For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had net income of $1,491,456. Net income is comprised primarily of earnings on marketable securities held in the trust account of $3,877,306 and interest earned on cash held in the trust account of $112,069, offset by insurance expense amortization of $334,739, legal and accounting expenses of $1,528,977, listing fees of $85,000, formation and operating costs of $385,996, advertising and marketing expenses of $162,530 and administrative expenses of $677.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net income of $567,541. Net income is comprised primarily of earnings on marketable securities held in the trust account of $1,312,150 and unrealized earnings on marketable securities held in the trust account of $379,763, offset by insurance expense amortization of $463,980, legal and accounting expenses of $397,266, listing fees of $175,357, formation and operating costs of $72,777, advertising and marketing expenses of $12,233 and administrative expenses of $2,759.
Liquidity, Capital Resources and Going Concern
On December 13, 2021, we consummated our initial public offering of 11,500,000 units, at $10.00 per unit, which included the full exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option in the amount of 1,500,000 units, generating gross proceeds of $115,000,000.
Simultaneously with the closing of our initial public offering, we completed the private sale of an aggregate of 6,850,000 private placement warrants to our prior sponsor at a purchase price of $1.00 per private placement warrant, generating gross proceeds of $6,850,000.
A total of $117,300,000 of the proceeds from our initial public offering and the sale of the private placement warrants was placed in a U.S.-based trust account at J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. maintained by Continental, acting as trustee. On December 13, 2023, the Company transferred amounts held in the Trust Account from J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. to Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC. maintained by Continental, acting as trustee.
Transaction costs of our initial public offering amounted to $6,822,078, consisting of $2,300,000 of underwriting discount, $4,025,000 of deferred underwriting discount, and $497,078 of actual offering costs. Of these amounts, $302,696 was allocated to the public warrants and charged against additional paid-in capital and $6,519,382 were allocated to Class A ordinary shares, reducing the initial carrying amount of such shares.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $3,220,499. Net income of $1,491,456 was decreased by earnings on marketable securities held in the trust account of $103,081, and offset by an increase of $1,832,124 in operating assets and liabilities.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $37,262. Net income of $567,541 was adjusted by unrealized earnings on marketable securities held in the trust account of $379,763 and a $225,040 decrease in operating assets and liabilities.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and marketable securities held in the trust account of $47,466,611 and $118,992,274, respectively (including redemptions of $77,625,038, dividend income of $3,877,306, interest income of $112,069, and $2,110,000 of deposits for extension payments for the year ending December 31, 2023 and dividend income of $1,312,150 and unrealized earnings on marketable securities held in trust account of $379,763 for the year ending December 31, 2022), consisting of cash and securities held in a money market fund that invests in U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity of 185 days or less.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash of $7,567 and $436,972 held outside the trust account, respectively. We intend to use the funds held outside the trust account primarily to identify and evaluate target businesses, perform business due diligence on prospective target businesses, travel to and from the offices, plants or similar locations of prospective target businesses or their representatives or owners, review corporate documents and material agreements of prospective target businesses, and structure, negotiate and complete a business combination.
We may need to raise additional funds in order to meet the expenditures required for operating our business prior to our initial business combination. We expect to incur significant costs related to identifying a target business, undertaking in-depth due diligence and negotiating an initial business combination. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of time within one year from the date that the financial statements are issued. In order to fund working capital deficiencies