Primega Group Holdings Limited (PGHL) 424B4Prospectus supplement with pricing info

1,750,000 Ordinary Shares

Primega Group Holdings Limited

This is the initial public offering of the ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per ordinary share (“Ordinary Shares” or “Shares”), of Primega Group Holdings Limited (“PGHL”), an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We are offering 1,500,000 Ordinary Shares of PGHL, representing 6.25% of the issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares following completion of this offering. Mr. Man Siu Ming, the Selling Shareholder is offering 250,000 Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 1.0% of the Ordinary Shares following completion of this offering. Following this offering, approximately 7.3% of the Ordinary Shares will be held by shareholders for general trading.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Ordinary Shares. The initial public offering price of our Ordinary Shares is $4.00 per share. We have received the approval letter to have our Ordinary Shares listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PGHL.”

Investors are cautioned that you are buying shares of a Cayman Islands holding company with operations in Hong Kong by its operating subsidiary.

PGHL is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with no material operations of its own, and we conduct our operations primarily in Hong Kong through our operating subsidiary, Primega Construction Engineering Co. Limited. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in the prospectus are to PGHL, the Cayman Islands entity that will issue the Ordinary Shares being offered. References to “Primega Construction” are to Primega Construction Engineering Co. Limited, the entity operating the business. This is an offering of the Ordinary Shares of PGHL, the holding company in the Cayman Islands, instead of the shares of the operating subsidiary. Investors in this offering will not directly hold any equity interests in the operating subsidiary.

Investing in our Ordinary Shares is highly speculative and involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our Ordinary Shares in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 20 of this prospectus.

Our operations are primarily located in Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC”), and therefore, we may be subject to unique risks due to uncertainty of the interpretation and the application of PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not subject to the PRC government’s direct influence or discretion over the manner in which we conduct our business activities outside of the PRC. However, due to long-arm provisions under the current PRC laws and regulations, there remains regulatory uncertainty with respect to the implementation and interpretation of laws in China. We are also subject to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government or authorities in Hong Kong in this regard.

Should the PRC government choose to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, they may intervene in or influence our operations. Such governmental actions:

We are aware that recently, the PRC government has initiated a series of regulatory actions and new policies to regulate business operations in certain areas in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity (“VIE”) structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon the legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any. It is also highly uncertain what the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on Primega Construction’s daily business operation, its ability to accept foreign investments and the listing of our Ordinary Shares on U.S. or other foreign exchanges. The PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in Hong Kong-based issuers. The PRC government may also intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to move out of Hong Kong to distribute earnings and pay dividends or to reinvest in our business outside of Hong Kong. Furthermore, PRC regulatory authorities may in the future promulgate laws, regulations or implementing rules that require our company or any of our subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval from PRC authorities before this offering. These actions could result in a material change in our operations and could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to complete this offering or cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Prospectus Summary — Recent Regulatory Development in the PRC” beginning on page 13.

As of the date of this prospectus, our operations in Hong Kong and our registered public offering in the United States are not subject to the review nor prior approval of the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) nor the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”). Uncertainties still exist, however, due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future. In the event that (i) the PRC government expanded the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC and that we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals, or (ii) we inadvertently concluded that relevant permissions or approvals were not required or that we did not receive or maintain relevant permissions or approvals required, any action taken by the PRC government could significantly limit or completely hinder our operations in Hong Kong and our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless and even delisting of our Ordinary Shares. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment in the future.

Furthermore, as more stringent criteria, including the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”), have been imposed by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), recently, our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading if our auditor cannot be fully inspected. Our auditor, ZH CPA, LLC, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess ZH CPA, LLC’s compliance with applicable professional standards. ZH CPA, LLC is headquartered in Denver, Colorado, and can be inspected by the PCAOB. On August 26, 2022, CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC (the “MOF”), and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”), governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong. The Protocol remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. On December 29, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the Accelerating HFCA Act, was signed into law, which amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three. On December 29, 2022, legislation titled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”), was signed into law by President Biden. The Consolidated Appropriations Act contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating HFCA Act, which reduces the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two. We cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities will apply additional or more stringent criteria to us. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to be materially and adversely affected.

Our management monitors the cash position of our operating subsidiary regularly and prepares budgets on a monthly basis to ensure it has the necessary funds to fulfill its obligations for the foreseeable future and to ensure adequate liquidity. In the event that there is a need for cash or a potential liquidity issue, it will be reported to our chief financial officer and subject to approval by our board of directors.

For PGHL to transfer cash to its subsidiaries, PGHL is permitted under the laws of the Cayman Islands and its memorandum and articles of association (as amended from time to time) to provide funding to our subsidiaries incorporated in the BVI and Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions. PGHL’s subsidiary formed under the laws of the BVI is permitted under the laws of the BVI to provide funding to our Hong Kong operating subsidiary Primega Construction subject to certain restrictions laid down in the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended) and memorandum and articles of association of PGHL’s subsidiary incorporated under the laws of the BVI. As a holding company, PGHL may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its subsidiaries for its cash and financing requirements. According to the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended), a BVI company may make dividends distribution to the extent that immediately after the distribution, the value of the company’s assets exceeds its liabilities and that such company is able to pay its debts as they fall due. According to the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong, a Hong Kong company may only make a distribution out of profits available for distribution. If any of PGHL’s subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to PGHL. During the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the six months ended September 30, 2023 and up to the date of this prospectus, PGHL did not declare or pay any dividends and there was no transfer of assets among PGHL and its subsidiaries. We do not have any current intentions to distribute further earnings. If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our Hong Kong operating subsidiary Primega Construction by way of dividend payments. See “Dividend Policy,” and “Consolidated Statements of Change in Shareholders’ Equity in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” for further details.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer” for additional information.

Upon the completion of this offering, 24,000,000 Ordinary Shares will be outstanding. PGHL will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because, immediately after the completion of this offering, the Controlling Shareholder of PGHL will own 17,840,000 of the total issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, representing 74.3% of the total voting power.

We expect our total cash expenses for this offering (including cash expenses payable to our underwriters for their out-of-pocket expenses) to be approximately US$2,327,000 exclusive of the above discounts. In addition, we will pay additional items of value in connection with this offering that are viewed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), as underwriting compensation. These payments will further reduce proceeds available to us before expenses. See “Underwriting.”

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the shares if any such shares are taken. Based on the public offering price per share of US$4.00, the total underwriting discounts payable will be US$490,000 and the total proceeds to us, before expenses, will be US$5,580,000 and the total proceeds to the Selling Shareholder, before expenses, will be US$930,000.

If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us and to the Selling Shareholder on the closing date.

The underwriters expect to deliver the Ordinary Shares against payment as set forth under “Underwriting” on or about July 24, 2024.

Bancroft Capital, LLC

The date of this prospectus is July 22, 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriters take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell our Ordinary Shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or the sale of any Ordinary Shares.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

PGHL is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned by non-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the SEC we currently qualify for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

Until and including August 16, 2024 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade our Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS PROSPECTUS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to:

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

PGHL is a holding company with operations conducted in Hong Kong through its operating subsidiary in Hong Kong, Primega Construction. Primega Construction’s reporting currency is Hong Kong dollars. This prospectus contains translations of Hong Kong dollars into U.S. dollars solely for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Hong Kong dollars to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Hong Kong dollars in this prospectus were calculated at the noon buying rate of US$1 = HK$7.8, representing the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of HK$ as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on the last trading day of September 30, 2023. We make no representation that the HKD or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or HKD, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. PGHL’s fiscal year ends on March 31.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and opinions contained in this prospectus are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. Forward-looking statements include statements about:

You should refer to the section titled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus before deciding to invest in our Ordinary Shares. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in Hong Kong

Our operations are in Hong Kong, a special administrative region of the PRC. According to the long-arm provisions under the current PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares. The PRC government may intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to move money out of Hong Kong to distribute earnings and pay dividends or to reinvest in our business outside of Hong Kong. Changes in the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government may also be quick with little advance notice and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system cannot be certain.

PGHL is a holding company and we conduct our operations in Hong Kong through Primega Construction. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not materially affected by recent statements by the PRC government indicating an intention to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. However, due to certain long-arm provisions in the current PRC laws and regulations, there remains regulatory uncertainty with respect to the implementation and interpretation of laws in China as they may affect Hong Kong. The PRC government may choose to exercise additional oversight and discretion over Hong Kong, and the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government to which we are subject may change rapidly and with little advance notice to us or our shareholders. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system are by their very nature uncertain.

In addition, these PRC laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, which may result in inconsistency with our current policies and practices. New laws, regulations, and other government directives in the PRC may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance, any associated inquiries or investigations, or any other government actions may:

We are aware that recently the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a VIE structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon the PRC legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond or what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or what the potential impact that any such modified or new laws and regulations would have on our daily business operation, the ability to accept foreign investments and list on a U.S. or other foreign exchange.

The PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in Hong Kong-based issuers, which may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares. For example, there is currently no restriction or limitation under the laws of Hong Kong on the conversion of Hong Kong dollar into foreign currencies and the transfer of currencies out of Hong Kong and the laws and regulations of the PRC on currency conversion control do not currently have any material impact on the transfer of cash between the ultimate holding company and the operating subsidiary in Hong Kong. However, the PRC government may, in the future, impose restrictions or limitations on our ability to move money out of Hong Kong to distribute earnings and pay dividends to and from the other entities within our organization or to reinvest in our business outside of Hong Kong. Such restrictions and limitations, if imposed in the future, may delay or hinder the expansion of our business to outside of Hong Kong and may affect our ability to receive funds from our operating subsidiary in Hong Kong. The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case, that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact our ability to conduct our business could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance; decrease demand for our services; reduce revenues; increase costs; require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals, or certificates; or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are implemented, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected and the value of our Ordinary Shares could decrease or become worthless.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC and Hong Kong laws, rules, and regulations.

A substantial majority of our operations are conducted in Hong Kong, and are mainly governed by Hong Kong laws, rules, and regulations. The legal system in Hong Kong is a common law system, based on a combination of English common law, local cases and local legislation. However, our Hong Kong operating subsidiary Primega Construction may become subject to laws, rules, and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. These laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement could be unpredictable with little advance notice, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws, rules, and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws, rules, and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China or may be subject to significant degrees of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies. In particular, because these laws, rules, and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the non-binding nature of such decisions, and because the laws, rules, and regulations often give the relevant regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules, and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation.

Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems.

If the PRC government chooses to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China based issuers, such action may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

Recent statements by the PRC government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China based issuers. On July 10, 2021, for comments from the public, the CAC issued the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (the “Revised Draft”), which required that, among others, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure” any “data processor” controlling personal information of no less than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Revised Draft, companies holding data or more than one million users must apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking overseas listings because of the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” On December 28, 2021, the CAC published the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures (“CRM”), which further restates and expands the applicable scope of the cybersecurity review. The revised CRM took effect on February 15, 2022, and replaced the Revised Draft issued on July 10, 2021. Pursuant to the revised CRM, if a network platform operator holding personal information of over one million users seeks for “foreign” listing, it must apply for the cybersecurity review. Our business belongs to the construction industry, which does not involve the collection of user data, implicate cybersecurity, or involve any other type of restricted industry. As a result, the likelihood of us being subject to the review of the CAC is remote.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. On the same date of the issuance of the Trial Measures, the CSRC circulated No.1 to No.5 Supporting Guidance Rules, the Notes on the Trial Measures, the Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and the relevant CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions on the official website of the CSRC, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. The Trial Measures, together with the Guidance Rules and Notice, reiterate the basic supervision principles as reflected in the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations by providing substantially the same requirements for filings of overseas offering and listing by domestic companies, yet made the following updates compared to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations: (a) further clarification of the circumstances prohibiting overseas issuance and listing; (b) further clarification of the standard of indirect overseas listing under the principle of substance over form, and (c) adding more details of filing procedures and requirements by setting different filing requirements for different types of overseas offering and listing. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, the Guidance Rules and Notice, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. 

As of the date of this prospectus, our registered public offering in the United States is not subject to the review or prior approval of the CAC nor the CSRC. We do not intend to seek approval of this offering from the CAC or the CSRC. Uncertainties still exist, however, due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future. It is uncertain whether the PRC government will adopt additional requirements or extend the existing requirements to apply to our operating subsidiary located in Hong Kong. Any future action by the PRC government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

In the event that (i) the PRC government expands the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC such that we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals; or (ii) we inadvertently concluded that relevant permissions or approvals were not required or that we did not receive or maintain relevant permissions or approvals required, any action taken by the PRC government could significantly limit or completely hinder our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer our Ordinary Shares to investors, and cause the value of such Shares to significantly decline or become worthless.

Adverse regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review, and additional disclosure requirements and regulatory scrutiny to be adopted by the SEC in response to risks related to recent regulatory developments in China may impose additional compliance requirements for companies like us with Hong Kong-based operations, all of which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to additional disclosure requirements.

Currently, Hong Kong has a separate legal system from mainland China, and it has its legislative framework and judiciary independent of that of the PRC government. Nonetheless, the recent regulatory developments in China, in particular with respect to restrictions on China-based companies raising capital offshore, may lead to additional regulatory review in China over our financing and capital raising activities in the United States. In addition, we may be subject to industry-wide regulations that may be adopted by the relevant PRC authorities, which may have the effect of limiting our service offerings, restricting the scope of our operations in Hong Kong, or causing the suspension or termination of our business operations in Hong Kong entirely. We may have to adjust, modify, or completely change our business operations in response to adverse regulatory changes or policy developments, and we cannot assure you that any remedial action adopted by us can be completed in a timely, cost efficient, or liability-free manner or at all.

On July 30, 2021, in response to the recent regulatory developments in China and actions adopted by the PRC government, the Chairman of the SEC issued a statement asking the SEC staff to seek additional disclosures from offshore issuers associated with China-based operating companies (including Hong Kong) before their registration statements will be declared effective. On August 1, 2021, the CSRC issued a statement saying that it had taken note of the new disclosure requirements announced by the SEC regarding the listings of Chinese companies and the recent regulatory development in China, and that both countries should strengthen communications on regulating China-related issuers. Since we operate in Hong Kong, we cannot guarantee that we will not be subject to tightened regulatory review and we could be exposed to government interference from China.

We may become subject to a variety of PRC laws and other obligations regarding data security offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and may hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The law requires data collection to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner, and stipulates that, for the purpose of data protection, data processing activities must be conducted based on data classification and hierarchical protection system for data security.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws.

On August 20, 2021, the 30^th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13^th National People’s Congress voted and passed the “Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” (“PRC Personal Information Protection Law”), which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PRC Personal Information Protection Law applies to the processing of personal information of natural persons within the territory of China that is carried out outside of China where (1) such processing is for the purpose of providing products or services for natural persons within China, (2) such processing is to analyze or evaluate the behavior of natural persons within China, or (3) there are any other circumstances stipulated by related laws and administrative regulations.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. On the same date of the issuance of the Trial Measures, the CSRC circulated No.1 to No.5 Supporting Guidance Rules, the Notes on the Trial Measures, the Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and the relevant CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions on the official website of the CSRC, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. The Trial Measures, together with the Guidance Rules and Notice, reiterate the basic supervision principles as reflected in the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations by providing substantially the same requirements for filings of overseas offering and listing by domestic companies, yet made the following updates compared to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations: (a) further clarification of the circumstances prohibiting overseas issuance and listing; (b) further clarification of the standard of indirect overseas listing under the principle of substance over form, and (c) adding more details of filing procedures and requirements by setting different filing requirements for different types of overseas offering and listing. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, the Guidance Rules and Notice, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. 

