U-Haul Holding (UHAL) 10-K2022 FY Annual report

United States Securities and exchange commission

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15( d ) of the securities exchange act of 1934.

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022

or

☐ Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15( d ) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from __________________ to _________________          

Commission File Number 001-11255

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act.   Yes  ☐  No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant   (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☒    Accelerated Filer   ☐

Non-accelerated Filer   ☐    Smaller Reporting Company   ☐

Emerging Growth Company   ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of AMERCO common stock held by non-affiliates on September 30, 2021 was $ 6,375,692,681 . The aggregate market value was computed using the closing price for the common stock trading on NASDAQ on such date. Shares held by executive officers, directors and persons owning directly or indirectly more than 5% of the outstanding common stock have been excluded from the preceding number because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates of the registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

19,607,788 shares of AMERCO Common Stock, $0.25 par value, were outstanding at May 20, 2022.

Documents incorporated by reference: portions of AMERCO’s definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, to be filed within 120 days after AMERCO’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part i

Item 1. Business

Company Overview

We are North America’s largest “do-it-yourself” moving and storage operator through our subsidiary U-Haul International, Inc. (“U-Haul”). U-Haul is synonymous with “do-it-yourself” moving and storage and is a leader in supplying products and services to help people move and store their household and commercial goods. Our primary service objective is to “provide a better and better product and service to more and more people at a lower and lower cost.” Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “AMERCO,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to AMERCO, a Nevada corporation, and all of its legal subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis.

We were founded in 1945 as a sole proprietorship under the name "U-Haul Trailer Rental Company" and have rented trailers ever since. Starting in 1959, we rented trucks on a one-way and in-town basis exclusively through independent U-Haul ® dealers. In 1973, we began developing our network of U-Haul ® managed retail stores, through which we rent our trucks and trailers, self-storage units and portable moving and storage units and sell moving and self-storage products and services to complement our independent dealer network.

We rent our distinctive orange and white U-Haul ® trucks and trailers as well as offer self-storage units through a network of over 2,100 Company-operated retail moving stores and nearly 21,100 independent U-Haul ® dealers. We also sell U-Haul ® brand boxes, tape and other moving and self-storage products and services to “do-it-yourself” moving and storage customers at all of our distribution outlets and through our uhaul.com ® website.

We believe U-Haul ® is the most convenient supplier of products and services addressing the needs of the United States and Canada’s “do-it-yourself” moving and storage markets. Our broad geographic coverage throughout the United States and Canada and our extensive selection of U-Haul ® brand moving equipment rentals, self-storage units, portable moving and storage units and related moving and storage products and services provide our customers with convenient “one-stop” shopping.

Since 1945, U-Haul ® has incorporated sustainable practices into its everyday operations. We believe that our basic business premise of equipment sharing helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduces the inventory of total large capacity vehicles. We continue to look for ways to reduce waste within our business and are dedicated to manufacturing reusable components and recyclable products. We believe that our commitment to sustainability, through our products and services and everyday operations has helped us to reduce our impact on the environment.

Through Repwest Insurance Company (“Repwest”) and ARCOA Risk Retention Group ("ARCOA"), our property and casualty insurance subsidiaries, we manage the property, liability and related insurance claims processing for U-Haul ® . Oxford Life Insurance Company (“Oxford”), our life insurance subsidiary, sells life insurance, Medicare supplement insurance, annuities and other related products to the senior market.

Available Information

AMERCO® and U-Haul® are each incorporated in Nevada. The internet address for U-Haul is uhaul.com. On AMERCO’s investor relations website, amerco.com, we post the following filings as soon as practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”): our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements related to meetings of our stockholders, and any amendments to those reports or statements filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We also use our investor relations website as a means of disclosing material information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. All such filings on our website are available free of charge. Additionally, you will find these materials on the SEC’s website at sec.gov.

Products and Rental Equipment

Our customers are primarily “do-it-yourself” household movers. U-Haul ® moving equipment is specifically designed, engineered and manufactured for the “do-it-yourself” household mover. These “do-it-yourself” movers include individuals and families moving their belongings from one home to another, college students moving their belongings, vacationers and sports enthusiasts needing extra space or having special towing needs, people trying to save on home furniture and home appliance delivery costs, and “do-it-yourself” home remodeling and gardening enthusiasts who need to transport materials.

As of March 31, 2022, our rental fleet consisted of approximately 186,000 trucks, 128,000 trailers and 46,000 towing devices. This equipment and our U-Haul brand of self-moving products and services are available through our network of managed retail moving stores and independent U-Haul dealers. Independent U-Haul dealers receive rental equipment from the Company, act as rental agents and are paid a commission based on gross revenues generated from their U-Haul ® rentals.

Our rental truck chassis are engineered by domestic truck manufacturers. These chassis are joined with the U-Haul ® designed and manufactured van boxes primarily at U-Haul ® operated manufacturing and assembly facilities strategically located throughout the United States. U-Haul ® rental trucks feature our proprietary Lowest Deck SM , which provides our customers with extra ease of loading. The loading ramps on our trucks are the widest in the industry, which reduce the effort needed to move belongings. Our trucks are fitted with convenient, rub rails with tie downs on every interior wall. Our Gentle Ride Suspension SM helps our customers safely move delicate and prized possessions. Also, the engineers at our U-Haul Technical Center determined that the softest ride in our trucks was at the front of the van box. Consequently, we designed the part of the van box that hangs over the front cab of the truck to be the location for our customers to place their most fragile items during their move. We call this area Mom’s Attic ® .

Our distinctive trailers are also manufactured at these same U-Haul ® operated manufacturing and assembly facilities. These trailers are well suited to the low profile of many of today’s newly manufactured automobiles. Our engineering staff is committed to making our trailers easy to tow, safe, aerodynamic and fuel efficient.

To provide our self-move customers with added value, our rental trucks and trailers are designed with fuel efficiency in mind. Many of our trucks are fitted with fuel economy gauges, another tool that assists our customers in conserving fuel. To help make our rental equipment more reliable, we routinely perform extensive preventive maintenance and repairs.

We also provide customers with equipment to transport their vehicles. We provide two towing options: auto transport, in which all four wheels are off the ground, and a tow dolly, in which the front wheels of the towed vehicle are off the ground.

To help our customers load their boxes and larger household appliances and furniture, we offer several accessory rental items. Our utility dolly has a lightweight design and is easy to maneuver. Another rental accessory is our four wheel dolly, which provides a large, flat surface for moving dressers, wall units, pianos and other large household items. U-Haul ® appliance dollies provide the leverage needed to move refrigerators, freezers, washers and dryers easily and safely. These utility, furniture and appliance dollies, along with the low decks and the wide loading ramps on U-Haul ® trucks and trailers, are designed for easy loading and unloading of our customers’ belongings.

The total package U-Haul ® offers to the “do-it-yourself” household mover doesn’t end with trucks, trailers and accessory rental items. Our moving supplies include a wide array of affordably priced U-Haul ® brand boxes, tape and packing materials. We also provide specialty boxes for dishes, computers, flat screen television and sensitive electronic equipment, as well as tape, security locks, and packing supplies. U-Haul ® brand boxes are specifically sized to make loading easier.

We estimate that U-Haul ® is North America’s largest seller and installer of hitches and towing systems. In addition to towing U-Haul ® equipment, these hitching and towing systems can tow jet skis, motorcycles, boats, campers and horse trailers. Each year, millions of customers visit our locations for expertise on complete towing systems, trailer rentals and the latest in towing accessories.

U-Haul® has one of North America’s largest propane refilling networks, with over 1,200 locations providing this convenient service. We employ trained, certified personnel to refill propane cylinders and alternative fuel vehicles. Our network of propane dispensing locations is one of the largest automobile alternative refueling networks in North America.

Our self-storage business was a natural outgrowth of our self-moving operations. Conveniently located U-Haul ® self-storage rental facilities provide clean, dry and secure space for storage of household and commercial goods. Storage units range in size from 6 square feet to over 1,000 square feet. As of March 31, 2022, we operate 1,844 self-storage locations in the United States and Canada, with nearly 876,000 rentable storage units comprising 75.1 million square feet of rentable storage space. Our self-storage centers feature a wide array of security measures, ranging from electronic property access control gates to individually alarmed storage units. At many centers, we offer climate-controlled storage units to protect temperature sensitive goods.

Another extension of our strategy to make “do-it-yourself” moving and storage easier is our U-Box ® program.   A U-Box ® portable moving and storage unit is delivered to a location of our customer’s choosing either by the customers themselves through the use of a U-Box ® trailer, with the assistance of a Moving help program or by Company personnel. Once the U-Box ® portable moving and storage unit is filled, it can be stored at the customer’s location, or taken to one of our Company operated locations, a participating independent dealer, or moved to a location of the customer’s choice.

Additionally, we offer moving and storage protection packages such as Safemove ® and Safetow ® . These programs provide moving and towing customers with a damage waiver, cargo protection and medical and life insurance coverage. Safestor ® provides protection for storage customers from loss on their goods in storage. Safestor Mobile ® provides protection for customers stored belongings when using our U-Box ® portable moving and storage units. For our customers who desire additional coverage over and above the standard Safemove ® protection, we also offer our Safemove Plus ® product. This package provides the rental customer with a layer of primary liability protection.

We believe that through our website, uhaul.com, we have aggregated the largest network of customers and independent businesses in the self-moving and self-storage industry. In particular, our Moving help program connects “do-it-yourself” movers with thousands of independent service providers in the United States and Canada to assist our customers in packing, loading, unloading, cleaning and performing other services.

