Innoviz Technologies (INVZ) 20-F2022 FY Annual report (foreign)

Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated in this annual report (this “Annual Report”), the terms “Innoviz,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company” and “our business” refer to Innoviz Technologies Ltd., together with its consolidated subsidiaries as a consolidated entity.

All references in this Annual Report to “Israeli currency” and “ILS” refer to Israeli New Shekels, the terms “dollar,” “USD” or “$” refer to U.S. dollars and the terms “€” or “euro” refer to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of European economic and monetary union pursuant to the treaty establishing the European Community, as amended.

All references in this Annual Report to “Business Combination” refer to the transactions effected under the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2020 (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Collective Growth Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“Collective Growth”), Innoviz, Hatzata Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Innoviz (“Merger Sub”), solely for purposes of Sections 2.2(d), 2.3(a), 2.8, 2.9, 5.2, 5.5, 7.2 and Article VIII thereto, Perception Capital Partners, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Perception”), and solely for purposes of Sections 5.2, 5.5, 5.7 and Article VIII thereto, Antara Capital LP, a Delaware limited partnership and investment manager acting on behalf of certain funds it manages and/or designees (“Antara Capital”). Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Collective Growth, with Collective Growth surviving the merger. Upon consummation of the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement on April 5, 2021, Collective Growth became a wholly owned subsidiary of Innoviz.

Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this Annual Report concerning Innoviz’s industry and the regions in which it operates, including Innoviz’s general expectations and market position, market opportunity, market share and other management estimates, is based on information obtained from various independent publicly available sources and other industry publications, surveys and forecasts. Innoviz has not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of any third-party information. Similarly, internal surveys, industry forecasts and market research, which Innoviz believes to be reliable based upon its management’s knowledge of the industry, have not been independently verified.

This document contains references to trademarks, trade names and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the ^® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Certain statements in this Annual Report may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws, including statements regarding the services offered by Innoviz, the anticipated technological capability of Innoviz's products, the markets in which Innoviz operates and Innoviz's projected future results. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “strategy”, “seek,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,”, “will be”, “will continue”, “will likely result”, “contemplate,” “possible” or similar words. Statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, growth strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, including, among others, expansion in new and existing markets, are forward-looking statements.

Our forward-looking statements are mainly based on our current expectations and estimates of future events and trends which affect or may affect our business, operations and industry. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including without limitation those described under the sections in this Annual Report entitled Item 3.D. “Key Information—Risk Factors” and Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Forward-looking statements may be influenced by factors including:

Many important factors, in addition to the factors described above and in other sections of this Annual Report, could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from estimates or forward-looking statements. We qualify all our estimates and forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The estimates and forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any estimates or forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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The following is a summary of certain, but not all, of the risks that could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results. If any of the risks actually occur, our business could be materially impaired, the trading price of our ordinary shares and warrants could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

If we fail to address the risks and difficulties that we face, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We have encountered in the past, and we will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, our revenue may be adversely affected for a number of reasons, including the development and/or market acceptance of new technology that competes with our LiDAR products, changes by OEMs or other market participants to their autonomous vehicle technology, failure of our customers to commercialize autonomous systems that include our LiDAR solutions, our inability to effectively manage our inventory or manufacture products at scale, our failure to enter new markets or to attract new customers or expand orders from existing customers or due to increasing competition. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our target markets, customer demand for our products, commercialization timelines, developments in autonomous sensing and related technology, the success of existing competitive products and services, or the entry of new competitive companies and products. Accordingly, we do not expect to achieve profitability over the near term. If our revenue does not grow over the long term, our ability to achieve and maintain profitability may be adversely affected, and the value of our business may significantly decrease.

Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers often result in increased downward pressure on pricing. We expect that our agreements with automotive OEMs may require step-downs in pricing over the term of the agreements or, if commercialized, over the periods of production. In addition, our automotive OEM customers often reserve the right to terminate their supply contracts for convenience, which enhances their ability to obtain price reductions. Automotive OEMs possess significant leverage over their suppliers, including us, because the automotive component supply industry is highly competitive, serves a limited number of customers and has a high fixed cost base. Accordingly, we expect to be subject to substantial continuing pressure from automotive OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers, as applicable, to reduce the price of our products. We also face pricing pressure in our smaller, non-automotive projects. It is possible that pricing pressures beyond our expectations could intensify as our customers pursue restructuring, consolidation and cost-cutting initiatives. If we are unable to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset price reductions, our gross margin and profitability would be adversely affected.

Part of our technological approach to providing cost-efficient LiDAR-based autonomous driving solutions featuring superior performance involves using a multi-disciplinary approach to design some of our components. Many of these components are complex and contain multiple sophisticated elements. Volume production of these elements may require extreme precision and present challenges to their manufacturers. This can lead to increased costs of production of the components which the manufacturers may pass on to us or a production run may yield fewer usable components than desired or anticipated. Any such increased components cost or suboptimal yield in the production of our components may significantly increase our production costs and thereby decrease our margins and potentially cause us losses.

Our future growth depends on maintaining our technological leadership in order to introduce new products that penetrate new markets and achieve market acceptance. We therefore plan to incur substantial research and development costs as part of our efforts to design, develop, manufacture, and commercialize new products and enhance existing products. Our research and development expenses were approximately $95.1 million, $93.3 million and $57.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are likely to grow in the future. Future research and development expenses will adversely affect the future results of our operations. In addition, our research and development program may not produce successful results, and even if it does successfully produce new products, those products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable.

Our recently launched products, InnovizTwo and Innoviz360, are still in the development phase. Any delay in the design, production and commercial release of InnovizTwo or Innoviz360, or of any other future products, could materially damage our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. There are often delays in the design, production and commercial release of new products. To the extent we delay the launch of any future product, our growth prospects could be adversely affected as we may fail to increase our market share.

We expect to begin manufacturing LiDARs on a mass-production scale in connection with the BMW L3 Program followed in the future by manufacturing LiDARS on a mass-production scale in connection with our other design win programs. The design and manufacturing of LiDARs on a mass-production scale requires us to meet stringent quality requirements. To date, we have not manufactured LiDARs on a mass-production scale in connection with any of our programs, and we expect to face significant challenges and complexities which we will need to resolve expeditiously while continuing to develop new products. As a result, we may not be able to manufacture LiDARs on a mass-production scale without delays or unexpected costs, among other factors, which could adversely affect our business.

Prospective customers, including those in the automotive industry, generally must make significant commitments of resources to test and validate our products and confirm that they can integrate with other technologies before including them in any particular system, product or model. The development cycles of our products with new customers varies widely depending on the application, market, customer and the complexity of the product. In the automotive market, for example, this development cycle can be four to five years or more. As a result of these lengthy development cycles, we spend significant time and resources to have our products selected by automotive OEMs and their suppliers for use in a particular vehicle model, which is known as a design win. If we do not achieve a design win with respect to a particular vehicle model, we may not have an opportunity to supply our products to the automotive OEM for that vehicle model for a period of many years. If our products are not selected by an automotive OEM or its suppliers for one vehicle model or if our products are not successful in that vehicle model, it is unlikely that our products will be deployed in other vehicle models of that automotive OEM. Further, we are subject to the risk that customers might cancel or postpone implementation of our technology, as well as the risk that we will not be able to integrate our hardware and software technologies successfully into a larger system with other sensing modalities. If we fail to win a significant number of vehicle model programs from one or more of automotive OEMs or their suppliers, or our customers cancel or postpone implementation, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

While our LiDAR-based solutions are applied to different use cases across end markets, we have been and expect to continue to be significantly focused on automotive applications. Despite the fact that the automotive industry has engaged in considerable effort to research and test LiDAR products for advanced driver assistance systems (“ADAS”) and autonomous driving applications, there is no guarantee that the automotive industry will introduce LiDAR products in commercially available vehicles in the near future, if at all. LiDAR products are still relatively new in the market and it is possible that other sensor technologies and devices, based on new or existing technology or a combination of technologies, will achieve acceptance or leadership in the ADAS and autonomous driving industries. Even if LiDAR products are used in initial generations of autonomous driving or ADAS technology, we cannot guarantee that LiDAR products will be designed into or included in subsequent generations of such commercialized technology. In addition, we expect that initial generations of autonomous vehicles will be focused on limited applications, such as robotaxis, and that mass market adoption of autonomous technology in consumer vehicles may lag behind these initial applications significantly. The speed of market growth for ADAS or autonomous vehicles is difficult if not impossible to predict, and it is more difficult to predict this market’s future growth in light of the economic consequences of, among other things, the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing inflation and interest rates in Israel, the U.S. and globally, and the Ukraine-Russia war. In addition, to the extent that the market for autonomous vehicles develops successfully, we expect that there will be increasing competition from providers of sensing technology based on LiDAR and other modalities. If commercialization of LiDAR products is not successful, or not as successful as we or the market expect, or if other sensing modalities is preferred over our LiDAR product by developers of autonomous driving systems or ADAS, OEMs, regulators and safety organizations or other market participants by the time autonomous vehicle technology achieves mass market adoption, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

Many of our customers and potential customers are large, multinational companies with substantial negotiating power relative to us and, in some instances, may have internal solutions that are competitive to our products. These large, multinational companies also have significant resources, which may allow them to acquire or develop competitive technologies either independently or in partnership with others. Accordingly, even after investing significant resources to develop a product, we may not secure a design win or may not be able to commercialize a product on profitable terms because, among other things, these companies have extremely strong negotiation positions to demand terms that are friendly for them, including reduced prices. If our products are not selected by these companies or if these companies develop or acquire competitive technology or negotiate terms that are disadvantageous to us, it will have an adverse effect on our business.

We will likely require additional capital in the future in order to fund our growth strategy or to respond to technological advancements, competitive dynamics or technologies, customer demands, business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or unforeseen circumstances. We may also determine to raise equity or debt financing for other reasons. For example, in order to further enhance business relationships with current or potential customers or partners, we may issue equity or equity-linked securities to such current or potential customers or partners.

We may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities, our existing shareholders could experience significant dilution. In addition, any debt financing obtained by us in the future, whether in the form of a credit facility or otherwise, could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. In addition, because our decision to issue debt or equity in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of our future capital raising efforts.

We continue to make investments and implement initiatives designed to grow our business, including:

These initiatives may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue, if at all, in an amount sufficient to offset these higher expenses and to achieve and maintain profitability. The market opportunities we are pursuing are at an early stage of development, and it may be many years before the end markets we expect to serve generate significant demand for our products, if at all.

While we intend to invest substantial resources in research and development, continuing technological changes in sensing technology, as well as changes in the ADAS and autonomous driving industries, could adversely affect adoption of LiDAR and/or our products. Our future success will depend on our ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and innovations to our existing product offerings, as well as to introduce a variety of new product offerings to address the changing needs of the markets in which we offer our products. For example, we continue our work on our InnovizTwo and Innoviz360 products, as well as several other new LiDAR products. We cannot guarantee that our new products will be released in a timely manner, or at all, or achieve market acceptance. Delays in delivering new products that meet customer requirements could damage our relationships with customers and lead them to seek alternative sources of supply.

If we are unable to devote adequate resources to develop and improve our products or cannot otherwise successfully develop products or system configurations that meet customer requirements, including pricing, on a timely basis or that remain competitive with other technological alternatives, our products could lose market share, our revenue will decline, we may experience operating losses and our business and prospects will be adversely affected.

We are investing in and pursuing market opportunities outside of the automotive markets, including in industrial, delivery, trucking, robotaxis and shuttles, smart infrastructure, construction, agriculture and mining, marine, surveillance and security robots, mapping applications for topography and smart city initiatives. We believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will depend in part on our ability to expand within new markets such as these and to enter new markets as they emerge. Each of these markets presents distinct risks and, in many cases, requires us to address the particular requirements of that market.

Addressing these requirements can be time-consuming and costly. The market for LiDAR technology outside of automotive applications is relatively new, rapidly developing and unproven in many markets or industries. Many of the participants in the markets for LiDAR technology outside of the automotive industry are still in testing and developing their technologies and products and may not succeed in commercialization of products or systems with LiDAR products or at all. We cannot be certain that LiDAR will be sold into these markets, or any market outside of automotive market, at scale. Adoption of LiDAR products, including our products, outside of the automotive industry will depend on numerous factors, including: whether the technological capabilities of LiDAR and LiDAR-based products meet users’ current or anticipated needs, whether the benefits of designing LiDAR into larger sensing systems outweigh the costs, complexity and time needed to deploy such technology or replace or modify existing systems that may have used other modalities such as cameras and/or radar, whether users in other applications can move beyond the testing and development phases and proceed to commercializing systems supported by LiDAR technology and whether LiDAR developers such as us can keep pace with rapid technological change in certain developing markets. If LiDAR technology does not achieve commercial success outside of the automotive industry, or if the market develops at a pace slower than we expect, our business, results of operation and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is directly affected by and significantly dependent on business cycles and other factors affecting the global automotive industry and global economy in general. Automotive production and sales are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences, changes in interest rates and credit availability, consumer confidence, fuel costs, fuel availability, environmental impact, governmental incentives, regulatory requirements and political volatility, especially in energy-producing countries and growth markets. In addition, automotive production and sales can be affected by our automotive OEM customers’ ability to continue operating in response to challenging economic conditions and in response to regulatory requirements and other factors. The volume of automotive production in North America, Europe and the rest of the world has fluctuated, sometimes significantly, from year to year, and we expect any such fluctuations to give rise to fluctuations in the demand for our products. Any significant adverse change in any of these factors may result in a reduction in automotive sales and production by our automotive OEM customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We expect to experience significant growth in the scope and nature of our operations. Our ability to manage our operations and future growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, compliance programs and reporting systems. We continue to strengthen our compliance programs, including our compliance programs related to export controls, privacy and cybersecurity and anti-corruption. We may not be able to implement improvements in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing controls, programs, systems and procedures, which could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and financial results.

From time to time, we may in the future undertake acquisitions to add new products and technologies, acquire talent, gain new sales channels or enter into new markets or sales territories. Acquisitions involve numerous risks and challenges, including relating to the successful integration of the acquired business and its key personnel, entering into new territories or markets with which we have limited or no prior experience, establishing or maintaining business relationships with new customers, channel partners, vendors and suppliers, as well as unexpected liabilities and potential post-closing disputes. In addition, acquisitions may require a significant commitment of management time, capital investment and other resources.

To date, we have not grown our business through acquisitions and we do not have a history of integrating acquired technology and personnel. Failure to successfully identify, complete, manage and integrate acquisitions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and could cause the price of our ordinary shares and warrants to decline.

Our products are technologically complex and require high standards to manufacture. We have experienced in the past and will likely also experience in the future defects, errors or bugs at various stages of development and manufacturing. We may be unable to timely release new products, manufacture existing products, correct problems that have arisen or correct such problems to our customers’ satisfaction. Additionally, undetected errors or defects, especially as new products are introduced or as new versions are released, could result in serious injury, including fatalities, to the end users of technology incorporating our products, or those in the surrounding area, our customers never being able to commercialize technology incorporating our products, litigation against us, negative publicity, and other consequences. These risks are particularly prevalent in the highly competitive autonomous driving and ADAS markets. Some errors or defects in our products may only be discovered after they have been tested, commercialized and deployed by customers. In accordance with customary practice in the automotive industry, we provide our customer with a time-limited warranty to our products. If such errors or defects occur within the respective warranty period, we may incur significant additional development costs, repair or replacement costs. Such problems may also result in claims against us by our customers or by third parties and in some cases, may even lead to product recall and the costs associated with such processes. Our reputation or brand may be damaged as a result of these problems and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, and could adversely affect our financial results.

In addition, we could face material legal claims for breach of contract, product liability, tort or breach of warranty as a result of these problems. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, our business liability insurance coverage could prove inadequate with respect to a claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms or at all. These product-related issues could result in claims against us and our business could be adversely affected.

Moreover, legislation and regulations may be adopted or changed over time to increase our liability associated with the use of our products, which may make our liability insurance coverage inadequate to fully mitigate such risks or rather make it significantly more costly, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

The markets for sensing technology applicable to autonomous solutions across numerous industries are highly competitive. Our future success will depend on our ability to lead by continuing to develop and protect from infringement advanced LiDAR technology in a timely manner and to stay ahead of existing and new competitors. Our competitors are numerous and they compete with us directly by offering LiDAR products and indirectly by attempting to solve some of the same challenges with different technology. We face competition from camera and radar companies, other developers of LiDAR products, Tier-1 suppliers and other technology and automotive supply companies, some of which have significantly greater resources than we do. Some examples of our competitors include Hesai, Robosense, Ouster, Luminar, Aeye, Valeo SA, Cepton and Continental. In the automotive market, some of our competitors have commercialized non-LiDAR-based ADAS technology which has achieved market adoption, strong brand recognition and may continue to improve these and additional technologies, further enhancing their brand recognition and standing. Other competitors are working towards commercializing autonomous driving technology and either by themselves, or with a publicly announced partner, have substantial financial, marketing, research and development and other resources. Some of our customers in the autonomous vehicle and ADAS markets have announced development efforts or made acquisitions directed at creating their own LiDAR-based or other sensing technologies, which would compete with our solutions. We do not know how close these competitors are to commercializing autonomous driving systems or novel ADAS applications. In markets outside of the automotive industry, our competitors, such as Ouster, Livox, Hesai, Leishen and Robosense, seek to develop new sensing applications across industries. Even in these emerging markets, we face substantial competition from numerous competitors seeking to prove the value of their technology. Additionally, increased competition may result in pricing pressure and reduced margins and may impede our ability to increase the sales of our products or may cause us to lose market share, either of which will adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may vary significantly in the future. As such, historical comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. In particular, because our sales to date have primarily been to customers making purchases for research and development projects, sales in any given quarter can fluctuate based on the timing and success of our customers’ development projects. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. These fluctuations could adversely affect our ability to meet our expectations or those of securities analysts or investors. If we do not meet these expectations for any period, the value of our business and our securities could decline significantly. Factors that may cause these quarterly or annual fluctuations include, without limitation, those listed below:

Because we do not have a long history of operating at our present scale and we have significant expansion plans, our effective tax rate may fluctuate in the future. Future effective tax rates could be affected by operating losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recorded under U.S. GAAP, changes in the composition of earnings in countries with differing tax rates, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws.

Our financial performance can be affected by the mix of products we sell during a given period. If our sales include more of our lower gross margin products, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. There can be no guarantees that we will be able to successfully alter our product mix. If actual results vary from this projected product mix of sales, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of Omer Keilaf, our Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer and director. Mr. Keilaf has been our Chief Executive Officer since the founding of the Company in 2016, remains deeply involved in all aspects of our business and is the name and face that customers, suppliers and investors associate with Innoviz. The loss of Mr. Keilaf would adversely affect our business, since his loss could make it more difficult to, among other things, compete with other market participants and retain existing customers or cultivate new ones. Further, such a loss could be negatively perceived in the marketplace and may make it more difficult to retain existing employees and members of management.

We compete in a market marked by rapidly changing technologies and an evolving competitive landscape. In order for us to successfully compete and grow, we must attract, recruit, retain and develop personnel with requisite qualifications to provide expertise across the entire spectrum of our intellectual capital and business needs.