On December 28, 2021, the CAC jointly with the relevant authorities formally published Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which took effect on February 15, 2022, and replaced the former Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020) issued on July 10, 2021. Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) stipulates that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operators (together with the operators of critical information infrastructure, the “Operators”) carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, and any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country.

Given that (1) our operating subsidiary is incorporated in Hong Kong or the BVI and are located in Hong Kong; (2) we have no subsidiary, VIE structure, nor any direct operations in mainland China; and (3) pursuant to the Basic Law, which is a national law of the PRC and the constitutional document for Hong Kong, national laws of the PRC shall not be applied in Hong Kong except for those listed in Annex III of the Basic Law (which is confined to laws relating to defense and foreign affairs, as well as other matters outside the autonomy of Hong Kong), we do not currently expect the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, the Trial Measures, the Guidance Rules and Notice, have an impact on our business, operations, or this offering. Our belief is grounded on the following: (1) we do not believe that our operating subsidiary falls within the definition of an “Operator” that is required to file for cybersecurity review before listing in the United States, because (2) our operating subsidiary is incorporated in Hong Kong and operates in Hong Kong without any subsidiary or VIE structure in mainland China and each of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, and the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, the Trial Measures, the Guidance Rules and Notice remains unclear whether it shall be applied to a company based in Hong Kong; (3) as of the date of this prospectus, our operating subsidiary has neither collected nor stored personal information of any PRC individuals; (4) all of the data our operating subsidiary has collected is stored in servers located in Hong Kong; and (5) as of the date of this prospectus, our Operating Subsidiary has not been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that it file for a cybersecurity review or a CSRC review.

However, since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon the legislative or administrative regulation-making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any. It is also highly uncertain what the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on the daily business operations of our operating subsidiary, their respective abilities to accept foreign investments and the listing of our Ordinary Shares on a U.S. or other foreign exchanges. There remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations. If the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations are adopted into law in the future and becomes applicable to our operating subsidiary, if our operating subsidiary is deemed an “Operator” that is required to file for cybersecurity review before listing in the United States, or if the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) or the PRC Personal Information Protection Law becomes applicable to our operating subsidiary, the business operation of our operating subsidiary and the listing of our Ordinary Shares in the United States could be subject to the CAC’s cybersecurity review or CSRC Overseas Issuance and Listing review in the future. If our operating subsidiary becomes subject to the CAC or CSRC review, we cannot assure you that our operating subsidiary will be able to comply with the regulatory requirements in all respects, and the current practice of collecting and processing personal information may be ordered to be rectified or terminated by regulatory authorities. In the event of a failure to comply, our operating subsidiary may become subject to fines and other penalties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and financial condition and may hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

Although the audit report included in this prospectus is prepared by U.S. auditors who are currently inspected by the PCAOB, there is no guarantee that future audit reports will be issued by auditors inspected by the PCAOB and, as such, in the future investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection. Furthermore, trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCA Act if the SEC subsequently determines our audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, may determine to delist our securities. Furthermore, on December 23, 2022 the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act was enacted, which amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, and thus, reduced the time before the securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

The audit report included in this prospectus was issued by ZH CPA, LLC, a U.S.-based accounting firm that is registered with the PCAOB and can be inspected by the PCAOB. We have no intention of dismissing ZH CPA, LLC in the future or of engaging any auditor not based in the U.S. and not subject to regular inspection by the PCAOB. There is no guarantee, however, that any future auditor engaged by the Company would remain subject to full PCAOB inspection during the entire term of our engagement. The PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities. Currently, our U.S. auditor’s audit work for us can be inspected by the PCAOB, and we have no operations in mainland China. However, if there is significant change to current political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong, companies operated in Hong Kong like us may face similar regulatory risks as those operated in PRC, and we cannot assure you that our auditor’s audit work for us will continue to be able to be inspected by the PCAOB. If it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate our auditor completely, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection. Any audit reports not issued by auditors that are completely inspected by the PCAOB could result in a lack of assurance that our financial statements and disclosures are adequate and accurate.

Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside mainland China have at times identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work undertaken in mainland China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating auditors’ audits and their quality control procedures. As a result, if any component of our auditor’s work papers become located in mainland China in the future, such work papers will not be subject to inspection by the PCAOB. As a result, investors would be deprived of such PCAOB inspections, which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access of the U.S. capital markets.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular mainland China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress that, if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate the audit work performed by a foreign public accounting firm for such issuers completely. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges such as the Nasdaq of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. It is unclear if this proposed legislation will be enacted. Furthermore, there have been recent deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act, which includes requirements for the SEC to identify issuers whose audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a restriction imposed by a non-U.S. authority in the auditor’s local jurisdiction. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the HFCA Act on December 2, 2020, and the HFCA Act was signed into law on December 18, 2020. Additionally, in July 2020, the U.S. President’s Working Group on Financial Markets issued recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch, the SEC, the PCAOB or other federal agencies and department with respect to Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms, in an effort to protect investors in the United States. In response, on November 23, 2020, the SEC issued guidance highlighting certain risks (and their implications to U.S. investors) associated with investments in China-based issuers and summarizing enhanced disclosures the SEC recommends China-based issuers make regarding such risks.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements in the HFCA Act. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to public companies whose stock is registered with the SEC and are identified by the SEC as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and whose audit work that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The final amendments require any identified registrant to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that the registrant is not owned or controlled by a government entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction, and they also require, among other things, disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and government influence on, such registrants. Pursuant to the HFCA act, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor cannot be inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our Ordinary Shares being delisted.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its audit work cannot be inspected when its auditor is subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three and, thus, would reduce the time before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction in connection with their audit works because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On November 5, 2021, the SEC approved the PCAOB’s Rule 6100, Board Determinations Under the HFCA Act. Rule 6100 provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. In addition, the PCAOB’s report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations.

On August 26, 2022, CSRC, the MOF, and the PCAOB signed the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong. The Protocol remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with requirements imposed by U.S. regulators if there is significant change to current political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong or if any component of our auditor’s work papers become located in mainland China in the future. Delisting of our Ordinary Shares would force holders of our Ordinary Shares to sell their Ordinary Shares. The market price of our Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of these executive or legislative actions, regardless of whether these executive or legislative actions are implemented and regardless of our actual operating performance. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. On December 23, 2022, the Accelerating HFCA Act, was signed into law, which amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three. On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law by President Biden. The Consolidated Appropriations Act contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating HFCA Act, which reduces the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two.

Our registered public accounting firm, ZH CPA, LLC, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, and was not identified in this report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination.

The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCA Act, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Future developments in respect to increasing U.S. regulatory access to audit information are uncertain, as the legislative developments are subject to the legislative process and the regulatory developments are subject to the rule-making process and other administrative procedures.

The recent joint statement by the SEC, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and an act passed by the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering, business operations, share price, and reputation.

U.S. public companies with substantially all of their operations in China (including in Hong Kong) have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators, and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies, or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.

On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China, reiterating past SEC and PCAOB statements on matters including the difficulty associated with inspecting accounting firms and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets and the difficulty of bringing and enforcing SEC, Department of Justice and other U.S. regulatory actions, including in instances of fraud, in emerging markets generally.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act.

On May 21, 2021, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market”; (ii) prohibit Restrictive Market companies from directly listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, and only permit them to list on Nasdaq Global Select or Nasdaq Global Market in connection with a direct listing; and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

As a result of this scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity, the traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity will have on us, our offerings, business, and our share price. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. This situation will be costly and time consuming and distract our management from developing our growth. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, we and our business operations will be severely affected and you could sustain a significant decline in the value of our share.

The enactment of the Law of the PRC on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the “Hong Kong National Security Law”) could impact our Hong Kong operating subsidiary.

On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress adopted the Hong Kong National Security Law. This law defines the duties and government bodies of the Hong Kong National Security Law for safeguarding national security and four categories of offenses — secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security — and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, former U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act (“HKAA”) into law, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. On August 7, 2020, the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on 11 individuals, including the then HKSAR chief executive, Carrie Lam, and, John Lee, who succeeded to HKSAR chief executive on July 1, 2022. On October 14, 2020, the U.S. State Department submitted to relevant committees of Congress the report required under HKAA, identifying persons materially contributing to “the failure of the Government of China to meet its obligations under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law.” In July 2021, President Joe Biden warned investors about the risks of doing business in Hong Kong, issuing an advisory saying China’s push to exert more control over Hong Kong threatens the rule of law and endangers employees and data. The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions may directly affect the foreign financial institutions as well as any third parties or customers dealing with any foreign financial institution that are targeted. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the Hong Kong National Security Law and HKAA on Hong Kong and companies located in Hong Kong. If our subsidiaries are determined to be in violation of the Hong Kong National Security Law or the HKAA by competent authorities, our business operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we become subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed China-based companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the matter, which could harm our business operations, this offering, and our reputation and could result in a loss of your investment in our Ordinary Shares, in particular if such matter cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.

During the last several years, U.S.-listed companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, financial commentators, and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting, and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies that have been the subject of such scrutiny has sharply decreased in value. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions that are conducting internal and/or external investigations into the allegations.

If we become the subject of any such scrutiny, whether any allegations are true or not, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend the Company. Such investigations or allegations would be costly and time consuming and likely would distract our management from our normal business and could result in our reputation being harmed. Our stock price could decline because of such allegations, even if the allegations are false.

A downturn in the Hong Kong, China, or the global economy, or a change in economic and political policies of China, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our business may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, and social conditions in Hong Kong and China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, and allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but they may have a negative effect on us.

Economic conditions in Hong Kong and China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may affect potential clients’ confidence in financial market as a whole and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

Because our business is conducted in Hong Kong dollars and the price of our Ordinary Shares is quoted in U.S. dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the value of your investments.

Our business is conducted in Hong Kong through our operating subsidiary; our books and records are maintained in Hong Kong dollars, which is the currency of Hong Kong; and the financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are presented in U.S. dollars. Changes in the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and U.S. dollar affect the value of our assets and the results of our operations in U.S. dollars. The value of the Hong Kong dollar against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the Hong Kong’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of Hong Kong and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the Hong Kong dollar may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue, and financial condition. Further, our Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus are denominated in U.S. dollars, and we will need to convert the net proceeds we receive into Hong Kong dollar in order to use the funds for our business. Changes in the conversion rate between the U.S. dollar and the Hong Kong dollar will affect that amount of proceeds we will have available for our business.

Since 1983, Hong Kong dollars have been pegged to the U.S. dollars at the rate of approximately HK$7.80 to US$1.00. We cannot assure you that this policy will not be changed in the future. If the pegging system collapses and Hong Kong dollars suffer devaluation, the Hong Kong dollar cost of our expenditures denominated in foreign currency may increase. This would in turn adversely affect the operations and profitability of our business.

There are political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Any adverse economic, social, and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance, or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market and the business operations of the Company. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative, and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems.” However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since our operation is based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.

Under the Basic Law, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. Based on certain recent development, including the Hong Kong National Security Law issued by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China and, at the time, President Trump signed an executive order and HKAA to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the United States, China, and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business.

Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect to China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties that could limit the availability of legal protections.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. Following British colonial rule from 1842 to 1997, China assumed sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. The laws previously in force in Hong Kong, that is, the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law are maintained. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and customs operations, and its independent judiciary system and parliamentary system. On July 14, 2020, the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong post-1997. As the autonomy currently enjoyed may be compromised, it could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may, in turn, bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business and operations. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.

Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in Hong Kong, where our customers reside.

Political events, international trade disputes, and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and they could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers, our service providers, and our other partners. International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures that may materially and adversely affect our business.

Tariffs could increase the cost of the services and products, which could affect customers’ investment decisions. In addition, political uncertainty surrounding international trade disputes and the potential of their escalation to trade war and global recession could have a negative effect on customer confidence, which could materially and adversely affect our business. We also may have access to fewer business opportunities, and our operations may be negatively impacted as a result. In addition, the current and future actions or escalations by either the United States or China that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our markets, our business, or our results of operations, as well as the financial condition of our clients, and we cannot provide any assurances as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

PGHL is a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and to service any debt we may incur. We do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain any earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

There are no statutory prohibitions in the Cayman Islands on the granting of financial assistance by a company to another person for the purchase of, or subscription for, its own, its holding company’s or a subsidiary’s shares. Therefore, a company may provide financial assistance provided the directors of the company, when proposing to grant such financial assistance, discharge their duties of care and act in good faith, for a proper purpose and in the interests of the company. Such assistance should be on an arm’s-length basis. Subject to a solvency test, as prescribed in the Companies Act, and the provisions, if any, of the company’s memorandum and articles of association, a company may pay dividends and distributions out of its share premium account. In addition, based upon English case law which is likely to be persuasive in the Cayman Islands, dividends may be paid out of profits.

According to the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended), a BVI company may make dividends distribution to the extent that immediately after the distribution, the value of the company’s assets exceeds its liabilities and that such company is able to pay its debts as they fall due. According to the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong, a Hong Kong company may only make a distribution out of profits available for distribution. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect to dividends paid by us. Any limitation on the ability of our Hong Kong subsidiary to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Our lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting may affect our ability to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, which may affect the market for and price of our Ordinary Shares.

Prior to filing the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources for addressing our internal control over financial reporting. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as well as other control deficiencies for the above mentioned periods. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified related to (i) inadequate segregation of duties for certain key functions due to limited staff and resources, and (ii) a lack of independent directors and an audit committee. We intend to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to address the underlying causes of these material weaknesses, including (i) hiring more qualified staff to fill the key roles in the operations, and (ii) appointing independent directors, establishing an audit committee, and strengthening corporate governance. We intend to implement the above measures prior to the listing, and we expect the remediation to be completed upon listing.

We will be subject to the requirement that we maintain internal controls and that management perform periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal controls. Effective internal control over financial reporting is important to prevent fraud. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the market for and trading price of our Ordinary Shares, may be materially and adversely affected if we do not have effective internal controls. We may not discover any problems in a timely manner, and in such an event, our shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. The absence of internal controls over financial reporting may inhibit investors from purchasing our Ordinary Shares and may make it more difficult for us to raise funds in a debt or equity financing. Additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies may be identified in the future. If we identify such issues or if we are unable to produce accurate and timely financial statements, our stock price may decline, and we may be unable to maintain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a concentrated customer base and any decrease in the number of projects with our major customers would adversely affect our operations and financial results.

For the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the six months ended September 30, 2023, a significant portion of our revenue was derived from a small number of customers. Our largest customers, which each contributed more than 10% of our revenue, accounted for approximately 88.26%, 65.0% and 87.61% of our total revenue for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and six months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. For the same period, our largest customer was Customer C, an independent third party, Chi Yip (as defined below), and Customer B, an independent third party, respectively, which accounted for approximately 42.67%, 31.17% and 44.71% of our revenue, respectively.

