customer data with such technologies. AI-related initiatives may attract heightened governmental and regulatory scrutiny, leading to various complications such as litigation, ethical concerns, and privacy and security risks. The prospect of new laws and regulations may adversely affect our business, reputation, financial results, and our ability to develop and offer AI-driven products and services, while also increasing compliance costs and operational complexities. Further, the uncertain landscape around AI may require us to undertake additional investment in the development and maintenance of proprietary datasets and machine learning models, development of new approaches and processes to provide attribution or remuneration to creators of training data, and development of appropriate protections and safeguards for handling the use of customer data with such technologies, which may be costly and could impact our expenses if we decide to expand AI technologies, including generative AI, into our product and services offerings. If our solutions are found to have incorporated AI-derived features that behaved or performed unethically, or subjected natural persons to bias, or if we are subject to claims that we or our service providers have failed to comply with new AI laws, even if we are not found liable, we may incur substantial expenses in connection with defending such claims, and our reputation and business could be adversely affected.

If there are claims against us that we or our service providers have breached our contractual obligations or failed to comply with applicable privacy, and data protection laws, such claims, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business. As a data processor, we are required to process customer data only on the documented instructions of our customers. If we acted outside of these instructions, we could face regulatory consequences. In addition to litigation, we could face regulatory investigations, negative market perception, potential loss of business, litigation expenses, enforcement notices and/or fines (which, for example, under GDPR / UK GDPR can be up to 4% of global turnover for the preceding financial year or €20 / £17.5 million, whichever is higher).

We offer our customers multiple software and delivery models, including SaaS, self-hosted subscriptions, and perpetual licenses, whose revenues are recognized differently based on the composition of the selected offering. In 2023, the majority of our annualized software sales were subscriptions or recurring revenue and only a declining, single digit, percentage of our annualized bookings were from perpetual licenses. We recently completed our transition to a subscription company, and therefore do not have a long history upon which to base forecasts for adding new customers, contract renewal rates or future operating revenue. The mix of our SaaS and self-hosted subscriptions, the mix of subscription and perpetual bookings and the duration of self-hosted subscriptions in any given quarter may be difficult to predict and may cause trends in revenue recognition to lag those in sales, potentially causing us to fall short of investor expectations for revenue and profitability metrics, even while meeting or exceeding periodic sales targets. In addition, due to our ongoing introduction of new solutions and features to meet market demands, our teams may have difficulty selling, supporting, developing and maintaining multiple license models, product environments and code bases which may negatively impact our operations, such as in sales execution, customer experience, or efficiencies of scale.

A meaningful portion of our quarterly bookings is typically generated through transactions of significant size. In addition, purchases of our solutions and services often occur at the end of each quarter. This sales pattern exposes us to risk, as any delays, slippage of deals, or unforeseen circumstances affecting the timely issuance of such purchase orders by our customers could have a disproportionately adverse impact on our financial performance, in particular, our ARR metric, recognized revenue related to self-hosted subscriptions and our operating results.

In addition, we experience quarterly and annual seasonality in our sales, demonstrated by increased sales in the third month of each quarter relative to the first two months, and increased sales in the fourth quarter of each year. The timing in which SaaS deals close may further exacerbate the seasonality impact on reported revenues due to the impact of ratable revenue recognition. In addition, our sales process can be intensely competitive, and our sales cycle can last several quarters from proof of concept to the actual sale and initial delivery of our solutions to our customers. At times, sales have occurred in a quarter that was either earlier than, or subsequent to, the anticipated quarter, and some sale opportunities that were expected to close did not close at all. A failure to close a large transaction in a particular quarter may adversely impact our revenues in that quarter and, in case of a large subscription transaction pending, may adversely impact our revenues in subsequent quarters. Closing an exceptionally large transaction in a certain quarter may disproportionately increase our revenues in that quarter, which may make it more difficult for us to meet growth rate expectations in subsequent quarters. Even if we close a sale during a given quarter, we may be unable to recognize the revenues derived from such sale during the same period due to revenue recognition accounting standards. Likewise, due to payment terms, net cash provided by operating activities is impacted by the timing of sales within a quarter, and may not be collected in that quarter, which could impact the net cash provided by operating activities for that period. This could result in not meeting the expectations of our investors. Furthermore, our ARR may fluctuate depending on our ability to close transactions and the size of transactions, among other factors. As a result of the foregoing, the timing of closing sales cycles and the associated revenue from such sales can be difficult to predict and may cause us to miss our guidance or fall short of market expectations. This may result in a decline in the price of our ordinary shares.

In addition, our financial condition and results of operations may vary and continue to fluctuate as a result of a number of other factors, many of which may be outside of our control or difficult to predict, including the amount and timing of our operating costs and cash collection, which may change also as a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates or changes in taxes or other applicable regulations (see “—We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations,”) the ability of our support and customer success operations to keep pace with sales to new and existing customers and the expansion of our solution portfolio, our ability to successfully expand our business globally, the introduction of new accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies or practices, and geopolitical, economic, or regional instability, including the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas (see “—Conditions in Israel, including the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas and other conflicts in the region, as well as political and economic instability, may adversely impact our business operations.”). Any of these factors may result in significant fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, which could result in our failure to meet our operating plan or the expectations of investors or analysts for any given period, causing the market price of our ordinary shares to be negatively impacted.