Our primary research and development activities as well as significant elements of our general and administrative activities are conducted at our headquarters in Israel, and we face significant competition for suitably skilled employees in Israel. While there has been intense competition for qualified employees in the Israeli high-tech industry historically, the industry experienced record growth and activity in 2021 and early 2022, both at the earlier stages of venture capital and growth equity financings, and at the exit stage of initial public offerings and mergers and acquisitions. This flurry of growth and activity has caused a sharp increase in demand for skilled employees in both Israeli high-tech companies and Israeli research and development centers of foreign companies, and an intensification of competition between these employers to attract qualified employees in Israel. As a result, the high-tech industry in Israel has experienced significant levels of employee attrition and is currently facing a severe shortage of skilled employees, including engineering, research and development, sales and customer support personnel. Many of the companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater resources than we do, and we may not succeed in recruiting additional experienced or professional personnel, retaining personnel or effectively replacing current personnel who may depart with qualified or effective successors. In addition, because of the intense competition for qualified employees, the Israeli high-tech market has also experienced, and may continue to experience, significant wage inflation.  Accordingly, our efforts to attract, retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. Furthermore, in making employment decisions, particularly in the high-technology industry, job candidates often consider the value of the equity they are to receive in connection with their employment. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their equity incentive awards have significantly appreciated or significantly decreased in value. Many of our employees may receive significant proceeds from sales of our equity in the public markets, which may reduce their motivation to continue to work for us and could heighten the risk of employee attrition.

In addition, we rely on our skilled personnel, including our engineers, to meet deadlines associated with our numerous products and programs. As we continue to invest in new products, such as InnovizTwo and Innoviz360, and new programs, such as our shuttle project and other programs, we will rely more and more on our skilled personnel to ensure that we are meeting the development and commercialization targets we set internally and with our partners. As we invest in new products and programs, our skilled personnel may not be able to give the same level of attention to each product and program, and it may become more difficult for us to continue to meet the internal and external deadlines associated with such products and programs.

Considering the foregoing, there can be no assurance that qualified employees will remain in our employ or that we will be able to attract and retain highly skilled personnel and senior management in the future. Failure to retain or attract highly skilled personnel and senior management could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Human resource changes could affect our internal knowledge and expertise, strategic relationships and future growth prospects.

We report our financial results in U.S. dollars. We collect our revenue primarily in U.S. dollars. A portion of the cost of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses of our Israeli operations are incurred in ILS. As a result, we are exposed to exchange rate risks that may materially and adversely affect our financial results. If ILS appreciates against the USD or if the value of ILS declines against the USD at a time when the rate of inflation in the cost of Israeli goods and services exceeds the rate of decline in the relative value of ILS, then the USD cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our Israeli operations also could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to effectively hedge against currency fluctuations in the future. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in Israel or the rate of appreciation (if any) of ILS against the USD. The Israeli annual rate of inflation amounted to 5.3%, 2.8%, and negative 0.7% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The ILS depreciated relative to the USD by 13.2% in 2022, and appreciated relative to the USD by 3.3% and 7.0% in 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Some of the components that go into the manufacture of our solutions are sourced from third-party suppliers. Some of the key components used to manufacture our products come from limited or single source suppliers. We are therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of these components and the risks that our suppliers discontinue or modify components used in our products. The status of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns in China from time-to-time may continue to disrupt our operations, delay our future production and our timeline for setting up a production line in China, and we may be required by our customers to find alternative location for our production line due to this instability. In addition, our products depend on external semi-conductor foundries. Any disruptions to those foundries could materially and adversely affect our ability to manufacture our solutions. In addition, the lead times associated with certain components are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in quantities and delivery schedules. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience component shortages and price fluctuations of certain key components and materials, and the predictability of the availability and pricing of these components may be limited. In the event of a component shortage, supply interruption or material pricing change from suppliers of these components, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner or at all in the case of sole or limited sources. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts or components, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, increased component costs could result in lower gross margins. Even where we are able to pass increased component costs along to our customers, there may be a lapse of time before we are able to do so such that we must absorb the increased cost. If we are unable to buy these components in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we will not be able to deliver products to our customers, which may result in such customers using competitors’ products instead of ours.

International sales comprise a significant amount of our overall revenue. Sales to international customers accounted for approximately 98%, 99% and 97% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We are committed to growing our international sales and, while we have committed resources to expanding our international operations and sales channels, these efforts may not be successful. International operations are subject to a number of other risks, including:

The occurrence of any of these risks could negatively affect our international business and consequently our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our LiDAR utilizes lasers for performing 3D sensing. While our LiDAR products are classified as Class 1 laser products, which are safe to use, and we have developed system components designed to prevent our LiDAR lasers from harming human eyes, in the event that an unforeseen issue arises that results in serious injury, our reputation or brand may be damaged and we could face material legal claims for breach of contract, product liability, tort or breach of warranty as a result of these problems. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, our business liability insurance coverage could prove inadequate with respect to a claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms or at all.

The success of our products and our business depends in part on our ability to obtain patents and other intellectual property rights and maintain adequate legal protection for our products in the United States and other international jurisdictions. We rely on a combination of patent, registered design, copyright, service mark, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights, all of which provide only limited protection. We cannot assure you that any patents will be issued with respect to our currently pending patent applications or that any trademarks will be registered with respect to our currently pending applications in a manner that gives us adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages, if at all, or that any patents issued to us or any trademarks registered by it will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. We have filed for patents and trademarks in the United States and in certain international jurisdictions, but such protections may not be available in all countries in which we operate or in which we seek to enforce our intellectual property rights, or may be difficult to enforce in practice, particularly with respect to software patents, where infringement is significantly harder to prove, we are less likely to successfully assert our patents. Our currently issued patents and trademarks and any patents and trademarks that may be issued or registered, as applicable, in the future with respect to pending or future applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection or may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or the reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe our intellectual property.

Protecting against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property, products and other proprietary rights is expensive and difficult, particularly internationally. We believe that our patents are foundational and we intend to enforce the intellectual property portfolio we have built. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or reverse engineer our solutions or certain aspects of our solutions that we consider proprietary. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering our solutions, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to block the importation of infringing products from one patent jurisdiction into another jurisdiction.

Effective patent, trademark, service mark, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our products are available and competitors based in other countries may sell infringing products in one or more markets. An inability to adequately protect and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights or an inability to prevent authorized parties from copying or reverse engineering our LiDAR solutions or certain aspects of our solutions that we consider proprietary could seriously adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on proprietary information (such as know-how and confidential information) to protect intellectual property that may not be patentable or subject to copyright, trademark, trade dress or service mark protection, or that we believe is best protected by means that do not require public disclosure.

We generally seek to protect this proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements or consulting, services or employment agreements that contain non-disclosure and non-use provisions with our employees, consultants, contractors and third parties. However, we may fail to enter into the necessary agreements, and even if entered into, these agreements may be breached or may otherwise fail to prevent disclosure, third-party infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary information, may be limited as to their term and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure or use of proprietary information. In addition, our proprietary information may otherwise become known or be independently developed by our competitors or other third parties. To the extent that our employees, consultants, contractors, advisors and other third parties use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection for our proprietary information could adversely affect our competitive business position.

We also rely on physical and electronic security measures to protect our proprietary information, but we cannot provide assurance that these security measures will not be breached or provide adequate protection for our property. There is a risk that third parties may obtain and improperly utilize our proprietary information to our competitive disadvantage. We may not be able to detect or prevent the unauthorized use of such information or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce our intellectual property rights.

Although we hold patents related to our products, a number of companies, both within and outside of the LiDAR industry, hold other patents covering aspects of LiDAR products. In addition to these patents, participants in this industry typically also protect their technology, especially embedded software, through copyrights and trade secrets. As a result, there is frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights. We may receive in the future inquiries from other intellectual property holders and may become subject to claims that we infringed their intellectual property rights, particularly as we expand our presence in the market. If such a claim were to prevail, we could incur high cost and time-consuming litigation and licensing fees. Alternatively, we may incur costly development of alternative technological solutions to work-around such patent-protected solutions. In addition, parties may claim that the names and branding of our products infringe their trademark rights in certain countries or territories. If such a claim were to prevail, we may have to change the names and branding of our products in the affected territories and it could incur other costs.

We currently have a number of agreements in effect pursuant to which we have agreed to defend, indemnify and hold harmless our customers, suppliers and partners from damages and costs which may arise from the infringement or misappropriation by our products of third-party patents or other intellectual property rights. The scope of these indemnity obligations varies, but may, in some instances, include indemnification for damages and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Our insurance may not cover all intellectual property infringement claims. A claim that our products infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, even if untrue, could adversely affect our relationships with our customers, may deter future customers from purchasing our products and could expose us to costly litigation and settlement expenses. Even if we are not a party to any litigation between a customer and a third party relating to infringement by our products, an adverse outcome in any such litigation could make it more difficult for us to defend our products against intellectual property infringement claims in any subsequent litigation in which we are a named party. Any of these results could adversely affect our brand and operating results.

Our defense of intellectual property rights claims brought against us or our customers, suppliers and channel partners, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle, divert management resources and attention and force us to acquire intellectual property rights and licenses, which may involve substantial royalty or other payments and may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Further, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or obtain an injunction. An adverse determination could invalidate our intellectual property rights and adversely affect our ability to offer our products to our customers and may require that we procure or develop substitute products that do not infringe, which could require significant effort and expense. Any of these events could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

We manufacture and sell products that contain electronic components, and such components may contain materials that are subject to government regulation in both the locations where we manufacture and assemble our products, as well as the locations where we sell our products. For example, in the United States, laser-emitting products, including our LiDAR systems, are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), under the Electronic Product Radiation Control Provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its implementing regulations. Among other things, these laws and regulations require the submission of annual reports to the FDA certifying that such products comply with applicable performance standards, the maintenance of manufacturing, testing, and distribution records, and the reporting of certain product defects to the FDA and/or consumers. If our products fail to comply with applicable FDA regulations, we and/or our products could be subjected to a variety of enforcement actions or sanctions, such as product recalls, repairs or replacements, warning letters, untitled letters, safety alerts, injunctions, import alerts, administrative product detentions or seizures or civil penalties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our products are also used for autonomous driving and ADAS applications, which are subject to complicated and rapidly evolving laws and regulatory schemes that vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction at the state, federal and international levels, including requirements related to safety, data privacy and security, and product liability, among other areas. These are rapidly evolving areas in which new or changed requirements could impose limitations on the use of LiDAR generally or our products specifically. If we fail to adhere to these new laws and regulations or fail to continually monitor emerging developments, we may be subject to litigation, loss of customers or negative publicity and our business, and our results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected.

Concerns over environmental pollution and climate change have produced significant legislative and regulatory efforts on a global basis, and we believe this will continue both in scope and in the number of countries participating. These changes could directly increase the cost of energy, which may have an effect on the way we manufacture products or utilizes energy to produce our products. In addition, any new regulations or laws in the environmental area might increase the cost of raw materials or key components we use in our products. Environmental regulations require us to reduce product energy usage, monitor and exclude an expanding list of restricted substances and to participate in required recovery and recycling of its products. We are unable to predict how any future changes will impact us and if such impacts will be material to our business.

Government vehicle safety regulations are an important factor for our business. Historically, these regulations have imposed ever-more stringent safety regulations for vehicles. These safety regulations often require, or customers demand that, vehicles have more safety features per vehicle and more advanced safety products.

Although we believe increasing automotive safety standards will present a market opportunity for our products, government safety regulations are subject to change based on a number of factors that are not within our control, including but not limited to, new scientific or technological data, public concerns regarding alleged safety risks of ADAS or autonomous driving, adverse publicity generated by government safety investigations, industry recalls or accidents, domestic and foreign political developments or considerations, and litigation relating to our products and our competitors’ products. Changes in government regulations, as well as changes or evolution in court doctrines in interpreting those regulations, especially in the ADAS and autonomous driving industries, could adversely affect our business. If government priorities shift and we are unable to adapt to changing regulations or to court interpretations of those regulations, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Authorities may impose more stringent compliance and reporting requirements in response to product recalls and safety issues in the automotive industry. As vehicles that carry our sensors go into production, we are subject as vehicle equipment manufacturers to existing requirements under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (“Vehicle Safety Act”) and the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) and other regulations promulgated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) pursuant thereto. These requirements include a duty to report, subject to strict timing requirements, any defect with our products that is related to motor vehicle safety. The Vehicle Safety Act imposes potentially significant civil penalties for violations, including for failure to report such defects. We are also subject to the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act (“TREAD”) and NHTSA’s implementing regulations and must comply with “Early Warning” requirements by reporting a wide range of information (e.g., consumer complaints, warranty claims, etc.) that could indicate a potential safety defect. TREAD imposes criminal liability for violating such requirements if a defect is confirmed subsequently and has caused death or bodily injury. In addition, the Vehicle Safety Act authorizes NHTSA to require a manufacturer to recall and repair vehicles with any safety defect or that fail to comply with any FMVSS, and this obligation would apply in the event our products had a safety defect and prompted such a recall and repair action.  Our distribution into foreign countries may be subject to similar regulations. If we cannot rapidly address any safety concerns or defects with our products, our business may be adversely affected.

Our current and potential future operations and sales subject us to laws and regulations addressing privacy and the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer and protection of a variety of types of data. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation is directly applicable across the European Economic Area, China has recently adopted a stringent new data privacy and security framework, Japan has amended its regime and California has enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, each of which provide for potentially material penalties for non-compliance. These regimes may, among other things, impose data security requirements, disclosure and contracting requirements, and restrictions on data collection, uses, transfers and sharing that may impact our operations and the development of our business. While, generally, we do not have access to, neither do we collect, store, process, or share information collected by our solutions in the course of their use by customers, unless our customers choose to proactively provide such information to us, our products may evolve both to address potential customer requirements or to add new features and functionality. Therefore, the full impact of these privacy regimes on our business is rapidly evolving across jurisdictions and remains uncertain at this time.

We may also be affected by cyber-attacks and other means of gaining unauthorized access to our products, systems, and data. For instance, cyber criminals or insiders may target us or third-parties with which we have business relationships in an effort to obtain data, or in a manner that disrupts our operations or compromises our products or the systems into which our products are integrated. Cyber criminals could also target accessing our systems and servers in a manner which could impact our sensor data.

We are regularly assessing these continually evolving privacy and data security regimes and measures we believe are appropriate to take in response. In addition, we are subject to our customers’ privacy and data security requirements and audits and diligently working to enhance our privacy and data security measures as a result. Since these privacy and data security regimes and requirements are evolving, uncertain and complex, especially for a global business like ours, we may need to update or enhance our compliance measures even further as our products, markets and customer demands further develop, and these updates or enhancements may require implementation costs. Moreover, the compliance measures we do adopt may prove ineffective. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with current and future regulatory or customer-driven privacy, data protection, and information security requirements, or to prevent or mitigate security breaches, cyber-attacks, or improper access to, use of, or disclosure of data, or any security issues or cyber-attacks affecting us, could result in significant liability, costs (including the costs of mitigation and recovery), and a material loss of revenue resulting from the adverse impact on our reputation and brand, loss of proprietary information and data, disruption to our business and relationships, and diminished ability to retain or attract customers and business partners and a breach of our commitments to our customers. Such events may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause customers and business partners to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

We are at risk of experiencing cyber incidents that could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent) or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls or any infrastructure we use to protect our network, encryption and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception. Such cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of intellectual property, trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise certain information, including personal information, of customers, employees, suppliers, drivers or others; jeopardize the security of our facilities; or affect the performance of in-product technology and the integrated software in our LiDAR solutions.

Although we maintain information technology measures designed to protect us against intellectual property theft, data breaches and other cyber incidents, such measures will require updates and improvements, and we cannot guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent or mitigate cyber incidents. The implementation, maintenance, segregation and ongoing improvement of these systems requires significant management time, support and cost. Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding and updating current systems, including the disruption of our data management, procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain and sales and service processes. These risks may affect our ability to manage our data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or produce, sell, deliver and service our solutions, adequately protect our intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations and contracts. We cannot be sure that the systems upon which we rely, including those of our third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned. If we do not successfully implement, maintain or expand these systems as planned, our operations may be disrupted, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in our internal control over financial reporting, which may impact our ability to certify our financial results. Further, our proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated and our reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as we expect them to, we may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions.

A significant cyber incident could impact production capability and our ongoing operations, harm our reputation, cause us to breach our contracts with other parties or subject us to regulatory actions or litigation, any of which could materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Any problems with our third-party cloud hosting providers, whether due to cyber security failures or other causes, could result in lengthy interruptions in our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. We are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, and possibly other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries outside of the United States in which we conduct our activities. Compliance with these laws has been the subject of increasing focus and activity by regulatory authorities, both in the United States and elsewhere, in recent years. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or accepting, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to or from any person whether in the public or private sector. Our activities outside the United States may create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors, even though they may not always be subject to our control. It is our policy to implement safeguards to discourage these practices by our employees, consultants, sales agents and distributors. However, our existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than effective, and our employees, consultants, sales agents, or distributors may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible, even if it does not explicitly authorize such activities.

Noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. Responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In addition, the U.S. government may seek to hold us liable for successor liability for FCPA violations committed by companies in which it invests or that it acquires. As a general matter, enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are subject to the requirements under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, that will require us to determine, disclose and report whether our products contain tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, referred to as conflict minerals. The implementation of these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of the materials used in the manufacture of components used in our products. In addition, we will incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to conducting diligence procedures to determine the sources of conflict minerals that may be used in or necessary to the production of our products and, if applicable, potential changes to products, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. It is also possible that our reputation may be adversely affected if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict-free as defined in the Dodd-Frank Act or if we are unable to alter our products, processes or sources of supply to avoid use of such materials.

An active trading market for our securities may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, the increasing interest rate, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities become delisted from Nasdaq and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board (an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange), the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on the NYSE, Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our internal controls may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could adversely affect our operating results or cause it to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that it is required to include in our periodic reports we will file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information.

In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended and anticipates that we will continue to expend significant resources, including accounting-related costs, and provide significant management oversight. Any failure to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate our business. In the event that our internal controls are perceived as inadequate or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results and the price of our ordinary shares and warrants could decline. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to maintain our listing on Nasdaq.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an emerging growth company. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Certain provisions of Israeli law and our Articles could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or for our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders and warrantholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for the our ordinary shares and warrants. For example, the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999 (the “Companies Law”) regulates mergers, requires that a tender offer be effected when certain thresholds of percentage ownership of voting power in a company are exceeded (subject to certain conditions) and establishes a high ownership threshold to squeeze out minority shareholders in a full tender offer. Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – Taxation and Government Programs – Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs”.

On April 12, 2021, the Staff of the SEC issued a statement regarding the accounting and reporting considerations for warrants issued by special purpose acquisition companies titled “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “SEC Statement”).

The SEC Statement focused on certain settlement terms and provisions related to certain tender offers following a business combination. The terms described in the SEC Statement are common in SPACs and are similar to the terms contained in the Warrant Agreement governing our warrants, which were originally issued by Collective Growth. Following the SEC Statement, we examined the accounting treatment of our public warrants and private placement warrants, and determined to classify the private placement warrants as derivative liabilities measured at fair value, with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, while the public warrants are classified as equity.

As a result, included on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 contained elsewhere in this Annual Report are private placement warrants. Accounting Standards Codification 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), provides for the re-measurement of the fair value of such derivatives at each balance sheet date, with a resulting non-cash gain or loss related to the change in the fair value being recognized in earnings in the statement of operations. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may fluctuate quarterly based on factors which are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses on our private placement warrants each reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not anticipate paying any dividends for the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends on our ordinary shares will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable law, and would depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Consequently, you may be unable to realize a gain on your investment except by selling sell such ordinary shares after price appreciation, which may never occur.