Through the U-Haul Storage Affiliates ® program, independent storage businesses can join one of the world’s largest self-storage reservation systems. Self-storage customers making a reservation through uhaul.com ® can access all of the U-Haul self-storage centers and all of our independent storage affiliate partners for even greater convenience to meet their self-storage needs. For the independent storage operator, our network gives them access to products and services allowing them to compete with larger operators more cost effectively.

We own numerous trademarks and service marks that contribute to the identity and recognition of our Company and its products and services. Certain of these marks are integral to the conduct of our business, a loss of any of which could have a material adverse affect on our business. We consider the trademark “U-Haul ® ” to be of material importance to our business in addition, but not limited to, the U.S. trademarks and service marks “AMERCO ® ”, “eMove ® ”, “Gentle Ride Suspension SM ”, “In-Town ® ”, “Lowest Decks SM ”, “Moving made Easier ® ”, “Make Moving Easier ® ”, “Mom’s Attic ® ”, “Moving Help ® ”, “Moving Helper ® ”, “Safemove ® ”, “Safemove Plus ® ”, “Safestor ® ”, “Safestor Mobile ® ”, “Safetow ® ”,   “U-Box ® ”, “uhaul.com ® ”, “U-Haul Investors Club ® ”, “U-Haul Truck Share ® ”, “U-Haul Truck Share 24/7 ® “ “U-Note ® ”, “WebSelfStorage ® ”, and “U-Haul SmartMobilityCenter ®” , among others, for use in connection with the moving and storage business.

Description of Operating Segments

AMERCO’s three reportable segments are:

• Moving and Storage, comprised of AMERCO ® , U-Haul ® , and Amerco Real Estate Company
  
  (“Real Estate”), and the subsidiaries of U-Haul ® and Real Estate,
• Property and Casualty Insurance, comprised of Repwest and its subsidiaries and ARCOA, and
• Life Insurance, comprised of Oxford and its subsidiaries.

Financial information for each of our operating segments is included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements as part of Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Moving and Storage Operating Segment

Moving and Storage operating segment (“Moving and Storage”) consists of the rental of trucks, trailers, portable moving and storage units, specialty rental items and self-storage spaces primarily to the household mover as well as sales of moving supplies, towing accessories and propane. Operations are conducted under the registered trade name U-Haul ® throughout the United States and Canada.

Net revenue from Moving and Storage was approximately 94.0%, 93.1% and 91.8% of consolidated net revenue in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The total number of rental trucks in the fleet increased from fiscal 2022. Continuing supply issues with our equipment manufacturers have slowed the number of new trucks we have been able to acquire this last year. In response, we have slowed the sale of trucks from our existing fleet.

Within our truck and trailer rental operation, we are focused on expanding our independent dealer network to provide added convenience for our customers. U-Haul ® maximizes vehicle utilization by managing distribution of the truck and trailer fleets among the over 2,100 Company-operated stores and nearly 21,100 independent dealers. Utilizing its proprietary reservations management system, our centers and dealers electronically report their inventory in real-time, which facilitates matching equipment to customer demand. Over half of all U-Move ® rental revenue originated from our operated centers.

At our owned and operated retail stores, we are implementing new initiatives to improve customer service. These initiatives include improving management of our rental equipment to provide our retail centers with the right type of rental equipment, at the right time and at the most convenient location for our customers, effectively marketing our broad line of self-moving related products and services, expanding accessibility to provide more convenience to our customers, and enhancing our ability to properly staff locations during our peak hours of operations by attracting and retaining “moonlighters” (part-time U-Haul ® system members with full-time jobs elsewhere) during our peak hours of operation. U-Haul offers U-Haul Truck Share 24/7 ® to our entire network in the United States and Canada. This technological advancement allows our customers to rent equipment through the mobile device any time of the day without having to visit the counter. U-Haul currently has several U.S. and Canadian Patents pending on its U-Haul Truck Share 24/7 ® system.

Our self-moving related products and services, such as boxes, pads and insurance, help our customers have a better moving experience and help them to protect their belongings from potential damage during the moving process. We are committed to providing a complete line of products selected with the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage customer in mind.

Our self-storage business operations consist of the rental of self-storage units, portable moving and storage units, sales of self-storage related products, the facilitation of sales of services, and the management of self-storage facilities owned by others.

U-Haul ® is one of the largest North American operators of self-storage and has been a leader in the self-storage industry since 1974. U-Haul ® operates nearly 876,000 rentable storage units, comprising 75.1 million square feet of rentable storage space with locations in 50 states and 10 Canadian provinces. Our owned and managed self-storage facility locations range in size up to 309,000 square feet of storage space, with individual storage units in sizes ranging from 6 square feet to over 1,000 square feet.

The primary market for storage units is the storage of household goods. We believe that our self-storage services provide a competitive advantage through such things as Max Security, an electronic system that monitors the storage facility 24 hours a day, climate control in select units, individually alarmed units, extended hours access, interior load and unload at selected locations, mobile device enabled rentals and an internet-based customer reservation and account management system.

Moving Help® and U-Haul Storage Affiliates® on uhaul.com are online marketplaces that connect consumers to independent Moving Help® service providers and thousands of independent Self-Storage Affiliates. Our network of customer-rated Moving Help® and affiliates provide pack and load help, cleaning help, self-storage and similar services all over the United States and Canada. Our goal is to further utilize our web-based technology platform to increase service to consumers and businesses in the moving and storage market.

Compliance with environmental requirements of federal, state and local governments significantly affects our business. Our truck and trailer rental business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental entities. Specifically, the U.S. Department of Transportation and various state, federal and Canadian agencies exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety, and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. In addition, our storage business is also subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and could become more stringent in the future.

Moving and Storage business is seasonal and our results of operations and cash flows fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. Historically, revenues have been stronger in the first and second fiscal quarters due to the overall increase in moving activity during the spring and summer months. The fourth fiscal quarter is generally our weakest.

Property and Casualty Insurance Operating Segment

Our Property and Casualty Insurance operating segment (“Property and Casualty Insurance”) provides loss adjusting and claims handling for U-Haul through regional offices across the United States and Canada. Property and Casualty Insurance also underwrites components of the Safemove ® , Safetow ® , Safemove Plus ® , Safestore Mobile ® and Safestor ® protection packages to U-Haul customers. We attempt to price our products to be a good value to our customers. The business plan for Property and Casualty Insurance includes offering property and casualty products in other U-Haul related programs.

Net revenue from Property and Casualty Insurance was approximately 1.9%, 1.9% and 2.2% of consolidated net revenue in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Life Insurance Operating Segment

Life Insurance provides life and health insurance products primarily to the senior market through the direct writing and reinsuring of life insurance, Medicare supplement and annuity policies.

Net revenue from Life Insurance was approximately 4.1%, 5.0% and 6.0% of consolidated net revenue in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Human Capital  

We work at never forgetting that our quality self-move, self-storage, and closely related services and products are meant to improve human lives and serve the do-it-yourself moving public.   Our workforce is a reflection of, and as diverse as the customers we serve.   Discrimination based on race, gender, religion, age, ethnicity, disability or familial status in the acquisition, promotion or compensation of talent is not accepted.   The Company does not manage to any one specific numerical measurement as part of its hiring human resource management.    

System Members  

As of March 31, 2022, we employed approximately 32,200 people in the United States and approximately 1,900 in Canada with approximately 99% of these system members working within Moving and Storage and approximately 48% of these system members working on a full-time basis.    

The Company operates over 2,100 retail locations, 11 manufacturing and assembly facilities, 149 fixed-site repair facilities, a distribution center and our corporate offices.   We hire system members from the communities in which we are located and prefer to promote from within our team.  

Benefits  

We focus on our system members’ wellness over the course of their life, from physical and emotional to financial.  

Our health benefit program provides medical, dental and vision benefits.  Participation in the health benefit program also includes access to our Healthier You wellness program that offers system members the tools necessary to live a healthier lifestyle.  This wellness program encompasses nutritional guidance, smoking cessation and fitness alternatives.  We also make available a system members assistance program focusing on mental health called You Matter, which offers counseling, work-life solutions and legal guidance. 

We encourage a work-life balance for our system members and their families through paid time off and various leave options as well as special benefits including a healthy pregnancy program and a 24/7 doctor-on-call program for their children.  

Financial benefits are a critical component of our system members’ wellness.   These benefits include competitive salaries, participation in our Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) and 401(k) plan, life and disability insurance, health savings accounts, and the SmartDollar ® financial literacy program.    

Education and Development  

The Company encourages life-long personal and professional development for our system members.   To that goal, we offer our system members and our independent dealers free access to our on-line U-Haul University.   These courses are critical for the development of specialized industry knowledge and to the safety of our team.   For more generalized education, we also provide a tuition reimbursement program.  

Community  

We value our relationship with the communities in which we do business. We offer community outreach through volunteer opportunities for our system members, to in-kind donations of equipment, products, and services. We are a strong supporter of military members and their families by way of employment opportunities as well as partnering with military and veteran organizations to support and honor those who have served.  

Sales and Marketing

We promote U-Haul ® brand awareness through direct and co-marketing arrangements. Our direct marketing activities consist of web-based initiatives, print and social media as well as trade events, movie and television cameos of our rental fleet and boxes, television commercials, and industry and consumer communications. We believe that our rental equipment is our best form of advertisement. We support our independent U-Haul ® dealers through marketing U-Haul ® moving and self-storage rentals, products and services.

