mainly due to a rise in total block hours flown in 2022 in addition to an increase in accommodation costs for MNG’s aircrew and higher airport charges due to inflation as well as an increase in the capacity as previously described.
The increase in MNG’s cost of sales was also attributable to an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $5,644,497, or 18.5%, from $30,433,527 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $36,078,024 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to capitalization of the conversion costs of the new A330-P2F300 aircraft in 2022, which was included in MNG’s fleet in 2021 but started operations with full capacity in 2022 as previously described.
Additionally, the increase in MNG’s cost of sales was also attributable to an increase in personnel expenses. Personnel expenses increased by $5,606,856, or 21.0%, from $ 26,662,213 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $ 32,269,069 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to the increase in the number of employees and an increase in salaries compared to 2021.
Administrative expenses
Administrative expenses increased by $1,647,494, or 16.1%, from $10,230,621 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $11,878,115 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in consulting expenses. Consulting expenses increased by $1,494,867, or 429.0%, from $348,420 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,843,287 for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was mainly attributable to consulting expenses relating to the Business Combination. The increase in administrative expenses was partially offset by a decrease in personnel expenses, which decreased by $861,942, or 14.8%, from $5,822,194 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $4,960,252 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was due to a decrease in the U.S. dollar equivalent of the amount of provision for severance payments due to the depreciation of the Turkish lira against the U.S. dollar in 2022.
Marketing expenses
Marketing expenses increased by $725,845, or 73.4%, from $989,303 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,715,148 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in marketing expenses was due to an increase in public relations costs incurred relating to the Business Combination.
Other operating income (expenses), net
Other operating income (expenses), net decreased by $1,810,549, or 64.3%, from $2,816,471 in income for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,005,922 in income for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in other income (expenses), net was primarily due to a decrease in foreign exchange gain arising from operations. The foreign exchange gain (losses) arising from operations, net decreased by $477,635, or 40.0%, from a $1,194,651 gain for the year ended December 31, 2021 to a $717,016 gain for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was attributable to a decrease in the foreign exchange gains arising from operations, due to a decrease in MNG’s total trade receivables. This decrease was also attributable to a decrease in the insurance income and overdue interest, which was mainly attributable to no insurance claims being incurred in the current year which is different from the prior year.
Finance income (expense), net
Finance income (expense), net decreased by $12,438,520, or 97.0%, from $12,821,370 in expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $382,850 in expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to a decrease in foreign exchange loss. Foreign exchange gain (loss), net decreased by $11,964,000, or 93%, from $12,861,739 loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $897,739 loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was mainly due to the fact that the euro depreciated more against the
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