Our SaaS solutions are hosted by and dependent upon third-party providers of cloud infrastructure services (Cloud Service Providers), primarily Amazon Web Services (AWS). We do not have control over the operations or the facilities of the Cloud Service Providers that we use. If any of the services provided by the Cloud Service Providers fail, become unavailable, or experience service degradation due to earthquakes, flooding, fires, heatwaves, power loss, telecommunication failures, natural disasters, extended outages, cyberattacks, or other interruptions or similar events, our ability to operate our platform and deliver our SaaS solutions to customers could be materially negatively impacted, and the quality or perception of the quality, of our products and services could be diminished, which may result in a decrease in revenues, damage to our reputation, contractual liability, including for failure to meet service level agreements, regulatory actions and interruption of our ability to manage our finances and our processes for managing sales of our offerings. If we are unable to rapidly and cost-effectively substitute one Cloud Service Provider with another in circumstances of a failure or unavailability, or maintain or renew our agreements with our Cloud Service Providers on commercially reasonable terms, or we need to add new Cloud Service Providers to increase capacity and uptime, we could experience interruptions, downtime, delays, and additional expenses related to transferring to and providing support for these new platforms. Any of the above circumstances or events may harm our reputation and brand, expose us to liability, reduce the availability or usage of our platform or services, and impair our ability to attract new users, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Delivery of our SaaS solutions to our customers and operation of our platform depends on the ability of data centers and cloud infrastructure to allow for our customers’ configuration, architecture, features and interconnection requirements and other specifications. Any limitation on the capability of these data centers or cloud infrastructure to meet or maintain such specification requirements could impede our ability to onboard new customers or expand the usage of our existing customers, host our platform and services, or serve our customers, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In order to meet our business goals and address the challenges of the labor market, we expanded our workforce, including by engaging external service providers, some of which are involved in our core product development activities. If we are unable to retain these personnel at a sufficient rate, or if our relationship with such service providers deteriorates or the engagement with them is otherwise terminated prematurely, our ability to reach our product goals and meet customer expectations may be materially adversely affected.

Additionally, we believe that our corporate culture has been, and will continue to be, a key contributor to our success and our ability to retain highly skilled personnel. As we grow and evolve, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture. If we fail to continue to manage our expansion in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our corporate culture, this could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers and employees.

We depend significantly on our sales force and go-to-market organization to execute our sales and marketing strategies, attract new customers, provide a positive customer experience, deliver a high level of customer service and support and expand sales to existing customers. Factors such as increased competition, shifts in market dynamics, or unforeseen challenges in customer engagement could impede the successful execution of these strategies (see “— The information security market is rapidly evolving within the increasingly challenging cyber threat landscape. If our solutions fail to adapt to market changes and demands, sales may not continue to grow or may decline.”).

We are dependent on our ability to train and enable our sales force to adapt to changes to our go-to-market strategy and evolving market trends, effectively position our products and services, differentiate ourselves from competitors or meet our customers’ expectations in terms of product performance, ease of use, customer support, and overall user experience. Failure to do so may result in decreased market share, reduced revenue, and hindered business growth. In 2024, we began transitioning our go-to-market strategy from traditional, siloed, product-specific licensing to a solutions-based framework to provide our customers with a unified user experience. Failure to adequately train our sales personnel on the new go-to-market approach may result in inability to execute or effectively communicate and implement this shift while adapting to evolving market dynamics and customer preferences.

Our ability to grow our revenues also depends, in part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining enough sales, customer success and marketing personnel to support our growth. The number of our sales, customer success and marketing personnel increased from 1,157 as of December 31, 2022, to 1,321 as of December 31, 2023. We expect to continue to expand our sales, customer success, and marketing personnel and to do so, we may face a number of challenges in achieving our hiring, retention, and integration goals (see “—The highly competitive cybersecurity labor market has made it a challenge to attract and retain qualified personnel, and if we are unable to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business will suffer.”).

Additionally, the training and integration of a large number of sales, customer success, and marketing personnel in a short time requires the allocation of significant internal resources. Based on our experience, it takes an average of approximately six to nine months before a new sales force member operates at target performance levels. We may not be able to recruit at our anticipated rate or achieve or maintain our target performance levels with large numbers of new sales personnel as quickly as we have done in the past, which may materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations. In addition, significant turnover in our sales, customer success, or marketing organizations, may impact our ability to retain and expand our customers, obtain new customers, or deliver on our revenue, profitability, or cash flow generation goals.

Changes within the executive team may be disruptive to the Company’s business operations and impact its ability to attract and retain top talent and execute its sales and marketing strategies. If we are unable to successfully manage and integrate changes within our executive team, our business, financial conditions and results of operations may be adversely affected.

As part of our business strategy and to remain competitive, we continue to evaluate acquiring or making investments in complementary companies, products, or technologies. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates or complete such acquisitions on favorable terms. We may incur significant expenses, divert employee and management time and attention from other business-related tasks and our organic strategy, and incur other unanticipated complications while engaging with potential target companies where no transaction is eventually completed. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals or expected growth, profitability or cash flow generation, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by our customers, analysts, and investors, or create unexpected competition from market participants. Any integration process may require significant time and resources. We may not be able to manage the process successfully and may experience a decline in our profitability as we incur expenses prior to fully realizing the benefits of the acquisition. We could expend significant cash and incur acquisition-related costs and other unanticipated liabilities associated with the acquisition, the product, or the technology, such as contractual obligations, potential security vulnerabilities of the acquired company and its products and services and potential intellectual property infringement. In addition, any acquired technology or product may not comply with legal or regulatory requirements and may expose us to regulatory risk and require us to make additional investments to make them compliant. Further, we may not be able to provide the same support service levels to the acquired technology or product that we generally offer with our other products.