Our marketing plan focuses on maintaining our leadership position in the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage industry by continually improving the ease of use and economy of our rental equipment, by providing added convenience to our retail centers, through independent U-Haul dealers, and by expanding the capabilities of our U-Haul websites.

A significant driver of rental transaction volume is our utilization of an online reservation and sales system, through uhaul.com and our 24-hour 1-800-GO-U-HAUL telephone reservations system. These points of contact are prominently featured and are a major driver of customer lead sources.

Competition

Moving and Storage Operating Segment

The truck rental industry is highly competitive and includes a number of significant national, regional and local competitors. Generally speaking, we consider there to be two distinct users of rental trucks: commercial and “do-it-yourself” residential users. We primarily focus on the “do-it-yourself” residential user. Within this segment, we believe the principal competitive factors are convenience of rental locations, availability of quality rental moving equipment, breadth of essential products and services, and total cost to the user. Our major national competitors in both the in-town and one-way moving equipment rental market include Avis Budget Group, Inc. and Penske Truck Leasing. We have numerous competitors throughout the United States and Canada who compete with us in the in-town market.

The self-storage market is large and very fragmented. We believe the principal competitive factors in this industry are convenience of storage rental locations, cleanliness, security and price. Our largest competitors in the self-storage market are Public Storage Inc., Extra Space Storage, Inc., CubeSmart and Life Storage, Inc.

Insurance Operating Segments

The insurance industry is highly competitive. In addition, the marketplace includes financial services firms offering both insurance and financial products. Some of the insurance companies are owned by stockholders and others are owned by policyholders. Many competitors have been in business for a longer period of time or possess substantially greater financial resources and broader product portfolios than our insurance companies. We compete in the insurance business based upon price, product design, and services rendered to agents and policyholders.

Financial Data of Segment and Geographic Areas

For financial data of our segments and geographic areas please see Note 21, Financial Information by Geographic Area, and Note 21A, Consolidating Financial Information by Consolidating Industry Segment, of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), contains “forward-looking statements” regarding future events and our future results of operations. We may make additional written or oral forward-looking statements from time to time in filings with the SEC or otherwise. We believe such forward-looking statements are within the meaning of the safe-harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Such statements may include, but are not limited to, the risk associated with COVID-19 or similar events on system members or customers, impact on the economic environment or demand of our products and the cost and availability of debt and capital, estimates of capital expenditures, plans for future operations, products or services, financing needs and plans, our perceptions of our legal positions and anticipated outcomes of government investigations and pending litigation against us, liquidity and the availability of financial resources to meet our needs, goals and strategies, plans for new business, storage occupancy, growth rate assumptions, pricing, costs, and access to capital and leasing markets, the impact of our compliance with environmental laws and cleanup costs, our used vehicle disposition strategy, the sources and availability of funds for our rental equipment and self-storage expansion and replacement strategies and plans, our plan to expand our U-Haul storage affiliate program, that additional leverage can be supported by our operations and business, the availability of alternative vehicle manufacturers, our estimates of the residual values of our equipment fleet, our plans with respect to off-balance sheet arrangements, our plans to continue to invest in the U-Box ® program, the impact of interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate changes on our operations, the sufficiency of our capital resources, and the sufficiency of capital of our insurance subsidiaries as well as assumptions relating to the foregoing. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “estimate,” “project” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Factors that could significantly affect results include, without limitation, the risk factors enumerated below under the heading “Risk Factors” and other factors described in this Annual Report or the other documents we file with the SEC. These factors, the following disclosures, as well as other statements in this Annual Report and in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, could contribute to or cause such risks or uncertainties, or could cause our stock price to fluctuate dramatically. Consequently, the forward-looking statements should not be regarded as representations or warranties by us that such matters will be realized. We assume no obligation to update or revise any of the forward-looking statements, whether in response to new information, unforeseen events, changed circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following discussion of risk factors should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes.  These risk factors may be important in understanding this Annual Report or elsewhere.

Risks Related to our Business and Operations

Our fleet rotation program can be adversely affected by financial market conditions.

To meet the needs of our customers, U-Haul maintains a large fleet of rental equipment. Our rental truck fleet rotation program is funded internally through operations and externally from debt and lease financing. Our ability to fund our routine fleet rotation program could be adversely affected if financial market conditions limit the general availability of external financing. This could lead us to operate trucks longer than initially planned and/or reduce the size of the fleet, either of which could materially and negatively affect our results of operations.

Another important aspect of our fleet rotation program is the sale of used rental equipment. The sale of used equipment provides us with funds that can be used to purchase new equipment. Conditions may arise that could lead to the decrease in demand and/or resale values for our used equipment. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, which could result in substantial losses on the sale of equipment and decreases in cash flows from the sales of equipment.

We obtain our rental trucks from a limited number of manufacturers.

Over the last twenty years, we purchased the majority of our rental trucks from Ford Motor Company and General Motors Corporation. Our fleet can be negatively affected by issues our manufacturers may face within their own supply chain. Also, it is possible that our suppliers may face financial difficulties or organizational changes which could negatively impact their ability to accept future orders or fulfill existing orders. The cost of acquiring new rental trucks could increase materially and negatively affect our ability to rotate new equipment into the fleet. Although we believe that we could contract with alternative manufacturers for our rental trucks, we cannot guarantee or predict how long that would take. In addition, termination of our existing relationship with these suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations for an indefinite period of time.

A significant portion of our revenues are generated through third-parties.

Our business plan relies upon a network of independent dealers strategically located throughout the United States and Canada.   As of March 31, 2022 we had nearly 21,100 independent equipment rental dealers.   In fiscal 2022, less than half of all U-Move ® rental revenue originated through this network.

Our inability to maintain this network or its current cost structure could inhibit our ability to adequately serve our customers and may negatively affect our results of operations and financial position.

The introduction or expansion of regulations favoring electric, autonomous, connected and shared vehicles may negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Regulatory pressure in connection with the introduction and expansion of electric, autonomous and connected rental vehicles could negatively impact our cost of acquisition for rental trucks and require infrastructure improvements that could inhibit our current business model.  Our Company operated-locations and independent dealer network may require physical upgrades to accommodate these types of vehicles that are uneconomical and/or unachievable.  Our one-way rental business would depend on an in-transit recharging network that simply does not exist today, and when completed, may be so costly or require so much charging time as to substantially limit our ability to serve customers needing to move long distances.

Our repair and maintenance infrastructures, including both physical plant as well as personnel, may be inappropriate for these new types of vehicles.  Without such maintenance capabilities it could compromise our ability to operate such a fleet of compliant vehicles.  There is risk inherent in our ability to prepare for these possibilities.

We cooperate with original equipment manufacturers (“OEM“s), maintain and train our own technical experts and operate an equipment Technical Center that has positioned us as an industry leader in innovation for over fifty years.  The proposed changes to electric, autonomous and connected vehicles raises challenges of enormous scale.  We necessarily may also be dependent upon third party providers who may not be able to provide workable solutions.

The growing insistence that the future of the economy will be based on an all-electric solution instead of a hybrid version or other alternative fuels may create an infrastructure in which personal interstate travel will be uneconomical or severely regulated. This would impact the moving business. There may be areas of North America where a charging grid with adequate capacity for our customers may not exist.

U-Haul has already made significant progress on several initiatives aimed at these future possibilities including: TruckShare 24/7, contactless rentals, a North American propane alternative fuel network, alternative fuel test vehicles and close OEM working relationships.  Government regulators may knowingly or unknowingly choose the winners and losers in this evolving transportation environment.  There remains a possibility that governments may not select U-Haul customers and U-Haul to be among the winners.

We face liability risks associated with the operation of our rental fleet, sales of our products and operation of our locations.  

The business of renting moving and storage equipment to customers exposes us to liability claims including property damage, personal injury and even death. Likewise, the operation of our moving and storage centers along with the sale of our related moving supplies, towing accessories and installation, and refilling of propane tanks may subject us to liability claims.   We seek to limit the occurrence of such events through the design of our equipment, communication of its proper use, exhaustive repair and maintenance schedules, extensive training of our personnel, proactive risk management assessments and by providing our customers with online resources for the proper use of products and services.   Regardless, accidents still occur and we manage the financial risk of these events through third party insurance carriers. While these excess loss and property insurance policies are available today at reasonable costs, this could change and could negatively affect our results of operations and financial position.

We are highly dependent upon our automated systems and the Internet for managing our business.

Our information systems are largely Internet-based, including our point-of-sale reservation system, payment processing and telephone systems.   While our reliance on this technology lowers our cost of providing service and expands our abilities to better serve customers, it exposes us to various risks including natural and man-made disasters, terrorist attacks and cyber-attacks.   We have put into place extensive security protocols, backup systems and alternative procedures to mitigate these risks.   However, disruptions or breaches, detected or undetected by us, for any period of time in any portion of these systems could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and inflict reputational damage.

In addition, the provision of service to our customers and the operation of our networks and systems involve the storage and transmission of proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including personal information of customers, system members and others. Our information technology systems may be susceptible to computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, malicious insiders, or catastrophic events. Hackers, acting individually or in coordinated groups, may also launch distributed denial of service attacks or ransom or other coordinated attacks that may cause service outages or other interruptions in our business and access to our data.  In addition, breaches in security could expose us, our customers, or the individuals affected, to a risk of loss or misuse of proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently, may be difficult to detect for a long time and often are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Any of these occurrences could result in disruptions in our operations, the loss of existing or potential customers, damage to our brand and reputation, and litigation and potential liability for the Company. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of implementing further data or system protection measures could be significant and our efforts to deter, identify, mitigate and/or eliminate any security breaches may not be successful.