Our board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency, and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our directors may deem relevant. The Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See the section titled “Description of our Ordinary Shares—Dividend and Liquidation Rights” in Exhibit 2.1 of this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information. Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – Taxation and Government Programs – Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for additional information.

We may be unable to maintain the listing of our ordinary shares and warrants on Nasdaq in the future. If we fail to meet the listing requirements and Nasdaq does not list our ordinary shares and warrants we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

Nasdaq, the stock exchange on which our ordinary shares and warrants are listed under the symbols “INVZ,” and “INVZW,” respectively, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market is sustained for our ordinary shares and warrants, the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in our ordinary shares and warrants may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure you that the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including:

The trading market for our ordinary shares and warrants is influenced by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts, or the content and opinions included in their reports. As a relatively new public company, analysts who publish information about our ordinary shares will have had relatively little experience with us, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and make it more likely that we fail to meet our estimates. If any of the analysts who cover us issues an inaccurate or unfavorable opinion regarding us, the price of our ordinary shares and warrants would likely decline. In addition, the share prices of many companies in the technology industry have declined significantly after those companies have failed to meet, or significantly exceed, the financial guidance publicly announced by the companies or the expectations of analysts. If our financial results fail to meet, or significantly exceed, our announced guidance or the expectations of analysts or public investors, analysts could downgrade our ordinary shares and warrants or publish unfavorable research about us and our securities. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on it regularly, our visibility in the financial markets could decrease, which in turn could cause the price of our ordinary shares and warrants or trading volume to decline.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our securities. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our ordinary shares and warrants and would impair our shareholders’ ability to sell or purchase our ordinary shares and warrants when they wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our ordinary shares and warrants to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our ordinary shares and warrants, prevent our ordinary shares and warrants from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

We are eligible to be treated as an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised financial accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We intend to take advantage of this extended transition period under the JOBS Act for adopting new or revised financial accounting standards.

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may also take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including presenting only limited selected financial data and not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if our total annual gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period, or if before that time we are a “large accelerated filer” under U.S. securities laws.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares and warrants less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares and warrants less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares and warrants and the price for our ordinary shares and warrants may be more volatile. Further, there is no guarantee that the exemptions available to us under the JOBS Act will result in significant savings. To the extent that we choose not to use exemptions from various reporting requirements under the JOBS Act, we will incur additional compliance costs, which may impact our financial condition.

We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, although we are subject to Israeli laws and regulations with regard to notice of shareholder meetings and intends to furnish comparable quarterly financial information and proxy statements on Form 6-K. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, which is intended to prevent issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.

We are a foreign private issuer, and therefore we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2023. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we would lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of Nasdaq. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of Nasdaq, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the home country practice we are following. We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to the Nasdaq rules for shareholder meeting quorums and Nasdaq rules requiring shareholder approval. We may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

Many of our employees, including certain management members operate from our offices that are located in Rosh HaAin, Israel. In addition, most of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business and operations.

In recent years, Israel has been engaged in sporadic armed conflicts with Hamas, an Islamist terrorist group that controls the Gaza Strip, with Hezbollah, an Islamist terrorist group that controls large portions of southern Lebanon, and with Iranian-backed military forces in Syria. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is developing nuclear weapons. Some of these hostilities were accompanied by missiles being fired from the Gaza Strip against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and our trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations.

Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment, and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely affect our business. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Additionally, Israel’s most recent general elections were held on November 1, 2022. These elections were the fifth round of elections since April 2019. As of February 2023, the current elected government in Israel is pursuing extensive reforms to Israel’s judicial system. Certain financial, legal and commercial organizations and entities have claimed that such changes, if adopted, could adversely affect the macroeconomic condition in which we operate. At this stage, the proposed legislation has not become effective, and its scope has not been fully determined; we cannot assess the potential impacts of these changes and their likelihood on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation.

We may be eligible for certain tax benefits provided to “Preferred Technology Enterprises” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the “Investment Law”). In order to remain eligible for the tax benefits for “Preferred Technology Enterprises” we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and our regulations, as amended. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income from the approved enterprise would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies in 2016 was 25% of their taxable income and was reduced to 24% in 2017 and 23% in 2018 and thereafter. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities might not be eligible for inclusion in future Israeli tax benefit programs. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – Taxation and Government Programs – Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs”.

Most of our directors or officers are not residents of the United States and most of their and our assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against us or our non-U.S. our directors and executive officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. It may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors. In addition, there is no bilateral treaty between Israel and the United States for the enforcement of civil judgments.

Moreover, among other reasons, including but not limited to, fraud or absence of due process, or the existence of a judgment which is at variance with another judgment that was given in the same matter or if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel, an Israeli court will not enforce a non-Israeli judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases) or if our enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel.

We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our Articles and the Companies Law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, pursuant to the Companies Law each shareholder of an Israeli company has to act in good faith in exercising his or her rights and fulfilling his or her obligations toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders and class meetings, on amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers, and transactions requiring shareholders’ approval under the Companies Law. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the Company, or has other powers toward the Company has a duty of fairness toward the Company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is limited case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behaviour.

U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares and warrants are strongly encouraged to consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to us and the ownership of our ordinary shares and/or our warrants.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to us and any of our direct and indirect foreign affiliates (“Innoviz Group”) that is a “controlled foreign corporation” as defined in Section 957 of the Code. Because the Innoviz Group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations regardless of whether we are treated as a controlled foreign corporation.

A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of the controlled foreign corporation’s “Subpart F income” and, in computing its “global intangible low-taxed income,” “tested income” and a pro rata share of the amount of U.S. property (including certain stock in U.S. corporations and certain tangible assets located in the United States) held by the controlled foreign corporation regardless of whether such controlled foreign corporation makes any distributions. The amount includable by a United States shareholder under these rules is based on a number of factors, including potentially, but not limited to, the controlled foreign corporation’s current earnings and profits (if any), tax basis in the controlled foreign corporation’s assets, and foreign taxes paid by the controlled foreign corporation on its underlying income. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations (or related tax payment obligations) may subject such United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such United States shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting (or payment of tax) was due from starting. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation unless certain elections are made on the individual’s federal tax returns. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist holders in determining whether any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any holder is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations or furnish to any holder information that may be necessary to comply with reporting and tax paying obligations.

U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares are strongly encouraged to consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to us and the ownership of our ordinary.

We were incorporated in Israel on January 18, 2016 under the Companies Law, and our principal executive office is located at 5 Uri Ariav St., Building C, Rosh HaAin 4809202, Israel. Our legal and commercial name is Innoviz Technologies Ltd. We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies. Our registration number is 51-538242-2. Our website address is https://innoviz.tech/, and our telephone number is +972-74-700-3692. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely for informational purposes. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as Innoviz, that file electronically, with the SEC at www.sec.gov. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

On December 10, 2020, we entered into the Business Combination Agreement with Collective Growth, Perception, Antara Capital and Merger Sub. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Collective Growth, with Collective Growth surviving the merger. Upon consummation of the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement on April 5, 2021, Collective Growth became a wholly owned subsidiary of us.

For a description of our principal capital expenditures and divestitures for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, see Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Our innovation has produced LiDAR solutions that deliver market leading performance and that meet the current demanding safety requirements for Level 2+ through Level 5 autonomous vehicles at price points suitable for mass produced passenger vehicles. Our integrated custom design of advanced hardware and software components, which leverages the multidisciplinary expertise and experience of our team, enables us to provide turn-key autonomous solutions that are likely to accelerate widespread adoption across automakers at serial production scale.

Our robust software suite enables our ~905nm wavelength laser-based LiDAR architecture to be easily leveraged to provide compelling solutions for Level 2+ through Level 5. This means that we are positioned to penetrate the current market, which is currently characterized mainly by Level 2+ production, and to continue to capture and extend our market share to Level 3 and above, as the market continues to mature.

We are currently expanding our third-party manufacturing capacity through contract manufacturers to meet an anticipated increase in customer demand for our products, while also further developing a next generation high-performance automotive-grade LiDAR sensor, the InnovizTwo, that is expected to provide further cost efficiencies, while enabling even higher performance solutions for vehicles offering driving automations levels of Level 2+ and above.

In addition, during 2022 Innoviz made the major strategic decision to become a Tier-1 supplier to the automotive industry. This will allow Innoviz to have direct technical discussions with end-customers and to improve pricing to automotive OEMs with the goal of strengthening Innoviz’s position in the automotive market. This new strategic decision has already played a significant role in two of Innoviz’s major OEM program wins, one in Europe and one in Asia.

Geographically, the substantial majority of our revenue is generated from customers in Europe and North America. As we continue to grow, we expect to generate additional revenue from existing and other geographic areas and the geographic mix of our revenue could therefore change over time.

The automotive industry is increasingly harnessing sophisticated technologies in its push to develop and introduce autonomous driving vehicles. Significant investment and rapid growth in this industry are being driven by the need to assure human safety and in parallel, the potential recapture of drivers’ time for work, rest and relaxation while the vehicle drives itself. Given the stakes involved in commercializing autonomous driving vehicles, the technologies and products needed for autonomous driving require long development and validation cycles and must ensure safety prior to commercial deployment.

Recognizing the different levels of innovation and autonomy and the need to standardize the approaches across the spectrum of possibilities for the sake of safety, the Society of Automotive Engineers has developed and defined six levels of automation for autonomous vehicles: Level 0 through Level 5. These levels have been adopted by the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Level 0: The driver is fully responsible for all driving functions at all times, even when the driver’s feet are off the pedals or if there is no steering. The driver must constantly supervise his or her environment, steer the vehicle and brake or accelerate as needed to maintain safety. In Level 0, the driver assistance features are limited to providing warnings or momentary driving assistance, such as forward collision warning, blind spot warning and lane departure warning.

Level 1: Includes driver assistance features such as Automated Emergency Braking Systems, steering or brake/acceleration, lane keep assist or lane centering, or adaptive cruise control.

Level 2: Includes partially automated driver assistance features that provide steering and brake/acceleration support to the driver, such as lane centering and adaptive cruise control at the same time. The term L2+ or Level 2+ is used for higher capability systems that will allow the driver to remove their hands from the wheel for certain periods of time, but the driver’s eyes must remain on the road. Level 2 represents the highest level in which the driver is still fully responsible for all driving functions at all times.

Level 3: In this level, the vehicle can still be operated in normal driving mode. However, when the automated driving function is engaged, the human is no longer responsible for the driving function, even when seated in the driver’s seat. The vehicle drives in conditional automation mode, and when the vehicle stops the automated driving, the driver must take back complete control, and resume driving. The vehicle will drive in automated mode only under limited conditions and will not operate unless all the required conditions are met – for example, driving on specific roads, under favorable weather conditions or below a specific driving speed.

Level 4: Assures the vehicle will continue to function without any human driver intervention, even if in a degraded state, and the driver may have the option to control the vehicle. Pedals and/or steering wheel may or may not be installed.

Level 5: Full automation. The vehicle is capable of performing all driving functions under all conditions without human intervention or even occupants.

In addition to these six levels, certain industry participants have also identified a gap between Level 2 and Level 3, which it calls Level 2+. The move from Level 2 to Level 3 is essentially the crossover from driver-assist to some level of autonomy. In the jump between these two levels, it is expected that liability will shift from the driver to the system, meaning that responsibility and liability for driving is shifted from the driver to the OEM. This gap can be partially bridged by systems that offer more than Level 2 but less than Level 3, or an enhanced ADAS offering, which has created the industry terminology of “Level 2+”.

Currently, ADAS, or Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, which are not considered “autonomous driving” but have important active safety features, have been successfully commercialized. ADAS-equipped vehicles are not fully autonomous as, although the vehicle can control both steering and acceleration/deceleration, a human sit in the driver’s seat and needs to monitor the driving at all times (i.e., have “eyes on the road”). Therefore, the advancement from vehicles with ADAS (Levels 1 through 2+) to autonomous driving systems (Levels 3 through 5) requires “environmental detection” capabilities, or the capability to detect the environment in which the vehicle is operating, including speed, weather, density of traffic and every other condition that affects driving decisions. Autonomous driving systems also require high definition maps, a highway or urban setting, and the ability for the system to make informed decisions independently, without the need for human supervision.

 ADAS+/ Level 2+ segment of the consumer automotive market is expected to grow significantly over the short to medium term. ADAS+/Level 2+ systems are still technically in the driver-assist realm, but incorporate a whole new layer of functionality on top of the traditional ADAS features. For instance, in Level 2+ vehicles, map data may enable lane-centering functions to remain effective even in areas where sensing-only lane centering systems may face difficulties, such as in areas without visible lane marks or low-quality lane markings, ramps with sharp turns, junctions, roundabouts, newly paved roads or urban settings. Level 2+ also supports automatic lane changes by providing information such as lane-marking types and adjusting the drive speed according to road speed/curvature.

In Level 3 through Level 5 autonomous vehicles, the system is expected to take on the full task of driving, either in defined-use cases (Level 3 and Level 4) or all use cases (Level 5). Accordingly, the OEM is defined as the legal driver, retains full responsibility and the autonomous vehicle system must comply with the highest level of functional safety (ISO26262 ASIL D). This is to guarantee a failure probability low enough that automakers, consumers and regulators will be able to agree that the vehicle can handle driving without any supervision by a human driver in given areas and at given times. Level 3 through Level 5 systems accordingly require a robust sensing suite, which necessitates the use of high performance LiDAR sensors. However, to date, high performance LiDAR sensors have been too expensive for mass market applications. Our products feature reliability, automotive-grade assurance, low cost and distributed sensing advantages and, we believe our products are well-positioned to achieve widespread deployment in this segment.

Beyond the autonomous driving industry, there exist numerous other applications in which a high-performance automotive-grade LiDAR with wide operating range and high reliability can add significant value. For example, numerous off-highway driving applications could significantly benefit from the safety features available with use of LiDAR solutions. These include the mining and construction industries, ports and airports, and material handling in factories, all of which deploy vehicles and machines in restricted environments, at low speeds, and which require autonomous driving not only for cost saving, but also to prevent costly accidents caused by distracted drivers. The major applications currently relevant to our company beyond autonomous driving are:

The automated shuttle business model is reliant on full autonomy. Shuttles drive repetitively over the same, well mapped (“geo-fenced”) routes, with the possibility of software orchestration for specific difficulties, such as a high-traffic intersection.

Similarly, the robotaxi business model is also reliant on full autonomy. However, similar to human-driven taxis, robotaxis travel on constantly changing routes with dynamic pick-up and drop-off locations for passengers that order the robotaxi service. This more complex and dynamic driving environment makes the autonomy challenge for robotaxis harder to solve compared to that of shuttles. Nevertheless, the use-case is compelling as it will drive costs for passengers down to a small part of the current taxi price, when taking into account the elimination of drivers, increased safety, and other savings.

In both shuttles and robotaxis, autonomy calls for a comprehensive sensor suite that has 360-degree surround-perception in the most trying circumstances, including busy city streets with pedestrians, dogs, bicycles, erratic traffic behaviour, construction sites and others. Sensors need to be precise in regards to location and timing, see all around the vehicle and detect obstacles at various heights with minimal delay. In addition, localization is needed to locate the shuttle or robotaxi precisely, to leverage high definition maps.

Our LiDAR is uniquely suited to the shuttle and robotaxi applications. By deploying LiDARs around the perimeter of the vehicle, shuttle and robotaxi designers can avoid both occlusion and blind spots. Just as a human driver would cautiously move forward to peek around the truck, software can creep, allowing a corner mounted LiDAR to see over the intersection and decide to go around the truck when traffic is clear. Furthermore, we have complemented our offering with revolutionary 360 LiDAR that we launched in the 2023 CES.

The total cost per vehicle is lower when multiple Innoviz LiDARs are deployed around the perimeter of the vehicle compared to a combination of expensive Spinners and short-range LiDARs.

Fully autonomous trucks may weigh 20-tons or more and have a stopping distance of several hundred meters. Full autonomy in this space is not only dependent on long-range sensors, but also on advanced and validated software that has to be proved to work at highway speed. This is further complicated by traffic diversions, construction on the freeway, accident sites, traffic cones and other common highway occurrences.

Development of fully autonomous trucks is supported by our current LiDARs. In addition to long-range sensing needed for the forward-facing highway scenario, trucks need LiDARs for side and rear sensing. We believe that the high resolution and large field of view of our LiDAR sensors, together with our cost, performance and automotive grade quality, make us an excellent fit for this application.

In addition to the application of a fully autonomous truck driving alone, LiDAR sensors can enable a platoon of leader-follower trucks, where the lead vehicle has a human driver and the follower vehicles are autonomous. For this application, LiDAR sensors are critical in maintaining distance between leader and follower(s). A gap will allow other vehicles to cut-in, disturbing the truck platoon formation. The 3 cm precision our LiDARs bring to range sensing allows a tight platoon to drive at highway speed with safety.

LiDAR solutions are also highly relevant for collision avoidance, landing assist, mapping and surveillance functions in autonomous flying machines, or drones. We believe that the weight, size, power consumption and cost of our products make them particularly suitable for airborne deployment in drones of medium and large sizes.

LiDAR with the ability to classify objects and count and track people can enable a range of surveillance and security related static applications both on city streets and in sensitive areas such as airports or stadiums. With respect to these applications, LiDAR features the ability to provide 3D imaging and to track and survey without identifying the particular individual in the image (unlike cameras), voiding privacy concerns and providing LiDAR with clear advantages over cameras.

In addition, cities are increasingly looking for efficient ways to move people and goods, gather data on traffic volume and other roadside safety metrics for root cause analysis of pedestrian-related incidents in order to improve pedestrian and automobile safety and monitoring traffic in real time. The automotive-grade, high-density InnovizOne LiDAR sensor has the capability to deliver real-time data necessary for smart city and intelligent transport system applications to perform efficiently.

The first level of automation that requires sensors beyond radars or cameras is Level 2. Level 2 autonomous vehicles use cameras and radars as the sensors for making actuation decisions for the vehicle (changes in car speed and trajectory). However, the driver is essential to meet functional safety targets. The driver is used as a second observer to the camera, and is expected to keep his or her eyes on the road so that he or she can take over in case the car’s driving decision-making system makes an error.

A system which complies with the highest level of functional safety (ISO26262 ASIL D) requires the “smart” redundancy of critical elements. The sensor suite is defined as a critical part of the autonomous driving system, as it is not possible to make correct driving decisions without an accurate understanding of the vehicle’s surroundings. “Smart” redundancy does not mean multiplying the same sensors to deal with sensor malfunction, but rather adding different types of sensors to ensure that, in any given situation where conditions are challenging for certain types of sensors, other sensors will perform well and enable correct driving decision-making. Ideally, sensors should complement each other.

Cameras and radars are ubiquitous today. Both have advantages for use in ADAS and autonomous driving applications, and both are relatively mature technologies with price points that are accessible for almost all new cars. Nevertheless, cameras and radars have known disadvantages that make them inadequate for use in Level 3 through Level 5 systems without a LiDAR. In addition, even Level 2 ADAS systems, which are not considered “autonomous driving” but have important active safety features, can greatly benefit from the addition of LiDARs for detecting and classifying objects and making emergency decisions to avoid accidents. This is especially true of Level 2+ systems offering enhanced ADAS that can empower pseudo-autonomy, such as hands-free highway driving where the driver still retains primary responsibility. This trend will likely be driven by lower cost LiDAR systems.