We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges and tax liabilities. Further, the issuance of equity or securities convertible to equity to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our shareholders and the issuance of debt could subject us to covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. We could become subject to legal claims following an acquisition or fail to accurately forecast the potential impact of any claims. The price and cost of an acquisition and its expected return, including in terms of revenue growth, profitability, cash flow generation, market expansion or technology enhancements, may not meet the expectations of our investors. Any of these issues could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations and may result in a decline in our stock price.

We rely on our channel partners to market, sell, support, and implement our solutions. We expect that indirect sales through our channel partners will continue to account for a significant percentage of our revenue. In the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated approximately 80% of our revenues from sales to channel partners, such as distributors, systems integrators, value-added resellers, managed security service providers, and marketplaces, and we expect that channel partners will represent a substantial portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Further, we cooperate with advisory firms in marketing our solutions and providing implementation services to our customers, in both direct and indirect sales. Our agreements with channel partners are non-exclusive, meaning our partners may offer customers information security products from other companies, including products that compete with our solutions.

If our channel partners do not effectively market and sell our solutions or choose to use greater efforts to market and sell their own products and services or the products and services of our competitors or adjacent security solutions, our ability to grow our business will be adversely affected. Further, new channel partners require training and may take several months or more to achieve productivity. The loss of key channel partners, the inability to replace them, or the failure to recruit additional channel partners due to a variety of factors, including introduction of new partner program terms, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Our reliance on channel partners could also subject us to lawsuits or reputational harm if, for example, a channel partner misrepresents the functionality of our solutions to customers, fails to appropriately implement our solutions, or violates applicable laws, and, in addition, this may result in termination of such partner’s agreement and potentially curb future revenues associated with this channel partner. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with channel partners or otherwise develop and expand our indirect sales channel, or if we are unable to train our channel partners to independently sell, install and support our solutions, or if our channel partners fail to perform, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

A portion of our revenues is generated by sales to U.S. and foreign federal, state, and local governmental agency customers, and we may increase sales to government entities in the future. Selling to government entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will complete a sale, or imposing terms of sale which are less favorable than the prevailing market terms. Government demand and payment for our products and services may be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, funding reductions, government shutdowns or delays, adversely affecting public sector demand for our products. The foregoing may be intensified due to macroeconomic impacts (see “—Prolonged economic uncertainties or downturns, globally or in certain regions or industries, could materially adversely affect our business.”) Additionally, for purchases by the U.S. government, the government may require certain products to be manufactured, maintained or developed in the United States and other high-cost locations, and we may not manufacture, maintain or develop all products in locations that meet the requirements of the U.S. government. Finally, some government entities require products such as ours to comply with certain technical or security requirements or standards or be certified by industry-approved security agencies as a pre-condition of purchasing them. We cannot guarantee we will be successful in meeting or attaining such requirements, standards or certifications. Even if achieved, the process (including maintenance thereof) may be expensive and time-consuming. We are in the process of, and are incurring costs, to obtain authorization from the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (“FedRAMP”) for certain of our SaaS products. The grant and maintenance of such certifications depend on the then-current requirements of the certifying agency and our ability to meet them. We cannot be certain that any certificate will be granted, remain in effect or renewed, or that we will be able to satisfy the technological and other requirements to maintain certifications. The loss of any of our current product certificates, or the failure to obtain new ones, could result in the imposition of various penalties, reputational harm, loss of existing customers, or could deter new and existing customers from purchasing our solutions, additional products or our services, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition.

Negative economic conditions may cause key customers, or specific revenue-generating verticals, to reduce their IT spending. Customers may delay or cancel IT projects, choose to focus on in-house development efforts or seek to lower their costs by renegotiating subscription renewals or maintenance and support agreements, thus making it difficult to adequately forecast and plan future business activities accurately, or prolonging our sales cycles. Further, customers or channel partners may be more likely to make late payments in worsening economic conditions, which could lead to increased collection efforts and require us to incur additional associated costs to collect expected revenues. If the economic conditions of the general economy or industries in which we operate deteriorate from present levels, our business, results of operation and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We have incurred net losses of $130.4 million and $66.5 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, and anticipate our cash flow from operating activities could fluctuate. Our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities as a subscription company will depend on the combination of our success in retaining high renewal rates with our customers, expanding sales with our existing customers, generating sales from new customers and executing and collecting annual or multi-year contracts which are paid for up front. We cannot be certain we will achieve the required renewal rates, increase sales from existing and new customers nor generate or collect based on the contract terms for the sales, which will improve our cash flow from operating activities. In addition, due to our continued investment in the growth of our business, we expect our operating expenses to increase over the next several years as we hire additional personnel, retain existing personnel in a competitive market and continue to enhance our solutions and identity security platform and deliver new services to market. Any failure to increase our revenue could prevent us from achieving profitability or maintaining or increasing cash flow from operating activities on a consistent basis. In addition, we may have difficulty achieving profitability under U.S. GAAP due to share-based compensation expense and other non-cash charges. If we are unable to navigate these challenges as we encounter them, our business, financial condition, and operating results may suffer.

We are a global company subject to varied and complex laws, regulations, and customs. The application of these laws and regulations to our business is often unclear, subject to interpretation and may, at times, conflict. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in our business practices or products, resulting in reduced revenue and profitability. Furthermore, business practices in the global markets that we serve may differ from those in the United States and may require us to include non-standard terms in customer contracts, such as extended payment or warranty terms. Further, there may be higher costs of doing business globally, including costs incurred by maintaining office space, securing adequate staffing, and localizing our contracts.

Additionally, our global sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including the following:

These and other factors could harm our ability to generate future global revenues and, consequently, materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Non-compliance could also result in government investigations, fines, damages, or criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation.