Chi Yip Eng. & (Trans.) Company Limited (“Chi Yip”), a related party, was one of our major customers for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Income from soil and rock transportation services rendered to Chi Yip amounted to approximately US$2,830,435 and US$3,268,003 of our revenue, accounting for approximately 25.40% and 31.17%, of our total revenues for the corresponding periods, respectively. Primega Construction also provided site management services to Chi Yip, which contributed approximately US$39,184 and US$121,605 for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Such income from site management services is recorded under other income. Primega Construction ceased to provide soil and rock transportation and site management services to Chi Yip during the six months ended September 30, 2023, and recorded no revenue from Chi Yip for the period.

The soil and rock transportation projects of our operating subsidiary are on a project-by-project basis, and we do not enter into any long-term service agreements with customers. There is no assurance that Primega Construction will be able to retain its customers upon expiry of the contract period or that they will maintain their current level of business with us in the future. If there is a significant decrease in the number of projects or size of projects in terms of contract sums awarded by major customers for whatever reason, and if we are unable to obtain suitable projects of a comparable size and quantity as replacement, our financial conditions and operating results would be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if any of the major customers of Primega Construction experiences any liquidity problem, it may result in delay or default in settling progress payments to us, which in turn will have an adverse impact on our cash flow and financial condition. We cannot guarantee that Primega Construction will be able to diversify its customer base by obtaining a significant number of new projects from our existing and potential customers.

Our business is subject to the risk of non-payment or delayed payment by our customers, including related parties, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We have significant accounts receivable due from major customers, which includes our related party. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022 and September 30, 2023, our largest customers, each having contributed more than 10% of our revenue, accounted for an aggregate of approximately 91.29%, 77.89% and 68.17% of our accounts receivables, respectively. Accounts receivables due from our related party, Chi Yip, accounted for 32.82%, 45.34% and 20.25% of our consolidated accounts receivables for the same periods, respectively.

The ability of these parties, including our related parties, to pay their obligations may be adversely affected by changes in their financial condition or other factors. We may experience difficulty collecting accounts receivable due to disputes or financial difficulties of these customers, which could result in write-offs or bad debt expense, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, and results of operations.

Our revenue mainly relies on successful tenders or acceptance of quotations for soil and rock transportation projects that are non-recurring in nature, and any failure in securing projects from our existing customers and/or new customers in the future would affect our business operation and financial results.

Primega Construction secures its soil and rock transportation projects mainly through a competitive tender or quotation process and was awarded each contract on a non-recurring basis. Primega Construction does not have any long-term commitment with its customers, and the customers have no obligation to award any new projects to us. As such, we cannot assure that existing customers or potential customers will invite Primega Construction to participate in their tendering processes or submit quotations, or that Primega Construction will be able to secure projects from them in the future. Upon completion of our contracts on hand, in the event that we are unable to receive new tender or quotation invitations or be awarded new contracts, our business in general and our results of operations and financial performance may be adversely and materially affected.

Our operating results are difficult to predict.

Revenue from our operating segments have varied significantly in the past and may continue to do so in the future. Factors that cause our operating results to be unpredictable include other factors described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Factors that Affect Results of Operations” of this prospectus. Any of the foregoing factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere herein, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations that could adversely affect our share price.

Fluctuations in the price or availability of biodiesel oil may adversely affect our financial results.

Biodiesel oil represents a significant portion of our operational costs. An increase in fuel prices would directly increase the cost of operating our sizeable fleet of tipper trucks, as well as the cost of engaging other subcontractors to provide transportation. If Primega Construction is unable to increase the tender prices for its soil and rock transportation projects to cover the increased fuel costs, our profitability may be adversely affected. Fuel costs can fluctuate significantly and is subject to many economic and political factors that are beyond our control, including political instability in oil-producing regions and the global geopolitical landscape. In the event of a significant rise in fuel prices, our related costs may increase and our gross profit may decrease if we are unable to adopt any effective cost control measures or pass on the rising costs to our customers.

Primega Construction’s capacity to provide soil and rock transportation services is limited by availability of machinery and equipment.

Primega Construction requires tipper trucks and drivers to carry out its soil and rock transportation services. As of the date of this prospectus, Primega Construction has 43 tipper trucks available for our projects. Our directors estimate the average utilization rates for tipper trucks for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the six months ended September 30, 2023 was approximately 95%. Excluding down time for repair and maintenance, the utilization rate is estimated to be close to 100%. The high utilization rate required Primega Construction to rent trucks from third parties and engage subcontractors to provide transportation from time to time, and re-schedule the delivery requests made by its project teams for the use of the trucks.

There is no certainty that we will be able to successfully rent trucks from third parties or engage subcontractors to provide transportation, to do so at a competitive rate, or successfully re-schedule requests from our project sites without affecting the fulfillment of our projects. Furthermore, Primega Construction’s expansion and growth in the earthworks sector is limited by the number of its tipper trucks and excavation machines. The inability of Primega Construction to increase our fleet of tipper trucks and machinery would expose us to associated risks in areas of our business expansion, our contract fulfillment and impact our costs and profitability.

Primega Construction depends on third parties for machinery and equipment and supplies essential to operate its business.

Primega Construction relies on suppliers and subcontractors to lease machinery and equipment to us and provide transportation services for its customers to support its operations. We cannot assure you that our favorable working relationships with our suppliers and subcontractors will continue in the future. As Primega Construction does not sign any long term contracts with its suppliers and subcontractors, there is no assurance that they will be able to continue to provide equipment and services at acceptable prices or that it can maintain our relationship with them in the future. In the event that any of the major suppliers and subcontractors are unable to provide the required equipment and services and we are unable to engage alternative providers on similar terms, or the costs for such equipment and services increase substantially, our business and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Any failure, damage or loss of Primega Construction’s machinery and equipment may adversely affect our operations and financial performance.

Primega Construction’s soil and rock transportation services rely on machinery and equipment. If Primega Construction fails to remain attentive to and invest in suitable site equipment to cope with any latest development in such market trends or demands and to cater to different needs and requirements of different customers, overall competitiveness of our operating subsidiary and thus our financial performance and operation results may be adversely affected.

In addition, there is no assurance that Primega Construction’s machinery and equipment will not be damaged or lost as a result of, among others, improper operation, accidents, fire, adverse weather conditions, theft or robbery. Machinery and equipment may also break down or fail to function normally due to wear and tear or mechanical or other issues. If any failed, damaged or lost site equipment cannot be repaired and/or replaced in a timely manner, our operations and financial performance could be adversely affected.

If leakage of biodiesel oil occurs during the transportation process, Primega Construction may be liable for related accidents and our reputation and business operation may be affected.

Primega Construction delivers biodiesel oil to its customers using diesel tank wagons. Primega Construction’s diesel tang wagon picks up the required quantity of biodiesel oil from the oil depots designated by its suppliers for delivery to its customers. Biodiesel oil is pumped from our diesel tank wagon directly to the drums or containers designated by customers. Oil leakage may occur during the transportation process. Leakage of biodiesel oil or other hazardous substances can cause health and environmental risks, including pollution, and can cause fire and explosions. If an accident occurs, Primega Construction will be liable and subject to potential claims, penalty and criminal prosecution. In such event, our reputation and business operations may be adversely affected.

Primega Construction’s ability to obtain and maintain biodiesel oil at suitable prices is essential for our biodiesel oil trading.

Primega Construction’s ability to obtain and maintain suitable pricing for its services is essential. The price Primega Construction charges customers for its biodiesel oil is determined based on a cost-plus approach with mark-up determined based on two main factors, namely (i) the purchase cost of biodiesel oil from wholesalers, and (ii) the delivery location of the customer. If the cost of biodiesel oil increases significantly, Primega Construction may not be able to pass the increase in cost fully to its customers, which will put significant pressure on the demand for our biodiesel oil and our profit margins from sale of biodiesel oil.

The construction services industry is highly schedule driven, and failure to meet the schedule requirements of contracts could adversely affect our reputation and/or expose us to financial liability.

In some instances, including in the case of many of fixed unit price contracts, of Primega Construction, it guarantees that it will complete a project by a certain date. Any failure to meet contractual schedule or completion requirements set forth in the contracts could subject us to responsibility for costs resulting from the delay, generally in the form of contractually agreed-upon liquidated damages, liability for Primega Construction’s customer’s actual costs arising out of its delay, reduced profits or a loss on that project, damage to our reputation, and a material adverse impact to our financial position.

Failure to maintain safe work sites could result in significant losses, which could materially affect our business and reputation.

Because employees of Primega Construction and other parties on site are often in close proximity with mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, chemical substances, and dangerous manufacturing processes, our construction and maintenance sites are potentially dangerous workplaces. Therefore, safety is a primary focus of our business and is critical to our reputation and performance. Many of the clients require that Primega Construction meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid on contracts, and some of the contract fees or profits are subject to satisfying safety criteria. Unsafe work conditions also can increase employee turnover, which increases project costs and, therefore, our overall operating costs. If Primega Construction fails to implement safety procedures or implement ineffective safety procedures, employees could be injured, and we or Primega Construction could be exposed to investigations and possible litigation. Primega Construction and our failure to maintain adequate safety standards through safety programs could also result in reduced profitability or the loss of projects or clients.

We may not be able to bill and receive the full amount of gross amounts due from customers for contract work, and our revenue may fluctuate due to variation orders.

Our revenue from construction contracts is recognized when our construction work performed is certified by the relevant customers and/or architects or consultants engaged by the customers. Gross amounts due from customers for contract work arise when progress billings have not yet taken place as at a financial period end date in respect to the construction work performed by us during that financial period. There is no assurance that Primega Construction will be able to bill and receive the full amount of gross amounts due from its customers for contract work, as it may not be able to reach an agreement with the customers on the value of work done. If it is unable to do so, our results of operation, liquidity, and financial position may be adversely affected.

Furthermore, the aggregate amount of revenue that Primega Construction is able to derive from a project may deviate from the original contract sum specified in the relevant contract for the project due to variations (including addition, modification, or cancellation of certain contract work) instructed by its customers from time to time during the course of project execution. As such, there is no assurance that the amount of revenue derived from the projects will not be substantially different from the original contract sum as specified in the relevant contracts, and our financial condition may be adversely affected by any decrease in our revenue as a result of variation orders.

Primega Construction relies on its subcontractors and suppliers to help complete our projects and to supply the machinery required.

In line with the usual practice of the construction industry in Hong Kong, Primega Construction engages third-party subcontractors to perform a portion of the work instead of retaining a large pool of labor with different skill sets to maximize our cost efficiency and flexibility. As is customary in the industry, subcontractors are informally engaged, with services rendered invoiced and settled periodically. Primega Construction also relies on its subcontractors for supply of machinery required for carrying out its operations. Our total subcontracting charges accounted for a significant portion of our cost of sales for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the six months ended September 30, 2023.

Apart from the effect of any significant increase in the subcontracting costs that may impact our profitability, we or our operating subsidiary may also be exposed to other legal liabilities if we are not able to monitor the performance of our subcontractors, or if our subcontractors violate any laws, rules, or regulations in relation to health and safety matters. We are further exposed to risks associated with any non-performance, delayed performance, or sub-standard performance by our subcontractors or their respective employees and may incur additional costs or be subject to liability due to delay in schedule or defect in the work of the subcontractors or if there is any accident-causing personal injuries or death to the subcontractors’ employees. These events may adversely impact our profitability, financial performance, and reputation, as well as result in litigation or damages claims.

In addition, Primega Construction’s subcontractors may not always be readily available when its needs for subcontracting arise, and there is no assurance that we would be able to maintain good working relationships with our subcontractors in the future. Since we have not entered into any long-term service agreement with the subcontractors, they are not obliged to work for us in future projects on similar terms and conditions. There is no assurance that we would be able to find suitable alternative subcontractors that meet our project needs and requirements to complete the projects, which would in turn adversely affect our performance capacity and financial results.

Further, pursuant to the Employment Ordinance under Hong Kong law, a main contractor, or a main contractor and every superior subcontractor, is jointly and severally liable to pay any wages that become due to an employee who is employed by a subcontractor on any work that the subcontractor has contracted to perform, if such wages are not paid within the period specified in the Employment Ordinance. Our operations and, hence, our financial position may be adversely affected if any of our subcontractors violates its obligations to pay its employees.

As Primega Construction from time to time engage subcontractors in its work, it may bear responsibilities for any non-performance, delayed performance, sub-standard performance, or non-compliance of our subcontractors.

Primega Construction subcontracts certain portions of its projects, such as piling construction, reinforcement fixing, concreting work, to its subcontractors who are independent third parties. Subcontracting may expose us to risks associated with non-performance, delayed performance, or sub-standard performance by our subcontractors. As a result, Primega Construction may experience deterioration in the quality or delivery of its work, incur additional costs due to the delays, suffer a higher price in sourcing the services, equipment or supplies in default, or be subject to liability under the relevant projects. Such events could impact upon our profitability, financial performance, and reputation, or result in litigation or damage claims.

There is no assurance that Primega Construction would be able to monitor the performance of its subcontractors as directly and efficiently as with our own staff. If the subcontractors fail to meet requirements, Primega Construction may experience delay in project completion, quality issues concerning the work done, or non-performance by subcontractors. Consequently, significant time and costs may be incurred to carry out remedial actions, which would in turn adversely affect the profitability and reputation of our business and result in litigation or damage claims against us or our operating subsidiary. If the subcontractors violate any laws, rules, or regulations, Primega Construction may also be held liable for their violations and be subject to claims for losses and damages if such violations result in any personal injuries and/or property damages.

In addition, subcontractors of Primega Construction may not always be readily available whenever needed, and there is no assurance that Primega Construction would be able to maintain good working relationships with its sub-contractors in the future. As of the date of this prospectus, Primega Construction has not entered into any long-term service agreement with its subcontractors. Further, there is no assurance that Primega Construction would be able to find suitable alternative subcontractors that meet its project needs and requirements to complete the projects, which would in turn adversely affect our operations and financial results.

An increase in waste disposal fees may lead to changes in the industry and intensified competition.

Effective from April 1, 2024, the waste disposal charges applicable to disposal of construction waste at public fill reception facilities, sorting facilities and landfills will substantially increase. For details, please refer to the section titled “Regulations - Regulations Related to Environmental Protection - Waste Disposal Ordinance (Chapter 354 of the Laws of Hong Kong)”. Although our customers are directly responsible for the waste disposal charges, the implementation of increasingly higher disposal fees may indirectly affect the industry in which we operate. Customers that engage directly in foundation and site formation works that possess the relevant expertise may seek to control costs by handling waste disposal in-house. Those customers continuing to outsource waste disposal services may actively seek more cost-effective options to mitigate the impact of the increased fees. This may include exploring and evaluating additional service providers or negotiating for lower rates. Other subcontractors offering competing services may undercut our tenders and quotations to secure more projects, which could affect the success rate of our tenders as well as our project margins. The increase in such fees may also lead to customers seeking alternative waste management solutions to mitigate the impact of the increased government charges. The adoption of alternative waste management solutions may divert customers away from utilizing our services, leading to a decrease in Primega Construction’s customer base and results of operations.

There is no guarantee that safety measures and procedures implemented at construction sites could prevent the occurrence of industrial accidents of all kinds, which in turn might lead to claims in respect to employees’ compensation, personal injuries, fatal accidents, and/or property damages against us.