Camera-based ADAS systems rely heavily on perception software, as the sensor itself provides 2D data that requires perception algorithms in order to translate the data into a 3D perception model of the road. The ability of cameras to detect range is limited since 2D information does not include a measurement of range. Although range can be deduced from a 2D picture using perception algorithms, that process has limited accuracy. Furthermore, camera performance is limited under low-lighting situations, especially at night, and during sudden exposure to extreme light.

Radar, on the other hand, is limited by its low angular resolution compared to other sensors such as camera or LiDAR. For example, radar may have difficulty differentiating between reflections from a car that is 50 meters away, the road below it, the fence next to it or a parked car along the way. It may also have issues distinguishing objects that are close together, determining object size and shape, and detecting lateral motion, such as a person walking laterally in front of a car.

Real life road conditions may present autonomous vehicles with objects, or a combination of objects, that the vehicles’ perception algorithms are not able to classify, as every perception algorithm is only designed to support a limited set of object classes. The value of having a LiDAR as part of the vehicle’s sensing suite in this situation is that the LiDAR provides a physical measurement in a high resolution 3D representation of the driving scene. The perception software layer can then use this 3D representation to determine the existence of an object in the driving path of the vehicle, without the need to classify the type of object. Therefore, safe driving can be maintained.

Most LiDAR lasers work at either around ~905nm or ~1550nm wavelengths. The choice of wavelength impacts, among other things, the type of laser and optical detector used in the system, which are two of the main components that influence performance, cost and power consumption of the LiDAR. ~1550nm wavelength LiDAR lasers can potentially send stronger light pulses than ~905nm wavelength LiDAR lasers while still maintaining eye-safety limitations and therefore provide longer range measurements than ~905nm lasers, but certain factors prevent them from being as cost or energy efficient as ~905nm wavelength based systems. Specifically, ~1550nm based systems may use fiber-coupled lasers that are significantly more expensive than the diode lasers used with ~905nm wavelength based systems. Furthermore, deploying the higher peak optical power used in ~1550nm systems may consume more electrical power than that used by ~905nm systems. This is a critical physical limitation, especially when many new cars are electric cars. Since electrical-to-optical power conversion efficiency is similar at both wavelengths, ~1550nm systems generally require more electrical power than ~905nm systems. The increased power consumption may also lead to a greater burden on the car’s electric power supply (which is an important factor, especially for electric vehicles) and to size and form factor issues, as it takes a larger mechanical design to manage heat dissipation. Larger components are also harder to fit on the outside of the car from a design perspective. In addition, as silicon detectors cannot detect ~1550nm light efficiently, the detectors for a ~1550nm LiDAR often include compounds such as indium gallium arsenide which are more expensive to source and manufacture relative to silicon, which is ubiquitous in ~905nm detectors.

Recognizing the limitations on the use of ~1550nm lasers in the automotive industry, we have, from our inception, focused on the development of a commercially viable LiDAR solution that utilizes an eye-safe ~905nm-based laser designed to outperform more expensive ~1550nm based LiDARs.

In order to minimize the performance limitations resulting from the stricter eye-safety limitations of ~905nm wavelength lasers compared to ~1550nm wavelength lasers, we have used a multidisciplinary approach to design the key system components from the ground up, including:

The integration of MEMS-based and other unique scanning mechanisms in the LiDAR reduces form-factor and improves robustness. The reduced form-factor allows our LiDAR to be deployed around the perimeter of the autonomous vehicle, thereby reducing blind spots and improving efficacy of perception in a manner that is consistent with higher levels of autonomy.

The resulting product, InnovizOne, featuring a form factor of 0.5 liters and weight of 0.5 kilograms, is capable of beaming laser signals off obstacles as far as 250 meters away. The signals are then collected in a high sensitivity detector, and processed by advanced analog and digital circuits in an ASIC. Each of these is custom designed by us. Each reflection represents a point, or reflection of an individual laser beam. A scanner deflects the laser to scan the field of view (“FOV”). The time-of-flight of each reflection, or point, is measured to yield distance and reflectivity information. The accumulation of all the points in the FOV results in a point-cloud that is transmitted from the LiDAR. Based on the speed of light, the time-of-flight measurement provides an accurate 3D representation of all objects and obstacles in the FOV.

InnovizTwo and Innoviz360 have a unique technology that is distinct from InnovizOne. The primary target market for InnovizTwo is automotive customers but its unique price for performance enables other non-automotive applications (including logistics, smart cities, industrial, mapping amongst other verticals). Moreover, Innoviz360 is based on an architecture that is similar to InnovizTwo but further enables scaling across non-automotive applications while also featuring Level 4 and Level 5 autonomy capabilities that are advantageous with LiDARs with a large FOV. All of these portfolio products provide scalability and expansion to offer LiDAR capabilities across different segments while building on lessons learned and synergistic advantages which Innoviz has gained through its historical creation of products, including InnovizOne. 

In addition to its unique hardware solutions, Innoviz’s LiDAR solutions include a unique perception software application that turns raw point cloud data from Innoviz LiDAR products into perception outputs. The outputs can serve as a standalone, functionally safe perception software, or can be integrated into the vehicle’s existing perception stack at different levels to support various sensor fusion architectures. In addition, our software leverages the rich data derived from our LiDAR products, coupled with proprietary state-of-the-art artificial intelligence-based algorithms, to provide superior scene perception and deliver an automotive-grade ASIL B(D) solution.

We believe that the following strengths differentiate Innoviz, and will enable us to successfully compete in our target markets to maintain our leadership position.

Cost and energy efficient high performance LiDAR solutions. Tier-1 manufacturers and automakers are extremely sensitive to the cost of any component in the vehicle, and especially to relatively high price individual components such as LiDAR sensors. They demand competitive prices and put significant weight on this parameter when deciding on vendors. Because we identified these requirements in the development of our original solution architecture, we chose to use ~905nm wavelength lasers, which work with diode lasers. These are much more affordable than the lasers required by ~1550nm wavelength LiDAR lasers that often include compounds such as indium gallium arsenide, which is more expensive to source and manufacture than the silicon used in ~905nm wavelength lasers. ~905nm wavelength lasers also use less power than ~1550nm lasers. Autonomous vehicles benefit from this lower power consumption because it increases vehicle driving range (primarily in electric vehicles). In addition, ~1550nm lasers generate more heat than ~905nm lasers, which requires a larger size to allow for more heat dissipation. A larger form factor presents design challenges to automakers as consumer vehicles have limited mounting space with good visibility of the vehicle’s surroundings. Accordingly, our ~905nm wavelength laser-based LiDAR solution offers a compelling price point, lower power consumption and a smaller form factor than other market participants without sacrifice in performance.

Automotive grade development and production. Vehicle components, particularly parts of the autonomous vehicle driving technology system, are required to have a high functional safety grade. Achieving compliance with functional safety standards, such as ISO26262, is a time consuming and labor-intensive process that requires significant cooperation with automotive grade industry participants, such as Tier-1 suppliers and automobile manufacturers. Starting in 2017, we have worked closely with leading Tier-1 suppliers such as Magna and its automaker partner, BMW, to develop a LiDAR solution that meets these stringent requirements. This process has included continuous and extensive product-safety auditing by BMW and Magna over the past three years, as well as additional review by other leading participants in the industry. As a result of our close work with these partners, we have developed rigorous safety and quality expertise. This gives us a significant advantage over competitors that have focused on technology development without having design wins with major automotive customers such as BMW or partnerships with major automotive Tier-1 suppliers early in their development process. These competitors will be required by consumer automotive OEMs and/or Tier-1��suppliers to undergo automotive-grade certifications that can take up to a few years to achieve, prior to entering the market.

Multiple Tier-1 partners enabling market penetration. OEMs design their future models and vehicles several years in advance and often then freeze the design to produce and deliver the vehicles on time. Therefore, designs for mass-production Level 3 and Level 4 consumer car programs expected in 2026-2027 are being decided in 2023-2024. LiDAR solutions that will be candidates for inclusion in these programs must go through the process of automotive-grade manufacturing and audit by the OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers. We believe that our Tier-1 and OEM tested technology, increases our chances of both winning upcoming OEM Request for Quotes (“RFQs”), and being invited to RFQs given that companies without these market credentials and certifications will not be eligible for inclusion in RFQ tenders.

Flexible Tier-1 / Tier-2 engagement model. We leverage our in-house knowledge developed through our engagement and development history to approach customers directly. This has enabled us to offer additional customization and more direct OEM positioning and engagement, which in turn has allowed us to offer customers better commercial terms, commitments and end-customer support and collaboration. The multi-faceted customer engagement approach (via Tier-1s as a Tier-2 and direct as a Tier-1) allows us to cover a wide range of customers and partners to further increase our market reach.

Market leading perception capabilities. Since our founding, we have adopted a holistic approach to the production of a LiDAR system, including the development of a proprietary standalone software suite. The system features can achieve up to uniform high resolution of 0.05°x0.05° across the FOV as opposed to some competing systems, in which resolution is always qualified by operating conditions such as frame rate and a limited FOV. Flexible, software-controlled features such as the Region of Interest (ROI), Pixel Summation (PSM), variable vertical field of view and software selectable frame rate further enhance the performance of the point-cloud. This high-performance time-of-flight point-cloud output is augmented by vision processing algorithms to create a comprehensive LiDAR perception system.

Agile system configuration. Our system design allows dynamic configuration of various system functions, such as laser power, scanning pattern and frame rate. This flexibility allows us to offer different product configurations based on the same hardware with only software modification. This allows us to address multiple market needs and niches without needing to develop several hardware configurations, a process that would be costly due to the need for additional design, production, validation and support. The ability of the car computer to optimize our LiDAR to its real time surroundings is another unique advantage made possible by this system design. For example, when driving on a highway, a forward-focused configuration with narrow FOV and an extended range is desired, while in an urban scenario, a uniform, wide FOV is desired and nominal range is acceptable in order to lower power dissipation.

Drive increased adoption through lower cost products. Our entire approach and solution architecture focuses on using ~905nm wavelength lasers, which allow for significantly more affordable solutions than ~1550nm wavelength laser-based LiDARs. We intend to continue to focus on refining our architecture and component engineering in order to produce LiDAR solutions that feature even more attractive pricing than our initial product, the InnovizOne. Our InnovizTwo features pricing that is significantly lower than InnovizOne. We believe that high-performance, cost-efficient solutions will drive increased market adoption of our products.

Penetrate lower levels of autonomy (e.g., Level 2+ ADAS) and leverage our software suite to position for seamless upgrade to Level 3 autonomous driving. We believe that InnovizTwo provides a compelling solution for Level 2+ systems, from both a cost and performance perspectives. At the same time, our LiDAR solution can be upgraded from Level 2+ to Level 3 through a vehicle software update without changes to the hardware components or the need for new hardware. Therefore, we believe that our solution is uniquely positioned to provide Level 3 functionality given the ease with which this upgrade can be affected. Accordingly, we will further refine, develop and integrate our software offering in order to better position ourselves for capturing market share in the Level 2+ and Level 3 through Level 5 vehicle markets on the basis of software-based transitions from the Level 2+ market.

Expand partnerships. We believe that our design win with BMW and other automotive manufacturers and partnership with Magna were enabled by our unique automotive grade product design. We also believe that the discipline and adherence to industry leading safety and manufacturing standards required of us as a BMW supplier and as a Tier-1 partner, can be leveraged to penetrate and partner with other OEM customers. We believe that our existing partnerships with Volkswagen and the Asian-based automotive OEM provide evidence to potential partners and customers of the maturity, robustness and automotive grade nature of our products, and we intend to pursue partnerships with additional OEMs in order to grow our customer base.

Continue to invest in a strong software suite. Our advanced perception software turns the InnovizOne, InnovizTwo and Innoviz360 LiDAR’s raw point cloud data into perception outputs. The outputs can serve as a standalone, functionally safe perception software, or can be integrated into the vehicle’s existing perception stack at different levels to support various sensor fusion architectures. In addition, our software leverages the rich data derived from Innoviz LiDARs, coupled with proprietary state-of-the-art artificial intelligence-based algorithms, to provide superior scene perception and deliver an automotive-grade ASIL B(D) solution. Our unique perception solution is designed for autonomous driving functionality and therefore is validated in accordance with the highest automotive standards, including staged scenes and open roads in various road and weather conditions. We intend to continue to develop and refine our perception software for InnovizOne and InnovizTwo, in order to further complement our hardware offerings with advanced AI and machine learning-based classification, detection and tracking features. In addition, Innoviz will continue to collect data and annotate relevant information for the purposes of improved training and validation of our perception suite. Innoviz is also developing edge-processing electronic control unit (ECU) for the purpose of point cloud processing, primarily for the perception software application.

Develop additional products to better address other LiDAR markets. The main drivers for our revenue growth are our automotive applications for LiDARs in passenger cars, the Level 3 and Level 2+ applications, which are expected to show significant growth in the 2024-30 vehicle model years. However, the products developed for the passenger car segment have equal appeal in multi-LiDAR perimeter sensing uses, such as in robotaxis, shuttles, trucks and delivery robot vehicles. We believe these applications will show a significant rise in sensor consumption because they require multiple units to complete the surround sensing requirements of the completely automated driving machine. As Level 4 platforms such as robotaxis, shuttles, trucks and delivery robots complete development and move to commercial deployment, we believe our LiDARs are well-positioned to capture market share from less robust technologies. The size, look, feel and ease of integration of our products, together with automotive grade robustness for environmental performance quality as well as and the backing of leading Tier-1s, make our products especially appealing to the Level 4 segment.

Our products provide a good understanding of the location of the vehicle in a broad range of driving environments and allow for confident detection and planning at varying vehicle speeds. Our product portfolio encompasses sensor hardware and perception and decision-making software that improve existing vehicle features and enable new levels of vehicle automation for passenger car and commercial applications.

Our product offerings include:

The early start with BMW’s Level 3 series production program resulted in our team becoming deeply engaged in ISO26262 compliance and functional safety adherence. With active participation, including a resident team, in the BMW program at Unterschleißheim in Germany, our team delivered InnovizOne LiDARs to the integration teams at Magna and BMW and learned a lot from the extensive validation testing that is needed in order to conform to applicable standards.

Recognizing the long path to volume ramp in the automotive industry, with additional complexity due to demanding safety standards for autonomous vehicles, such as ISO26262-ASIL-B, we have taken a broad-based approach to potential LiDAR market opportunities. Instead of treating adjacent markets in an opportunistic manner, we have placed considerable focus on discovering applications and cultivating customers and resellers in these markets. Accordingly, we focus our business development activity on both the consumer automotive market and on other markets:

Automotive: high focus, with significant management attention, on a number of automotive opportunities, where the LiDAR and perception offering are tailored to the OEMs’ needs, with a view to acquiring high volume series production programs, similar to the BMW L3 Program. This approach has our business and R&D teams working together both directly with OEMs as well as (in some instances) with Tier-1 partners to respond to OEM RFQs with customized offerings. Our collaborative relationships allow us to work with the Tier-1 and OEM engineering and procurement teams with complete transparency, bringing innovation, manufacturing knowhow and value to the program.

We are working closely with leading OEMs in Europe, Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam and North America who define and adopt InnovizTwo to Level 2+ and Level 3 programs, and thereby bring significant additional value to the ADAS+ and autonomous applications.

Other Segments: leveraging our products InnovizOne and InnovizTwo to win business in all other segments where volumes are lower at present, but where opportunities of scale are likely in the near term. This approach requires a broad  presence in the global marketplace, with our business teams participating in direct and channel relationships with potential customers in all segments.

We are in discussions with a number of robotaxi, shuttle, truck and delivery robots customers to incorporate InnovizOne and InnovizTwo into their upcoming builds. The form factor, field-of-view and range of these products is well suited to sensing applications on the perimeter of these Level 4 platforms.

In addition, LiDARs applications are also applicable to the industrial space, in manufacturing, logistics, mapping, delivery, construction, agriculture, marine, flight and a myriad of other applications. We are focused on such applications in all major geographies.

We currently market and sell our LiDAR solutions through a direct sales organization as well as through our distribution channels. Our technology and product focus since inception has been on the automotive OEM opportunity for high performance LiDAR solutions in the autonomous driving industry. This focus has also informed and guided our sales and marketing activities, which led to early contact with OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers, and also led to our sales team acting as a bridge between our research and development team and these partners. Our sales and marketing team continues to focus on expanding our relationships with OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers and seeks to leverage our existing relationships as well as new commercial agreements, to expand our market to other industries.

Creating a solid-state, eye-safe and cost efficient ~905nm wavelength LiDAR solution and the accompanying perception software required the efforts of a multi-disciplinary team with expertise spanning optics, lasers, mechanical engineering, micro-electronics, chip design, MEMS design, complex IC packaging, algorithms, neural networks, systems engineering and software architecture and engineering.

As of December 31, 2022, we owned 28 allowed and issued patents and had 101 pending patent applications. The portfolio includes U.S. and foreign patent applications filed in Europe, China, Japan, and Korea. In addition, our company has registered U.S. and foreign trademarks. Our patents and patent applications cover a broad range of system level and component level aspects of our key technology including, among other things, LiDAR systems, laser, scanner, receiver and perception technology.

The market for competitive automotive sensing solutions that enable autonomous driving is an emerging one with many potential applications in the development stage. As a result, we face competition from a range of companies seeking to have their products incorporated into these developing applications and it may take a period of time for our primary competitors to emerge.

Our competitors are also working to advance technology, reliability, and innovation in their development of new and improved solutions. Although we believe that we have market leading technology, we continue to face competition from existing competitors and new companies emerging in the LiDAR, camera and radar industries. Within the LiDAR segment of the industry, where competition is based significantly on performance and cost and energy efficiency, we face competition from companies utilizing a variety of laser wavelengths such as ~905nm and ~1550nm lasers, as well as a variety of steering mechanisms, such as MEMS, mechanical, Optical Phased Array, and non-scanning LiDARs (Flash). We believe that it may take new, smaller companies a substantial period of time to gain the recognition and trust of top-tier automotive OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers, as well as customers and partners in other non-automotive industries.

Many of our competitors offer more limited solutions for niche applications. Some competitors are currently selling solutions that offer lower levels of performance in ADAS and new autonomous driving markets. In the passenger car ADAS market, a number of competitors have already achieved substantial market share using camera and radar-based perception sensing solutions.

We entered the passenger car market with a higher performance LiDAR product than those used for ADAS today. Our LiDAR product empowers higher performance ADAS at price points that we believe we can displace current solutions. Our early engagement with a premium OEM and with Tier-1 partners also differentiate us from other LiDAR makers.

While LiDAR competitors will continue to emerge and recede, we believe that our high-performance LiDARs, strong intellectual property portfolio, software products, design win with BMW and close working relationships with our Tier-1 partners, have established barriers to those who follow. We expect that our technology and continuing innovation, as well as our longstanding cooperation with leading OEMs and Tier-1 companies, will support our position as a leader in advancing LiDAR technology in the market based on several market differentiators.

Our proprietary LiDAR architecture focuses on developing a full LiDAR autonomous driving solution that utilizes a ~905nm wavelength laser. In order to break through the performance limitations resulting from optical peak power limitations, we have used a multi-disciplinary approach to design the key system components, such as our unique scanning systems, including the MEMS module, silicon detectors and the signal processing ASIC, in order to improve the optical link budget of the system while acquiring the best possible detection capabilities for a given optical link budget. Designing critical components in-house rather than using off-the-shelf commodity components provides for protectable and sustainable technology differentiation from LiDAR competitors or alternative technologies. We believe one of the significant barriers to entry for automotive LiDAR is the processes and know-how to manufacture a compact and intricate sensing product in high volumes.