The information security industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of relevant patents and frequent claims and litigations regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Leading companies in the information security industry have extensive patent portfolios. In addition, the scope of copyright protection and other legal protections for intellectual property generated by certain new technologies, such as generative AI, is uncertain. The use of generative AI and other forms of AI, whether incorporated into our products and services or used by our workforce, may expose us to risks because the intellectual property ownership and license rights, including copyright, of generative and other AI output has not been fully interpreted by courts in the United States or been fully addressed by federal or state regulation in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. From time to time, third parties have asserted, and in the future may assert, their patent, copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property rights against us, our channel partners, or our customers. Furthermore, we may be subject to indemnification obligations with respect to third-party intellectual property rights pursuant to our agreements with our customers and channel partners. Such indemnification provisions are customary in our industry. We cannot ensure that we will have the resources to defend against such claims. Successful claims of infringement or misappropriation by a third party against us or a third party that we indemnify, could prevent us from distributing certain products or performing certain services or could require us to pay substantial damages (including, for example, treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents and increased statutory damages if we are found to have willfully infringed copyrights), royalties or other fees. Such claims also could require us to cease making, licensing, or using solutions that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others, to expend additional development resources to attempt to redesign our products or services or otherwise to develop non-infringing technology, to enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or intellectual property rights, and to indemnify our customers and channel partners (and parties associated with them). The failure to obtain a license or the costs associated with any license could cause our business, results of operations, or financial condition to be materially and adversely affected. Defending against claims of infringement, regardless of their validity, or being deemed to be infringing the intellectual property rights of others could be very expensive and time-consuming to defend, harm our reputation, and impair our ability to innovate, develop, distribute, and sell our current and planned products and services.

Our functional and reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. In 2023, most of our revenues were denominated in U.S. dollars and the remainder was primarily in Euros and British pounds. In 2023, most of our cost of revenues and operating expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars and New Israeli Shekels (NIS) and the remainder primarily in Euros and British pounds. Our foreign currency-denominated expenses consist primarily of personnel, facilities, consulting and travel costs. Since the portion of our expenses generated in NIS and British pounds is greater than our revenues in NIS and British pounds, respectively, any appreciation of the NIS or the British pounds relative to the U.S. dollar could adversely impact our operating loss. In addition, if the portion of our revenues generated in Euros is greater than our expenses incurred in Euros, any depreciation of the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar would create exposure to our reported revenue and operating results . We estimate that a 10% strengthening or weakening in the value of the NIS against the U.S. dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, our operating loss by approximately $17.7 million in 2023. We estimate that a 10% strengthening or weakening in the value of the Euro against the U.S. dollar would not change our operating loss in 2023. We estimate that a 10% strengthening or weakening in the value of the British pounds against the U.S. dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, our operating loss by approximately $2.0 million in 2023. These estimates of the impact of fluctuations in currency exchange rates on our historical results of operations may be different from the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates on our future results of operations since the mix of currencies comprising our revenues and expenses may change. For example, fluctuations in the different currencies in 2023, as compared to 2022 exchange rates, decreased total operating loss by approximately $14.7 million. We periodically evaluate the various currencies to which we are exposed and, as appropriate, may enter into hedging transactions designed to reduce or eliminate certain currency exchange rate impacts. We expect that most of our revenues will continue to be generated in U.S. dollars with the balance primarily in Euros and British pounds for the foreseeable future, and that a significant portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in NIS, U.S. dollars, British pounds and in Euros. We cannot provide any assurances that our hedging activities will be successful in protecting us from adverse impacts from currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, we have monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies. For example, we have a significant NIS linked liability related to our operational leases in Israel. As a result, significant exchange rate fluctuations could have a negative effect on our net income (see “Item 11— Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Foreign Currency Risk.”).

We generate a substantial portion of our revenues from our products and services that enable our customers to achieve and maintain compliance with certain government regulations and industry standards, and we expect that to continue for the foreseeable future. Governments and other customers may require our products to comply with certain privacy, security or other certifications and standards with respect to those solutions utilized by them as a control demonstrating compliance with government regulations and industry standards. We have maintained a SOC 2 accreditation for multiple products since 2019. Additionally, we have maintained the ISO 27001 annual certification since April 2017 and attained ISO 27018 certification in 2023. We are pursuing the evaluation of having our Privilege Access Management solution for international Common Criteria certification. We are also in the process of seeking authorization from the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP), for certain SaaS products. However, we are unable to guarantee that we will achieve the foregoing authorizations in a timely manner, or at all, or maintain compliance with them once they have been achieved. If our products are late in achieving or failing to achieve or maintain compliance with these certifications and standards, or our competitors achieve compliance with these certifications and standards, we may be disqualified from selling our products to such customers, or may otherwise be at a competitive disadvantage, either of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Additionally, industry standards may change with little or no notice, including changes that could make them more or less onerous for businesses, including in connection with AI. If we are unable to adapt our solutions to changing government regulations and industry standards in a timely manner, or if our solutions fail to expedite our customers’ compliance initiatives, our customers may lose confidence in our products and could switch to products offered by our competitors. In addition, if government regulations and industry standards related to information security are changed in a manner that makes them less onerous, our customers may view compliance as less critical to their businesses and may be less willing to purchase our products and services. In either case, our sales and financial results would suffer (see also “—The dynamic regulatory environment around privacy, data protection, and AI may limit our offering or require modification of our products and services, which could limit our ability to attract new customers and support our current customers and increase our operational expenses. We could also be subject to investigations, litigation, or enforcement actions alleging that we fail to comply with regulatory requirements, which could harm our operating results and adversely affect our business.”).