We may incur losses due to our reinsurers’ or counterparties’ failure to perform under existing contracts or we may be unable to secure sufficient reinsurance or hedging protection in the future.

We use reinsurance and derivative contracts to mitigate our risk of loss in various circumstances. These agreements do not release us from our primary obligations and therefore we remain ultimately responsible for these potential costs. We cannot provide assurance that these reinsurers or counterparties will fulfill their obligations. Their inability or unwillingness to make payments to us under the terms of the contracts may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2021, Repwest reported $0.3 million of reinsurance recoverables, net of allowances and $47.4 million of reserves and liabilities ceded to reinsurers. Of this, Repwest’s largest exposure to a single reinsurer was $31.2 million.

Risks Related to our Industry

We operate in a highly competitive industry.

The truck rental industry is highly competitive and includes a number of significant national, regional and local competitors, many of which are several times larger than U-Haul. We believe the principal competitive factors in this industry are convenience of rental locations, availability of quality rental moving equipment, breadth of essential services and products and total cost. Financial results for the Company can be adversely impacted by aggressive pricing from our competitors. Some of our competitors may have greater financial resources than we have. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain existing rental prices or implement price increases. Moreover, if our competitors reduce prices and we are not able or willing to do so as well, we may lose rental volume, which would likely have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations. Numerous potential competitors are working to establish paradigm shifting technologies from self-driving vehicles to ride-hailing services and other technologies that connect riders with vehicles.

The self-storage industry is large and highly fragmented. We believe the principal competitive factors in this industry are convenience of storage rental locations, cleanliness, security and price. Competition in the market areas in which we operate is significant and affects the occupancy levels, rental rates and operating expenses of our facilities. Competition might cause us to experience a decrease in occupancy levels, limit our ability to raise rental rates or require us to offer discounted rates that would have a material effect on results of operations and financial condition. Entry into the self-storage business may be accomplished through the acquisition of existing facilities by persons or institutions with the required initial capital. Development of new self-storage facilities is more difficult however, due to land use, zoning, environmental and other regulatory requirements. The self-storage industry has in the past experienced overbuilding in response to perceived increases in demand. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully compete in existing markets or expand into new markets.

Economic conditions, including those related to the credit markets, interest rates and inflation, may adversely affect our industry, business and results of operations.

Consumer and commercial spending is generally affected by the health of the economy, which places some of the factors affecting the success of our business beyond our control. Our businesses, although not as traditionally cyclical as some, could experience significant downturns in connection with or in anticipation of, declines in general economic conditions. In times of declining consumer spending we may be driven, along with our competitors, to reduce pricing, which would have a negative impact on gross profit.   We cannot predict if another downturn in the economy will occur, which could result in reduced revenues and working capital.

Trends in the economy could result in inflationary pressures leading to an increase in our cost of doing business. We cannot guarantee that we can manage the costs lower or pass them along in the form of higher prices to our customers.

Should credit markets in the United States tighten or if interest rates increase significantly, we may not be able to refinance existing debt or find additional financing on favorable terms, if at all.  If one or more of the financial institutions that support our existing credit facilities fails or opts not to continue to lend to us, we may not be able to find a replacement, which would negatively impact our ability to borrow under credit facilities.  If our operating results were to worsen significantly and our cash flows or capital resources prove inadequate, or if interest rates increase significantly, we could face liquidity problems

 that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

A.M. Best financial strength ratings are crucial to our life insurance business.

In July 2021, A.M. Best upgraded the financial strength rating (“FSR”) for Oxford and Christian Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“CFLIC”) to A from A-. The FSR outlook remains stable. In addition, A.M. Best upgraded the long-term issuer credit rating (“LTICR”) to “a” from “a-“. The LTICR outlook has been revised to stable from positive. Financial strength ratings are important external factors that can affect the success of Oxford’s business plans. Accordingly, if Oxford’s ratings, relative to its competitors, are not maintained or do not continue to improve, Oxford may not be able to retain and attract business as currently planned, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to our Financings

We are highly leveraged.

As of March 31, 2022, we had total debt outstanding of $6,022.5 million and operating lease liabilities of $74.2 million. Although we believe, based on existing information, that additional leverage can be supported by our operations and revenues, our existing debt could impact us in the following ways among other considerations:

• require us to allocate a considerable portion of cash flows from operations to debt service and lease payments;
• limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
• limit our ability to obtain additional financing; and
• place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors who may have less debt.

Our ability to make payments on our debt and leases depends upon our ability to maintain and improve our operating performance and generate cash flow. To some extent, this is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt and meet our other cash needs, including our leases, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness and leases. If we must sell our assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue. In addition, we may incur additional debt or leases that would exacerbate the risks associated with our indebtedness.

Uncertainty regarding LIBOR may adversely impact our indebtedness under our credit and loan facilities.

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates London Inter-Bank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”), announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021.  In addition, in April 2018, the Federal Reserve System, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, announced the replacement of LIBOR with a new index, calculated by short-term repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities, called the Secured Overnight Financing Rate.  In November 2020 the Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and other groups announced that LIBOR reporting will cease being published in June 2023. In March 2022, Congress passed the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act. It provides protection for contracts without workable fallback provisions. The act also provides safe-harbor provisions to shield parties from liability under potential lawsuits due to the transition away from LIBOR. Potential changes, or uncertainty related to such potential changes, may adversely affect the market for LIBOR-based securities, including our portfolio of LIBOR-indexed, floating-rate debt securities, or the cost of our borrowings. In addition, changes or reforms to the determination or supervision of LIBOR may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in reported LIBOR, which could have an adverse impact on the market for LIBOR-based securities, including the value of the LIBOR-indexed, floating-rate debt securities in our portfolio, or the cost of our borrowings. We have already been renegotiating our LIBOR-indexed debt and will continue to do so.  The potential effect of the phase-out or replacement of LIBOR on our cost of capital and net investment income cannot yet be determined.

Risks Related to our Organization

A substantial amount of our shares is owned by a small contingent of stockholders.

Willow Grove Holdings LP, directly and through controlled entities (“WGHLP”), owns 8,433,207 shares of AMERCO common stock, and together with Edward J. Shoen and Mark V. Shoen, owns 8,469,826 shares (approximately 43.2%) of AMERCO common stock.  The general partner of WGHLP controls the voting and disposition decisions with respect to the common stock of AMERCO owned by WGHLP, and is managed by Edward J. Shoen (the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of AMERCO) and his brother, Mark V. Shoen.   Accordingly,  Edward J. Shoen  and  Mark V. Shoen  are in a position to significantly influence  our business and policies, including the approval of  certain  significant transactions, the election of the members of  our  Board  of Directors (the “Board”)  and other matters submitted to our stockholders. There can be no assurance that their  interests will not conflict with the interests  of our other stockholders.

In addition, 889,525 shares (approximately 4.5%) of AMERCO common stock are owned under our ESOP.   Each ESOP participant is entitled to vote the shares allocated to himself or herself in their discretion.   In the event an ESOP participant does not vote his or her shares, such shares shall be voted by the ESOP trustee, in the ESOP trustee’s discretion.  

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Compliance

Our operations subject us to numerous environmental regulations and the possibility that environmental liability in the future could adversely affect our operations.

Compliance with environmental requirements of federal, state and local governments significantly affects our business. Among other things, these requirements regulate the discharge of materials into the air, land and water and govern the use and disposal of hazardous substances. Under environmental laws or common law principles, we can be held liable for hazardous substances that are found on real property we have owned or operated. We are aware of issues regarding hazardous substances on some of our real estate and we have put in place a remediation plan at each site where we believe such a plan is necessary. See Note 18, Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We regularly make capital and operating expenditures to stay in compliance with environmental laws. In particular, we have managed a testing and removal program since 1988 for our underground storage tanks.   Despite these compliance efforts, the risk of environmental liability is part of the nature of our business.

Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and could become more stringent in the future. We cannot assure you that future compliance with these regulations, future environmental liabilities, the cost of defending environmental claims, conducting any environmental remediation or generally resolving liabilities caused by us or related third parties will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and changes in existing regulations or violations of existing or future regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability.

Our truck and trailer rental business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental entities. Specifically, the U.S. Department of Transportation and various state, federal and Canadian agencies exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety, and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. In addition, our storage business is also subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent such property or to use the property as collateral for future borrowings. Compliance with changing regulations could substantially impair real property and equipment productivity and increase our costs. In addition, the federal government may institute some regulation that limits carbon emissions by setting a maximum amount of carbon individual entities can emit without penalty. This would likely affect everyone who uses fossil fuels and would disproportionately affect users in the highway transportation industries. While there are too many variables at this time to assess the impact of the various proposed federal and state regulations that could affect carbon emissions, many experts believe these proposed rules could significantly affect the way companies operate in their businesses.

The Biden administration has communicated its willingness to consider the imposition of carbon-based taxes.  Our truck rental fleet burns gasoline, a carbon intensive fuel.  Where in the supply chain and in what amount these taxes could arise is uncertain.  We have no evidence to support a belief that “do-it-yourself” moving customers are willing to accept these additional costs.  Should such a tax be enacted, we could see an increase in expenses, including compliance costs and a negative effect on our operating margin.

Our operations can be limited by land-use regulations. Zoning choices enacted by individual municipalities in the United States and Canada may limit our ability to serve certain markets with our products and services.