At the same time, we have focused on operating in accordance with the rigorous manufacturing standards of the automotive industry from the company’s earliest days. Therefore, we have utilized an automotive-level contract manufacturer and vendors to manufacture our products and sub-components from an early stage. Working with such an experienced contract manufacturer and vendors added to our manufacturing knowhow and instilled discipline and quality in our development process.

Currently, the InnovizOne product is manufactured for most customers on a mid-volume line at a contract manufacturer in Germany. We have also begun manufacturing InnovizOne at Magna’s automotive grade facility in Holly, Michigan to meet increasing demand for our LiDAR product. In this context, please see reference herein to the Magna MOU (as defined herein).

Although manufacturing of our products and sub-components is outsourced, our operations and quality assurance teams manage the sourcing of specialized equipment required for assembly, calibration and testing of our LiDAR systems. These teams also manage our quality control and assurance operations and work with our suppliers to monitor quality and improve yield.

We source our components from a variety of third-party manufacturers throughout Europe. The prices and availability of our components may be impacted by changes in supply and demand, as well as market uncertainty and other factors. Historically, we have been able to source our components at prices satisfactory to our Company; however, we may be unable to do so in the future.

Autonomous vehicles are subject to emerging regulatory frameworks in the United States at the federal and state levels. In general, at both the federal and state level, the United States has supported testing and development of autonomous functionality through open information exchange. For example, in January 2021, NHTSA expanded its AV TEST Initiative from a pilot to a full program, and through this Initiative a variety of stakeholders provide documentation covering specific topics, such as how automated systems detect objects on the road, how information is displayed to drivers, what cybersecurity measures are in place and the methods used to test the design and validation of autonomous driving systems. NHTSA has indicated that it may utilize this information to promulgate additional safety standards and other regulations, and although we do not anticipate any near-term impediments to our technology and products, the situation is an evolving one with some uncertainties and elements beyond our control. Many states in the U.S. have long imposed various requirements on autonomous vehicle development and testing, including operational, registration and financial assurance requirements for certain autonomous vehicle functions and activities. For example, California has been regulating autonomous vehicles in some fashion since 2012 through various restrictions and appears poised to continue to do so, as in December 2022, California introduced new legislation that would prohibit full self-driving marketing claims. It is possible that restrictions at the state level in the U.S. will ease or be removed as the data and experience supporting the safety of autonomous functionality continues to grow, but we cannot predict when or whether that might happen.

Foreign markets such as the China and the EU also continue to develop their respective standards to define deployment requirements for higher levels of autonomy. In China, for example, the government has undertaken numerous efforts to promote AV development, including its February 2020 release of the Strategies for Innovation and Development of Autonomous Vehicles by China’s National Development and Reform Commission and ten other agencies. This initiative sets forth an ambitious plan to create a systematic framework for technical innovation, industrial ecology, infrastructure, regulations and standards, product regulation and network security in the AV market by 2025, and from 2035 to 2050, to fully establish an ecosystem for autonomous vehicles. Much of the emerging regulatory and legislative activity around autonomous vehicles in the EU has been focused on data privacy and security, given the volume and types of data collected, stored and transmitted by autonomous vehicles. A key part of Europe’s emerging AV strategy is the creation of a common European mobility data space, to be further developed in the EU’s “Smart and Sustainable Transport Strategy”. Given the intense work in these areas, we expect a workable path forward in the near-term in these markets.

As vehicles equipped with our sensors are deployed on public roads in the United States, we will increasingly be subject to the legal and regulatory authority of various federal agencies, including NHTSA, which is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (“DOT”). To date, NHTSA’s guidance to industry generally has been supportive of autonomous vehicle technology development, testing and implementation. More generally, NHTSA has established six automation principles that will be applied to its oversight of AV development: (1) prioritizing safety; (2) remaining technology neutral; (3) modernizing regulations; (4) encouraging consistent federal and state regulatory environments; (5) providing guidance, research and best practices to government and industry partners; and (6) protecting consumers’ ability to choose conventional and autonomous vehicles. More specifically, NHTSA is actively reviewing unintended regulatory barriers to AV development as it proceeds to promulgate new regulations and to update certain FMVSSs to accurately reflect the state of AV technologies. Currently, NHTSA’s TREAD reporting process, as well as its strict recall and reporting requirements for any defects related to vehicle safety or any FMVSS non-compliance provide the legal framework for identifying and addressing safety issues. Similar reporting and recall requirements may apply in other markets outside of the U.S.

As noted above, many states have instituted restrictions and requirements for autonomous vehicle technologies. At least 29 states and the District of Columbia have enacted some type of autonomous vehicle regulations, and a number of state governors have also issued executive orders. Many of these efforts focus on safety and the regulation of commercial activity.

Overall, the regulatory landscape is still evolving rapidly. As legal frameworks around autonomous vehicles continue to develop and change in the U.S. and elsewhere, we may become subject to additional regulatory schemes and requirements.

As a LiDAR technology company, we also are subject to the laws and regulations beyond those specific to vehicle safety standards and highway safety. For example, our products are governed by the Electronic Product Radiation Control Program administered by the FDA. This Program establishes performance standards and imposes requirements for registration, labelling, testing and reporting. Failure to comply with the Program may result a variety of consequences, including product recalls or replacements, warning letters, untitled letters, safety alerts, injunctions, import alerts, administrative product detentions or seizures, or civil penalties. LiDAR technologies also may need to comply with certain state radiation control licensing and other requirements.

Similarly, as a global company deploying cutting-edge technology, we are also subject to trade, export controls, customs product classification, hazard labelling and warning, and other sourcing and product regulations. Our operations also are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations pertaining to our employees, such as wage and hour, worker’s compensation and occupational health and safety regulations.

Like all companies operating in similar industries, we are subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulation at the federal and state level pertaining to matters such as emissions to air and water, manufacture, processing, use, storage and distribution of chemical substances, hazardous waste generation and disposal, and remediation of environmental contamination. Compliance with these rules may include the need to obtain permits and licenses and to allow inspections of our facilities and products.

From time to time, we may become involved in actions, claims, suits, and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including assertions by third parties relating to intellectual property infringement, breaches of contract or warranties or employment-related matters. We are not currently a party to any material actions, claims, suits or other legal proceedings the outcome of which, if determined adversely to it, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The legal name of our company is Innoviz Technologies Ltd. and we are organized under the laws of the State of Israel. We have six wholly-owned subsidiaries: Innoviz Technologies Inc. and Collective Growth Corporation, each of which is incorporated in the United States; Innoviz Technologies GmbH, which is incorporated under the laws of Germany; Innoviz Technologies BY LLC, which is incorporated under the laws of Belarus (“Innoviz Belarus”); Innoviz Software Centre Bucharest S.R.L, which is incorporated under the laws of Romania and Innoviz Technologies Trading Shanghai Co., Ltd., which is incorporated under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.

During 2022, we shut down our activities in Belarus and, as of December 31, 2022, we no longer employ any employees in Belarus. In addition, we are in the process of liquidating Innoviz Belarus which we hope to complete as soon as reasonably possible.

Unless otherwise stated, all our facilities are utilized. We believe that our offices and facilities (as currently conducted and in accordance with future plans) are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available when needed.

Our robust software suite enables our ~905nm wavelength laser-based LiDAR architecture to be easily leveraged to provide compelling solutions for Level 2+ through Level 5. This means that we are positioned to penetrate the current market, which is currently characterized mainly by Level 2+ production, and to continue to capture and extend our market share to Level 3 and above, as the market continues to mature.

We are currently expanding our third-party manufacturing capacity through contract manufacturers to meet an anticipated increase in customer demand for our products, while also further developing a next generation high-performance automotive-grade LiDAR sensor, the InnovizTwo, that is expected to provide further cost efficiencies, while enabling even higher performance solutions for vehicles offering driving automations levels of Level 2+ and above.

In addition, during 2022 Innoviz made the major strategic decision to become a Tier-1 supplier to the automotive industry. This will allow Innoviz to have direct technical discussions with end-customers and to improve pricing to automotive OEMs with the goal of strengthening Innoviz’s position in the automotive market. This new strategic decision has already played a significant role in two of Innoviz’s major OEM program wins, one in Europe and one in Asia.

Geographically, the substantial majority of our revenue is generated from customers in Europe and North America. As we continue to grow, we expect to generate additional revenue from existing and other geographic areas and the geographic mix of our revenue could therefore change over time.

On December 10, 2020, Innoviz entered into the Business Combination Agreement with Collective Growth, Perception, Antara Capital and Merger Sub. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Collective Growth, with Collective Growth surviving the merger. Upon consummation of the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement on April 5, 2021, Collective Growth became a wholly owned subsidiary of Innoviz.

We believe that widespread adoption of LiDAR across applications for autonomy is approaching and that we are well-positioned in both automotive and nonautomotive markets to take advantage of this opportunity. Nevertheless, automotive OEMs and their suppliers are just beginning to commercialize autonomous systems that rely on LiDAR technology. Accordingly, we expect the rate of actual adoption and commercialization of LiDAR-based solutions by automotive OEMs and their suppliers to impact our results of operations, including revenue and gross margins, for the foreseeable future. Given the significance of the jump from Level 2 to Level 3, the Level 2+ segment of the consumer automotive market is expected to grow significantly over the short to medium term, and we focus our efforts on this segment, specifically via our InnovizTwo product.

We believe that InnovizTwo will drive significant revenue growth in the near to medium term. We also believe that market penetration of InnovizTwo will drive revenues in the Level 3 segment of the market. This is because the architecture of our products, which feature agile configuration of multiple components, allow us to offer different product configurations based on the same hardware with only software modification. Accordingly, we can address multiple market needs and niches without the need to develop several hardware configurations. Therefore, our LiDAR solution enables upgrade from Level 2+ to Level 3 through a vehicle software update without changes to the hardware components or the need of new hardware.

We also target markets such as robotaxis, shuttles and trucking, as well as other industries, including drones, robotics, logistics, smart cities, agriculture, industrial, construction, security, and mapping. We believe that LiDAR-based solutions in these emerging markets are still in the pre-commercial development stage and, as a result, our future success also depends on customers in these industries adopting and bringing these solutions to commercial scale.

Our solutions are designed to be a key enabling technology for OEMs in automotive and other applications. Because our solutions must be integrated into a broader platform by the OEM, it is critical that we achieve design wins with these customers. The time necessary to achieve design wins varies based on the market and application. The design cycle in the automotive market tends to be substantially longer and more onerous than in other markets. Even within the automotive market, achieving a design win with an automotive OEM takes considerably longer than a design cycle for an aftermarket application. We consider design wins to be critical to our future success, although the revenue generated by each design win (if any) and the time necessary to achieve such a win can vary significantly making it difficult to predict our financial performance.

Our results of operations will depend on our ability to leverage the fixed costs involved in production of our current products and our ability to improve gross margins on the basis of volume and manufacturing efficiencies.

InnovizTwo is based on an improved design, which allows: (i) lower bill of materials, and (ii) more efficient manufacturing process, which together may allow for a significant cost reduction and improved gross margins.

Our revenues derive primarily from sales of LiDAR sensors and critical components to customers. Revenue from LiDAR sensors and critical components is recognized at a point in time when the control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally upon delivery.

Cost of revenues include the manufacturing cost of our LiDAR sensors, which primarily consists of components costs, sub assembly costs and personnel-related costs directly associated with our operation organization, and amounts paid to our third-party contract manufacturers and vendors. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation, costs of providing services, an allocated portion of overhead, warranty costs, excess and obsolete inventory and shipping costs. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods to the extent revenue increases, however we expect our products’ unit cost to decrease as sales increase thereby leveraging economies of scale achievable due to our business model and higher production efficiencies.

R&D expenses include:

We expense R&D costs as incurred until the point that technological feasibility is reached, which for our software products is generally shortly before the products are released to production. We expect that our R&D expenses will continue to increase for the foreseeable future as we invest in R&D activities to enhance our product portfolio.

Sales and marketing expenses include:

General and administrative expenses include:

 We expect our general and administrative expenses to continue to increase in the near term; however, we expect such increases to occur at a slower pace than in recent years. We continue to anticipate additional expenses related to our global expansion.

Financial income consists primarily of exchange rate differences arising from our ILS denominated lease liabilities under ASC 842, net income earned from sale of an equity investment in a privately held company, private placement warrants remeasurement, cash and cash equivalents deposited in our bank account and marketable securities remeasurement. The deposits will vary based on cash and cash equivalents, and with market rates. Our marketable securities have an average credit rating of “A” and a maturity of up to three years. We do not intend to invest more than 5% of our investment portfolio in a single security. In addition, financial income, net includes the fluctuation in value due to foreign exchange differences between cash and cash equivalent and monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency, mainly in ILS and EUR.

See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the date of this Annual Report.

For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020, including a year-to-year comparison between the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, as well as a discussion of our liquidity and capital resources for the year ended December 31, 2020, refer to Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022.

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations data for the periods presented:

The increase in revenues was primarily due to increased sales of InnovizOne and related products, which contributed $5.9 million in revenues during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $4.3 million in revenues during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of revenues increased by approximately $4.3 million, or 41%, to approximately $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The increase in cost of revenues was primarily due to full realization of the production inefficiencies of InnovizOne as well as machinery depreciation. Gross margin decreased to approximately (145)% for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately (92)% for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the same factor that resulted in the increase in cost of revenues.

Prior to 2021, we funded our operations primarily from private placements of our convertible preferred shares in an aggregate amount of approximately $260 million. During 2021 and 2022, we funded our operations primarily from the proceeds of the Business Combination of approximately $370 million and, to a lesser extent, from revenues generated from the sale of goods and services. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $186.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, short term deposits, short term restricted cash and marketable securities. Cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested in accordance with our investment policy.

Other than as set forth above, we have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements and do not have any holdings in variable interest entities.

Our success and competitive advantage depend in part upon our ability to develop and protect our core technology and intellectual property. We own a portfolio of intellectual property, including registered patents and registered trademarks, confidential technical information, and expertise in the development of LiDAR technology and software for, among others, autonomous vehicles.

We have filed patent and trademark applications in order to further secure these rights and strengthen our ability to defend against third parties who may infringe on our rights. We also rely on design and manufacturing know-how, continuing technological innovations, and licensing and exclusivity opportunities to maintain and improve our competitive position. Additionally, we protect our proprietary rights through agreements with our commercial partners, supply-chain vendors, employees, and consultants, as well as close monitoring of developments and products in our industry.

The supply chain for certain of our components is currently experiencing significant strain due to, among other factors, higher-than-expected demand, capacity constraints, consolidation of suppliers within the industry, and overburdened shippers. As a result, there has been a decrease in availability, increase in price and increase in lead times for certain of our product components.

We currently have sufficient component inventory in order to meet the demands of our customers in the near-term. In addition, we are in the process of procuring additional component stock to keep in inventory on a go-forward basis to minimize the effect of supply chain strain on our business in the future.

Innoviz’s management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements during the reporting periods. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe the following accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements require the most significant judgments and estimates. Please see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information.

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing purchase orders and open contracts, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and makes adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses include costs incurred for services in connection with development activities for which we have not yet been invoiced.

Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are either too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have not been any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.

Omer Keilaf is the Co-Founder of our company and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2016. Mr. Keilaf has also served as a member of the board of directors of our company since January 2016. Mr. Keilaf serves as a member of the board of directors of Perception Capital Corp. II (Nasdaq: PCCT) since October 2021. Mr. Keilaf held senior leadership roles at companies including Consumer Physics, Inc., STMicroelectronics N.V. (NYSE: STM) and in an elite technological unit of the Intelligence Corps of the Israel Defense Forces (the “IDF”), where he served as the System and Product Team Manager, R&D manager, and Project Manager and System Architecture Manager, respectively. Mr. Keilaf holds a BSc and MSc in Electrical Engineering and an MBA, all from Tel Aviv University, Israel where he has also served as a lecturer.

Eldar Cegla has served as the Chief Financial Officer of our company since June 2017. Prior to joining Innoviz, Mr. Cegla served as the VP Finance of ConsumerPhysics, Inc from 2014 to 2015, as the Chief Financial Officer of Metrolight Ltd. from 2010 to 2014 and as the Chief Operations Officer of Mantis-Vision Ltd. from 2007 to 2010. Mr. Cegla was a Co-Founder of Browzwear International Ltd. and served as its Chief Financial Officer from 2000 to 2006. Mr. Cegla holds a BSc in Chemistry from Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Oren Buskila is the Co-Founder of our company and has served as our Chief R&D Officer since February 2019, prior to which he served as the VP R&D from 2016. Prior to co-founding our company, Mr. Buskila served as a System Engineer and Product Manager at ConsumerPhysics Inc. and was responsible for the company’s HW system design, as well as for managing the company’s launch of its first consumer product and leading several development and design projects. Mr. Buskila served seven years in the elite technological unit of the Intelligence Corps of the IDF, where he served as a Project Manager, System Engineer and Hardware Engineer. Mr. Buskila holds a BSc in Physics, a BSc in Electrical Engineering, an MSc in Electro-optical Engineering and an MBA, all from Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Tali Chen is the Chief Business Officer of our company since May 2022. Prior to joining the company, Ms. Chen served as Chief Business Officer at DSP Group from 2020 to 2021. Prior to such position, she served in a number of roles at DSP Group including as Chief Marketing Officer from 2018 to 2020, where she managed the IoT business line, European business development, sales and marketing, US operations, and corporate management, as CVP of Corporate Development, and as CVP Marketing and Human Resource. Before joining DSP Group, Tali was Director of Corporate Development at RADA Electronic Industries, a Major in the Israeli Defense Forces, and the founding manager of the “Atidim for Industry” program. Tali holds an LLB in Law and Government with honors from the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) of Herzliya and an MBA from the Technion Israel Institute of Technology.

Udy Gal-On has served as our Chief Operating Officer since March 2021. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Gal-On served as the VP Operations and VP Strategic Projects of SolarEdge Technologies, Inc. from 2012 to 2021, as the VP Engineering of ECI Telecom Ltd. from 2007 to 2012, as the Product Engineering Department Manager of Marvell Semiconductor, Inc. from 2005 to 2007 and as VP Operations of Mysticom Semiconductor Ltd. from 2002 to 2005. Mr. Gal-On holds a BSc in Mechanical Engineering and a MSc in Quality & Reliability Engineering, each from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.