The success of our business depends on our ability to protect our proprietary technology, brands and other intellectual property and to enforce our rights in that intellectual property. We attempt to protect our intellectual property under patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, and through a combination of confidentiality procedures, contractual provisions and other methods, all of which offer only limited protection.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 147 issued patents in the United States and 48 pending U.S. patent applications. We also had 62 issued patents and 18 applications pending for examination in non-U.S. jurisdictions, all of which are counterparts of our U.S. patent applications. We expect to file additional patent applications in the future.

The process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to complete all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner all the way to the successful issuance of a patent. We may choose not to seek patent protection for certain innovations and may choose not to pursue patent protection in certain jurisdictions. Furthermore, it is possible that our patent applications may not be approved, that the scope of our issued patents will be insufficient or not have the coverage originally sought, that our issued patents will not provide us with any competitive advantages, and that our patents and other intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative processes or litigation. Finally, issuance of a patent does not guarantee that we have an absolute right to practice the patented invention. Our policy is to require our employees (and our consultants and service providers that develop intellectual property included in our products) to execute written agreements in which they assign to us their rights, if such exist, in potential inventions and other intellectual property created within the scope of their employment (or, with respect to consultants and service providers, their engagement to develop such intellectual property. We cannot be certain that we have adequately protected our rights in every such agreement or that we have executed an agreement with every such party. Finally, in order to benefit from the protection of patents and other intellectual property rights, we must monitor and detect infringement and pursue infringement claims under certain circumstances in relevant jurisdictions. Litigating claims related to the enforcement of intellectual property rights is very expensive and can be burdensome in terms of management time and resources. Any litigation related to intellectual property rights or claims against us could result in loss or compromise of our intellectual property rights or could subject us to significant liabilities. As a result, we may not be able to obtain adequate protection or to effectively enforce our issued patents or other intellectual property rights.

In addition to patents, we rely on trade secret rights, copyrights and other rights to protect our unpatented proprietary intellectual property and technology. Unauthorized parties, including our employees, consultants, service providers or customers, may attempt to copy aspects of our products or obtain and use our trade secrets or other confidential information. We generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, service providers, vendors, channel partners, subcontractors and customers, and generally limit access to and distribution of our proprietary information and proprietary technology through certain procedural safeguards. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property or technology. We cannot be certain that the steps taken by us will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property or technology or infringement of our intellectual property rights. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries where we sell our products do not protect intellectual property rights and technology to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and these countries may not enforce these laws as diligently as government agencies and private parties in the United States. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who do not incur the additional expense, time and effort to create the innovative products nevertheless benefiting from such innovation due to misappropriation.

Moreover, some open-source software that we use may include generative AI software or other software that incorporates or relies on generative AI or other AI technologies. The use of such open-source software may expose us to risks in connection with claims of intellectual property infringement by other third parties (see “—If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights, our business could suffer substantial harm.”).

We have no assurance that any open-source software that we use in our products and may patch will be free from vulnerabilities or malicious code. While customary in the industry, our use of open-source software and third-party software in our solutions may expose us, and our customers using our solutions, to additional vulnerabilities and security breaches, which may result in significant adverse impacts to us and our customers, especially if such open-source software or third-party software is not maintained by its authors (see “—Real or perceived security vulnerabilities and gaps in our solutions or services or the failure of our customers or third parties to correctly implement, manage and maintain our solutions, may result in significant reputational, financial, and legal adverse impact.”).

Further, some of our products and services include other software or intellectual property licensed from third parties, and we also use software and other intellectual property licensed from third parties for our own business operations. This exposes us to risks over which we may have little or no control. For example, a licensor may have difficulties keeping up with technological changes or may stop supporting the software or other intellectual property that it licenses to us. There can be no assurance that the licenses we use will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, a third party may assert that we or our customers are in breach of the terms of a license, which could, among other things, give such third party the right to terminate a license or seek damages from us, or both. Our inability to obtain or maintain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain or maintain such licenses or rights on favorable terms, or the need to engage in litigation regarding these matters, could result in delays in releases of new products, and could otherwise disrupt our business, until equivalent technology can be identified, licensed, or developed.

From January 2021 through January 2024, our ordinary shares have traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) at a price per share between a range of $107.33 and $237.87. In addition, the market price of our ordinary shares could be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially as a result of many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

The price of our ordinary shares could also be affected by possible sales of our ordinary shares by investors who view our Convertible Notes as a more attractive means of equity participation in our Company, and by hedging and arbitrage trading activity that such investors may engage in.

In addition, the stock markets have experienced price and volume fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance, and may affect our ability to access new capital, which may materially harm our liquidity, and limit our ability to grow our business. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. If we are involved in any similar litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted, which could materially adversely affect our business.

As a foreign private issuer whose ordinary shares are listed on Nasdaq, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain rules of Nasdaq. We currently follow Israeli home country practices with regard to the quorum requirement for shareholder meetings and the requirements relating to distribution of our annual report to shareholders. As permitted under the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999 (the “Companies Law”), our amended and restated articles of association provide that the quorum for a meeting of shareholders convened pursuant to a resolution adopted by the board of directors shall be at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy who hold at least 25% of the voting power of our shares instead of 33 1/3% of our issued share capital (as prescribed by Nasdaq’s rules). Further, as permitted by the Companies Law and in accordance with the generally accepted business practice in Israel, we do not distribute our annual report to shareholders but make it available through our public website. We may in the future elect to follow Israeli home country practices with regard to other matters such as director nomination procedures, separate executive sessions of independent directors and the requirement to obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events (such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, issuances that will result in a change of control of the Company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the Company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company). Accordingly, our shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under Nasdaq corporate governance rules. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on Nasdaq may provide less protection than is accorded to shareholders of domestic issuers. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.”