Our insurance companies are heavily regulated by state insurance departments and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. These insurance regulations are primarily in place to protect the interests of our policyholders and not our investors. Changes in these laws and regulations could increase our costs, inhibit new sales, or limit our ability to implement rate increases.

Recent changes to U.S. tax laws may adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations and create the risk that we may need to adjust our accounting for these changes.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform Act”) and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) made significant changes to U.S. tax laws and includes numerous provisions that affect businesses, including ours.   For instance, as a result of lower corporate tax rates, the Tax Reform Act tends to reduce both the value of deferred tax assets and the amount of deferred tax liabilities.   It also limits interest expense deductions and the amount of net operating losses that can be used each year and alters the expensing of capital expenditures. Other provisions have international tax consequences for businesses like ours that operate internationally. The CARES Act allows for the carryback of certain net operating losses. The Tax Reform Act is unclear in certain respects and will require interpretations and implementing regulations by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), as well as state tax authorities, and the Tax Reform Act and CARES Act could be subject to amendments and technical corrections, any of which could lessen or increase the adverse (and positive) impacts of these acts. The Tax Reform Act put into place 100% first year bonus depreciation. This will begin to gradually decrease starting in 2023 and will impact our tax liability. The accounting treatment of these tax law changes was complex, and some of the changes affected both current and future periods.   Others primarily affected future periods.   Additional changes to the U.S. tax code could negatively offset operating cashflows.

Changes to tax policy, corporate tax rates or interpretations of existing tax law could change our effective tax rate, reduce future expected tax deductions and increase current and future federal income tax payments.   Congress and the Biden administration have proposed increases to the current U.S. corporate income tax rate of 21%.   Any such changes could adversely impact our financial position and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

Terrorist attacks could negatively impact our operations and profitability and may expose us to liability and reputational damage.

Terrorist attacks may negatively affect our operations and profitability.   Such attacks may damage our facilities and it is also possible that our rental equipment could be involved in a terrorist attack.   Although we carry excess of loss insurance coverage, it may prove to be insufficient to cover us for acts of terror using our rental equipment.   Moreover, we may suffer reputational damage that could arise from a terrorist attack which utilizes our rental equipment. The consequences of any terrorist attacks or hostilities are unpredictable and difficult to quantify.   We seek to minimize these risks through our operational processes and procedures; however, we may not be able to foresee events that could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

The Company, through its legal subsidiaries, owns property, plant and equipment that are utilized in the manufacturing, repair and rental of U-Haul ® equipment and storage space, as well as providing office space for us. Such facilities exist throughout the United States and Canada. We also manage storage facilities owned by others. We operate over 2,100 U-Haul ® retail centers of which 495 U-Haul branded locations are managed for subsidiaries of WGHLP and Mercury Partners, L.P., and 11 manufacturing and assembly facilities. We also operate over 145 fixed-site repair facilities located throughout the United States and Canada. These facilities are used primarily for the benefit of Moving and Storage.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Please see Note 18, Contingencies, of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part ii

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

AMERCO’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “UHAL”. As of March 31, 2022, there were approximately 3,100 holders of record of our common stock. We derived the number of our stockholders using internal stock ledgers and utilizing Mellon Investor Services Stockholder listings.

Dividends

AMERCO ® does not have a formal dividend policy. The Board periodically considers the advisability of declaring and paying dividends to common stockholders in light of existing circumstances.

The following table lists the dividends that have been declared and issued for fiscal 2022 and 2021.

See Note 20, Statutory Financial Information of Insurance Subsidiaries, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of certain statutory restrictions on the ability of the insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to AMERCO.

Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock for the period March 31, 2017 through March 31, 2022 with the cumulative total return on the Dow Jones US Total Market and the Dow Jones US Transportation Average. The comparison assumes that $100 was invested on March 31, 2017 in the Company’s common stock and in each of the comparison indices. The graph reflects the value of the investment based on the closing price of the common stock trading on NASDAQ on March 31, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

Item 6.[Reserved]

Reserved.

Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We begin this MD&A with the overall strategy of AMERCO, followed by a description of, and strategy related to, our operating segments to give the reader an overview of the goals of our businesses and the direction in which our businesses and products are moving. We then discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates that we believe are important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in our reported financial results. Next, we discuss our results of operations for fiscal 2022 compared with fiscal 2021, which are followed by an analysis of liquidity changes in our balance sheets and cash flows, and a discussion of our financial commitments in the sections entitled Liquidity and Capital Resources and Disclosures about Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments. The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended March 31, 2020 included in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2021 is incorporated by reference into this MD&A. We conclude this MD&A by discussing our outlook for fiscal 2023.

This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this Annual Report, including Item 1: Business and Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The various sections of this MD&A contain a number of forward-looking statements, as discussed under the caption, Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Statements, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by the uncertainties and risk factors described throughout this Annual Report and particularly under the section Item 1A: Risk Factors. Our actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements.

AMERCO has a fiscal year that ends on the 31 st of March for each year that is referenced. Our insurance company subsidiaries have fiscal years that end on the 31 st of December for each year that is referenced. They have been consolidated on that basis. Our insurance companies’ financial reporting processes conform to calendar year reporting as required by state insurance departments. Management believes that consolidating their calendar year into our fiscal year financial statements does not materially affect the presentation of financial position or results of operations. We disclose all material events, if any, occurring during the intervening period. Consequently, all references to our insurance subsidiaries’ years 2021, 2020 and 2019 correspond to fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020 for AMERCO.

Overall Strategy

Our overall strategy is to maintain our leadership position in the North American “do-it-yourself” moving and storage industry. We accomplish this by providing a seamless and integrated supply chain to the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage market. As part of executing this strategy, we leverage the brand recognition of U-Haul with our full line of moving and self-storage related products and services and the convenience of our broad geographic presence.

Our primary focus is to provide our customers with a wide selection of moving rental equipment, convenient self-storage rental facilities and portable moving and storage units and related moving and self-storage products and services. We are able to expand our distribution and improve customer service by increasing the amount of moving equipment and storage units and portable moving and storage units available for rent, expanding the number of independent dealers in our network and expanding and taking advantage of our Storage Affiliate and Moving Help capabilities.

Property and Casualty Insurance is focused on providing and administering property and casualty insurance to U-Haul and its customers, its independent dealers and affiliates.  

Life Insurance is focused on long-term capital growth through direct writing and reinsuring of life, Medicare supplement and annuity products in the senior marketplace.

Description of Operating Segments

AMERCO’s three reportable segments are:

• Moving and Storage, comprised of AMERCO, U-Haul, and Real Estate and the subsidiaries of    U-Haul and Real Estate;
• Property and Casualty Insurance, comprised of Repwest and its subsidiaries and ARCOA; and
• Life Insurance, comprised of Oxford and its subsidiaries.

See Note 1, Basis of Presentation, Note 21, Financial Information by Geographic Area, and Note 21A, Consolidating Financial Information by Industry Segment, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report.

Moving and Storage Operating Segment

Moving and Storage consists of the rental of trucks, trailers, portable moving and storage units, specialty rental items and self-storage spaces primarily to the household mover as well as sales of moving supplies, towing accessories and propane. Operations are conducted under the registered trade name U-Haul ® throughout the United States and Canada.

With respect to our truck, trailer, specialty rental items and self-storage rental business, we are focused on expanding our dealer network, which provides added convenience for our customers and expanding the selection and availability of rental equipment to satisfy the needs of our customers.

U-Haul ® branded self-moving related products and services, such as boxes, pads and tape allow our customers to, among other things, protect their belongings from potential damage during the moving process. We are committed to providing a complete line of products selected with the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage customer in mind.

uhaul.com ® is an online marketplace that connects consumers to our operations as well as independent Moving Help ® service providers and thousands of independent Self-Storage Affiliates. Our network of customer-rated affiliates and service providers furnish pack and load help, cleaning help, self-storage and similar services throughout the United States and Canada. Our goal is to further utilize our web-based technology platform to increase service to consumers and businesses in the moving and storage market.

U-Haul’s Truck Share 24/7, Skip-the-Counter Self-Storage rentals and Self-checkout for moving supplies provide our customers methods for conducting business with us directly via their mobile devices and also limiting physical exposure.

Since 1945, U-Haul has incorporated sustainable practices into its everyday operations. We believe that our basic business premise of equipment sharing helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduces the inventory of total large capacity vehicles. We continue to look for ways to reduce waste within our business and are dedicated to manufacturing reusable components and recyclable products. We believe that our commitment to sustainability, through our products and services and everyday operations has helped us to reduce our impact on the environment.

Property and Casualty Insurance Operating Segment

Property and Casualty Insurance provides loss adjusting and claims handling for U-Haul through regional offices in the United States and Canada. Property and Casualty Insurance also underwrites components of the Safemove ® , Safetow ® , Safemove Plus ® , Safestor ® and Safestor Mobile ® protection packages to U-Haul ® customers. We continue to focus on increasing the penetration of these products into the moving and storage market. The business plan for Property and Casualty Insurance includes offering property and casualty products in other U-Haul ® related programs.

Life Insurance Operating Segment

Life Insurance provides life and health insurance products primarily to the senior market through the direct writing and reinsuring of life insurance, Medicare supplement and annuity policies.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States. The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies can have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements. Note 3, Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report summarizes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Certain accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgments and assumptions, often as a result of the need to estimate matters that are inherently uncertain.

