Over-allotment involves sales by an underwriter of shares in excess of the number of shares an underwriter is obligated to purchase, which creates a syndicate short position. The short position may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a covered short position, the number of shares over-allotted by an underwriter is not greater than the number of shares that it may purchase in an over-allotment option. In a naked short position, the number of shares involved is greater than the number of shares in an over-allotment option. An underwriter may close out any short position by either exercising its over-allotment option and/or purchasing shares in the open market.
Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of shares of our common stock in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions. In determining the source of shares to close out the short position, an underwriter will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which it may purchase shares through an over-allotment option. If an underwriter sells more shares than could be covered by an over-allotment option, a naked short position, the position can only be closed out by buying shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if an underwriter is concerned that there could be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering.
Penalty bids permit representatives to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when shares of our common stock originally sold by the syndicate member are purchased in a stabilizing or syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions.
These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock. As a result, the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. These transactions may be effected on the New York Stock Exchange or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
If any of the selling shareholders use dealers in the sale of securities, such selling shareholders will sell the securities to the dealers as principals. They may then resell those securities to the public at varying prices determined by the dealers at the time of resale. Such selling shareholders will include in a prospectus supplement the names of the dealers and the terms of the transaction.
At-the-Market Offerings
Selling shareholders could make sales in privately negotiated transactions and/or any other method permitted by law, including sales deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, which includes sales made directly on or through the New York Stock Exchange, the existing trading market for our common stock, or sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange.
To the extent that any of the selling shareholders make sales through one or more underwriters, dealers or agents in “at-the-market” offerings, such selling shareholder will do so pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement or other “at-the-market” offering arrangement with such underwriters or agents. If any of the selling shareholders engage in at-the-market sales pursuant to any such agreement, such selling shareholder will issue and sell securities through one or more underwriters or agents, which may act on an agency basis or on a principal basis. During the term of any such agreement, such selling shareholder may sell securities on a daily basis in exchange transactions or otherwise as such selling shareholders agree with the underwriters or agents. The agreement will provide that any securities sold will be sold at prices related to the then prevailing market prices for such securities. Therefore, exact figures regarding proceeds that will be raised or commissions to be paid cannot be determined at this time. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, such selling shareholder also may agree to sell, and the relevant underwriters or agents may agree to solicit offers to purchase, blocks of securities. The terms of each such agreement will be set forth in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus. In the event that any underwriter or agent acts as principal, or any broker-dealer acts as underwriter, it may engage in certain transactions that stabilize, maintain, or otherwise affect the price of the securities. Any such activities will be described in the prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus relating to the transaction.
Direct Sales and Sales Through Agents
Any of the selling shareholders may sell the securities directly, without the involvement of underwriters, dealers or agents. Any of the selling shareholders also may sell the securities through agents such selling shareholders designate from time to time, who may be deemed to be underwriters as that term is defined in the Securities Act. In the applicable prospectus supplement, such selling shareholders will name any agent involved in the offer or sale of the securities, and
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