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of requirements under U.S. securities laws that apply to public companies that are not foreign private issuers. In particular, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly, and current reports and financial statements with the SEC, as frequently or as promptly as domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. We are also exempt from the provisions of Regulation FD, which prohibits issuers from making selective disclosure of material nonpublic information. Even though we intend to comply voluntarily with Regulation FD, these exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which our shareholders are entitled as investors. For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with the proxy rules applicable to U.S. domestic companies. Because of these exemptions for foreign private issuers, our shareholders do not have the same information generally available to investors holding shares in public companies that are not foreign private issuers.

In November 2019, we issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes may affect our earnings per share figures, as accounting procedures may require that we include in our calculation of earnings per share the number of ordinary shares into which the Convertible Notes are convertible. The Convertible Notes will mature on November 15, 2024, unless earlier converted, repurchased, or redeemed. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding May 15, 2024, the Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders thereof only upon the satisfaction of the specified conditions and during certain periods. On or after May 15, 2024 until the close of business on the third scheduled trading day preceding the maturity date, the Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders at any time. The current conversion rate on the Convertible Notes is 6.3478 ordinary shares of ours per each $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to the current conversion price of approximately $157.53 (in each case, subject to applicable adjustments). Assuming that the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares remains in excess of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes prior to their maturity date, we expect the Convertible Notes to be converted by the holders thereof, on the terms specified in the Convertible Notes. Such conversions may be settled, at our election, in cash, ordinary shares or a combination thereof, and all conversions on or after May 2024 until the close of business on the third scheduled trading day preceding the maturity date are required to be settled using a single settlement method. At present, the default settlement method for any such conversions is physical settlement. If our ordinary shares are issued to the holders of the Convertible Notes in settlement upon conversion, there will be dilution to our shareholders’ equity above the cap price of the Capped Call Transactions described below, and the market price of our ordinary shares may decrease due to the additional selling pressure in the market. Any downward pressure on the price of our ordinary shares caused by the sale or potential sale of ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes could also encourage short sales by third parties, creating additional downward pressure on our share price.

In addition, in connection with the pricing of the Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Call Transactions”) with certain of the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes. The Capped Call Transactions cover, collectively, the number of our ordinary shares underlying the Convertible Notes, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Convertible Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the ordinary shares upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes (including in the form of us receiving the cash value of such ordinary shares determined pursuant to the terms of the Capped Call Transactions) and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount upon conversion of the Convertible Notes under certain events described in the Capped Call Transactions, in the event that the market price of our ordinary shares is greater than the strike price of the Capped Call Transactions, with such reduction of potential dilution and/or offset subject to a cap (currently equal to $229.14 per share, subject to adjustments as set forth in the terms of the Capped Call Transactions). We are subject to the risk that one or more of the counterparties to the Capped Call Transactions may default, or otherwise fail to perform, or may exercise certain rights to terminate, their obligations under the Capped Call Transactions. Our exposure to the Capped Call Transactions will depend on many factors but, generally, our exposure will increase if the market price or the volatility of our common stock increases. Upon a default, a failure to perform or a termination of obligations by a counterparty to the Capped Call Transactions, we may suffer adverse tax consequences or experience more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our ordinary shares.

Furthermore, the indenture for the Convertible Notes will prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Convertible Notes. These and other provisions in the indenture could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable.

We currently anticipate that we will be able to rely on and to implement certain clarifications from the Israeli Tax Authorities, with respect to the administration of our Israeli withholding tax obligations in relation to considerations to be paid to the holders of the Convertible Notes (if any) upon their future conversion and settlement. Unexpected failure to ultimately obtain such anticipated clarifications from the Israeli Tax Authorities could under certain conditions potentially result in increased Israeli withholding tax gross-up costs and implications.

Holders of the Convertible Notes will have the right under the indenture governing the Convertible Notes to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Convertible Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change before the maturity date, at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, excluding the applicable fundamental change repurchase date, if any. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing, or obtain financing on favorable terms, at the time we are required to make such repurchases of the Convertible Notes.

Our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes may be limited by law, regulatory authority or agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase the Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Convertible Notes.

Since a majority of our voting securities are either directly or indirectly owned by residents of the United States, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if any of the following were to occur: (i) the majority of our executive officers or directors were U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50 percent of our assets were located in the United States, or (iii) our business was administered principally in the United States. Similarly, if we were to acquire a U.S. company in the future, it could put us at heighted risk of losing our foreign private issuer status. Although we have elected to comply with certain U.S. regulatory provisions, our loss of foreign private issuer status would make such provisions mandatory. In addition, we would lose our ability to rely on Nasdaq exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers. If we were to lose our foreign private issuer status, the regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher.

Pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), we are required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we must include an auditor attestation on our internal control over financial reporting.