Following is a detailed description of the accounting policies that we deem most critical to us and that require management’s most difficult and subjective judgments. These estimates are based on historical experience, observance of trends in particular areas, information and valuations available from outside sources and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances and which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions, and such differences may be material.

We also have other policies that we consider key accounting policies, such as revenue recognition; however, these policies do not meet the definition of critical accounting estimates, because they do not generally require us to make estimates or judgments that are difficult or subjective. The accounting policies that we deem most critical to us, and involve the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments include the following:

Recoverability of Property, Plant and Equipment

Our property, plant and equipment is stated at cost. We regularly perform reviews to determine whether facts and circumstances exist, which indicate that the carrying amount of assets, including estimates of residual value, may not be recoverable or that the useful life of assets are shorter or longer than originally estimated. Reductions in residual values (i.e., the price at which we ultimately expect to dispose of revenue earning equipment) or useful lives will result in an increase in depreciation expense over the remaining life of the equipment. Reviews are performed based on vehicle class, generally subcategories of trucks and trailers. We assess the recoverability of our assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their estimated remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. We consider factors such as current and expected future market price trends on used vehicles and the expected life of vehicles included in the fleet. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. If asset residual values are determined to be recoverable, but the useful lives are shorter or longer than originally estimated, then the net book value of the assets is depreciated over the newly determined remaining useful lives.

Insurance Reserves

Liabilities for future policy benefits related to life insurance, Medicare supplement insurance, and deferred annuities are determined by management utilizing the net premium valuation methodology and are accrued when premium revenue is recognized. The liability, which represents the present value of future benefits to be paid to policyholders and related expenses less the present value of future net premiums, is estimated using assumptions applicable at the time the insurance contracts are written, with provisions for the risk of adverse deviation, as appropriate. Assumptions include expected mortality and morbidity experience, policy lapses and surrenders, current asset yields and expenses, and expected interest rate yields. The Company periodically performs a gross premium valuation and reviews original assumptions, including capitalized expenses which reduce the gross premium valuation, to evaluate whether the assets and liabilities are adequate and whether a loss reserve should be recognized.

Insurance reserves for Property and Casualty Insurance and U-Haul take into account losses incurred based upon actuarial estimates and are management’s best approximation of future payments.   These estimates are based upon past claims experience and current claim trends as well as social and economic conditions such as changes in legal theories and inflation.   These reserves consist of case reserves for reported losses and a provision for IBNR losses, both reduced by applicable reinsurance recoverables, resulting in a net liability.

Due to the nature of the underlying risks and high degree of uncertainty associated with the determination of the liability for future policy benefits and claims, the amounts to be ultimately paid to settle these liabilities cannot be precisely determined and may vary significantly from the estimated liability, especially for long-tailed casualty lines of business such as excess workers’ compensation.   As a result of the long-tailed nature of the excess workers’ compensation policies written by Repwest from 1983 through 2001, it may take a number of years for claims to be fully reported and finally settled.

On a regular basis, insurance reserve adequacy is reviewed by management to determine if existing assumptions need to be updated. In determining the assumptions for calculating workers’ compensation reserves, management considers multiple factors including the following:

• Claimant longevity,

• Cost trends associated with claimant treatments,
• Changes in ceding entity and third party administrator reporting practices,
• Changes in environmental factors including legal and regulatory,
• Current conditions affecting claim settlements, and
• Future economic conditions including inflation.

We have reserved each claim based upon the accumulation of current claim costs projected through each claimant’s life expectancy, and then adjusted for applicable reinsurance arrangements.   Management reviews each claim bi-annually or more frequently, if there are changes in facts or circumstances to determine if the estimated life-time claim costs have increased and then adjusts the reserve estimate accordingly at that time.   We have factored in an estimate of what the potential cost increases could be in our IBNR liability.   We have not assumed settlement of the existing claims in calculating the reserve amount, unless it is in the final stages of completion.

Continued increases in claim costs, including medical inflation and new treatments and medications could lead to future adverse development resulting in additional reserve strengthening.   Conversely, settlement of existing claims or if injured workers return to work or expire prematurely, could lead to future positive development.

Impairment of Investments

Under the current expected credit loss model, a valuation allowance is recognized in earnings for credit losses. If we intend to sell a debt security, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the debt security is written down to its fair value and the write down is charged against the allowance for credit losses, with any incremental impairment reported in earnings. Reversals of the allowance for credit losses are permitted and should not exceed the allowance amount initially recognized.

There were no incremental impairment charges recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Income Taxes

We file a consolidated tax return with all of our legal subsidiaries.

Our tax returns are periodically reviewed by various taxing authorities. The final outcome of these audits may cause changes that could materially impact our financial results. Please see Note 13, Provision for Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report for more information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 3, Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report for more information.

Results of Operations

AMERCO and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Fiscal 2022 Compared with Fiscal 2021

Listed below, on a consolidated basis, are revenues for our major product lines for fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021:

Self-moving equipment rental revenues increased $875.5 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021.   The revenue improvement was in both the In-town and one-way markets and primarily came from increased transactions along with average revenue per transaction.   These improvements were spread across trucks, trailer and towing devices.   Compared to the same period last year, we increased the number of retail locations and independent dealers.

Self-storage revenues increased $139.9 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021.   The average monthly number of occupied units increased by 25%, or 95,000 units during fiscal 2022 compared with the same period last year.   The growth in revenues and units rented comes from a combination of occupancy gains at existing locations, the addition of new capacity to the portfolio and from an improvement in average revenue per occupied foot. During fiscal 2022, we added approximately 4.6 million net rentable square feet, a 10% increase, with approximately 1.5 million of that occurring during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022.

Sales of self-moving and self-storage products and services increased $6.5 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021, primarily due to increased sales of moving supplies and propane offset by decreases in hitch sales.

Life insurance premiums decreased $10.6 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021 primarily due to decreased Medicare supplement premiums.

Property and casualty insurance premiums increased $17.7 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021. A significant portion of Repwest’s premiums are from policies sold in conjunction with U-Haul rental transactions. The premium increase corresponded with the increased moving and storage transactions at U-Haul during the same period.

Net investment and interest income increased $25.3 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021. Changes in the market value of unaffiliated common stocks held at our Property and Casualty Insurance subsidiary accounted for $7.4 million of the increase. Investment income from fixed maturities and mortgage loans increased $14.2 million on a larger invested assets base at our life insurance subsidiary. In addition, the change in the provision for expected credit losses resulted in a $1.3 million increase for fiscal 2022. Moving and Storage accounted for $0.9 million of the increase due to an increase in interest rates on short-term deposits.

Other revenue increased $139.8 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021, caused primarily by growth in our U-Box® program.

Listed below are revenues and earnings from operations at each of our operating segments for fiscal 2022 and 2021. The insurance companies’ years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Total costs and expenses increased $514.0 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021. Operating expenses for Moving and Storage increased $483.9 million largely from personnel, fleet repair and maintenance, property taxes, payment processing fees and freight costs associated with U-Box.   Repair costs associated with the rental fleet experienced a $126.4 million increase for fiscal 2022 due to preventative maintenance from higher customer activity combined with a slowdown in the rotation of new equipment into the fleet and older equipment out of the fleet.   The addition of new equipment has been affected by delays at our original equipment manufacturers.   Net gains from the disposal of rental equipment increased $160.1 million from an increase in resale values.   Depreciation expense associated with our rental fleet increased $17.5 million to $504.2 million. Depreciation expense on all other assets, largely from buildings and improvements, increased $15.5 million to $192.8 million.   Gains on the disposal of real estate increased $7.4 million.

As a result of the above-mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations increased to $1,645.0 million for fiscal 2022, compared with $961.1 million for fiscal 2021.

Interest expense for fiscal 2022 was $167.4 million, compared with $163.5 million for fiscal 2021 due to an increase in our outstanding debt of $1,353.6 million in fiscal 2022 compared with fiscal 2021. This was partially offset by lower interest rates on the debt added in fiscal 2022 compared with fiscal 2021.  

Income tax expense was $352.2 million for fiscal 2022, compared with $185.8 million for fiscal 2021. See Note 13, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report for more information on income taxes.

Moving and Storage

Fiscal 2022 Compared with Fiscal 2021

Listed below are revenues for the major product lines at Moving and Storage for fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021:

Self-moving equipment rental revenues increased $876.7 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021 .   The revenue improvement was in both the In-town and one-way markets and primarily came from increased transactions along with average revenue per transaction.   These improvements were spread across trucks, trailer and towing devices.   Compared to the same period last year, we increased the number of retail locations and independent dealers.

Self-storage revenues increased $139.9 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021.   The average monthly number of occupied units increased by 25%, or 95,000 units during fiscal 2022 compared with the same period last year.   The growth in revenues and units rented comes from a combination of occupancy gains at existing locations, the addition of new capacity to the portfolio and from an improvement in average revenue per occupied foot.

The Company owns and manages self-storage facilities. Self-storage revenues reported in the consolidated financial statements represent Company-owned locations only. Self-storage data for our owned storage locations follows:

During fiscal 2022, we added approximately 4.6 million net rentable square feet, a 10% increase, with approximately 1.5 million of that occurring during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. This was a mix of existing storage locations we acquired and new development.

Sales of self-moving and self-storage products and services increased $6.5 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021, primarily due to increased sales of moving supplies and propane offset by decreases in hitch sales.

Other revenue increased $139.0 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021, caused primarily by growth in our U-Box® program.