Primega Construction has adopted certain work safety measures and procedures for its staff and the subcontractors’ staff. Primega Construction relies on its staff to oversee the implementation of safety measures and procedures, and we cannot guarantee that all of the safety measures and procedures are strictly adhered to at any time, nor can we assure you that the safety measures and procedures are sufficient to prevent the occurrence of industrial accidents of all kinds. If the safety measures and procedures implemented at the construction sites are insufficient or not strictly adhered to, it may result in industrial accidents that would in turn lead to claims in respect to employees’ compensation, personal injuries, fatal accidents, and/or property damage against us.

Primega Construction determines the price of its quotation or tender based on the estimated time and costs to be involved in a project and the actual time and costs incurred may deviate from our estimate due to unexpected circumstances, thereby leading to cost overruns and adversely affecting our operations and financial results.

Primega Construction determines the price of its quotation or tender based on estimated cost plus a certain mark-up margin. The actual time and costs incurred, however, may be adversely affected by various factors, including (i) the specifications, underground conditions, and difficulties of the project; (ii) the duration of the project; (iii) the site locations and the conditions and risk of adjacent building structures; (iv) unfavorable weather conditions; and (v) the resources availability. Significant changes in any of these or other relevant factors may lead to delay in completion or costs overrun by us, and there is no assurance that the actual time and costs incurred would match our initial estimate. As the contracts between Primega Construction and its customers were generally fixed-price contracts or re-measurement contracts for which our unit prices stated in the bill of quantities are fixed and without any price adjustment clause, once it agrees on the quotation or tender price with the customer, it will generally have to bear any additional costs incurred. Such delays, cost overruns, or mismatch of actual time and costs with the estimates may cause our profitability to be lower than what we expected or may expose Primega Construction to litigation or claims from customers in case of delays, thereby adversely affecting our operations and financial results.

Furthermore, the contracts Primega Construction entered into normally contain specific completion schedule requirements and liquidated damages provisions (i.e., Primega Construction may have to pay its customers liquidated damages if Primega Construction or its subcontractors do not meet the schedules). Liquidated damages are typically levied at an agreed rate for each day of delay that is owing to the default. Primega Construction may need to pay liquidated damages resulting from any failure to meet the completion schedule requirements of its contracts, to the extent that its customers do not grant it a time extension. This may reduce or diminish our expected profit and cash inflow from the relevant contracts.

Cash inflows and outflows in connection with construction projects may be irregular and, thus, may affect our net cash flow position.

In a construction project, cash outflows for payment of certain operating expenditures may not align with progress payments to be received during the relevant periods. In general, Primega Construction does not receive any prepayment from its customers. Nevertheless, during the commencement of a project, Primega Construction may incur various costs, including: (i) purchase costs of construction materials and supplies, (ii) rental costs for machinery, and (iii) settlement of our workers’ salaries and our subcontractors’ fees, while progress payments will be paid after our construction work commences and is certified by the customers and/or architects or consultants engaged by the customers. Accordingly, the cash inflows and outflows for a particular project may fluctuate as the construction work progresses. If, during any particular period of time, there exists too many projects that require substantial cash outflow while we have significantly less cash inflows during that period, our cash flow position may be adversely affected.

Further, Primega Construction is subject to credit risks of its customers and its liquidity is dependent on its customers making prompt progress payments due to Primega Construction. Primega Construction relies on cash inflow from customers to meet its payment obligation to its suppliers and subcontractors, which is dependent on prompt settlement of progress payment by its customers. As such, we may record a significant cash outflow in the event that Primega Construction takes up too many capital-intensive projects during a particular period of time.

We cannot assure you that Primega Construction will be able to recover all or any part of the amounts due from its customers or Primega Construction will be able to collect all or any part of the trade receivables from its customers within the agreed credit terms or at all. Further, in the event that disputes arise between Primega Construction and the main contractor or customer in relation to variation orders, there is a possibility that it may take a longer time than the credit period offered to collect payments. Any failure by the customers to make payments on time and in full may lead to mismatch in cash flows, which will negatively affect our cash flow position and affect (i) the ability to repay suppliers and subcontractors; and (ii) tendering decisions, as Primega Construction may not be in a position to take up any more new projects with a high upfront costs. This will negatively affect our business operation and financial performance.

Claims in connection with employees’ compensation or personal injuries may arise and affect its reputation and operations.

Injuries to workers and casualties at construction sites are a common inherent risk in the construction industry. Claims of such nature expose Primega Construction to the risk of bearing higher insurance premiums in the future and may damage our operating subsidiary’s reputation as a main contractor if they turn into high-profile cases and become widely reported in the media or within the industry. Such incidents may negatively affect our business prospects, reputation, and results of operations.

Any deterioration in the prevailing market conditions in the construction industry may adversely affect our performance and financial condition.

All our business operations are located in Hong Kong via Primega Construction. The direct customers of Primega Construction are primarily property developers and main contractors of various types of property development and civil engineering projects in Hong Kong. The number of projects awarded to Primega Construction depend highly on the prevailing market conditions in the construction industry, including shortage of skilled labor, economic fluctuations in Hong Kong, availability of new projects in the private sector; and general conditions and development of Hong Kong economy. If there is any significant deterioration in any of these factors, our operating results and financial conditions could be adversely affected.

Primega Construction is dependent on its key executives, management team, and professional staff.

Primega Construction’s success and growth depend on the knowledge, experience, and expertise of its management team who is responsible for overseeing the financial condition and performance, construction projects, and formulating business strategies. For example, Mr. Man Siu Ming and Mr. Hui Chun Kit, our directors, each has over 10 years of experience in the construction industry.

As Primega Construction’s work focuses on various work scopes, including the overall management of the projects, planning, and devising of detailed work programs, design, and technical submissions, it is important for Primega Construction to retain our management staff and technical personnel with appropriate and necessary industry expertise. Primega Construction has entered into a service agreement with each of the directors and employment contracts with our senior management and technical personnel. These service agreements and employment contracts can be terminated by either Primega Construction, the directors or the employees. There could be an adverse impact on our operations should a significant number of the directors, senior management, or other key personnel with relevant expertise terminate his or her employment with Primega Construction and appropriate persons could not be found to replace them in a timely manner. There is no assurance that Primega Construction will be able to attract and retain capable staff members or that they will not resign in the future.

Primega Construction may be unable to obtain sufficient funding on terms acceptable, or at all.

The future expansion of Primega Construction’s business may require it to incur additional borrowings and diversify sources of funding. Whether we are able to raise additional capital at costs acceptable depends on the financial success of the current business of our operating subsidiary and the successful implementation of key strategic initiatives. This may be affected by various financial, economic, and market conditions and other factors, some of which are beyond our or our operating subsidiary’s control. If we or Primega Construction is unable to obtain sufficient banking facilities on acceptable terms to meet its operational and expansion demands, this may put strains on our cash flow and our ability to successfully implement our expansion plans.

The insurance coverage of Primega Construction may be inadequate to protect it from potential losses.

Primega Construction maintains insurance coverage against, among others, (i) liability for third party bodily injury at our office premises, (ii) employees’ compensation insurance for our employees, (iii) third-party liability in relation to the use of our machinery such as tipper trucks, excavators, diesel tank wagon, and other plant and machinery and vehicles.

Nonetheless, there is no assurance that all potential losses and expenses incurred from damages or liabilities in relation to business can be fully covered by the insurance taken out by Primega Construction. Certain types of risks, such as the risks are not covered by insurance because they are either uninsurable or it is not cost justifiable to insure against such risks. To the extent that the insurance does not cover such losses, damage, or liabilities, or held liable for insured losses exceeding insurance coverage, the resulting payment to cover such losses, damage, or liabilities may have a material adversely effect on Primega Construction’s business.

We may be subject to litigation, arbitration, or other legal proceeding risks.

We may be subject to arbitration claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this prospectus, the Company, Celestial Power, and Primega Construction are not a party to, and are not aware of any threat of, any legal proceeding that, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operations. Actions brought against us may result in settlements, awards, injunctions, fines, penalties, and other results adverse to us. A substantial judgment, settlement, fine, or penalty could be material to our operating results or cash flows for a particular period, depending on our results for that period, or could cause us significant reputational harm, which could harm our business prospects.

Primega Construction relies on its customers and subcontractors for the provision of machinery and equipment at construction sites.

The construction projects of Primega Construction are generally machinery-intensive work. As such, its ability to handle existing projects or compete for new projects highly depends on the number of machinery and equipment available for deployment at construction sites. As of the date of this prospectus, the number of machinery and equipment owned by Primega Construction are limited, and it relies on its subcontractors to procure the machinery. For example, the excavators of Primega Construction are small sized excavators. While these excavators provide maneuverability, and are generally suitable for small-scale construction works, they are unable to be used for excavation works, which require larger excavators. As such, Primega Construction may be unable to procure and/or handle further projects should Primega Construction fail to identify suitable machinery and equipment.

Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that Primega Construction would be able to rent a sufficient number of machinery or equipment at reasonable costs and in a timely manner, nor we can guarantee that they would function properly at all material times and they would not become obsolete as a result of technological developments in the construction industry. We can also not guarantee that the customers and subcontractors can arrange immediate repair and/or replacement for impaired machinery and equipment for our projects in a timely and cost-effective manner.

As a result, Primega Construction may not be able to expand its capacity cater the increasing demands expected from future projects. If Primega Construction fails to do so, our ability to handle existing projects or compete for new projects may be significantly impaired.

Primega Construction relies on a stable workforce to carry out its construction projects. If Primega Construction or its subcontractors experience any shortage of labor, industrial actions, strikes, or material increase in labor costs, our operations and financial results would be adversely affected.

Primega Construction relies on a stable workforce, either directly employed by Primega Construction or its subcontractors, to carry out its construction projects. In particular, a large number of construction workers and machinery operators with various skills and expertise are required for each construction project.

In view of the current situation in the labor market, there is no assurance that the supply of labor and average labor costs will be stable. All labor-intensive projects are more susceptible to labor shortage, and our subcontracting costs include the labor costs of our subcontractors. If there is a significant increase in the costs of labor and Primega Construction has to retain more labor (or subcontractors retaining their labor) by increasing their wages, the staff cost and/or subcontracting cost will increase and thus lower our profitability. On the other hand, if Primega Construction or its subcontractors fail to retain our existing labor and/or recruit sufficient labor in a timely manner to cope with our existing or future projects, Primega Construction may not be able to complete its projects on schedule and may be subject to liquidated damages and/or incur a loss.

We may be unable to successfully implement our future business plans and objectives.

Our future business plans may be hindered by factors beyond our control, such as competition within the industry we operate; our ability to cope with high exposure to financial risk, operational risk, market risk, and credit risk as our business and customer base expands; and our ability to provide, maintain, and improve the level of human and other resources in servicing customers. As such, we cannot assure that our future business plans will materialize, that our objectives will be accomplished fully or partially, or that our business strategies will generate the intended benefits to us as initially contemplated. If we fail to implement our business development strategies successfully, our business performance could be materially and adversely affected.

We may in the future pursue acquisitions and joint ventures as part of our growth strategy. Any future acquisition or joint venture may result in exposure to potential liabilities of the acquired companies and significant transaction costs, and it may also present new risks associated with entering additional markets or offering new products or services and integrating the acquired companies or newly established joint ventures. Moreover, we may not have sufficient management, financial, and other resources to integrate companies we acquire or to successfully operate joint ventures, and we may be unable to profitably operate our expanded company structure. Additionally, any new business that we may acquire or joint ventures we may form, once integrated with our existing operations, may not produce expected or intended results.

A sustained outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Since late December 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 spread rapidly throughout China and later to the rest of the world. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a PHEIC, and later, on March 11, 2020, a global pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak has led governments across the globe to impose a series of measures intended to contain its spread, including border closures, travel bans, quarantine measures, social distancing, and restrictions on business operations and large gatherings. From 2020 to the middle of 2021, a COVID-19 vaccination program had been greatly promoted around the globe; however, several types of COVID-19 variants emerged in different parts of the world.

Supply chain disruptions have become a major challenge for the global economy since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, China’s extended COVID-19 lockdown of Shanghai, a major port and business center, has led to logistical disruptions that have almost cause the transport of goods to be ground to a halt. These shortages and supply-chain disruptions are significant and widespread. Lockdowns in several countries across the world, labor shortages, robust demand for tradable goods, disruptions to logistics networks, and capacity constraints have resulted in increases in freight costs and delivery times. Primega Construction’s customers are mainly construction contractors which are reliant on the availability of construction materials and supplies, and as such may suffer from plant closures and supply shortages across the extended supply network. Supply chain issues may delay or halt the progress or commencement of construction projects.

In addition, multiple infected cases within a construction site may result in shortage of labor and, in more serious cases, may cause a temporary halt in the site’s construction operation for a few days. Hence, our productivity and progress may also be negatively affected.

Any future impact on our results of operations will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain the spread or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. Given the general slowdown in economic conditions globally and volatility in the capital markets, as well as the general negative impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the construction industry, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain the growth rate we have experienced or projected. We will continue to closely monitor the situation throughout 2024 and beyond.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy, whether caused by economic or political instability, could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The recent global market and economic crisis stemming from COVID-19 resulted in recessions occurring in most major economies. According to World Economic Outlook report published by the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) in October 2023, the IMF forecasts global gross domestic product to fall from an estimated 3.5% in 2022 to 3.0% in 2023 and further decline to 2.9% in 2024. The rise in central bank interest rates to combat inflation and Russia’s war in Ukraine have contributed to the diminished expectations for economic growth around the world. While, growth in emerging markets and developing economies in Asia is projected to moderately grow, from 4.5% in 2022 to 5.2% and 4.8% in 2023 and 2024, China’s growth in terms of real GDP is forecasted to be lower than the rest of the region at 5.0% and 4.2% in 2023 and 2024, mainly due to lower investment as a result of the real estate crisis and weakening confidence of investors. Any prolonged slowdown in the global, Chinese and/or the Hong Kong economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

Our business is conducted solely in Hong Kong through our operating subsidiary and is therefore heavily dependent on the economy of Hong Kong. Economic conditions in Hong Kong are highly sensitive to global cycle and money flows. If there is any significant decline in the Hong Kong economy and we are unable to generate business in other geographic locations, our profitability and business prospects will be materially affected. Also, major market disruptions and adverse changes in market conditions and uncertainty in the regulatory climate worldwide may adversely affect our business and industry or impair our ability to borrow or make any future financial arrangements.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has destabilized the global economy. Russia’s military interventions in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union, and other countries against Russia. This has led to a severe energy crisis in Europe with widespread effect, including increasing cost of living in the region, bringing with it tightening monetary conditions and appreciation of the US dollar against most other currencies. Although we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or the adjoining geographic regions the knockdown effects on the global economy and the ramifications from the war could affect our business. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this section. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities, or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on the business outlook of our business.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares

There has been no public market for our Ordinary Shares prior to this offering; if an active trading market does not develop, you may not be able to resell our Ordinary Shares at any reasonable price.

The offering under this prospectus is an IPO of our Ordinary Shares. Prior to the closing of the offering, there was no public market for our Ordinary Shares. While we have received the approval letter to have our Ordinary Shares listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PGHL”, an active trading market may not develop following the closing or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your Ordinary Shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling Ordinary Shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies by using our Ordinary Shares as consideration.

The trading price of our Ordinary Shares could be subject to rapid and substantial volatility, which could make it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Ordinary Shares and result in substantial losses to the investors.