Amichai Steimberg joined our board of directors upon the completion of the Business Combination. Mr. Steimberg previously served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Orbotech Ltd. from 2013 to 2019, and as chief executive officer of Orbotech Ltd. from 2019 to 2020. Mr. Steimberg is the managing partner of Amplify Operating Partners Ltd., and serves as a board member for several private companies, including as Chairperson of the board of directors at Airovation Technologies Ltd. From September 2020 to January 2021, Mr. Steimberg served as Chairperson of the board of directors of Highcon System Ltd., an Israeli company listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Mr. Steimberg holds a BSc in Agricultural Economics and Business Administration from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Aharon Aharon joined our board of directors upon the completion of the Business Combination. Since 2021, Mr. Aharon has run and operated C-Perto, a consulting service that he cofounded. He also currently serves on the board of directors of The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Ltd. as an independent director. From 2017 to 2021, Mr. Aharon served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Israel Innovation Authority, an independent public entity that operates for the benefit of the Israeli innovation ecosystem and Israeli economy as a whole. Prior to joining the Israeli Innovation Authority, Mr. Aharon served as the Corporate Vice President of Hardware Technologies and General Manager of Apple Israel from 2011 to 2017. Prior to his time at Apple, Mr. Aharon served as the chief executive officer of Camero, a leading provider of UWB imaging radars, from 2004 to 2010 (when the company was acquired). In addition, Mr. Aharon served as Chairperson of the board of directors of Discretix Technologies from 2003 to 2010 (Discretix was acquired by ARM in 2014). From 2001 to 2003, Mr. Aharon was the chief executive officer of Seabridge. Prior to joining Seabridge, Mr. Aharon was the Chief Operating Officer of Zoran, a Silicon Valley-based, leading provider of digital solutions in the digital entertainment and digital imaging market. Mr. Aharon started his professional career at IBM Research and has a BSc in Computer Engineering and a MSc in Electrical Engineering from the Israel Institute of Technology.

Dan Falk joined our board of directors upon the completion of the Business Combination. Mr. Falk currently serves as a member of the board of directors of the following companies: Nice Ltd. (Nasdaq: NICE) and Evogene (Nasdaq: EVGN). From 1999 to 2000, Mr. Falk was President and Chief Operating Officer of Sapiens International Corporation N.V. From 1985 to 1999, Mr. Falk served in various positions in Orbotech Ltd., the last of which were Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President. From 1973 to 1985, he served in several executive positions in the Israel Discount Bank. During the past five years, Mr. Falk served as a member of the board of directors of the following public companies, for which he no longer serves as a director: Attunity Ltd, Orbotech Ltd. (NYSE: KLAC) and Ormat Technologies Inc. (NYSE: ORA). Mr. Falk holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Political Science and a Master’s degree in Business Administration, both from the Hebrew University.

Ronit Maor joined our board of directors upon the completion of the Business Combination. Since 2017, Ms. Maor has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Earnix Inc., a leading SaaS company providing an AI-driven pricing, rating and product personalization for insurance and banking customers. Prior to joining Earnix Inc., Ms. Maor was Chief Financial Officer at Pontis, a leading digital customer engagement company, from 2012 until its acquisition by Amdocs in 2016. Prior to her time at Pontis, Ms. Maor was VP Corporate Development at Modu, an Israeli start-up designing unique cellular phones, from 2007 to 2011. Ms. Maor also served as Chief Financial Officer of msystems Ltd., a Nasdaq-listed company, from 1997 until the company was sold to SanDisk in 2006. Ms. Maor has a BSc in Industrial Engineering and Management from Tel Aviv University.

James Sheridan joined our board of directors upon the completion of the Business Combination. Mr. Sheridan is a senior operating executive with over 25 years of experience and deep experience in the automotive industry. Since 2020, Mr. Sheridan has served as President of Perception Capital Partners. He has experience as both an operating executive (Chief Procurement Officer) and as a leader of the Purchasing Practice at McKinsey. His prior experiences include roles as CPO at Forterra, Senior Expert at McKinsey, CPO at Champion, and a variety of roles with Ford Motor. Jim earned a B.A. from the College of the Holy Cross and M.B.A from Carnegie Mellon. Mr. Sheridan was appointed by Perception, which is entitled to appoint one director for so long as it beneficially owns at least 50% of the total number of ordinary shares it beneficially owned at the date of the closing of the Business Combination.

The table below reflects the Company’s compensation costs related to the employment of our five most highly compensated office holders (as defined in Israel’s Companies Law) with respect to the year ended December 31, 2022. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our “Covered Executives.” For purposes of the table below, “compensation” includes amounts accrued or paid in connection with salary, bonuses, equity-based compensation, retirement or termination payments, benefits and perquisites (such as car and phone), social benefits and any undertaking to provide such compensation. All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to the Company (in USD), as recognized in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, including compensation paid to such Covered Executives following the end of the year in respect of services provided during the year. Each of the Covered Executives was covered by our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy and was granted an indemnification letter as approved by our shareholders in accordance with applicable law and our Articles.

Under the Companies Law, the compensation of a public company’s directors requires the approval of its compensation committee, the subsequent approval of its board of directors and, unless exempted under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the approval of its shareholders at a general meeting. If the compensation of a public company’s directors is inconsistent with its stated compensation policy, then those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law must have been considered by the compensation committee and board of directors, and the shareholder approval will require a special majority under which:

The Companies Law requires the approval of the compensation of a public company’s executive officers (other than the chief executive officer) in the following order: (i) the compensation committee, (ii) the company’s board of directors, and (iii) if such compensation arrangement is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the company’s shareholders (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve a compensation arrangement with an executive officer that is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision.

Under the Companies Law, the compensation of a public company’s chief executive officer is required to be approved by: (i) the company’s compensation committee; (ii) the company’s board of directors, and (iii) the company’s shareholders (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve the compensation arrangement with the chief executive officer, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision. The approval of each of the compensation committee and the board of directors should be in accordance with the company’s stated compensation policy; however, in special circumstances, they may approve compensation terms of a chief executive officer that are inconsistent with such policy provided that they have considered those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law and that shareholder approval was obtained (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). In addition, the compensation committee may waive the shareholder approval requirement with regard to the approval of the engagement terms of a candidate for the chief executive officer position if they determine that the compensation arrangement is consistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, that the chief executive officer did not have a prior business relationship with the company or a controlling shareholder of the company and that subjecting the approval of the engagement to a shareholder vote would impede the company’s ability to engage the chief executive officer candidate.

The aggregate compensation, including share-based compensation, paid by our company to its executive officers and directors as a group for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $8.8 million (including one director and executive officer who left the Company during 2022). This amount includes approximately $0.3 million paid for pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses, but does not include business travel, relocation, professional and business association dues and expenses reimbursed to office holders, and other benefit costs commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel.

As of December 31, 2022, options to purchase 3,857,141 of our ordinary shares granted to our executive officers and directors as a group were outstanding under our equity incentive plans at a weighted average exercise price of $10.33 per ordinary share.

In addition, 1,653,256 RSUs granted to our executive officers and directors were outstanding under our equity incentive plans as of December 31, 2022.

We pay to each of our non-employee directors an annual cash retainer as follows: chairperson of the board of directors: $77,500; chairperson of the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating, environmental, social and governance committee: $50,000, $45,000 and $42,500, respectively; members of the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating, environmental, social and governance committee: $42,500, $40,000 and $38,750, respectively; and each other non-employee director: $35,000. Such compensation will not be cumulative and the non-employee directors will receive the highest level of compensation to which they are entitled. Additionally, we grant each of our non-employee directors annual grants in a value of up to $100,000 each. We also reimburse them for expenses arising from their board membership.

Our 2016 Share Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) was adopted by our board of directors on May 23, 2016. The Plan provides for the grant of options to employees, directors, office holders, service providers and consultants of our company and its subsidiaries.

We no longer grant any awards under the 2016 Plan as it was superseded by our 2021 Share Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), although outstanding options previously granted under the 2016 Plan remain governed by the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 6,307,037 options to purchase ordinary shares were outstanding under the 2016 Plan, with a weighted average exercise price of $0.81 per ordinary share. Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, administers the 2016 Plan.

In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, we adopted a new share incentive plan, the 2021 Plan, under which we may grant equity-based incentive awards to attract, motivate and retain the talent for which we compete. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, we ceased to grant any awards under the 2016 Plan, though previously granted options under the 2016 Plan remain outstanding and governed by the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, options to purchase 7,773,959 of our ordinary shares and 7,308,579 RSUs were outstanding under the 2021 Plan.

The maximum number of our ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2021 Plan is equal to the sum of (i) 19,510,820 shares (together with any shares subject to awards under the 2016 Plan that expire or become un-exercisable without having been exercised), and (ii) an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2022 and ending in and including 2031, equal to the lesser of (A) 5% of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (B) such amount as determined by our board of directors if so determined prior to January 1 of a calendar year; provided, however, that no more than 14,000,000 shares in total may be issued upon the exercise of incentive stock options under the 2021 Plan. If permitted by us, ordinary shares tendered to pay the exercise price or withholding tax obligations with respect to an award granted under the 2021 Plan or the 2016 Plan may again be available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. Our board of directors may also reduce the number of ordinary shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2021 Plan in its discretion. On January 1, 2023, the number of ordinary shares reserved for the 2021 Plan increased by 4,909,261. The total number of ordinary shares reserved and available for future equity grants under the 2021 Plan, as of February 15, 2023 was 6,809,263.

Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, administers the 2021 Plan. Under the 2021 Plan, the administrator has the authority, subject to applicable law, to interpret the terms of the 2021 Plan and any award agreements or awards granted thereunder, designate recipients of awards, determine and amend the terms of awards, including the exercise price of an option award, the fair market value of an ordinary share, the time and vesting schedule applicable to an award or the method of payment for an award, accelerate or amend the vesting schedule applicable to an award, prescribe the forms of agreement for use under the 2021 Plan and take all other actions and make all other determinations necessary for the administration of the 2021 Plan.

The administrator also has the authority to amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the 2021 Plan or terminate the 2021 Plan at any time before the date of expiration of its ten year term.

The 2021 Plan provides for granting awards under various tax regimes, including, without limitation, for awards granted to our Israeli employees or service providers, in compliance with Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961 (the “Ordinance”) or Section 3(i) of the Ordinance and for awards granted to our United States employees or service providers, including those who are deemed to be residents of the United States for tax purposes, Section 422 of the Code and Section 409A of the Code.

Section 102 of the Ordinance allows employees, directors and officers who are not “controlling shareholders” (as used under the Ordinance) and are considered Israeli residents to receive favorable tax treatment for compensation in the form of shares or options. Our non-employee service providers and controlling shareholders may only be granted options under section 3(i) of the Ordinance, which does not provide for similar tax benefits.

The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), ordinary shares, restricted shares, restricted share units, performance restricted share units and other share-based awards. Options granted under the 2021 Plan to our employees who are U.S. residents may qualify as “incentive stock options” within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, or may be non-qualified stock options.

Under the Companies Law and our Articles, our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to executive management. Our Chief Executive Officer (referred to as a “general manager” under the Companies Law) is responsible for our day-to-day management. Our Chief Executive Officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors. All other executive officers are appointed by the Chief Executive Officer and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment or consulting agreements that we may enter into with them.

Under our Articles, our directors are divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Each class of directors consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire board of directors. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that each year the term of office of only one class of directors will expire.

Further, our Articles include a provision which provides that Perception has the right to appoint one director to our board of directors upon closing of the Business Combination (the “Perception Director”) and for so long as it beneficially owns at least 50% of the total number of ordinary shares it beneficially owned at the date of the closing of the Business Combination. Mr. Sheridan was appointed as the Perception Director.

Our directors, other than the Perception Director, are divided among the three classes as follows:

As an Israeli company, our company is subject to various corporate governance requirements under the Companies Law. However, pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, may, subject to certain conditions, opt out from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating, environmental, social and governance committee of the board of directors (other than the gender diversification rule under the Companies Law, which requires the appointment of a director from the other gender if at the time a director is appointed all members of the board of directors are of the same gender). In accordance with these regulations, we have elected to opt out of those requirements of the Companies Law. These exemptions will continue to be available to our company so long as: (i) we do not have a “controlling shareholder” as used under the Companies Law, (ii) our shares are traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, and (iii) we comply with the director independence requirements and the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating, environmental, social and governance committee composition requirements under U.S. laws (including applicable Nasdaq rules) applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

The term “controlling shareholder” as used in the Companies Law for purposes related to external directors and for the requirements related to appointment to the audit committee, compensation committee or nominating, environmental, social and governance committee, as described below, means a shareholder with the ability to direct the activities of the company, other than by virtue of being an office holder. A shareholder is presumed to be a controlling shareholder if the shareholder holds 50% or more of the voting rights in a company or has the right to appoint the majority of the directors of the company or its general manager. With respect to certain matters (including various related party transactions), a controlling shareholder is deemed to include a shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights in a public company if no other shareholder holds more than 50% of the voting rights in the company, but excludes a shareholder whose power derives solely from his or her position as a director of the company or from any other position with the company.

Accordingly, we comply with Nasdaq rule 5605(b)(1), which requires that the board of directors be comprised of a majority of independent directors. A majority of our board of directors is composed of directors who are “independent” as defined by the rules of Nasdaq and all of the non-management directors qualify as “independent” under these standards. The board of directors has established categorical standards to assist it in making its determination of director independence. We use the definition of “independence” of Nasdaq to make this determination. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) provides that an “independent director” is a person other than an officer or employee of our company or any other individual having a relationship which, in the opinion of our board of directors, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. The Nasdaq rules provide that a director cannot be considered independent if:

Under the following three Nasdaq director independence rules a director is not considered independent: (a) Nasdaq Rule 5605(a)(2)(A), a director is not considered to be independent if he or she also is an executive officer or employee of our company, (b) Nasdaq Rule 5605(a)(2)(B), a director is not considered independent if he or she accepted any compensation from our company in excess of $120,000 during any period of twelve consecutive months within the three years preceding the determination of independence, and (c) Nasdaq Rule 5605(a)(2)(D), a director is not considered to be independent if he or she is a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an executive officer of, any organization to which our company made, or from which our company received, payments for property or services in the current or any of the past three fiscal years that exceed 5% of the recipient’s consolidated gross revenues for that year, or $200,000. Under such definitions, we have five independent directors.

The board of directors assesses on a regular basis, and at least annually, the independence of directors and makes a determination as to which members are independent. References to “our company” above include any subsidiary in a consolidated group with our company. The terms “immediate family member” and “executive officer” above have the same meanings specified for such terms in the Nasdaq listing standards.

However, as a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to comply with Israeli corporate governance practices instead of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and the equivalent Israeli requirement. We intend to rely on this “home country practice exemption” solely with respect to the quorum requirement for shareholder meetings. As permitted under the Companies Law, pursuant to our Articles, the quorum required for an ordinary meeting of shareholders will consist of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by other voting instrument in accordance with the Companies Law, who hold at least 25% of the voting power of its shares (and in an adjourned meeting, with some exceptions, any number of shareholders), instead of 33 1/3% of the issued share capital required under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. We otherwise comply with the rules generally applicable to U.S. domestic companies listed on Nasdaq. We may in the future decide to use the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to some or all of the other corporate governance rules.

Our Articles provide that the chairperson of the board of directors is appointed by the members of the board of directors and serves as chairperson of the board of directors throughout his or her term as a director, unless resolved otherwise by the board of directors. Under the Companies Law, the chief executive officer (or any relative of the chief executive officer) may not serve as the chairperson of the board of directors, and the chairperson (or any relative of the chairperson) may not be vested with authorities of the chief executive officer without shareholder approval, for periods of up to three years each, consisting of a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either:

In addition, a person subordinated, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairperson of the board of directors; the chairperson of the board of directors may not be vested with authorities that are granted to those subordinated to the chief executive officer; and the chairperson of the board of directors may not serve in any other position in the Company or a controlled company, but he may serve as a director or chairperson of a subsidiary.

Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel that are public companies, including companies with shares listed on Nasdaq, are required to appoint at least two external directors who must meet heightened independence requirements. Pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, may, subject to certain conditions, opt out from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating, environmental, social and governance committee of the board of directors. In accordance with these regulations, we elected to opt out from these Companies Law requirements. Instead, we must comply with the director independence requirements, the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating, environmental, social and governance committee composition requirements under U.S. laws (including applicable Nasdaq rules) applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

The charter of the audit committee is available without charge at https://ir.innoviz.tech.

The members of the audit committee are Dan Falk, Ronit Maor and Orit Stav. Dan Falk serves as the Chairperson of the audit committee. The board of directors has designated Dan Falk as an “audit committee financial expert” and determined that each member is “financially literate” under the Nasdaq rules. The board of directors has also determined that each member of the audit committee is “independent” as defined under the Nasdaq rules and Exchange Act rules and regulations.

The charter of the compensation committee is available without charge at https://ir.innoviz.tech

The members of the compensation committee are Ronit Maor and Dan Falk. Ronit Maor serves as the Chairperson of the compensation committee. The board of directors has determined that each member of the compensation committee is “independent” as defined under the Nasdaq listing standards. The compensation committee has the authority to retain compensation consultants, outside counsel and other advisers.

In general, under the Companies Law, a public company must have a compensation policy approved by the board of directors after receiving and considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. In addition, a compensation policy must be approved at least once every three years, first, by the public company’s board of directors, upon recommendation of its compensation committee, and second, by a simple majority of the ordinary shares present, in person or by proxy, and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either:

In the event that the shareholders fail to approve the compensation policy in a duly convened meeting, the board of directors may nevertheless override that decision, provided that the compensation committee and then the board of directors decide, on the basis of detailed reasons and after further review of the compensation policy, that approval of the compensation policy is for the benefit of the company despite the failure of the shareholders to approve the policy.

If a company that adopts a compensation policy in advance of its initial public offering (or in our case, prior to the closing of the Business Combination) describes the policy in its prospectus for such offering, then that compensation policy shall be deemed validly adopted in accordance with the Companies Law and will remain in effect for term of five years from the date such company becomes a public company.

The compensation policy must serve as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of office holders, including exculpation, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The compensation policy must relate to certain factors, including advancement of the company’s objectives, business plan and long-term strategy, and creation of appropriate incentives for office holders. It must also consider, among other things, the company’s risk management, size and the nature of its operations. The compensation policy must furthermore consider the following additional factors:

The compensation policy must also include, among other things:

Our compensation policy, which became effective immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination, is designed to promote retention and motivation of directors and executive officers, incentivize superior individual excellence, align the interests of our directors and executive officers with our long-term performance and provide a risk management tool. To that end, a portion of an executive officer compensation package is targeted to reflect our short and long-term goals, as well as the executive officer’s individual performance. On the other hand, our compensation policy includes measures designed to reduce an executive officer’s incentives to take excessive risks that may harm us in the long-term, such as limits on the value of cash bonuses and equity-based compensation, limitations on the ratio between the variable and the total compensation of an executive officer and minimum vesting periods for equity-based compensation.

The compensation policy also addresses our executive officers’ individual characteristics (such as their respective positions, education, scope of responsibilities and contribution to the attainment of its goals) as the basis for compensation variation among our executive officers and considers the internal ratios between compensation of our executive officers and directors and other employees. Pursuant to our compensation policy, the compensation that may be granted to an executive officer may include: base salary, annual bonuses and other cash bonuses (such as a signing bonus and special bonuses with respect to any special achievements, such as outstanding personal achievement, outstanding personal effort or outstanding company performance), equity-based compensation, benefits and retirement and termination of service arrangements. All cash bonuses are limited to a maximum amount linked to the executive officer’s base salary. In addition, the total variable compensation components (cash bonuses and equity-based compensation) may not exceed 95% of each executive officer’s total compensation package with respect to any given calendar year.

The measurable performance objectives of our Chief Executive Officer may be determined annually by our compensation committee and board of directors and include the weight to be assigned to each achievement in the overall evaluation. A less significant portion of the Chief Executive Officer’s annual cash bonus may be based on a discretionary evaluation of the Chief Executive Officer’s overall performance by the compensation committee and the board of directors based on quantitative and qualitative criteria.