Total costs and expenses increased $496.2 million during fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021. Operating expenses for Moving and Storage increased $483.9 million largely from personnel, fleet repair and maintenance, property taxes, payment processing fees and freight costs associated with U-Box.   Repair costs associated with the rental fleet experienced a $126.4 million increase for fiscal 2022 due to preventative maintenance from higher customer activity combined with a slowdown in the rotation of new equipment into the fleet and older equipment out of the fleet.   The addition of new equipment has been affected by delays at our original equipment manufacturers.   Net gains from the disposal of rental equipment increased $160.1 million from an increase in resale values.   Depreciation expense associated with our rental fleet increased $17.5 million to $504.2 million. Depreciation expense on all other assets, largely from buildings and improvements, increased $15.5 million to $192.8 million.   Gains on the disposal of real estate increased $7.4 million.

Property and Casualty Insurance

2021 Compared with 2020

Net premiums were $89.7 million and $70.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A significant portion of Repwest’s premiums are from policies sold in conjunction with U-Haul rental transactions. The premium growth corresponded with the increased moving and storage transactions at U-Haul.

Net investment and interest income were $25.4 million and $16.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The main driver of the change in net investment income was the increase in valuation of unaffiliated common stock of $7.4 million.

Net operating expenses were $42.5 million and $35.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change was due to an increase in commissions offset by an increase in loss adjusting fees and subrogation income.

Benefits and losses expenses were $22.4 million and $18.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in losses was the result of an increase in premiums.

Life Insurance

2021 Compared with 2020

Net premiums were $111.0 million and $121.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Medicare Supplement premiums decreased $8.9 million from the policy decrements offset by premium rate increases. Life premiums decreased $2.2 million due to the decrease in sales of single premium life products offset by the increased final expense renewal premiums. Premiums on the remaining lines of business increased $0.5 million. Deferred annuity deposits were $332.5 million or $138.8 million below the prior year and are accounted for on the balance sheet as deposits rather than premiums. The decrease in deferred annuity deposits is a result of highly competitive rates and exceptionally high sales in the prior year.

Net investment and interest income was $123.8 million and $107.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Investment income from fixed maturities and mortgage loans increased $14.2 million on a larger invested assets base. Net gain of $1.1 million was realized on derivatives used as hedges to fixed indexed annuities. In addition, the change in the provision for expected credit losses resulted in a $2.1 million increase to the investment income. This was partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in net realized gains and a $0.7 million decrease in investment income on the remaining assets.

Net operating expenses were $21.2 million and $20.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase is primarily due to the increase in administrative expenses offset by the decreased commissions on Medicare supplement and single premium life due to declined premiums.

Benefits and losses expenses were $164.2 million and $161.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest credited to policyholders increased $8.8 million from the increase in annuity deposit base due to sales. Benefits on annuity products increased $0.6 million due to the increase in supplementary contracts payouts. This was offset by $5.9 million decrease in Medicare supplement benefits from the declined policies in force and a small $0.3 million decrease in life benefits.

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), sales inducement asset (“SIA“) and the value of business acquired (“VOBA”) was $33.9 million and $28.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The $3.1 million increase in the Annuity DAC amortization resulted from a higher asset base supported by sales and additional amortization related to realized gains. DAC amortization on life policies increased by $3.5 million from higher policy lapses and increased death benefits on final expense. This was partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in Medicare supplement DAC Amortization from a decline in the in-force.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe our current capital structure is a positive factor that will enable us to pursue our operational plans and goals and provide us with sufficient liquidity for the foreseeable future. There are many factors which could affect our liquidity, including some which are beyond our control, and there is no assurance that future cash flows and liquidity resources will be sufficient to meet our outstanding debt obligations and our other future capital needs.

As of March 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $2,704.1 million, compared with $1,194.0 million as of March 31, 2021. The assets of our insurance subsidiaries are generally unavailable to fulfill the obligations of non-insurance operations (AMERCO, U-Haul and Real Estate). As of March 31, 2022 (or as otherwise indicated), cash and cash equivalents, other financial assets (receivables, short-term investments, other investments, fixed maturities, and related party assets) and debt obligations of each operating segment were:

As of March 31, 2022, Moving and Storage had available borrowing capacity under existing credit facilities of $80.0 million.   The majority of invested cash at the Moving and Storage segment is held in government money market funds.   The largest component of the increase in the Company’s debt obligations in fiscal 2022 was the result of us entering into $1.2 billion of unsecured private placement loans with final payment dates ranging between 2029 and 2035.   Our current forecasted debt payments for fiscal 2023 on all borrowings are $479.0 million. For detailed information regarding our debt obligations, please see Note 8, Borrowings, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

A summary of our consolidated cash flows for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020 is shown in the table below:

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $410.8 million in fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021.  The improvement in operating cashflows was primarily due to increased revenue and profitability, a decrease in interest paid of $5.3 million and $47.6 million of federal income taxes received, net of payments, offset by increases in cash used for inventory and parts of $62.8 million. 

Net cash used in investing activities increased $737.6 million in fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021. Purchases of property, plant and equipment increased $695.1 million. Reinvestment in the rental fleet was less than originally anticipated due to delays in receiving new equipment from manufacturers; however, the level of reinvestment in the rental fleet has increased in comparison with fiscal 2021. We have also increased our investment in new self-storage acquisitions and development during fiscal 2022.   Cash from the sales of property, plant and equipment increased $85.8 million largely due to fleet sales. For our insurance subsidiaries, net cash used in investing activities increased $124.1 million due to increased investment purchases.

Net cash provided by financing activities increased $1,145.8 million in fiscal 2022, compared with fiscal 2021. This was due to a combination of decreased debt payments of $225.1, decreased finance lease payments of $55.0 million, an increase in cash from borrowings of $1,047.5 million, a decrease in net annuity deposits from Life Insurance of $194.0 million and a decrease in common stock dividends paid of $19.6 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources and Requirements of Our Operating Segments

Moving and Storage

To meet the needs of our customers, U-Haul maintains a large fleet of rental equipment. Capital expenditures have primarily consisted of new rental equipment acquisitions and the buyouts of existing fleet from leases. The capital to fund these expenditures has historically been obtained internally from operations and the sale of used equipment and externally from debt and lease financing. In the future, we anticipate that our internally generated funds will be used to service the existing debt and fund operations. U-Haul estimates that during fiscal 2023 the Company will reinvest in its truck and trailer rental fleet approximately $1.1 billion, net of equipment sales and excluding any lease buyouts. For fiscal 2022, the Company invested, net of sales, approximately $459 million before any lease buyouts in its truck and trailer fleet. Fleet investments in fiscal 2023 and beyond will be dependent upon several factors including the availability of capital, the truck rental environment, the availability of equipment from manufacturers and the used-truck sales market. We anticipate that the fiscal 2023 investments will be funded largely through debt financing, external lease financing and cash from operations. Management considers several factors including cost and tax consequences when selecting a method to fund capital expenditures. Our allocation between debt and lease financing can change from year to year based upon financial market conditions which may alter the cost or availability of financing options.

The Company has traditionally financed the acquisition of self-storage properties to support U-Haul's growth through debt financing and funds from operations. The Company’s plan for the expansion of owned storage properties includes the acquisition of existing self-storage locations from third parties, the acquisition and development of bare land, and the acquisition and redevelopment of existing buildings not currently used for self-storage. The Company expects to fund these development projects through a combination of internally generated funds, corporate debt and with borrowings against existing properties as they operationally mature. For fiscal 2022, the Company invested $1,004.2 million in real estate acquisitions, new construction and renovation and repair compared to $505.1 million in fiscal 2021.  For fiscal 2023, the timing of new projects will be dependent upon several factors, including the entitlement process, availability of capital, weather, the identification and successful acquisition of target properties and the availability of labor and materials.  We are likely to increase real estate capital expenditures in fiscal 2023.  U-Haul's growth plan in self-storage also includes the expansion of the U-Haul Storage Affiliate program, which does not require significant capital.

Net capital expenditures (purchases of property, plant and equipment less proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment and lease proceeds) were $1,513.3 million, $904.0 million and $1,622.0 million for fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The components of our net capital expenditures are provided in the following table:

Moving and Storage continues to hold significant cash and we believe has access to additional liquidity. Management may invest these funds in our existing operations, expand our product lines or pursue external opportunities in the self-moving and storage marketplace, pay dividends or reduce existing indebtedness where possible.

Property and Casualty Insurance

State insurance regulations may restrict the amount of dividends that can be paid to stockholders of insurance companies. As a result, Property and Casualty Insurance's assets are generally not available to satisfy the claims of AMERCO, or its legal subsidiaries. For calendar year 2022, the ordinary dividend available to be paid to AMERCO is $26.7 million. For more information, please see Note 20, Statutory Financial Information of Insurance Subsidiaries, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. We believe that stockholders’ equity at the Property and Casualty operating segment remains sufficient and we do not believe that its ability to pay ordinary dividends to AMERCO will be restricted per state regulations.

Our Property and Casualty operating segment stockholders’ equity was $296.1 million, $262.6 million, and $251.1 million as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The increase in 2021 compared with 2020 resulted from net earnings of $39.4 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income of $5.9 million.   Property and Casualty Insurance does not use debt or equity issues to increase capital and therefore has no direct exposure to capital market conditions other than through its investment portfolio.