There have been instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and strong stock price volatility with recent initial public offerings, especially among those with relatively smaller public floats. As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater stock price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. In particular, our Ordinary Shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility, low volumes of trades and large spreads in bid and ask prices. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Ordinary Shares.

The trading prices volatility and wide fluctuations could be due to factors beyond our control. This may happen due to broad market and industry factors, such as performance and fluctuation in the market prices or underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed companies based in Hong Kong and China. For example, if the trading volumes of our Ordinary Shares are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our Ordinary Shares. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Ordinary Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. The trading performances of other Hong Kong and Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Hong Kong-based, U.S.-listed companies, which consequently may affect the trading performance of our Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure, or matters of other Hong Kong and Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors toward Hong Kong and Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Furthermore, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to our operating performance, which may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of our Ordinary Shares may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our Ordinary Shares will trade. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Ordinary Shares. A decline in the market price of our Ordinary Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional Ordinary Shares and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our Ordinary Shares will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our Ordinary Shares may be unable to readily sell the shares they hold or may not be able to sell their shares at all. In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our Ordinary Shares are expected to initially trade under US$5.00 per share and thus would be known as a “penny stock.” Trading in penny stocks has certain restrictions, and these restrictions could negatively affect the price and liquidity of our Ordinary Shares.

Our Ordinary Shares are expected to initially trade below US$5.00 per share. As a result, our Ordinary Shares would be known as a “penny stock,” which is subject to various regulations involving disclosures to be given to you prior to the purchase of any penny stock. The SEC has adopted regulations that generally define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price of less than US$5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. Depending on market fluctuations, our Ordinary Shares could be considered to be “penny stock.” A penny stock is subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker/dealers who sell these securities to persons other than established Members and accredited investors. For transactions covered by these rules, the broker/dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchase of these securities. In addition, a broker/dealer must receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to the purchase and must also provide certain written disclosures to the purchaser. Consequently, the “penny stock” rules may restrict the ability of broker/dealers to sell our Ordinary Shares, and they may negatively affect the ability of holders of our Ordinary Shares to resell them. These disclosures require you to acknowledge that you understand the risks associated with buying penny stocks and that you can absorb the loss of your entire investment. Penny stocks generally do not have a very high trading volume. Consequently, the price of the stock is often volatile, and you may not be able to buy or sell the stock at any time.

If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our Ordinary Shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline.

Even though our Ordinary Shares have been approved for listing on Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the continued listing standards of Nasdaq in the future. If we fail to comply with the applicable listing standards and Nasdaq delists our Ordinary Shares, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

The U.S. National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 prevents or pre-empts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Because we expect that our Ordinary Shares will be listed on Nasdaq, such securities will be covered securities. Although states are pre-empted from regulating the sale of our securities, this statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our securities.

Our pre-IPO shareholders will be able to sell their shares after completion of this offering subject to restrictions under Rule 144.

Our pre-IPO shareholders may be able to sell their Ordinary Shares pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act after completion of this offering. Because these shareholders have paid a lower price per Ordinary Share than participants in this offering, when they are able to sell their pre-IPO shares under Rule 144, they may be more willing to accept a lower sales price than the IPO price. This fact could impact the trading price of the stock following completion of the offering, to the detriment of participants in this offering. Under Rule 144, before our pre-IPO shareholders can sell their shares, in addition to meeting other requirements, they must meet the required holding period. We do not expect any of the Ordinary Shares to be sold pursuant to Rule 144 during the pendency of this offering.

If you purchase our Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your shares.

If you purchase our Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will pay substantially more than our net tangible book value per share. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of US$3.72 per share, representing the difference between our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of US$0.28 as of September 30, 2023, after giving effect to the net proceeds to us from this offering, assuming no change to the number of shares offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and the public offering price of US$4.00 per share. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our Ordinary Shares will be diluted upon the completion of this offering.

If a limited number of participants in this offering purchase a significant percentage of the offering, the effective public float may be smaller than anticipated and the price of our Ordinary Shares may be more volatile than it otherwise would be.

As a company conducting a relatively modest public offering, we are subject to the risk that a small number of investors may hold a high percentage of Ordinary Shares sold in this offering, even if the initial sales by the underwriters comply with the Nasdaq listing requirements. If this were to happen, investors could find our shares to be more volatile than they might otherwise anticipate. Companies that experience such volatility in their stock price may be more likely to be the subject of securities litigation. In addition, if a large portion of our public float were to be held by a few investors, smaller investors may find it more difficult to sell their shares and we may cease to meet the Nasdaq public stockholder requirements.

Our directors, officers, and principal shareholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

As of the date of this prospectus, our directors, officers, and principal shareholders hold in aggregate 80.4% or more of our shares. After this offering, our directors, officers, and principal shareholders will hold in aggregate or more of our shares. We will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because, immediately after the completion of this offering, our Controlling Shareholder will own of our total issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 74.3% of the total voting power.

The interests of these shareholders may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, these shareholders could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Ordinary Shares as part of a sale of us or our assets and might affect the prevailing market price of our Ordinary Shares due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

Our board of directors may decline to register the transfer of Ordinary Shares in certain circumstances.

Our board of directors may under certain circumstances decline to register a transfer including any Ordinary Share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Further, our board of directors may generally require any shareholder or any person proposing to acquire our shares to provide information to show the right to make the transfer. If any such shareholder or proposed acquirer does not provide such information, or if our board of directors has reason to believe that any certification or other information provided pursuant to any such request is inaccurate or incomplete, our board of directors may delay or decline to register any transfer or to effect any issuance or purchase of shares to which such request is related.

Our directors may also decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Share unless (i) a fee of such maximum as Nasdaq may from time to time determine to be payable (or such lesser sum as our board of directors may from time to time require) has been paid to our Company; (ii) the instrument of transfer is lodged at the registered office or, as the case may be, the transfer office accompanied by the certificate of the Shares to which it relates, and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer (and, if the instrument of transfer is executed by some other person on his behalf, the authority of that person so to do); (iii) the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of Share; (iv) the Shares concerned are free of any lien in favor of the Company; and (v) if applicable, the instrument of transfer is properly stamped.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor was lodged and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers may, on 14 days’ notice being given by advertisement in such one or more newspapers or by electronic means, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year.

This, however, is unlikely to affect market transactions of the Ordinary Shares purchased by investors in the public offering. Once the Ordinary Shares have been listed, the legal title to such Ordinary Shares and the registration details of those Ordinary Shares in the Company’s register of members will remain with the Depository Trust Company. All market transactions with respect to those Ordinary Shares will then be carried out without the need for any kind of registration by the directors, as the market transactions will all be conducted through the Depository Trust Company systems.

Our management has broad discretion to determine how to use the funds raised in the offering and may use them in ways that may not enhance our results of operations or the price of our Ordinary Shares.

We anticipate that we will use the net proceeds from this offering for our construction business and other corporate purposes. Our management will have significant discretion as to the use of the net proceeds to us from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the market price of our Ordinary Shares.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Upon the effectiveness of this offering, we will become subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We will design our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of a person, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our Ordinary Shares if the market price of our Ordinary Shares increases. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, we may only pay dividends if we are solvent before and after the dividend payment in the sense that we will be able to satisfy our liabilities as they become due in the ordinary course of business, and the value of assets of our Company will not be less than the sum of our total liabilities.

Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our Ordinary Share price or trading volume to decline.

If a trading market for our shares develops, the trading market will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. As a new public company, we may be slow to attract research coverage and the analysts who publish information about our Ordinary Shares will have had relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our share price, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline and result in the loss of all or a part of your investment in us.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, all of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands, see “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.” As a result of the foregoing, our shareholders may have more difficulties in protecting their interests through actions against us or our officers, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

You may have more difficulty protecting your interests than you would as a shareholder of a U.S. corporation.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by the provisions of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, and by the provisions of the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders, and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands.

The rights of shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors and officers under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States, and some states (such as Delaware) have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands-exempted companies have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to obtain copies of the register of members or corporate records of the company. They will, however, have such rights as may be set out in the company’s articles of association. A Cayman Islands exempted company may maintain its principal register of members and any branch registers in any country or territory, whether within or outside the Cayman Islands, as the company may determine from time to time. There is no requirement for an exempted company to make any returns of members to the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands. The names and addresses of the members are, accordingly, not a matter of public record and are not available for public inspection. However, an exempted company shall make available at its registered office, in electronic form or any other medium, such register of members, including any branch register of member, as may be required of it upon service of an order or notice by the Tax Information Authority pursuant to the Tax Information Authority Act (2013 Revision) of the Cayman Islands. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent we choose to follow home country practices with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors, or our Controlling Shareholder than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital — Differences in Corporate Law.”

Cayman Islands economic substance requirements may have an effect on our business and operations.

Pursuant to the International Tax Cooperation (Economic Substance) Act, 2018 of the Cayman Islands (“ES Act”) that came into force on 1 January 2019, a “relevant entity” is required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act. A “relevant entity” includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands as is the Company; however, it does not include an entity that is tax resident outside the Cayman Islands. Accordingly, for so long as the Company is a tax resident outside the Cayman Islands, including in Hong Kong, it is not required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and, as such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq Capital Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq rules that allow us to follow our home country law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in our home country, the Cayman Islands, may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we plan to rely on some home country practices with respect to our corporate governance after we complete this offering. However, if we choose to follow home country practices in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

We are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our Ordinary Shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors, and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq rules. As a U.S.-listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our Ordinary Shares.

A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income, or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Based on our current and expected income and assets (taking into account the expected cash proceeds and our anticipated market capitalization following this offering), we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will agree with our conclusion or that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position. Fluctuations in the market price of our Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our Ordinary Shares. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. If we were to be or become a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our Ordinary Shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. holder. See “Material Tax Income Consideration — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders — PFIC Consequences.”

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We do not plan to opt out of such exemptions afforded to an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective data.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon consummation of this offering, we will incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act and will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30; and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some corporate activities more time consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” or until five years following the completion of our IPO, whichever is earlier, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a public company, we will be required to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We will incur additional costs in obtaining director and officer liability insurance. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

As a “controlled company” under the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may choose to exempt our Company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

Our directors and officers beneficially own a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares. Under Rule 4350(c) of the Nasdaq Capital Market, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group, or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Capital Market Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, during any time while we remain a controlled company relying on the exemption and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance requirements. Our status as a controlled company could cause our Ordinary Shares to be less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys, and studies conducted by third parties, as well estimates by our management based on such data. None of these third parties are affiliated with us, and the information contained in this prospectus has not been reviewed or endorsed by any of them. The market data and estimates used in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data and estimates. Industry publications, research, surveys, studies, and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this prospectus.

While we believe that the information from these industry publications, surveys, and studies is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

Market size of the construction industry in Hong Kong

Between 2016 and 2019, the construction industry in Hong Kong maintained growth with a compounded annual growth rate of 3.41%. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in late 2019, the construction industry experienced a steep decline of approximately 17.3% in 2020 and has since remained relatively stable.

Source: Construction and Miscellaneous Service Statistics Section — Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong

Based on the breakdown of the gross value of construction works performed by main contractors in the private and public sector below as well as works conducted outside of construction sites, the gross value of construction works in the public sector has recorded year-on-year gains since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, while the gross value of construction works in the private sector has gradually increased since the COVID-19 outbreak.

Source: Construction and Miscellaneous Service Statistics Section — Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong

Overview of the C&D Material Handling Industry in Hong Kong

In the past, when materials were scarce and expensive in comparison to labor costs, a large amount of construction and demolition materials had to be salvaged and reused through rehabilitation and reclamation. With the prosperity and rapid development of Hong Kong, the industry became less concerned with conservation of natural resources. Resources were disposed as waste in landfills and considered an extra expense of doing business.

To tackle the large amount of solid waste generated, the Hong Kong government issued a series of waste management policies in the last twenty years. One of the most significant policies is the launch of an off-site construction waste sorting (“CWS”) program based on the “polluter pays principle.” Since its implementation in 2006, the off-site CWS program had contributed considerably to the reduction of construction waste. The program involves sorting of construction waste and disposal at public filling areas, mixed sorting facilities or landfills depending on the type of material.

The Hong Kong government has implemented a Trip Ticket System (the “TTS”) for public works contracts, where C&D materials including waste generated on site require disposal. The TTS aims to track and control the flow of C&D materials, so as to prevent unauthorized disposal. Under the TTS proper records for tracking the C&D materials to disposal facilities, whether the destination is public fill reception facilities, sorting facilities, outlying island transfer facilities, landfills or other alternative disposal grounds. Under the current regime, contractors may only dispose of C&D materials arising from public works contracts to the above destinations. Alternative disposal grounds may be proposed by the contractor, which includes private construction sites (administered by authorized persons as defined under the Buildings Ordinance (Cap. 123)), private recycling facilities (on the recycler’s list for C&D materials recognized by the EPD) or construction sites of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Housing Authority and Mass Transit Railway Corporation. In assessing a proposal of an alternative disposal ground, the architect, engineer, supervising officer or maintenance surveyor of the relevant project shall consult the relevant government departments for approval.

The Hong Kong government’s actions to curb the amount of overall waste disposed of in landfills has led to a decline in the overall amount of waste, including construction waste disposed of in landfills. In 2022, the average daily quantity of construction waste disposed of in landfills was 4,128 tons per day (“tpd”), representing a year-on-year increase of 13.2% from 3,646 tpd in 2021.

In 2022, the quantity of construction waste generated was 49,865 tpd, representing a decrease of about 3,100 tpd or 6% as compared with the 2021 level. Of the 49,865 tpd of construction waste, 45,736 tons representing about 92% were recovered through transferring to projects for direct reuse or storage at public fill reception facilities for ruse in the future. Meanwhile, the quantity of construction waste disposed of at landfills increased by about 483 tpd to 4,128 tpd (about 8% of total construction waste).

The recovery rate of construction materials was relatively stable at 92% in 2022 (2021: 93%). The increase in construction waste disposal charges that took effect from April 2017 enhanced the incentive for the trade to reduce and reuse C&D materials and has had a positive impact on waste reduction in the construction industry. Inert materials were delivered to the public fill reception facilities and other outlets for beneficial direct reuse.

Role of C&D waste disposal facilities for the construction industry in Hong Kong

There are four types of waste disposal facilities in Hong Kong, namely public fill facilities, sorting facilities, landfills and outlying islands transferring facilities. Each type of facility will only accept C&D materials that meet certain criteria.

Public fill facilities

Public fill facilities accept materials consisting entirely of inert construction waste. The inert construction waste can be further used for land reclamation and site formation after disposal. Public fill facilities include public filling areas, public filling barging points, public fill stockpiling areas, fill banks and C&D materials recycling facility. Particularly, public filling areas are designated part of a development project that accepts public fill for reclamation purpose; public filling barging points are strategically located public fill reception facilities that utilize barge transportation to transfer public fill; public fill stockpiling areas are newly reclaimed land where public fill is stockpiled as surcharging material to accelerate the settlement process. Moreover, fill banks are areas allocated for temporary stockpile of public fill for later use; C&D materials recycling facilities are facilities that process hard inert materials into recycled aggregates and granular materials for use in future construction activities.

Sorting facilities

To maximize service efficiency, sorting facilities accept mixed C&D materials containing more than 50% by weight of inert construction waste. This arrangement helps waste producers, particularly small construction sites that do not have enough space, carry out on-site sorting.