The equity-based compensation under the compensation policy for our executive officers is designed in a manner consistent with the underlying objectives in determining the base salary and the annual cash bonus. Primary objectives include enhancing the alignment between the executive officers’ interests and our long-term interests and those of our shareholders and strengthening the retention and the motivation of executive officers in the long term. Our compensation policy provides for executive officer compensation in the form of share options or other equity-based awards, such as restricted shares and restricted share units, in accordance with our share incentive plan then in place. All equity-based incentives granted to executive officers shall be subject to vesting periods in order to promote long-term retention of the awarded executive officers. Equity-based compensation shall be granted from time to time and be individually determined and awarded according to the performance, educational background, prior business experience, qualifications, role and the personal responsibilities of the executive officer.

In addition, the compensation policy contains compensation recovery provisions which allows us under certain conditions to recover bonuses paid in excess, enables our Chief Executive Officer to approve immaterial changes in the terms of employment of an executive officer (provided that the changes of the terms of employment are in accordance our compensation policy) and allows us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our executive officers and directors subject to certain limitations as set forth therein.

The compensation policy also provides for compensation to the members of our board of directors either (i) in accordance with the amounts provided in the Companies Regulations (Rules Regarding the Compensation and Expenses of an External Director) of 2000, as amended by the Companies Regulations (Relief for Public Companies Traded in Stock Exchange Outside of Israel) of 2000, as such regulations may be amended from time to time, or (ii) in accordance with the amounts determined in the compensation policy.

The charter of the nominating, environmental, social and governance committee is available without charge at https://ir.innoviz.tech .

Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability, in whole or in part, for damages caused as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our Articles include such a provision. An Israeli company may not exculpate a director from liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.

An Israeli company may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities and expenses incurred for acts performed as an office holder, either in advance of an event or following an event, provided a provision authorizing such indemnification is contained in its articles of association:

An Israeli company may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company’s articles of association:

An Israeli company may not indemnify or insure an office holder against any of the following:

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors (and, with respect to directors and the chief executive officer, by the shareholders). However, under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the insurance of office holders does not require shareholder approval and may be approved by only the compensation committee, if the engagement terms are determined in accordance with the company’s compensation policy, which was approved by the shareholders by the same special majority required to approve a compensation policy, provided that the insurance policy is on market terms and the insurance policy is not likely to materially impact the company’s profitability, assets or obligations.

Our Articles allow us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders for any liability imposed on them as a consequence of an act (including any omission) which was performed by virtue of being an office holder to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law. Our office holders are currently covered by a directors and officers’ liability insurance policy.

We have entered into agreements with certain of our directors and executive officers exculpating them in advance from liability to us for damages caused to us as a result of a breach of duty of care, and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law. This indemnification is limited to events determined as foreseeable by the board of directors based on our activities, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances.

The maximum indemnification amount set forth in such agreements is limited to an amount equal to the higher of $40,000,000 and 25% of our total shareholders’ equity on a consolidated basis as reflected in our most recent consolidated financial statements prior to the date on which the indemnity payment is made (other than indemnification for an offering of securities to the public, including by a shareholder in a secondary offering, in which case the maximum indemnification amount is limited to the gross proceeds raised by us and/or any selling shareholder in such public offering). The maximum amount set forth in such agreements is in addition to any amount paid (if paid) under insurance and/or by a third-party pursuant to an indemnification arrangement.

In the opinion of the SEC, indemnification of directors and office holders for liabilities arising under the Securities Act, however, is against public policy and therefore unenforceable.

There is no pending litigation or proceeding against any of our office holders as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any office holder.

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor based on the recommendation of the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor cannot be an interested party or an office holder or a relative of an interested party or an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or its representative. An “interested party” is defined in the Companies Law as: (i) a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in a company, (ii) any person or entity who has the right to designate one or more directors or to designate the chief executive officer of the company, or (iii) any person who serves as a director or as a chief executive officer of the company.

Ms. Sharon Cohen, CPA from Deloitte IL & Co, a firm in the Deloitte Global Network serves as our internal auditor.

We believe that our corporate culture and our relationship with our employees contribute to our success. Our employees are continuously innovating, and our structure rewards productivity. As of December 31, 2022, we had 468 employees.

In regard to our Israeli employees, Israeli labor laws govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and other conditions of employment. Subject to certain exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death or dismissal of an employee, and requires us and our employees to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Our employees have pension plans that comply with the applicable Israeli legal requirements and we make monthly contributions to severance pay funds for all employees, which cover potential severance pay obligations.

None of our employees work under any collective bargaining agreements. Extension orders issued by the Israeli government apply to us and affect matters such as cost of living adjustments to salaries, length of working hours and week, recuperation pay, travel expenses and pension rights.

We have never experienced labor-related work stoppages or strikes and believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our shares as of February 15, 2023 by:

The beneficial ownership of ordinary shares is determined in accordance with the SEC rules and generally includes any ordinary shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power. For purposes of the table below, we deem shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days as of February 15, 2023, and restricted share units that shall vest within 60 days of February 15 , 2023, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options or restricted share units for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The percentage of shares beneficially owned is based on 136,321,581 ordinary shares outstanding as of February 15, 2023.

All of our shareholders, including the shareholders listed below, have the same voting rights attached to their ordinary shares. Unless otherwise noted below, each shareholder’s address is 5 Uri Ariav Street, Building C, Rosh HaAin 4809202, Israel.

To our knowledge, other than as disclosed in the table above, our other filings with the SEC and this Annual Report, there has been no significant change in the percentage ownership held by any major shareholder since January 1, 2019. The major shareholders listed above do not have voting rights with respect to their ordinary shares that are different from the voting rights of other holders of our ordinary shares.

As a number of our shares are held in book-entry form, we are not aware of the identity of all of our shareholders. As of February 15, 2023, we had 128,947 ordinary shares held by 5 U.S. resident shareholders of record.

The following is a description of our related party transactions since January 1, 2022.

Exculpation, indemnification and insurance. Our Articles permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law. We have entered into agreements with certain of our office holders, exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to certain exceptions, including with respect to liabilities resulting from our initial public offering to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by insurance. See Item 6.C. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders.”

Rights of Appointment. As part of the Business Combination, our Articles include a provision which provides that Perception has the right to appoint, replace and remove one director to our board of directors so long it beneficially holds, together with any permitted transferee, in the aggregate at least 1,513,874 of our ordinary shares, which is equal to fifty percent (50%) of the total number of our ordinary shares Perception beneficially owned as of the date of the adoption of our Articles.

RavTech has provided engineering and operator services to the Company since December 2019. Fees paid to RavTech during fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $0, $100,000, and $71,000, respectively. Orit Stav, a director of the Company as of April 2021, is a director of RavTech. There are no amounts due to RavTech as of February 15, 2023.

Our board of directors has adopted a written related party transaction policy to set forth the policies and procedures for identifying related party transactions.

Not applicable.

See Item 18. “Financial Statements.”

From time to time, we may become involved in actions, claims suits, and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including assertions by third parties relating to intellectual property infringement, breaches of contract or warranties or employment-related matters. We are not currently a party to any material actions, claims, suits or other legal proceedings the outcome of which, if determined adversely to it, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and expand our business. Our board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our directors may deem relevant.

The Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Payment of dividends may be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See Item 10.E. “Taxation—Taxation and Government Programs—Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for additional information.

Our ordinary shares and warrants commenced trading on Nasdaq on April 6, 2021 under the trading symbols “INVZ” and “INVZW,” respectively. Prior to this, no public market existed for our ordinary shares or warrants.

Not applicable.

Our ordinary shares and warrants commenced trading on Nasdaq on April 6, 2021 under the trading symbols “INVZ” and “INVZW,” respectively. Prior to this, no public market existed for our ordinary shares or warrants.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

A copy of our Articles is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333‑265170) filed with the SEC on May 24, 2022. Other than as set forth below, the information called for by this Item is set forth in Exhibit 2.1 to this Annual Report and is incorporated by reference herein.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 136,185,264 ordinary shares and 16,231,141 warrants outstanding.

There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on our ordinary shares, proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Israel, except for shareholders who are subjects of countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.

Under Israeli law, we are required to hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year that must be held no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting. All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to in our Articles as “special general meetings”. Our board of directors may call special general meetings whenever it sees fit, at such time and place, within or outside of Israel, as it may determine. In addition, the Companies Law provides that our board of directors is required to convene a special general meeting upon the written request of (i) any two or more of our directors or one-quarter or more of the serving members of our board of directors or (ii) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, either (a) 5% or more of our outstanding issued shares and 1% or more of our outstanding voting power or (b) 5% or more of our outstanding voting power.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which, as a company listed on an exchange outside Israel, may be between four and 40 days prior to the date of the meeting. Furthermore, the Companies Law requires that resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of our shareholders:

The Companies Law requires that a notice of any annual general meeting or special general meeting be provided to shareholders at least 21 days prior to the meeting and if the agenda of the meeting includes, among other things, the appointment or removal of directors, the approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties or the approval of a merger, notice must be provided at least 35 days prior to the meeting. Under the Companies Law, shareholders are not permitted to take action by way of written consent in lieu of a meeting.

The following is a summary of each material contract, other than material contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we are or have been a party, for the two years immediately preceding the date of this Annual Report:

There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on our ordinary shares, proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Israel, except for shareholders who are subjects of countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and warrants. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other taxing jurisdiction.

The following is a brief summary of the material Israeli tax laws applicable to us, and certain Israeli Government programs that benefit us. This section also contains a discussion of material Israeli tax consequences concerning the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of such investors include residents of Israel or traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the appropriate tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this discussion. The discussion below is subject to change, including due to amendments under Israeli law or changes to the applicable judicial or administrative interpretations of Israeli law, which change could affect the tax consequences described below.

General corporate tax structure in Israel. Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax. In December 2016, the Israeli Parliament approved the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Applying the Economic Policy for the 2017 and 2018 Budget Years) which reduces the corporate income tax rate from 25% to 24% effective from January 1, 2017, and to 23% effective from January 1, 2018. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an Approved Enterprise, a Preferred Enterprise, a Special Preferred Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Technology Enterprise (as discussed below) may be considerably less. Capital gains derived by an Israeli company are generally subject to the corporate tax rate.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969. The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969, generally referred to as the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for “Industrial Companies.” We believe that we currently qualify as an Industrial Company within the meaning of the Industry Encouragement Law.

The Industry Encouragement Law defines an “Industrial Company” as an Israeli resident-company, of which 90% or more of its income in any tax year, other than income from certain government loans, is derived from an “Industrial Enterprise” owned by it and located in Israel or in the “Area”, in accordance with the definition under section 3A of the Ordinance. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise whose principal activity in a given tax year is industrial production.

Following are the main tax benefits available to Industrial Companies:

Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not contingent upon approval of any governmental authority.

Tax benefits and grants for research and development. Israeli tax law allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for expenditures, including capital expenditures, for the year in which they are incurred. Expenditures are deemed related to scientific research and development projects, if:

The amount of such deductible expenses is reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects. No deduction under these research and development deduction rules is allowed if such deduction is related to an expense invested in an asset depreciable under the general depreciation rules of the Ordinance. Expenditures that are unqualified under the conditions above are deductible in equal amounts over three years.

From time to time we may apply to the Israel Innovation Authority for approval to allow a tax deduction for all or most of research and development expenses during the year incurred. There can be no assurance that such application will be accepted. If we will not be able to deduct research and development expenses during the year of the payment, we will be able to deduct research and development expenses during a period of three years commencing in the year of the payment of such expenses.

Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959. The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, generally referred to as the Investment Law, provides certain incentives for capital investments in production facilities (or other eligible assets).

The Investment Law was significantly amended effective as of April 1, 2005 (the “2005 Amendment”), as of January 1, 2011 (the “2011 Amendment”) and as of January 1, 2017 (the “2017 Amendment”). Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, tax benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision by the 2005 Amendment remain in force, but any benefits granted subsequently are subject to the provisions of the amended Investment Law. Similarly, the 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits to replace those granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law in effect prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect prior to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead, irrevocably, to forego such benefits and have the benefits of the 2011 Amendment apply. The 2017 Amendment introduces new benefits for Technological Enterprises, alongside the existing tax benefits.

Tax benefits under the 2011 amendment. The 2011 Amendment cancelled the availability of the benefits granted to Industrial Companies under the Investment Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new benefits for income generated by a “Preferred Company” through its “Preferred Enterprise” (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law) as of January 1, 2011. The definition of a Preferred Company includes a company incorporated in Israel that is not fully owned by a governmental entity, and that has, among other things, Preferred Enterprise status and is controlled and managed from Israel. Pursuant to the 2011 Amendment, a Preferred Company is entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 15% with respect to its income derived by its Preferred Enterprise in 2011 and 2012, unless the Preferred Enterprise is located in a specified development zone, in which case the rate will be 10%. Under the 2011 Amendment, such corporate tax rate was reduced from 15% and 10%, respectively, to 12.5% and 7%, respectively, in 2013, 16% and 9% respectively, in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and 16% and 7.5%, respectively, in 2017 and thereafter. Income derived by a Preferred Company from a “Special Preferred Enterprise” (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) would be entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or 5% if the Special Preferred Enterprise is located in a certain development zone.

Dividends distributed from income which is attributed to a “Preferred Enterprise” will be subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporations – 0%, (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company the below rates detailed in sub sections (ii) and (iii) shall apply), (ii) Israeli resident individuals – 20%, and (iii) non-Israeli residents (individuals and corporations)–25% or 30%, and subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of any applicable double tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority (“ITA”) allowing for a reduced tax rate–20%) or a reduced tax rate under the provisions of any applicable double tax treaty.

The 2011 Amendment also provided transitional provisions to address companies already enjoying existing tax benefits under the Investment Law. These transitional provisions provide, among other things, that unless an irrevocable request is made to apply the provisions of the Investment Law as amended in 2011 with respect to income to be derived as of January 1, 2011, a Beneficiary Enterprise can elect to continue to benefit from the benefits provided to it before the 2011 Amendment came into effect, provided that certain conditions are met.

We do not currently intend to implement the 2011 Amendment.

New tax benefits under the 2017 Amendment that became effective on January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment was enacted as part of the Economic Efficiency Law that was published on December 29, 2016, and is effective as of January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment provides new tax benefits for two types of “Technology Enterprises,” as described below, and is in addition to the other existing tax beneficial programs under the Investment Law.

The 2017 Amendment provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a “Preferred Technology Enterprise” and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on income that qualifies as “Preferred Technology Income”, as defined in the Investment Law. The tax rate is further reduced to 7.5% for a Preferred Technology Enterprise located in development zone “A”. In addition, a Preferred Technology Company will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017 for at least ILS 200 million, and the sale receives prior approval from the Israel Innovation Authority.

The 2017 Amendment further provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions (group consolidated revenues of at least ILS 10 billion) will qualify as a “Special Preferred Technology Enterprise” and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on “Preferred Technology Income” regardless of the company’s geographic location within Israel. In addition, a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were either developed by the Special Preferred Enterprise or acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017, and the sale received prior approval from the Israel Innovation Authority. A Special Preferred Technology Enterprise that acquires Benefitted Intangible Assets from a foreign company for more than ILS 500 million will be eligible for these benefits for at least ten years, subject to certain approvals as specified in the Investment Law.

Dividends distributed to Israeli shareholders by a Preferred Technology Enterprise or a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise, paid out of Preferred Technology Income, are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% (in the case of non-Israeli shareholders—subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate, 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty, will apply). If such dividends are distributed to a foreign company that holds solely or together with other foreign companies 90% or more in the Israeli company and other conditions are met, the withholding tax rate will be 4%.

We believe that we may be eligible to receive the tax benefits under the 2017 Amendment. It should be noted that the proportion of income that may be considered Preferred Technology Income and enjoy the tax benefits described above should be calculated according to the Nexus Formula, which is based on the proportion as that of qualifying expenditures in the IP compared to overall expenditures.

Capital gains taxes applicable to non-Israeli resident shareholders. A non-Israeli resident who derives capital gains from the sale of shares in an Israeli resident company that were purchased after the company was listed for trading on a stock exchange outside of Israel should be exempt from Israeli tax unless, among other requirements, the shares were held through a permanent establishment that the non-resident maintains in Israel. If not exempt, a non-Israeli resident shareholder would generally be subject to tax on capital gain at the ordinary corporate tax rate (23% in 2023), if generated by a company, or at the rate of 25%, if generated by an individual, or 30%, if generated by an individual who is a “substantial shareholder” (as defined under the Tax Ordinance), at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12-month period (or if the shareholder claims a deduction for interest and linkage differences expenses in connection with the purchase and holding of such shares). A “substantial shareholder” is generally a person who, alone or together with such person’s relative or another person who collaborates with such person on a permanent basis, holds, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any of the “means of control” of the corporation. “Means of control” generally include, among others, the right to vote, receive profits, nominate a director or an executive officer, receive assets upon liquidation, or order someone who holds any of the aforesaid rights how to act, regardless of the source of such right. Individual and corporate shareholders dealing in securities in Israel are taxed at the tax rates applicable to business income (a corporate tax rate for a corporation (23% in 2023) and a marginal tax rate of up to 47% for an individual in 2023 (excluding surtax as discussed below)) unless contrary provisions in a relevant tax treaty apply. Non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemption if Israeli residents: (i) have a controlling interest more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation or (ii) are the beneficiaries of, or are entitled to, 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. In addition, such exemption is not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares are deemed to be business income.

Additionally, a sale of securities by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, under The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the State of Israel with respect to Taxes on Income, as amended (the “United States-Israel Tax Treaty”), the sale, exchange or other disposition of shares by a shareholder who is a United States resident (for purposes of the treaty) holding the shares as a capital asset and is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such a resident by the U.S. Israel Tax Treaty (a “Treaty U.S. Resident”) is generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax unless: (i) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel; (ii) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to royalties; (iii) the capital gain arising from the such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to a permanent establishment in Israel, under certain terms; (iv) such Treaty U.S. Resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of the voting capital during any part of the 12 month period preceding the disposition, subject to certain conditions; or (v) such Treaty U.S. Resident is an individual and was present in Israel for 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year. In each case, the sale, exchange or disposition of our ordinary shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. There is no assurance that any such Israeli tax would be creditable for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

In some instances where our shareholders may be liable for Israeli tax on the sale of their ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at source. Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale (i.e., tax residency certificate or other documentation).

Taxation of non-Israeli shareholders on receipt of dividends. Non-Israeli residents (either individuals or corporations) are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares at the rate of 25%, which tax will be withheld at source, unless relief is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). With respect to a person who is a “substantial shareholder” at the time of receiving the dividend or on any time during the preceding twelve months, the applicable tax rate is 30%. Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% so long as the shares are registered with a nominee company (whether the recipient is a substantial shareholder or not) and, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate, 15% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise or a Beneficiary Enterprise and 20% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise or Preferred Technology Enterprise or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the United States Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares who is a Treaty U.S. Resident is 25%. However, generally, the maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends, not generated by a Preferred Enterprise or Beneficiary Enterprise, that are paid to a United States corporation holding 10% or more of the outstanding voting capital throughout the tax year in which the dividend is distributed as well as during the previous tax year, is 12.5%, provided that not more than 25% of the gross income for such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest. Notwithstanding the foregoing, dividends distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise, Beneficiary Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise are not entitled to such reduction under the tax treaty but are subject to a withholding tax rate of 15% for a shareholder that is a U.S. corporation, provided that the conditions related to 10% or more holding and to our gross income for the previous year (as set forth in the previous sentence) are met. The aforementioned rates under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty would not apply if the dividend income is derived through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident in Israel. If the dividend is attributable partly to income derived from an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise, and partly to other sources of income, the withholding rate will be a blended rate reflecting the relative portions of the two types of income. We cannot assure you that we will designate the profits that we may distribute in a way that will reduce shareholders’ tax liability.