Our business transition into a subscription model affected our internal control over financial reporting, and requires us to enhance existing, and implement new, financial reporting and management systems, procedures and controls in order to address new risks raised from our business transition to a subscription model and to manage our business effectively and support our growth in the future. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404(a) or 404(b) in a timely manner or to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion or issues an adverse opinion in its attestation as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404(b), investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the trading price of our ordinary shares could be negatively affected. We could also become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

Generally, if for any taxable year, after the application of certain look-through rules, 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the average quarterly value of our assets (which may be measured in part by the market value of our ordinary shares, which is subject to change) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)), we would be characterized as a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”), for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Code. Based on our market capitalization and the nature of our income, assets and business, we believe that we should not be classified as a PFIC for the taxable year that ended December 31, 2023. However, PFIC status is determined annually and requires a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of our income, assets and activities in each taxable year, and can only be made after the close of each taxable year. Furthermore, because the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in part by reference to our market capitalization, a decline in the value of our ordinary shares may result in our becoming a PFIC. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10.E. Taxation—Certain United States Federal Income Tax Consequences”) holds our ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. Prospective U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to them. See “Item 10.E. Taxation— Certain United States Federal Income Tax Consequences—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

There can be no assurance that our effective tax rate will not increase over time as a result of changes in corporate income tax rates or other changes in the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Any changes in tax laws could have an adverse impact on our financial results. Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny, and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions.

For example, the recent Inflation Reduction Act enacted in the United States introduced, among other changes, a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain United States corporations and a 1% excise tax on certain stock redemptions by United States corporations (which the U.S. Treasury indicated may also apply to certain stock redemptions by a foreign corporation funded (or deemed funded) by certain United States affiliates). In addition, there is growing pressure in many jurisdictions and from multinational organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) and the EU to amend existing international taxation rules in order to align the tax regimes with current global business practices. Specifically, in October 2015, the OECD published its final package of measures for reform of the international tax rules as a product of its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) initiative, which was endorsed by the G20 finance ministers. Many of the initiatives in the BEPS package required and resulted in specific amendments to the domestic tax legislation of various jurisdictions and to existing tax treaties. We continuously monitor these developments. Although many of the BEPS measures have already been implemented or are currently being implemented globally (including, in certain cases, through adoption of the OECD’s “multilateral convention” (to which Israel is also a party) to effect changes to tax treaties which entered into force on July 1, 2018 and through the European Union’s “Anti-Tax Avoidance” Directives), it is still difficult in some cases to assess to what extent these changes will have on our tax liabilities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business or to what extent they may impact the way in which we conduct our business or our effective tax rate due to the unpredictability and interdependency of these potential changes. In January 2019, the OECD announced further work in continuation of the BEPS project, focusing on two “pillars.” In October, 2021, 137 countries approved a statement known as the OECD BEPS Inclusive Framework, which builds upon the OECD’s continuation of the BEPS project. The first pillar is focused on the allocation of taxing rights between countries for in-scope large multinational enterprises (with revenue in excess of €20 billion and profitability of at least 10%) that sell goods and services into countries with little or no local physical presence. We do not expect to be within the scope of the first Pillar. The second pillar is focused on developing a global minimum tax rate of at least 15% applicable to in-scope multinational enterprises (with consecutive revenue in excess of €750 million during a certain prescribed period). The agreement reached by 137 of the 140 members of the OECD BEPS Inclusive Framework targeted law enactment to take effect in 2023 with applicability from fiscal years beginning on or after December 31, 2023. On December 20, 2021, the OECD published model rules to implement the Pillar Two rules with commentary to those rules released in March 2022 and administrative guidance published in February 2023 and July 2023. The model rules commentary and guidance allow the OECD BEPS Inclusive Framework members to begin implementing the Pillar Two rules in accordance with the agreement reached in October 2021. Israel is one of the 137 jurisdictions that has agreed in principle to the adoption of the global minimum tax rate. As the Two Pillar solution is subject to implementation by each member country, the timing and ultimate impact of any such changes on our tax obligations, including the impact on Preferred Technological Enterprises currently eligible for reduced corporate tax rate of 12%, is uncertain. Further, given these developments, it is generally expected that tax authorities in various jurisdictions in which we operate may increase their audit activity and may seek to challenge some of the tax positions we have adopted. It is difficult to assess if and to what extent such challenges, if raised, might impact and potentially increase our future effective tax rate.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation, and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to shareholders will, therefore, be limited to the increase, if any, of our share price, which may or may not occur.

Our headquarters, certain members of our board of directors and management, most of our research and development activities, and other significant operations are located in Israel and may be impacted by regional instability and extreme security tension. Political, economic and security conditions in Israel and the surrounding region could directly affect our business. Any political instability, terrorism, armed conflicts, reserve mobilization, cyberattacks, boycotts, direct or indirect sanctions and restrictions, or any other hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations.

In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on Israeli population and industrial centers. These attacks resulted in extensive deaths, injuries, and kidnapping of civilians and soldiers, as well as evacuations of tens of thousands of civilians from their homes. Following the attacks, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and commenced a military campaign.

Since the commencement of these events, there have been additional active hostilities, including with Hezbollah located in Lebanon and with the Houthi movement which controls parts of Yemen. It is possible that these hostilities will escalate in the future into a greater regional conflict, and that additional terrorist organizations and, possibly, countries, will actively join the hostilities.

Further, as an Israeli company, there is heightened risk of cyberattacks on our and our supply chain’s IT networks by our adversaries in general, and more so as a result of a war. Although the current war has not materially impacted our business or operations as of the date of this report, any escalation or expansion of the war could have a negative impact on both global and regional conditions and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Currently, the war has impacted the availability of a limited number of our workforce in Israel in various ways – a small part of our workforce has been called to active duty, and others have been supporting friends or family members engaged in the war. While many military reservists have been released, some remain obligated to return in the coming months. If the situation escalates, they may be called up for additional reserve duty sooner than expected, additional employees may be called for service, and such persons may be absent for an extended period of time. This may materially and adversely affect our business operations, including product development, and our ability to meet our customers’ expectations, and could impact our competitive position and cause our sales to decrease.