In the current practice, the sorting facilities will use two measures determining whether the C&D materials are able to meet the criteria. The measures include weight ratio and depth of waste. With these two indicators, the sorting facilities will calculate and justify whether the incoming material contains more than 50% of inert C&D materials by weight. Once the waste meets the criteria, it can be accepted for further processing. It should be highlighted that after going through all the sorting processes, the mixed construction waste can be eventually sorted into two piles, namely, inert materials and non-inert materials. The inert materials will be sent to the public fill reception facilities while the non-inert materials are considered waste and will be landfilled.

Landfills

Mixed C&D waste containing no more than 50% by weight of inert construction waste can be disposed of at strategic landfills.

Outlying islands transferring facilities

Outlying islands transferring facilities accept any percentage of inert C&D waste, and are responsible for transferring C&D waste from outlying islands to waste disposal facilities.

Source: Waste Statistics for 2022 published by the EPD

ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands exempted company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions, and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection for investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies do not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, all our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and substantially all of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or them, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States, or any state in the United States. It may also be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our executive officers and directors.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc. as our agent to receive service of process with respect to any action brought against us in the United States in connection with this offering under the federal securities laws of the United States or of any state in the United States.

Cayman Islands

Enforceability

Appleby, our counsel as to the laws of the Cayman Islands has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Appleby has informed us that any final and conclusive judgment for a definite sum (not being a sum payable in respect of taxes or other charges of a like nature nor a fine or other penalty) and/or certain non-monetary judgments rendered in any action or proceedings brought against our Company in a foreign court (other than certain judgments of a superior court of certain states of the Commonwealth of Australia) will be recognized as a valid judgment by the courts of the Cayman Islands without re-examination of the merits of the case. On general principles, we would expect such proceedings to be successful provided that the court which gave the judgment was competent to hear the action in accordance with private international law principles as applied in the Cayman Islands and the judgment is not contrary to public policy in the Cayman Islands, has not been obtained by fraud or in proceedings contrary to natural justice.

Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, all of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons.

Hong Kong

CFN Lawyers, our counsel as to the laws of Hong Kong, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of Hong Kong would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in Hong Kong against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

A judgment of a court in the United States predicated upon U.S. federal or state securities laws may be enforced in Hong Kong at common law by bringing an action in a Hong Kong court on that judgment for the amount due thereunder and then seeking summary judgment on the strength of the foreign judgment, provided that the foreign judgment, among other things, is (1) for a debt or a definite sum of money (not being taxes or similar charges to a foreign government taxing authority or a fine or other penalty), and (2) final and conclusive on the merits of the claim, but not otherwise. Such a judgment may not, in any event, be so enforced in Hong Kong if (a) it was obtained by fraud, (b) the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were opposed to natural justice, (c) its enforcement or recognition would be contrary to the public policy of Hong Kong, (d) the court of the United States was not jurisdictionally competent, or (e) the judgment was in conflict with a prior Hong Kong judgment.

Hong Kong has no arrangement for the reciprocal enforcement of judgments with the United States. As a result, there is uncertainty as to the enforceability in Hong Kong, in original actions or in actions for enforcement, of judgments of U.S. courts of civil liabilities predicated solely upon the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state or territory within the United States.

USE OF PROCEEDS

Based upon the public offering price of $4.00 per Ordinary Share, we estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts, accountable and non-accountable expense allowance and the estimated offering expenses payable by us, of approximately $2.94 million.

The primary purpose of this offering is to create a public market for our Ordinary Shares for the benefit of all shareholders. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

● Approximately 35% to expand our existing business by acquiring additional machinery and equipment including tipper trucks and excavation machines and employing additional staff;

● Approximately 20% to upgrade our information technology systems to allow us to track the location and deployment of our trucks to improve resource allocation and efficiency; and

● The balance to fund working capital and for other general corporate purposes.

The foregoing represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. Our management, however, will have significant flexibility and discretion to apply the net proceeds of this offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this registration statement. We reserve the right to change the use of proceeds that we presently anticipate and describe in this prospectus.

To the extent that the net proceeds we receive from this offering are not immediately used for the above purposes, we intend to invest our net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing bank deposits or debt instruments.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, for the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors after considering our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual requirements, business prospects, other factors the board of directors deems relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments.

During the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the six months ended September 30, 2023, PGHL did not declare or pay any dividends and there was no transfer of assets among PGHL and its subsidiaries.

The declaration, amount, and payment of any future dividends will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors, subject to compliance with applicable Cayman Islands laws regarding solvency. Our board of directors will take into account general economic and business conditions; our financial condition and results of operations; our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs; capital requirements; contractual, legal, tax, and regulatory restrictions; and other implications on the payment of dividends by us to our shareholders or by our subsidiaries to us, and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

Subject to the Companies Act and our Articles of Association, our Company in general meeting may declare dividends in any currency to be paid to the members but no dividend shall be declared in excess of the amount recommended by our board of directors. Subject to a solvency test, as prescribed in the Companies Act, and the provisions, if any, of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, a company may pay dividends and distributions out of its share premium account. In addition, based upon English case law which is likely to be persuasive in the Cayman Islands, dividends may be paid out of profits.

As we are a holding company with no substantial business operations, we will rely on dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including funds to pay any dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, service any debt we may incur, and pay our operating expenses. Our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders will depend on, among other things, the availability of dividends from our subsidiaries. According to the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended), a British Virgin Islands company may make dividends distribution to the extent that immediately after the distribution, the value of the company’s assets exceeds its liabilities and that such company is able to pay its debts as they fall due. According to the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong, a Hong Kong company may only make a distribution out of profits available for distribution. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect to dividends paid by us.

Cash dividends, if any, on our Ordinary Shares will be paid in U.S. dollars.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of September 30, 2023, on:

You should read this information together with our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information set forth under the sections titled “Exchange Rate Information,” “Use of Proceeds,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

DILUTION

If you invest in our Ordinary Shares in this offering, your interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the IPO price per Ordinary Share in this offering and the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the IPO price per Ordinary Share is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share. As of September 30, 2023, we had a historical net tangible book value of $2,874,541, or $0.13 per Ordinary Share. Our net tangible book value per Ordinary Share represents total tangible assets less intangible asset, all divided by the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023 (as retroactively adjusted for the share split of our Ordinary Shares at a ratio of 2-for-1 on February 28, 2024).

After giving effect to the sale of Ordinary Shares in this offering at the IPO price of US$4.00 per Ordinary Share, we will have 24,000,000 Ordinary Shares outstanding, and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance, and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at September 30, 2023 would have been $6,727,775, or approximately $0.28 per Ordinary Share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $0.15 per Ordinary Share to existing investors and immediate dilution of approximately $3.72 per Ordinary Share to new investors. The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing Ordinary Shares in this offering:

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the IPO price of US$4.00 per Ordinary would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2023, after this offering by approximately $0.03 per Ordinary Share, and would increase (decrease) dilution to new investors by $0.97 per Ordinary Share, assuming that the number of Ordinary Shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance, and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

To the extent that we issue additional Ordinary Shares in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors participating in this offering.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis as of September 30, 2023, the differences between the existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of Ordinary Shares purchased from us in this offering, the total consideration paid, and the average price per Ordinary Shares paid at the IPO price of US$4.00 per Ordinary Shares, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Corporate History and Structure

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands on April 14, 2022. Our wholly-owned direct subsidiary is Celestial Power, a British Virgin Islands holding company incorporated on February 22, 2022. We operate our business through Primega Construction, our Hong Kong subsidiary incorporated on July 31, 2018, which is wholly owned by Celestial Power. Primega Construction is principally engaged in soil and rock transportation services in Hong Kong.

As of the date of this prospectus, our Controlling Shareholder owns 80.4% of our issued share capital.

In February 2022, Celestial Power was incorporated under the laws of the BVI as the intermediate holding company of PGHL. One (1) share of Celestial Power, representing its entire issued share capital, was allotted and issued to PGHL on May 4, 2022.

In April 2022, PGHL was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, as the holding company of our BVI and Hong Kong subsidiary.

In June 2022, as part of a reorganization, PGHL acquired, through Celestial Power, all the shares of Primega Construction from the Controlling Shareholder and became the ultimate holding company of Celestial Power and Primega Construction. On April 14, 2022, PGHL issued 11,249,999 Ordinary Shares to the Controlling Shareholder.

On July 20, 2022, the Controlling Shareholder sold 551,250 Ordinary Shares each to Primewin Corporate Development Limited and Shun Kai Investment Development Limited. Primewin Corporate Development Limited and Shun Kai Investment Development Limited are wholly owned by Mr. Lau Wing Him Perry and Mr. Chan Wan Yiu, respectively. Primewin Corporate Development Limited was one of our major customers for the year ended March 31, 2021. Mr. Chan Wan Yiu is an employee of Primega Construction, our Hong Kong operating subsidiary.

On December 5, 2023, the Controlling Shareholder entered into individual sale and purchase agreements with each of Dusk Moon International Limited and Moss Mist Investment Limited. Pursuant to these agreements, the Controlling Shareholder agreed to sell, and each of Dusk Moon International Limited and Moss Mist Investment Limited agreed to purchase, 551,250 Ordinary Shares.

As part of the series of reorganization transactions to be completed before the offering, a 2-for-1 share split was conducted by the Company on February 28, 2024. After the share split and as of the date of this prospectus, the authorized share capital of the Company consists of US$50,000 divided into 1,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.00005 each, and the issued share capital of the Company consists of US$1,125 divided into 22,500,000 Ordinary Shares, par value of US$0.00005 each.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of the foregoing transactions among the Controlling Shareholder and the pre-IPO shareholders:

____________

Our principal office is located at Room 2912, 29/F., New Tech Plaza, 34 Tai Yau Street, San Po Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Our telephone number is (+852) 3997 3682. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the office of Appleby Global Services (Cayman) Limited, 71 Fort Street, PO Box 500, George Town, Grand Cayman, Kyl-1106, Cayman Islands.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor New York, NY 10168. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.

The chart below illustrates our corporate structure and identifies our subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus and upon completion of this offering:

We are offering 1,500,000 Ordinary Shares of PGHL, the Cayman holding company, representing 6.25% of the Ordinary Shares following completion of this offering. Mr. Man Siu Ming, the Selling Shareholder, is offering 250,000 Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 1.0% of the Ordinary Shares following completion of this offering.

We will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because, immediately after the completion of this offering, our Controlling Shareholder will own 17,840,000 of our total issued and outstanding Shares, representing approximately 74.3% of the total voting power.

At each general meeting, each shareholder who is present in person or by proxy (or, in the case of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative) will have one vote for each Ordinary Share that such shareholder holds. There are no prohibitions to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands, but our Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide for cumulative voting.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans, and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a provider of transportation services that employs environmentally friendly practices with the aim of facilitating reuse of C&D materials and reduction of construction waste. Through our operating subsidiary in Hong Kong, we operate in the construction industry, mainly handling transportation of materials excavated from construction sites. Our services principally comprise of (i) soil and rock transportation services; (ii) diesel oil trading; and (iii) construction works, which mainly include ELS works and bored piling. We generally provide our services as a subcontractor to other construction contractors in Hong Kong.

Key Factors that Affect Results of Operations

Our results of operations have been and will continue to be affected by various factors, including those set out below:

Market demand

The demand for our services as well as our diesel oil products is driven by the development of the construction industry which includes development of residential, commercial, industrial and infrastructure projects. The timing, size and nature of these projects will, on the other hand, be determined by a number of factors such as the Hong Kong government’s spending budget on construction projects, the investment of property developers and the general conditions and prospects of the local economy.

Political condition and laws and regulations in Hong Kong

Our key operations are in Hong Kong. However, due to the long-arm provisions under the current PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by the political, economic, and social conditions in the PRC generally and by the continued economic growth in China as a whole. Accordingly, our results of operations and prospects are, to a significant degree, subject to economic, political, and legal developments in the PRC.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC, and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely the Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative, and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems.” However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since our operations are based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.

Competition from other players in the market

We generally secure our projects after undergoing a tendering process. We submit quotation or tender price for a project that is based on our project cost estimate and a mark-up margin. The construction industry in Hong Kong is highly competitive, and it is often the case that multiple of our competitors bid for the same project that we do. We thus generally scale down our mark-up margin to be submitted to the project owner when competition for a project is perceived to be intense, and hence, the operating profit margin and our results of operation may be adversely affected.

Our ability to attract new customers and secure new projects

Our success depends in large part upon widespread adoption of our quality, safety, and timeliness by our customers. In order to attract new customers and continue to expand our customer base, we must appeal to and attract customers who identify with our project management expertise. In addition, our projects are non-recurrent in nature, and our future success depends in part on our ability to increase our project backlog over time. If we are unable to timely secure sufficient new projects when existing projects are completed, our turnover and, hence, results of operations may have a material setback and we may also suffer from higher staff turnover.

Cost control and management

Our cost of sales mainly comprised subcontracting charges, fuel costs, depreciation of machinery and direct labor costs. Although we determine our project prices based on a cost-plus method with reference to the time, costs and potential income estimated to be involved in a project, the actual time and costs involved in completing our foundation and related projects may be adversely escalated in materials and labor, adverse weather conditions, and changes in rules, regulations, and policies in Hong Kong. Therefore, any failure to control and manage the cost and time involved in a project or failure to identify buys for reusable excavated materials may give rise to delays in completion of work and/or cost overruns, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, profitability, and liquidity.

Income taxes

Cayman Islands

The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levy no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciations and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to our Company levied by the government of the Cayman Islands save for certain stamp duties which may be applicable, from time to time, on certain instruments.

BVI

We own Celestial Power, which is incorporated in the BVI and is not subject to tax on income or capital gains under current BVI law. In addition, upon payments of dividends by these entities to their shareholders, no BVI withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

We own Primega Construction, our operating subsidiary, through Celestial Power. Primega Construction is incorporated in Hong Kong and is subject to Hong Kong profits tax at a rate of 8.25% for the assessable profits of first HK$2 million and 16.5% for the remaining assessable profits. Under Hong Kong tax law, Primega Construction is exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income, and there is no withholding tax in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See the discussion of the recent accounting pronouncements contained in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, “Recent accounting pronouncements”.

Results of Operations

Six months ended September 30, 2023, compared to six months ended September 30, 2022

The following table sets forth a summary of the consolidated results of operations of us for the periods indicated, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total revenues.

Revenues

Our total revenues decreased by 2.4% to US$5,871,375 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$6,017,911 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. Revenues generated from third parties increased by 26.5% to US$5,871,375, from US$4,642,660. This was due to our efforts to diversify our sources of revenue from miscellaneous construction works. We do not have a target mix of revenues from related or third parties as we undertake project works with reference to our capacity and customers’ demand. When we have the capacity, a particular customer may or may not have project work suitable for us to do. Conversely, when a particular customer approaches us for work, we may be fully engaged in other project works at the moment which prohibit us from taking further assignments. Therefore, revenues mix from third parties or related parties may vary from one financial period to another. Revenues generated from related parties decreased to nil for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$1,375,251 for 2022.

The following table sets out revenues generated from different services during the six months periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2023:

For the six months ended September 30, 2023, revenues from soil and rock transportation decreased as they correlated to number of projects on hand and the activities carried out in those projects with respect to clients’ construction schedule, which saw decrease in overall work done by us. No revenue was generated from the trading of diesel oil and soil and revenue from rock transportation decreased by 26.0% from the corresponding period in 2022. As a result of completion of projects where our diesel oil customers worked at, we had yet to resume our diesel oil trading business during the six months ended September 2023. We have increased efforts in providing miscellaneous construction services where we can achieve higher profitability. In this segment, our revenue increased to US$1,968,246 in 2023 from US$139,185 in 2022.