A non-Israeli resident who receives dividends from which tax was withheld is generally exempt from the obligation to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed, and (iii) the taxpayer is not obligated to pay surtax (as further explained below).

Surtax. Subject to the provisions of an applicable tax treaty, individuals who are subject to tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income (including, but not limited to, dividends, interest and capital gain) exceeding ILS 698,280 for 2023, which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index.

Estate and Gift Tax. Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and warrants. This description addresses only the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) that hold our ordinary shares or warrants as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code, and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This discussion is based upon the Code, applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative pronouncements and judicial decisions, in each case as in effect on the date hereof, all of which are subject to change (possibly with retroactive effect). No ruling has been or will be requested from the IRS regarding the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership or disposition of the ordinary shares and warrants, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with the discussion set out below. This summary does not address any U.S. tax consequences other than U.S. federal income tax consequences (e.g., the estate and gift tax, the alternative minimum tax or the Medicare tax on net investment income) and does not address any state, local or non-U.S. tax consequences.

This description does not address tax considerations applicable to holders that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation:

For purposes of this description, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares or warrants that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is:

If a partnership (or any other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares or warrants, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our ordinary shares or warrants in its particular circumstance.

You should consult your tax advisor with respect to the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our ordinary shares and warrants.

Subject to the discussion under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” below, the gross amount of any distribution made to you with respect to our ordinary shares, before reduction for any Israeli taxes withheld therefrom, generally will be includible in your income as dividend income on the date on which the dividends are actually or constructively received, to the extent such distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent that the amount of any distribution by us exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, it will be treated first as a tax free return of your adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares and thereafter as capital gain. However, we do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles and, therefore, you should expect that the entire amount of any distribution generally will be reported as dividend income to you. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder you may qualify for the lower rates of taxation with respect to dividends on ordinary shares applicable to long term capital gains (i.e., gains from the sale of capital assets held for more than one year), provided that we are not a PFIC (as discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations”) with respect to you in our taxable year in which the dividend was paid or in the prior taxable year and certain other conditions are met, including certain holding period requirements and the absence of certain risk reduction transactions. However, such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to corporate U.S. Holders.

Dividends paid to you with respect to our ordinary shares generally will be treated as foreign source income, which may be relevant in calculating your foreign tax credit limitation. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, Israeli tax withheld on dividends may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability or, at your election, be deducted from your U.S. federal taxable income. An election to deduct creditable foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits would generally apply to all such foreign taxes paid or accrued in such taxable year. Dividends that we distribute generally should constitute “passive category income” for purposes of the foreign tax credit. A foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on distributions may be denied if you do not satisfy certain minimum holding period requirements. Pursuant to applicable United States Treasury regulations, however, if a U.S. Holder is not eligible for the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty or does not elect to apply such treaty, then such holder may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit arising from any foreign tax imposed on a distribution on our ordinary shares, depending on the nature of such foreign tax. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and you should consult your tax advisor to determine whether and to what extent you would be entitled to this credit, including your eligibility for benefits under an applicable income tax treaty and the potential impact of the applicable United States Treasury regulations.

Subject to the discussion under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” below, you generally will recognize gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares or warrants equal to the difference between the amount realized on such sale, exchange or other disposition and your adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares or warrants, and such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, capital gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares or warrants is currently generally eligible for a preferential rate of taxation applicable to capital gains, if your holding period for such ordinary shares or warrants exceeds one year (i.e., such gain is long term capital gain). The deductibility of capital losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes is subject to limitations under the Code. Any such gain or loss that a U.S. Holder recognizes generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

In addition, pursuant to applicable United States Treasury regulations, if a U.S. Holder is not eligible for the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty or does not elect to apply such treaty, then such holder may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit arising from any foreign tax imposed on the disposition of our ordinary shares, depending on the nature of such foreign tax. The rules governing the treatment of foreign taxes imposed on a U.S. Holder and foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors as to whether the Israeli tax on gains may be creditable or deductible in light of their particular circumstances, including their eligibility for benefits under an applicable income tax treaty and the potential impact of applicable United States Treasury regulations.

Except as discussed below with respect to the cashless exercise of a warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the acquisition of an ordinary share on the exercise of a warrant for cash. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ordinary shares received upon exercise of warrants generally should be an amount equal to the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the warrants exchanged therefor and the exercise price. The U.S. Holder’s holding period for ordinary shares received upon exercise of warrants will begin on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly on the date of exercise) of the warrants and will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the warrants. If a warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such holder’s tax basis in the warrant.

The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of a warrant are not clear under current U.S. federal income tax law. A cashless exercise may be tax-deferred, either because the exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In either tax-deferred situation, a U.S. Holder’s basis in the ordinary shares received would equal the U.S. Holder’s basis in the warrants exercised therefore. If the cashless exercise is not treated as a realization event, a U.S. Holder’s holding period in the ordinary shares would be treated as commencing on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly on the date of exercise) of the warrants. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the ordinary shares would include the holding period of the warrants exercised therefore.

It is also possible that a cashless exercise of a warrant could be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized in the manner set forth above under “Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Ordinary Shares and Warrants.” In such event, a U.S. Holder could be deemed to have surrendered warrants equal to the number of ordinary shares having an aggregate fair market value equal to the exercise price for the total number of warrants to be exercised. The U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount generally equal to the difference between (i) the fair market value of the warrants deemed surrendered and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such warrants deemed surrendered. In this case, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ordinary shares received would equal the sum of (i) U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the warrants deemed exercised and (ii) the exercise price of such warrants. A U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares received in such case generally would commence on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly on the date of exercise) of the warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise of warrants, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise of warrants.

The terms of each warrant provide for an adjustment to the number of ordinary shares for which the warrant may be exercised or to the exercise price of the warrant in certain events. An adjustment which has the effect of preventing dilution generally is not taxable. A U.S. Holder of a warrant would, however, be treated as receiving a constructive distribution from us if, for example, the adjustment increases the holder’s proportionate interest in our assets or earnings and profits (for instance, through an increase in the number of ordinary shares that would be obtained upon exercise of such warrant) as a result of a distribution of cash or other property such as other securities to the holders of the ordinary shares which is taxable to such holders under “Distributions on Ordinary Shares” above. Such constructive distribution would be subject to tax as described under that section in the same manner as if the U.S. Holder of such warrant received a cash distribution from us equal to the fair market value of such increased interest.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if at least (i) 75% of its gross income is classified as “passive income” or (ii) 50% of its gross assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, gains from commodities and securities transactions and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets which produce passive income. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash are considered passive assets, and goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are generally taken into account. In making this determination, the non-U.S. corporation is treated as earning its proportionate share of any income and owning its proportionate share of any assets of any corporation in which it directly or indirectly holds 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

We believe we were not a PFIC for our taxable year ending December 31, 2022. However, as discussed below, whether we were a PFIC for any given taxable year is based on a complex and factual determination and there is no assurance that the IRS will agree with our determination. Based on the current and anticipated composition of our income, assets and operations, and those of our subsidiaries, we cannot be sure as to whether we will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ending December 31, 2023 or in future taxable years. However, because PFIC status is based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for our current taxable year or future taxable years until after the close of the applicable taxable year. Moreover, we must determine our PFIC status annually based on tests that are factual in nature, and our status in the current year and future years will depend on our income, assets and activities in each of those years and, as a result, cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date hereof. The value of our assets (including unbooked goodwill) for purposes of the PFIC determination may be determined by reference to the trading value of our ordinary shares, which could fluctuate significantly.

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of our ordinary shares or warrants and, in the case of our ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder did not make either a timely qualified electing fund (“QEF”) election or a mark-to-market election for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder held (or was deemed to hold) ordinary shares, as described below, such holder generally will be subject to special rules with respect to:

Under these rules,

In general, if we are determined to be a PFIC, a U.S. Holder may avoid the PFIC tax consequences described above with respect to our ordinary shares (but not our warrants) by making a timely QEF election (if eligible to do so) to include in income its pro rata share of our net capital gains (as long-term capital gain) and other earnings and profits (as ordinary income), on a current basis, in each case whether or not distributed, in the taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which or with which our taxable year ends.

A U.S. Holder generally may make a separate election to defer the payment of taxes on undistributed income inclusions under the QEF rules, but if deferred, any such taxes will be subject to an interest charge. A U.S. Holder may not make a QEF election with respect to its warrants. As a result, if a U.S. Holder sells or otherwise disposes of such warrants (other than upon exercise of such warrants), under currently proposed Treasury regulations, any gain recognized generally may be subject to the special tax and interest charge rules treating the gain as an excess distribution, as described above, if we were a PFIC at any time during the period the U.S. Holder held the warrants. If a U.S. Holder that exercises such warrants properly makes a QEF election with respect to the newly acquired ordinary shares (or has previously made a QEF election with respect to our ordinary shares), the QEF election will apply to the newly acquired ordinary shares, but the adverse tax consequences relating to PFIC shares, adjusted to take into account the current income inclusions resulting from the QEF election, will continue to apply with respect to such newly acquired ordinary shares (which generally will be deemed to have a holding period for purposes of the PFIC rules that includes the period the U.S. Holder held the warrants), unless the U.S. Holder makes a purging election. One type of purging election creates a deemed sale of such shares at their fair market value. Any gain recognized in this deemed sale will be subject to the special tax and interest charge rules treating the gain as an excess distribution, as described above. As a result of this election, the U.S. Holder will have additional basis and, solely for purposes of the PFIC rules, a new holding period in the ordinary shares acquired upon the exercise of the warrants. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the application of the rules governing purging elections to their particular circumstances (including a potential separate “deemed dividend” purging election that may be available if we are a “controlled foreign corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes).

The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and, once made, can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A U.S. Holder generally makes a QEF election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 (Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund), including the information provided in a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return for the tax year to which the election relates. Retroactive QEF elections generally may be made only by filing a protective statement with such return and if certain other conditions are met or with the consent of the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a retroactive QEF election under their particular circumstances.

In order to comply with the requirements of a QEF election, a U.S. Holder must receive a PFIC Annual Information Statement from us. There can be no assurance, however, that we will timely provide such information for the current taxable year or subsequent taxable years. The failure to provide such information on an annual basis could prevent a U.S. Holder from making a QEF election or result in the invalidation or termination of a U.S. Holder’s prior QEF election.

If a U.S. Holder has made a QEF election with respect to our ordinary shares, and the special tax and interest charge rules do not apply to such shares (because of a timely QEF election for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) such shares or a purge of the PFIC taint pursuant to a purging election, as described above), any gain recognized on the sale of our ordinary shares generally will be taxable as capital gain and no interest charge will be imposed under the PFIC rules. As discussed above, U.S. Holders of a QEF are currently taxed on their pro rata shares of its earnings and profits, whether or not distributed. In such case, a subsequent distribution of such earnings and profits that were previously included in income generally should not be taxable as a dividend to such U.S. Holders. The tax basis of a U.S. Holder’s shares in a QEF will be increased by amounts that are included in income, and decreased by amounts distributed but not taxed as dividends, under the above rules.

Although a determination as to our PFIC status will be made annually, an initial determination that our company is a PFIC will generally apply for subsequent years to a U.S. Holder who held ordinary shares or warrants while we were a PFIC, whether or not we meet the test for PFIC status in those subsequent years. A U.S. Holder who makes the QEF election discussed above for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) ordinary shares, however, will not be subject to the PFIC tax and interest charge rules discussed above in respect to such shares. In addition, such U.S. Holder will not be subject to the QEF inclusion regime with respect to such ordinary shares for any taxable year of us that ends within or with a taxable year of the U.S. Holder and in which we are not a PFIC. On the other hand, if the QEF election is not effective for each of our taxable years in which we are a PFIC and the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) ordinary shares, the PFIC rules discussed above will continue to apply to such ordinary shares unless the U.S. Holder makes a purging election, as described above, and pays the tax and interest charge with respect to the gain inherent in such shares attributable to the pre-QEF election period.

Alternatively, if a U.S. Holder, at the close of its taxable year, owns shares in a PFIC that are treated as marketable stock, the U.S. Holder may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such shares for such taxable year. If the U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election for the first taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) ordinary shares and for which we are determined to be a PFIC, such U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to the PFIC rules described above in respect to its ordinary shares. Instead, in general, the U.S. Holder will include as ordinary income each year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of its ordinary shares at the end of its taxable year over the adjusted basis in its ordinary shares. Such a U.S. Holder also will be allowed to take an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of its ordinary shares over the fair market value of its ordinary shares at the end of its taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election). Such U.S. Holder’s basis in its ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts, and any further gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of the ordinary shares will be treated as ordinary income. Currently, a mark-to-market election may not be made with respect to our warrants.

The mark-to-market election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, including Nasdaq, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines, has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election in respect to our ordinary shares under their particular circumstances.

Certain of the PFIC rules may impact U.S. Holders with respect to equity interests in subsidiaries and other entities which we may hold, directly or indirectly, that are PFICs (collectively, “Lower-Tier PFICs”). There can be no assurance, however, that we do not own, or will not in the future acquire, an interest in a subsidiary or other entity that is or would be treated as a Lower-Tier PFIC. If we own any interests in a Lower-Tier PFIC, a U.S. Holder generally must make a separate QEF election for each Lower-Tier PFIC, subject to our providing the relevant tax information for each Lower-Tier PFIC on an annual basis. A mark-to-market election generally would not be available with respect to any Lower-Tier PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

A U.S. Holder of a PFIC may be required to file an IRS Form 8621 on an annual basis in certain circumstances which include, but are not limited to, if a U.S. Holder recognizes gain on a disposition of such ordinary shares or receives distributions with respect to such ordinary shares. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding any reporting requirements that may apply to them if we are a PFIC.

The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF and mark-to-market elections are very complex, are unclear in certain respects, and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of ordinary shares or warrants should consult their tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to our ordinary shares or warrants under their particular circumstances.

Distribution payments on, and proceeds paid from the sale or other taxable disposition of, the ordinary shares and warrants may be subject to information reporting to the IRS. In addition, a U.S. Holder may be subject to backup withholding on payments received in connection with distribution payments and proceeds from the sale or other taxable disposition of ordinary shares or warrants made within the United States or through certain U.S. related financial intermediaries.

Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder that furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number, provides other required certification and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules or that is otherwise exempt from backup withholding (and, when required, demonstrates such exemption). Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, any amount withheld under the backup withholding rules will be creditable or refundable against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Certain U.S. Holders are required to report their holdings of certain foreign financial assets, including equity of foreign entities, if the aggregate value of all of these assets exceeds certain threshold amounts, by filing IRS Form 8938 with their federal income tax return. Our ordinary shares and warrants are expected to constitute foreign financial assets subject to these requirements unless the ordinary shares or warrants are held in an account at certain financial institutions. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding their information reporting obligations, if any, with respect to their ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and warrants and the significant penalties for non-compliance.

The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and warrants. You should consult your tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. We are required to make certain filings with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.

Our ordinary shares and warrants are quoted on Nasdaq. Information about us is also available on our website at https://innoviz.tech/. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto will not be deemed to be incorporated into this Annual Report and you should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our ordinary shares or warrants.

Not applicable.

We are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, which are discussed in detail below.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our cash equivalents consisted of interest-bearing short-term deposits and marketable securities. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of interest of the Bank of Israel, and U.S. Federal Reserve interest rates. Due to the short-term nature and the low-risk profile of our interest-bearing accounts, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term restricted bank deposits or on our financial position or results of operations. We are not currently exposed to significant market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates; however, we have contracted with and may continue to contract with vendors located in China, Europe and Israel. Our operations may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the future.

We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our financial results are reported in USD, and changes in the exchange rate between USD and local currencies in those countries in which we operate (primarily the ILS) may affect the results of our operations. In the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 98% of our revenues were denominated in USD. The USD cost of our operations in countries other than the United States, may be negatively influenced by revaluation of the USD against other currencies.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the value of the USD appreciated against the value of the ILS by approximately 13.2%. Our most significant foreign currency exposures are related to our operations in Israel. The company hedges its anticipated exposure by exchanging USD into ILS in amounts sufficient to fund up to three months of operations, and monitors foreign currency exchange rates over time.

Not applicable.

None.

None.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies. In addition, we are an emerging growth company and, accordingly, are exempt from the requirement to provide such a report.

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We have adopted a Code of Ethics and Conduct that applies to all our employees, officers and directors, including our principal executives, principal financials and principal accounting officers. Our Code of Ethics and Conduct addresses, among other things, competition and fair dealing, conflicts of interest, financial matters and external reporting, company funds and assets, confidentiality and corporate opportunity requirements and the process for reporting violations of the Code of Ethics and Conduct, employee misconduct, conflicts of interest or other violations. Our Code of Ethics and Conduct is intended to meet the definition of “code of ethics” under Item 16B of Form 20-F under the Exchange Act.

We will disclose on our website any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Ethics and Conduct that applies to our directors or executive officers to the extent required under the rules of the SEC or Nasdaq. Our Code of Ethics and Conduct is available on our website at https://ir.innoviz.tech/. The information contained on or through our website, or any other website referred to herein, is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report. You may request a copy of our Code of Ethics and Conduct, free of charge, by writing to us at the following address: investors@innoviz-tech.com.

Audit fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include fees for the audit of our annual financial statements. This category also includes services that the independent accountant generally provides, such as consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC as well as certain fees related to the audit in connection with our business combination transaction in 2021.

None.

Tax fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were related to ongoing tax advisory, tax compliance and tax planning services.

None.

Not applicable.

None.

None.

We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act) and our ordinary shares are listed on Nasdaq. We believe the following to be the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those applicable to U.S. companies under the Nasdaq listing standards. Under the Nasdaq rules, listed companies that are foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions specified by the Nasdaq with limited exceptions. We rely on this “home country practice exemption” with respect to the quorum requirement for shareholder meetings. As permitted under the Companies Law, pursuant to our Articles, the quorum required for an ordinary meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by other voting instrument in accordance with the Companies Law, who hold at least 25% of the voting power of our shares (and in an adjourned meeting, with some exceptions, any number of shareholders), instead of 33 1/3% of the issued share capital required under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules.

We otherwise comply with and intend to continue to comply with the rules generally applicable to U.S. domestic companies listed on the Nasdaq. We may in the future, however, decide to use other foreign private issuer exemptions with respect to some or all the other Nasdaq listing rules. Following our home country governance practices may provide less protection than is accorded to investors under the Nasdaq listing rules applicable to domestic issuers.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

We have provided financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

The audited consolidated financial statements as required under Item 18 are attached hereto starting on page F-1 of this Annual Report. The audit report of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global, an independent registered public accounting firm, is included herein preceding the audited consolidated financial statements.

List all exhibits filed as part of the registration statement or annual report, including exhibits incorporated by reference.

Certain agreements filed as exhibits to this Annual Report contain representations and warranties that the parties thereto made to each other. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to such agreements and may have been qualified by certain information that has been disclosed to the other parties to such agreements and that may not be reflected in such agreements. In addition, these representations and warranties may be intended as a way of allocating risks among parties if the statements contained therein prove to be incorrect, rather than as actual statements of fact. Accordingly, there can be no reliance on any such representations and warranties as characterizations of the actual state of facts. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of any such representations and warranties may have changed since the date of such agreements.