The scope, intensity and duration of the current war are difficult to predict, as are the economic implications on our business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general. For example, these events may be intertwined with wider macroeconomic factors relating to a deterioration of Israel’s economic standing that may involve, for instance, a downgrade in Israel’s credit rating by rating agencies (such as the recent downgrade by Moody’s of its credit rating of Israel from A1 to A2, as well as the downgrade of its outlook rating from “stable” to “negative”). Any of these implications on Israel’s economy or financial conditions may have an adverse effect on our ability to effectively conduct our operations.

Moreover, the perception of Israel and Israeli companies by the global community (including, for example, in light of the interim ruling rendered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in a case filed by South Africa against Israel in January 2024) may cause an increase in sanctions and other adverse measures against Israel, Israeli companies and their products and services. Additionally, there have been increased efforts by countries, activists and organizations to cause companies and consumers to boycott Israeli goods and services or otherwise restrict business with Israel and with Israeli companies, which may impact our ability to do business with our existing and potential customers. Such efforts, particularly if they become widespread, as well as the ICJ ruling and possible future rulings and orders of other tribunals against Israel, could materially and adversely impact our business operations.

The hostilities with Hamas, Hezbollah and other organizations and countries have included and may include various methods of armed attacks that have already caused and may cause further damage to private and public facilities, infrastructure, utilities, and telecommunication networks. This may require the temporary closure of our offices or facilities or affect our employees’ ability to work, negatively impacting our operational capacity and disrupting supply chains that impact our ability to conduct business efficiently, thereby leading to increased costs associated with alternative solutions or contingency measures. Such attacks may also pose risks to the safety and effectiveness of our workforce and impair our ability to maintain business continuity, which would likely result in substantial direct and indirect costs that may not be recoverable from our commercial insurance. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot be assured that such government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Further, Israel has held five general elections between 2019 and 2022, and prior to the Hamas attack in October 2023, the Israeli government had been pursuing legislative changes, which, if adopted, will alter the current state of separation of powers among the three branches of government and, as a result, have sparked a considerable political debate. Many individuals, organizations, and institutions, within and outside of Israel, voiced concerns over the potential negative impacts of such changes and the controversy surrounding them on the business and financial environment in Israel. Such negative impacts may include, among others, increased interest rates, currency fluctuations, inflation, civil unrest and volatility in securities markets, which could adversely affect the conditions in which we operate and potentially deter foreign investors and organizations from investing or transacting business with Israeli-based companies. To date, these initiatives have been substantially put on hold, but if such changes to Israel’s judicial system are again pursued by the government and approved by the parliament, or if any of the foregoing negative impacts were to materialize, it may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our ability to raise additional funds.

We were granted an Approved Enterprise status under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959 (the “Investment Law”). In the past, we elected the alternative benefits program, pursuant to which income derived from the Approved Enterprise program was tax-exempt for two years and enjoyed a reduced tax rate of 10.0% to 25.0% for up to a total of eight years, depending on the percentage of foreign investors’ ownership. We were also eligible for certain tax benefits provided to Benefited Enterprises under the Investment Law. In March 2013, we notified the Israel Tax Authority that we applied the new tax Preferred Enterprise regime under the Investment Law instead of our Approved Enterprise and Benefited Enterprise. Accordingly, we were eligible for certain tax benefits provided to Preferred Enterprises under the Investment Law. If we do not meet the conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended, for the Preferred Enterprise, any of the associated tax benefits may be canceled, and we would be required to repay the amount of such benefits, in whole or in part, including interest and CPI linkage (or other monetary penalties). Starting from 2017, we were recognized as eligible for the Technological Preferred Enterprise regime, a sub-category of the Preferred Enterprise regime, which grants enhanced tax benefits to enterprises with significant research and development activities. In the future these tax benefits may be reduced or discontinued. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income could be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operation. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities may not be eligible for inclusion under future Israeli tax benefit regimes. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Critical Accounting Estimates—Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959.” 

We enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals agree to assign to us all rights to any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement with us. A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees during the course of their employment by us. Under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967, inventions conceived by an employee during the scope of his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions” which belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. Although our employees have agreed to assign to us service invention rights, as a result of uncertainty under Israeli law with respect to service invention rights and the efficacy of related waivers, including with respect to remuneration and its extent, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.

Being an Israeli publicly traded company in the United States and being subject to both U.S. and Israeli rules and regulations may make it more expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors and officers liability insurance. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee, and qualified executive officers. In accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law, approval of our directors’ and officers’ insurance is limited to the terms of our duly approved compensation policy, unless otherwise approved by our shareholders.

Our articles of association contain certain provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control. These provisions include that our directors (other than external directors, if applicable) are elected on a staggered basis, and therefore a potential acquirer cannot readily replace our entire board of directors at a single annual general shareholder meeting. In addition, Israeli corporate law regulates acquisitions of shares through tender offers and mergers, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions.

Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers involving an exchange of shares, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, including, in some cases, a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are subject to certain restrictions. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred. These provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control in us and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our ordinary shares.

We are incorporated in Israel and our Israeli auditors named in this annual report reside outside of the United States. Further, a majority of our directors and executive officers, and most of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of the procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, our shareholders may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in U.S. corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders, and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at a general meeting of shareholders on matters such as amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and acquisitions and related party transactions requiring shareholder approval. In addition, shareholders have a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders and a shareholder who is aware that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or chief executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness toward the company with regard to such vote or appointment. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on holders of our ordinary shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations. See “Item 6.C. Board Practices — Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law—Fiduciary Duties of Directors and Office Holders.”