Cost of sales

Our total cost of sales decreased by 5.8% to US$4,492,971 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$4,771,956 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to the slight decrease in total revenues and the temporary pause in the trading of diesel oil. Cost of sales charged by third parties decreased by 7.0% to US$3,965,734 for the six months ended September 2023, from US$4,262,9874 for 2022. Cost of sales charged by related parties increased by 3.6% to US$527,237 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$508,982 for 2022. Our cost of sales mainly comprised subcontracting charges, fuel costs, depreciation of machinery and direct labor costs. During the six months ended September 30, 2023, as we did not generate income from the trading of diesel oil, there was no cost incurred in this segment. We had less cost in soil and rock transportation but higher cost from miscellaneous construction works in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to the respective change in segment revenue.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

Our gross profit increased by 10.6% to US$1,378,404 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$1,245,955 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. Our gross profit margin increased to 23.5% for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from 20.7% for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in gross profit margin could be attributed to the temporary stop of diesel oil trading, which by nature had a low gross profit margin and the undertaking of more miscellaneous construction works, which was on average the highest gross profit margin during the six months ended September 30, 2023. The following table summarizes the gross profit and gross profit margin of different segments for the periods indicated:

Soil and rock transportation services have been the major contributor of our gross profit for the six months ended September 30, 2023, followed by miscellaneous construction works. For the six months ended September 30, 2022, as we were in the early stage of stepping into the construction works segment, we offered competitive pricing to gain reputation and earn track record. As such, we recorded gross loss for the segment during the six months ended September 30, 2022. However, due to the improvement in our cost management and expertise, we managed to turn the loss into profit for the six months ended September 30, 2023.

General and administrative expenses

For the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our general and administrative expenses consisted mainly of staff costs, transportation costs, amortization of right-of-use assets for operating leases and finance leases provision of credit loss, legal and professional fees, entertainment expenses, office and rental expenses and other miscellaneous expenses. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our general and administrative expenses for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 68.0% to US$668,635 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$398,036 for the six months ended September 30, 2022, principally due to the increase of staff cost as a result of more staff employed for our growing business, and increase in motoring and depreciation of machinery for idling machine due to customer’s change of design. As machinery are not always deployed in front-line operations, where depreciation is charged as cost of sales, when they are temporarily idle such as for maintenance and services, being re-deployed from one site to another or operation suspended due to customers’ change of construction plan, their depreciation expenses are booked into general and administration expenses.

Interest expense

Our interest expense is mainly related to our interest expenses incurred by finance leases of motor vehicles and machinery and bank borrowings. Our interest expense increased by 21.4% to US$98,227 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, from US$80,938 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense was principally attributable to the increase in the hire purchase of motor vehicles and machinery under finance leases and two bank borrowings subsequent to the six months ended September 30, 2022.

Other income

Other income comprised mainly income from government grants and site management income (2022 only), sale of scrap material, net of other expenses. The following table sets forth the breakdown of our other income for the six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2023:

Incidental to our soil and rock transportation work, valuable recyclable materials such as steel are sorted and sold. For the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the sale of scrap material contributed US$102,607 and US$214,021 as other income. The amount of resalable scrap material recovered is highly variable as we cannot reasonably precisely foresee the constituents of the waste material before we perform the work.

Income tax expense

We are not subject to any income tax in the Cayman Islands and the BVI pursuant to the rules and regulations in those jurisdictions, but our subsidiary, Primega Construction, is subject to Hong Kong profits tax. Our income tax expense was US$90,249 for the six months ended September, 2023, decreased by 41.7% from US$154,921 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. Effective tax rate for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 13.3% and 15.1%, respectively.

Net income

Our net income decreased by 32.8% to US$586,264 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to US$872,834 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was mainly contributed by the increase in general and administrative expenses. Net profit margin was 10.0% and 14.5% for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Year ended March 31, 2022, compared to year ended March 31, 2023

The following table sets forth a summary of the consolidated results of operations of us for the periods indicated, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total revenues.

Revenues

Our revenues increased by 6.3% to US$11,143,138 (of which US$2,830,475 from related parties) for the year ended March 31, 2023, from US$10,483,094 (of which US$3,268,003 from related parties) for the year ended March 31, 2022. The revenues increase was principally a result of the expansion of our soil and rock transportation services.

The following table sets out revenues generated from different services during the two years ended March 31, 2023:

For the year ended March 31, 2023, soil and rock transportation services continued to be the major source of our revenues, accounted for 88.5% of our total revenues as compared to 73.8% in 2022. The increase in the soil and rock transportation revenue is primarily because of closer business relationship with the major key customers and our expansion in capacity since we purchased certain machinery required for the operations. On the other hand, diesel oil trading saw a considerable contraction in business even though diesel price was on the rise during the year ended March 31, 2023. This was because our trading of diesel oil was customer and construction site specific and when the customers completed relevant works at the construction sites where diesel oil was consumed, the diesel demand may temporarily decrease. These services will continue to be our main profit driver, with a view to diversifying our income from biodiesel oil trading and construction works services.

Cost of sales

Our cost of sales increased by 19.2% to US$8,965,091 (of which US$1,1,62,640 from related parties) for the year ended March 31, 2023, from US$7,522,902 (of which US$1,249,913 from related parties) for the year ended March 31, 2022. Our cost of sales mainly comprised subcontracting charges, fuel costs, depreciation of machinery and direct labor costs. During the year ended March 31, 2023, as we took up more projects for soil and rock transportation services, which increased associated cost of sales. The increase in cost of sales, however, was higher than the growth in sales. This was attributed to the shortage of construction labor in Hong Kong as we saw both subcontracting fees and direct labor cost soaring. Further, as fuel price was in general higher in fiscal year 2023 than 2022 and we had a larger fleet of machinery and motor vehicles, transportation costs and depreciation expenses increased as well.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

Our gross profit decreased by 26.4% to US$2,178,047 for the year ended March 31, 2022, from US$2,960,192 for the year ended March 31, 2022. Our gross profit margin decreased to 19.5% for the year ended March 31, 2023, from 28.2% for the year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease in gross profit margin could be attributed to the increase in labor costs, subcontracting fees and transportation costs. The following table sets out the gross profit and gross profit margin for our different services for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2023:

Soil and rock transportation services have been the contributor of our gross profit as well as the overall drop in growth profit margin. Diesel oil trading had a lower gross profit margin in fiscal year 2023 mainly because of the higher fuel purchase price. Competition in miscellaneous construction works was a loss in fiscal year 2022 but we managed to turn around in 2023 as we better managed our construction costs.

General and administrative expenses

For the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our general and administrative expenses consisted mainly of staff costs, transportation costs, provision of credit loss, legal and professional fees, entertainment expenses, office and rental expenses and other miscellaneous expenses. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our general and administrative expenses for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 71.3% to US$1,188,713 for the year ended March 31, 2023, from US$694,121 for the year ended March 31, 2022, principally due to the increase of staff cost as a result of more staff employed for our growing business, and increase in depreciation of machinery. As machinery are not always deployed in front-line operations, where depreciation is charged as cost of sales, when they are temporarily idle such as for maintenance and services, being re-deployed from one site to another or operation suspended due to customers’ change of construction plan, their depreciation expenses are booked into general and administration expenses.

Interest expense

Our interest expense is mainly related to our interest expenses incurred by finance leases of motor vehicles and bank borrowings. Our interest expense increased by 64.3% to US$190,561 for the year ended March 31, 2023, from US$115,978 for the year ended March 31, 2022. The increase in interest expense was principally attributable to hire purchase of motor vehicles and machinery under finance leases during the year ended March 31, 2023 and two bank borrowings in 2023.

Other income

Other income comprised mainly income from machinery rental, site management income, sublease income, sale of rocks and other income. The following table sets for the breakdown of our other income for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2023:

Income tax expense

We are not subject to any income tax in the Cayman Islands and the BVI pursuant to the rules and regulations in those jurisdictions, but our subsidiary, Primega Construction, is subject to Hong Kong profits tax. Our income tax expense was US$219,644 for the year ended March 31, 2023, decreased by 38.6% from US$357,734 for the year ended March 31, 2022. Effective tax rate for the two years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was 15.8% and 15.2%.

Net income

Our net income decreased by 41.4% to US$1,167,260 for the year ended March 31, 2023, as compared to US$1,993,605 for the year ended March 31, 2022. Net profit margin was 10.5% and 19.0% for the year ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Cash Flows

Six months ended September 30, 2022, compared to six months ended September 30, 2023

Our use of cash was primarily related to operating activities and purchase of property, plant and equipment and entering into finance leases. We have historically financed our operations primarily through our cash flow generated from our operations, bank borrowings and shareholders’ loans.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows information for the years indicated:

Cash provided by operating activities

Our cash inflow from operating activities was principally receipt of payments from customers. Our cash outflows from operating activities were principally due to payments for purchase of diesel oils, subcontracting fees, staff costs, and administrative and other operating expenses. Net cash provided by operating activities reflects our net income adjusted for non-cash items, including non-cash operating lease expense, depreciation, deferred tax expenses, and credit loss, and changes in working capital items including accounts receivable, prepayment, deposits and other receivable, accounts payable, retention receivable, accruals and other current liabilities, contract liabilities, income taxes payable and lease liabilities – operating leases.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended September 30, 2023 was US$680,974, representing an increase of 219% as compared to same period in 2022 of US$213,441, mainly due to the lesser increase in accounts receivable for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to 2022. We experienced growth in business for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to 2021 and therefore accounts receivable grew at a faster rate. On the contrary, total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased slightly year-on-year.

Net cash used in investing activities

For the six months ended September 30, 2022, cash used in investing activities was US$1,480 which was vastly for the acquisition of property, plant and equipment to support our business needs. We did not have any investment activities for cash flow purposes during the six months ended September 30, 2023.

Net cash used in financing activities

For the six months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was US$195,626, which was arrived from the repayment from director of US$143,129, proceeds from bank loans of US$586,447, net of principal payment of lease liabilities of US$604,433, loan to a related company of US$20,042, and payment of offering costs of US$300,727.

For the six months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was US$876,149, which was due to our repayment of advance from a director of US$23,060, principal payment of lease liabilities of US$620,196, initial payment of finance lease of US$39,465, and payment of IPO costs of US$193,428.

Year ended March 31, 2022, compared to year ended March 31, 2023

Our use of cash was primarily related to operating activities and purchase of property, plant and equipment and entering into finance leases. We have historically financed our operations primarily through our cash flow generated from our operations, bank borrowings and shareholders’ loans.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows information for the years indicated:

Cash provided by operating activities

Our cash inflow from operating activities was principally receipt of payments from customers. Our cash outflows from operating activities were principally due to payments for purchase of diesel oils, subcontracting fees, staff costs, and administrative and other operating expenses. Net cash provided by operating activities reflects our net income adjusted for non-cash items, including non-cash operating lease expense, depreciation, deferred tax expenses, loss on disposal of right-of-use assets – finance lease, finance charge on lease liabilities – finance lease and credit loss, and changes in working capital items including accounts receivable, prepaid expense, deposits and other receivable, accounts payable, retention receivable, accruals and other current liabilities, contract liabilities, income taxes payable and lease liabilities – operating leases.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended March 31, 2023 was US$839,945 represented a decrease of 57.2% as compared to fiscal year 2022 of US$1,963,155 as a result of less profit from operation. There was also an increase in accounts receivable of US$3,171,765 in fiscal year 2023 as compared to increase of US$2,035,795 in 2022.

Net cash used in investing activities

For the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, cash used in investing activities was US$46,398 and US$544,360. Cash used in investment activities was for vastly for the acquisition of property, plant and equipment to support our business needs, which are highly dependent on the use of heavy machinery and vehicles.

Net cash used in financing activities

For the year ended March 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was US$1,377,922, which was arrived from the payment of offering costs of US$237,965, proceeds from a director of US$142,253, the initial payment of finance leases of US$592,972 and principal repayment of finance lease liabilities of US$689,238.

For the year ended March 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was US$664,399. We obtained cash from financing from proceeds from a director and bank borrowings of US$110,389 and US$1,078,941. We used cash in financing due to initial payment of finance leases of US$24,823, principal payment of finance leases of US$1,350,065 and payment of offering costs of US$478,841.

Current assets and current liabilities

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our current assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated.

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable represented receivables from our customers arising from our contract work. We generally grant our customers a credit period typically ranging from 30 to 90 days, but may be longer depending on their reputation, transaction history and relationship with us. Our accounts receivable increased by 152.0% to US$3,898,895 as of March 31, 2023, from US$1,546,995 as of March 31, 2022. The increase was mainly attributable to the increased accounts receivable from a major customer, Customer C, from whom we had undertaken significant project works. Customer C has been our customer since our beginning of business and we have developed good relationship with this customer as we continue to be awarded new projects. Customer C is a reputable foundation contractor in Hong Kong and is listed on the GEM of Hong Kong Stock Exchange. As of September 30, 2023, our accounts receivable, net increased by 37.8% to US$5,731,208. We tightly monitor the outstanding balance of accounts receivable due from Customer C, the management is optimistic about the collection of the outstanding accounts receivable in full and before the end of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024.

Accounts receivable, net – related parties

Accounts receivable, net – related parties are receivables from Chi Yip Eng. & (Trans.) Company Limited (“Chi Yip”), a company owned as to 50% each by Ms. Wong Lai Ching and Mr. Man Chi Kwan, who are the parents of Mr. Man Siu Ming, our controlling shareholder. For the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2023, we were a subcontractor of Chi Yip, undertaking soil and rock transportation services. The accounts receivable, net due from Chi Yip amounted to US$1,283,179 as of March 31, 2022, and increased to US$1,903,672 as of March 31, 2023. During the fiscal year 2023, revenues generated from Chi Yip decreased to US$2,830,475 from US$3,268,003 in 2022. As of September 30, 2023, accounts receivable due from Chi Yip decreased by 28.3% to US$1,364,266. We expect Chi Yip will settle the outstanding accounts receivable as of September 30, 2023 within 12 months.

Prepayment, deposits and other receivable

Prepayment, deposits and other receivable consisted mainly of prepayments for subcontracting fees and insurance expenses, rental deposits and deposits for electronic toll payment services. With the new signing of storage facility during the fiscal year 2023, prepayment, deposits and other receivable increased from US$27,854 as of March 31, 2022 to US$85,871 as of March 31, 2023. Prepayment, deposits and other receivable decreased by 46.1% to US$46,307 as of September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to the reduced prepaid insurance amount.

Deferred cost

Deferred cost represented amounts paid to professional parties involved in the offering of our Ordinary Shares. Deferred cost was recorded at US$237,965 as of March 31, 2022, US$716,806 as of March 31, 2023 and US$910,234 as of September 30, 2023.

Accounts payable, accruals, and other current liabilities

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our accounts payable, accruals, and other current liabilities as of the dates indicated:

Our accounts payable comprises trade payables mainly related to our subcontractors for the soil and rock transportation and construction works and the purchases of diesel oil for the diesel trading business. Our subcontractors and suppliers usually granted us a credit period between 30 and 90 days.

Our accounts payable, accruals, and other current liabilities increased by 76.1% to US$3,007,935 as of March 31, 2023, from US$1,707,899 as of March 31, 2022. The balance increased by 13.4% to US$3,409,945 as of September 30, 2023.

The increase in accounts payable is mainly due to the increased subcontracting fees due to subcontractors for carrying out the soil and rock transportation services.

Amount due to a director

Our director, Mr. Man Siu Ming, supported the growth of our business by providing funds. Amount due to Mr. Man Siu Ming amounted to US$434,674, US$545,063 and US$522,003 as of March 31, 2022, March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023. The balance due to Mr. Man Siu Ming was unsecured, interest-free and repayable on demand.

Income taxes payable

We had income taxes payable of US$108,850 and US$221,588 as of March 31, 2022 and 2023. We had income taxes payable of US$320,388 as of September 30, 2023.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarized our contractual obligations, which include principal in the cases of bank borrowings and finance leases, as of September 30, 2023:

Finance lease obligations

We purchased certain plant and equipment under finance leases. All of our finance leases were denominated in Hong Kong dollars and the interest rates of our obligations under finance leases are fixed at the contract date in the range of 0% to 7.53% per annum. The obligations under finance leases were secured by the lessor’s charge over the relevant machinery, equipment or motor vehicles and guaranteed by the personal guarantee provided by Mr. Man Siu Ming. As of September 30, 2023, there were 44 finance leases for vehicles and 3 finance leases for machinery effective where the lessors were mainly financial institutions or the vendor of the vehicles. The finance leases provided for the period of hire, monthly instalment amount and the option fee for purchasing the vehicles upon expiry of the leases.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, including arrangements that would affect its liquidity, capital resources, market risk support, credit risk support, or other benefits.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Credit risk

Assets that potentially subject us to a significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash, accounts receivable, retention receivable and other current assets. We believe that there is no significant credit risk associated with cash, which was held by reputable financial institutions in the jurisdictions where the Company and its subsidiaries are located. The Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board pays compensation up to a limit of HK$500,000 (approximately US$64,130) if the bank with which an individual/company holds its eligible deposit fails. As of September 30, 2023, cash balance of US$45,044 was maintained at financial institutions in Hong Kong and approximately HK$500,000 were insured by the Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board.

We have designed our credit policies with an objective to minimize exposure to credit risk. Other than retention receivable which may be held by our customers for more than a year, our “receivables” are very short term, generally granted by us at 30 to 90 days, in nature and the associated risk is minimal. We conduct credit evaluations on our customers and generally do not require collateral or other security from such customers. We periodically evaluate the creditworthiness of the existing customers to ascertain receivables value at credit risk. In particular, we estimate allowance for credit loss the details of which are discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements.

Foreign currency risk

We are exposed to foreign currency risk primarily through service income or expenses that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations to which they relate. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily US$. As HK$ is currently pegged to US$, our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations is minimal.

Interest rate risk

We have finance leases in place which have fixed interest rates throughout the lease period. Interest rates of the finance leases are fixed at inception of the leases, which in turn relates to the prevailing market interest rate. We do not have an interest rate hedging policy to hedge against the risk of fluctuating interest rates. However, our management closely monitors interest rate exposures, assesses our Group’s position to take out new bank loans or finance leases.

During the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had maintained floating rate facility letter withs a bank in Hong Kong which were entered into in September 2022 and December 2022. The facilities carry an annual interest rate of prime rate – 2.5%. The change in interest rates would not have a material bearing to the interest expenses incurred in the said financial period as holding other things constant, a hypothetical change of plus or minus 250 bps to the interest rate at the inception date of the facility letter, our interest expenses would increase or decrease by US$6,890 and US$14,252 for the six months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingencies at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, management is required to routinely make judgments and estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different conditions or assumptions.

Critical accounting policy is both material to the presentation of financial statements and requires management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could have a material effect on financial condition or results of operations. Accounting estimates and assumptions may become critical when they are material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and that have a material impact on financial condition or operating performance.

Critical accounting estimates are estimates that require us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate were made and if different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely occur from period to period, have a material impact on the presentation of our financial condition, changes in financial condition or results of operations. Due to the level of activity and lack of complex transactions, we believe there are currently no critical accounting policies and estimates that affect the preparation of our financial statements.

BUSINESS

Overview

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with operations conducted by our Hong Kong operating subsidiary, Primega Construction.

We are a provider of transportation services that employs environmentally friendly practices with the aim of facilitating reuse of C&D materials and reduction of construction waste. We operate in the Hong Kong construction industry, mainly handling transportation of materials excavated from construction sites. Our services principally comprise of (i) soil and rock transportation services; (ii) diesel oil trading; and (iii) construction works, which mainly includes ELS works and bored piling. We generally provide our services as a subcontractor to other construction contractors in Hong Kong.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following competitive strengths differentiate us from our competitors:

Our operating subsidiary has a fleet of 43 tipper trucks and machinery and a strong network of subcontractors

Our fleet of tipper trucks and machinery allow our operating subsidiary to undertake multiple soil and rock transportation projects at the same time. Our operating subsidiary has the capacity to undertake multiple projects simultaneously due in part to our network of subcontractors, who can provide our operating subsidiary with transportation services. Having its own fleet of trucks and machines allow our operating subsidiary to expediently deploy them to various locations. Our operating subsidiary also has an experienced in-house servicing team for its tipper trucks and other machinery to ensure that they are well maintained and operated efficiently. Our operating subsidiary’s projects department works closely with the contractor on-site, ensuring that the earthworks are carried out as per the project schedule and specifications.

Long term relationships with customers

Our operating subsidiary has established stable business relationships with its customers and its major customers for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the six months ended September 30, 2023. While Primega Construction, our operating subsidiary has only commenced its operations since 2018, the close-knit relationship with Chi Yip has provided access to a wide network of customers built over the decades by Mr. Man Chi Kwan, the father of our director and chairman, Mr. Man Siu Ming. As a company with a long history, Chi Yip has been operating in the Hong Kong construction industry since the year 2000. Building on the network and relationships established by Mr. Man Chi Kwan, Mr. Man Siu Ming further cultivated these business relationships during his tenure at Chi Yip. Since the establishment of Primega Construction in 2018, it has begun the gradual process of taking on and succeeding Chi Yip’s clientele. As Mr. Man Chi Kwan retires and downscales Chi Yip’s operations, Primega Construction has grown, developing its own expertise in the field. Riding on the strength of these long-standing relationships in the construction industry, Primega Construction has provided its services to its major customers in the construction industry since its inception, during which time it has had recurring invitations to provide quotations for and completed multiple projects for its customers. We believe that Primega Construction’s operating history, together with the long-established relationships with its customers cultivated over the years would increase our overall recognition and visibility in the market and enable us to attract potential business opportunities.

Experienced and professional management team

Our management members bring with them over 10 years of experience in the construction industry. Mr. Man Siu Ming, our director and chairman of the board, has been in the construction industry for approximately 11 years and ample experience in construction transportation and logistics and foundation related construction work projects. Mr. Man has vast experience in the industry in project management, including the handling of construction waste, as well as established relationships with a number of construction contractors. Mr. Hui Chun Kit, our director and chief executive officer, has also been in the construction industry for over 10 years and has acted as project engineer for a number of sizeable construction projects. Their qualifications and leadership have been key to formulating business strategies and competitive quotes that are essential to us in securing new business. Their technical know-how and industry knowledge acquired and accumulated over the years have also assisted us in carrying out efficient management of project work and in coping with uncertainties encountered during the projects’ operation. We believe that our experienced and professional management team is an invaluable asset and will continue to contribute to our business development and future prospects. Mr. Man Siu Ming and Mr. Hui Chun Kit also serve as director and project director, respectively, in our operating subsidiary.

Our Strategies

We intend to pursue the following strategies to further expand our business:

Growing through selected strategic acquisition of machinery

Most of Primega Construction’s work requires the use of different machinery and equipment. Primega Construction’s capacity to provide soil and rock transportation services depends in large on the availability of tipper trucks and the loading capacity of such trucks. We believe investing in machinery will be more cost effective than leasing or relying on the provision of transportation services by third parties in the long term. By expanding its fleet of machinery and equipment Primega Construction can (i) ensure that the machinery is optimally serviced and exercise greater control over the deployment of its machinery, (ii) protect its business from fluctuation in rental costs, (iii) reduce its reliance on capacity and availability of machinery and equipment from third parties, and (iv) enhance the accuracy of its cost estimates, allowing us to budget and submit more accurate quotations.

We therefore intend to acquire additional machinery for Primega Construction so as to enhance its technical ability and to strengthen its capability to cope with different needs and requirements of different customers and to meet the expected growing demand for soil and rock transportation in Hong Kong in the foreseeable future. Such additional machinery includes but not limited to tipper trucks and excavators. Our Directors believe that by acquiring machinery, it will allow Primega Construction to operate more efficiently by providing flexibility in how it allocate its resources and expand its capability to take on more concurrent projects in the future.

Enhance our operations as a construction works subcontractor to undertake excavation works

The capacity of our operating subsidiary in undertaking construction projects depends on the amount of available working capital. There may be time lags between payments to the subcontractors and suppliers and receiving payments from our customers. We believe the proceeds from the offering will strengthen our available financial resources and working capital and allow our operating subsidiary to undertake more projects.

As certain machinery we possessed for the handling of C&D material, such as excavators are capable of undertaking excavation works, we plan to vertically expand our operating subsidiary’s service types to provide excavation services. This expansion can not only grow our income stream, but also enable us to better control the state of C&D material from the source to facilitate the subsequent sorting, recycling and resale.

Further enhance our project management capability

As we further expand our business and capture more sizeable projects, we will need additional project managers and engineers, quantity surveyors, with appropriate knowledge, qualifications, and experience to oversee and execute the daily operations of our operating subsidiary’s projects as well as meet the relevant requirements set by government authorities. We consider that the reputation of operating subsidiary has been built on years of satisfactory construction management services operating subsidiary provided to its customers and in order to continually deliver quality work, we intend to expand our manpower by recruiting project management and support staff to cope with our business development.

OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS

Through our operating subsidiary, we are engaged in the provision of (i) soil and rock transportation services, (ii) biodiesel oil trading, and (iii) construction works.

Construction activities, which include, among others, site clearance, excavation, construction, refurbishment, renovation, demolition and road works generate a large amount of C&D materials, a large portion of which ultimately becomes construction waste. Construction contractors are obligated to sort and dispose of construction waste at government waste disposal facilities, which charge a disposal fee with respect to the weight and type of construction waste. The producers of construction waste are required to open a billing account with the EPD prior to using a government waste disposal facility and to pay the relevant construction waste disposal charge. Primega Construction’s soil and rock transportation services are mainly provided to construction contractors to take care of excavated materials, primarily soil and rock, generated during the excavation stage of a foundation construction project. Primega Construction’s customers primarily consist of subcontractors operating in private sector construction projects.

Primega Construction’s services involve the handling, loading and transport of excavated materials, substantially comprised of soil and rock, for disposal at relevant government waste disposal facilities such as landfills, sorting facilities or public fill reception facilities, as the case may be.

Among the C&D materials generated from construction activities, only a subset of inert materials such as soil, rock and concrete are suitable for reuse and/or recycling into products with marketable value. These materials are suitable for reuse in construction projects such as reclamation, or site formation works with or without further processing. Other inert C&D materials such as asphalt, tiles, bricks and glass cannot be feasibly processed and recycled into marketable products. The excavated materials Primega Construction handles are a mix of such materials. Rather than disposing of all the C&D materials at government waste disposal facilities, Primega Construction makes efforts to reduce waste by reintroducing suitable materials back into the market as reusable or recyclable materials.

Primega Construction identifies reclamation and site formation construction contractors and other vendors interested in purchasing the excavated materials. Excavated soil can be used for land filling works while rock materials can be treated and processed into viable construction materials such as recycled aggregates for mixing concrete.

These excavated materials that can be repurposed or sold will not be subject to disposal charges at government waste disposal facilities, reduces the amount of environmental waste, and at the same time, the operational costs of our operating subsidiary.

Primega Construction operates as a biodiesel oil provider in the supply chain, obtaining biodiesel oil from wholesale oil trading companies, for sale and delivery to its customers at the construction site. The customers of our operating subsidiary are mainly construction contractors which utilize biodiesel oil to operate construction machinery. Primega Construction places orders with the oil trading companies for inventory for trading and for use by its own machinery. Primega Construction owns a diesel tank wagon with a storage capacity of 15,000 liters. Primega Construction maintains a limited amount of inventory of up to 15,000 liters, which is stored in the diesel tank wagon. It will then make enquiries with construction contractors to confirm orders and arrange for direct delivery to the construction sites of its customers. The pricing is set based on cost plus markup, which is determined by reference to two principal factors, namely (i) the wholesale cost of procuring the biodiesel oil and (ii) the delivery location of the customer. In addition, Primega Construction also has a secondary diesel tank wagon with a storage capacity of 11,500 liters as a contingency backup. During the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the six months ended September 30, 2023, Primega Construction did not experience any significant difficulty sourcing biodiesel oil.

Primega Construction provides ELS works as subcontractor, which are typically used for establishing a supported area for deep excavation in order to facilitate construction of footing foundation basement or pile caps for further infrastructure development. ELS works typically begin by inserting steel pile wall into the soil for the planned excavation, followed by excavation within the steel pile walls. Lateral support is then added to keep the steel pile stable for deeper excavation.

Primega Construction also acts as subcontractor for piling works. Piling involves any work in connection with forming a pile in the ground by a variety of means for the purposes of foundation construction. During the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2023 and the six months ended September 30, 2023, Primega Construction has undertaken projects for construction of bored piles. Bored piles are a type of reinforced concrete pile expected to be used to bear heavy loads, and a common type of foundation used in Hong Kong. Bored piling requires the use of different kinds of machinery, such as excavators, air compressors, crawler cranes, oscillators, etc., and Primega Construction possesses most of the standard machinery and equipment necessary for construction of bored piles.

OUR OPERATION FLOW

Set out below is the flow chart summarizing the usual workflow of a soil and rock transportation project:

Quotation and contract execution

As standard practice, Primega Construction is invited by its customers to provide a quotation for a potential project. The customers will typically include in its invitation a preliminary report on the composition of the materials to be excavated at the construction site. Primega Construction will review the preliminary report and conduct an on-site ground investigation to determine the physical characteristics of the site. After the investigation, Primega Construction will conduct a preliminary review and assessment of the potential project. Primega Construction would consider (i) the aggregate estimated volume of materials involved and the project timeframe, (ii) distance between the site location and the relevant reception site, (iii) capacity and resource availability, and (iv) previous experience and relationship with the customer. Once Primega Construction’s management considers the above factors and estimates the expected profitability of a potential project, they will provide a quotation to the customer.

Upon receipt of the quotation, the customer may by way of interview or enquiries clarify with Primega Construction the particulars of its submitted quote. Once the customer decides to engage Primega Construction, generally, it will be formally informed of the customer’s acceptance. Primega Construction may then enter into a formal engagement agreement with the customer.

Project planning

Upon formal engagement, the management of Primega Construction will allocate the required personnel to the project and assesses the necessary machinery and equipment on-hand. Primega Construction will estimate the volume required to be transported per day, and allocate the necessary personnel and machinery to ensure completion of the project on time.