Life Insurance

Life Insurance manages its financial assets to meet policyholder and other obligations including investment contract withdrawals and deposits. Life Insurance's net deposits for the year ended December 31, 2021 were $110.0 million. State insurance regulations may restrict the amount of dividends that can be paid to stockholders of insurance companies. As a result, Life Insurance's assets are generally not available to satisfy the claims of AMERCO® or its legal subsidiaries. For calendar year 2022, the ordinary dividend available to be paid to AMERCO is $23.0 million. For more information, please see Note 20, Statutory Financial Information of Insurance Subsidiaries, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Our Life Insurance operating segment stockholders’ equity was $440.9 million, $479.2 million, and $417.4 million as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in 2021 compared with 2020 resulted from earnings of $15.3 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income of $53.6 million primarily due to the effect of interest rate changes on the fixed maturity portion of the investment portfolio.   Life Insurance has not historically used debt or equity issues to increase capital and therefore has not had any significant direct exposure to capital market conditions other than through its investment portfolio. However, as of December 31, 2021, Oxford had outstanding advances of $60.0 million through its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). For a more detailed discussion of these advances, please see Note 8, Borrowings, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.  

Cash Provided from Operating Activities by Operating Segments

Moving and Storage

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,823.3 million, $1,428.9 million and $980.5 million in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The improvement in operating cashflows was primarily due to increased revenue and profitability, a decrease in interest paid of $5.3 million and $47.6 million of federal income taxes received, net of payments, offset by increases in cash used for inventory and parts of $62.8 million.

Property and Casualty Insurance

Net cash provided by operating activities was $31.2 million, $19.4 million, and $22.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The increase was the result of changes in intercompany balances and the timing of payables activity.

Property and Casualty Insurance’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term investment portfolios amounted to $41.7 million, $12.9 million, and $11.8 million as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. These balances reflect funds in transition from maturity proceeds to long-term investments. Management believes this level of liquid assets, combined with budgeted cash flow, is adequate to meet foreseeable cash needs. Capital and operating budgets allow Property and Casualty Insurance to schedule cash needs in accordance with investment and underwriting proceeds.

Life Insurance

Net cash provided (used) by operating activities was $91.8 million, $87.1 million and $72.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows was primarily due to timing of settlement of payables and receivables and an increase in collected investment income offset by the reduced collected premiums.

In addition to cash flows from operating activities and financing activities, a substantial amount of liquid funds are available through Life Insurance's short-term portfolio and its membership in the FHLB. As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments amounted to $50.1 million, $178.1 million and $30.5 million, respectively. Management believes that the overall sources of liquidity are adequate to meet foreseeable cash needs.

Liquidity and Capital Resources - Summary

We believe we have the financial resources needed to meet our business plans including our working capital needs. We continue to hold significant cash and have access to additional liquidity to meet our anticipated capital expenditure requirements for investment in our rental fleet, rental equipment and storage acquisitions and build outs.

As a result of the federal income tax provisions of the CARES Act, we have filed applicable forms with the IRS to carryback net operating losses. These refund claims total approximately $366 million, of which we have received approximately $243 million in fiscal 2022, which are reflected in Prepaid expenses. These amounts are expected to provide us additional liquidity whenever received. It is possible future legislation could negatively impact our ability to receive these tax refunds.

Our borrowing strategy has primarily focused on asset-backed financing and rental equipment leases. As part of this strategy, we seek to ladder maturities and fix interest rates. While each of these loans typically contains provisions governing the amount that can be borrowed in relation to specific assets, the overall structure is flexible with no limits on overall Company borrowings. Management believes it has adequate liquidity between cash and cash equivalents and unused borrowing capacity in existing credit facilities to meet the current and expected needs of the Company over the next several years. As of March 31, 2022, we had available borrowing capacity under existing credit facilities of $80.0 million.   While it is possible that circumstances beyond our control could alter the ability of the financial institutions to lend us the unused lines of credit.   We believe that there are additional opportunities for leverage in our existing capital structure. For a more detailed discussion of our long-term debt and borrowing capacity, please see Note 8, Borrowings, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report.

Historically, we used certain off-balance sheet arrangements in connection with the expansion of our self-storage business. For more information please see Note 19, Related Party Transactions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report. These arrangements were primarily used when our overall borrowing structure was more limited. We do not face similar limitations currently and off-balance sheet arrangements have not been utilized in our self-storage expansion in recent years. In the future, we will continue to identify and consider off-balance sheet opportunities to the extent such arrangements would be economically advantageous to us and our stockholders.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

For contractual obligations for material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as part of liquidity and capital resources discussion, please see Notes 8, 9, 10, 16, 17 and 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.   The following table provides additional detail for contractual commitments and contingencies as of March 31, 2022.

(a) These estimated obligations for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include case reserves for reported claims and estimates of claims incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims estimates and are net of expected reinsurance recoveries. The ultimate amount to settle both the case reserves and IBNR is an estimate based upon historical experience and current trends and such estimates could materially differ from actual results. The assumptions do not include future premiums. Due to the significant assumptions employed in this model, the amounts shown could materially differ from actual results.

(b) These estimated obligations are based on mortality, morbidity, withdrawal and lapse assumptions drawn from our historical experience and adjusted for any known trends. These obligations include expected interest crediting but no amounts for future annuity deposits or premiums for life and Medicare supplement policies.   The cash flows shown above are undiscounted for interest and as a result total outflows for all years shown significantly exceed the corresponding liabilities of $2,735.1 million included in our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022. Life Insurance expects to fully fund these obligations from their invested asset portfolio. Due to the significant assumptions employed in this model, the amounts shown could materially differ from actual results.  

(c) These estimated obligations are primarily the Company’s self insurance accruals for portions of the liability coverage for our rental equipment. The estimates for future settlement are based upon historical experience and current trends. Due to the significant assumptions employed in this model, the amounts shown could materially differ from actual results.

As presented above, contractual obligations on debt and guarantees represent principal payments while contractual obligations for operating leases represent the notional payments under the lease arrangements.

ASC 740 - Income Taxes liabilities and interest of $64.6 million is not included above due to uncertainty surrounding ultimate settlements, if any.

Fiscal 2023 Outlook

We will continue to focus our attention on increasing transaction volume and improving pricing, product and utilization for self-moving equipment rentals.   Maintaining an adequate level of new investment in our truck fleet is an important component of our plan to meet our operational goals and is likely to increase in fiscal 2023. Revenue in the U-Move ® program could be adversely impacted should we fail to execute in any of these areas. Even if we execute our plans, we could see declines in revenues primarily due to unforeseen events including adverse economic conditions or heightened competition that is beyond our control.

With respect to our storage business, we have added new locations and expanded existing locations. In fiscal 2023, we are actively looking to complete current projects, increase occupancy in our existing portfolio of locations and acquire new locations. New projects and acquisitions will be considered and pursued if they fit our long-term plans and meet our financial objectives. It is likely spending on acquisitions and new development will increase in fiscal 2023. We will continue to invest capital and resources in the U-Box ® program throughout fiscal 2023.

Inflationary pressures may challenge our ability to maintain or improve upon our operating margin.

Property and Casualty Insurance will continue to provide loss adjusting and claims handling for U-Haul and underwrite components of the Safemove ® , Safetow ® , Safemove Plus ® , Safestor ® , and Safestor Mobile ® protection packages to U-Haul customers.

Life Insurance is pursuing its goal of expanding its presence in the senior market through the sales of its Medicare supplement, life and annuity policies. This strategy includes growing its agency force, expanding its new product offerings, and pursuing business acquisition opportunities.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates. To mitigate these risks, we may utilize derivative financial instruments, among other strategies. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.  

Interest Rate Risk

The exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our variable rate debt obligations and one variable rate operating lease. We have used interest rate swap agreements and forward swaps to reduce our exposure to changes in interest rates. We enter into these arrangements with counterparties that are significant financial institutions with whom we generally have other financial arrangements. We are exposed to credit risk should these counterparties not be able to perform on their obligations. Following is a summary of our interest rate swaps agreements at March 31, 2022:

As of March 31, 2022, we had $1,145.3 million of variable rate debt obligations. If the LIBOR were to increase 100 basis points, the increase in interest expense on the variable rate debt would decrease future earnings and cash flows by $9.1 million annually (after consideration of the effect of the above derivative contracts). Certain senior mortgages have an anticipated repayment date and a maturity date. If these senior mortgages are not repaid by the anticipated repayment date the interest rate on these mortgages would increase from the current fixed rate. We are using the anticipated repayment date for our maturity schedule.

Additionally, our insurance subsidiaries’ fixed income investment portfolios expose us to interest rate risk. This interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a fixed income security to changes in interest rates. As part of our insurance companies’ asset and liability management, actuaries estimate the cash flow patterns of our existing liabilities to determine their duration. These outcomes are compared to the characteristics of the assets that are currently supporting these liabilities assisting management in determining an asset allocation strategy for future investments that management believes will mitigate the overall effect of interest rates.

We use derivatives to hedge our equity market exposure to indexed annuity products sold by our Life Insurance company. These contracts earn a return for the contractholder based on the change in the value of the S&P 500 index between annual index point dates. We buy and sell listed equity and index call options and call option spreads. The credit risk is with the party in which the options are written. The net option price is paid up front and there are no additional cash requirements or additional contingent liabilities. These contracts are held at fair market value on our balance sheet. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, these derivative hedges had a net market value of $7.5 million and $6.6 million, with notional amounts of $416.7 million and $282.7  million, respectively. These derivative instruments are included in Investments, other; on the consolidated balance sheets.

Although the call options are employed to be effective hedges against our policyholder obligations from an economic standpoint, they do not meet the requirements for hedge accounting under GAAP. Accordingly, the call options are marked to fair value on each reporting date with the change in fair value included as a component of net investment and interest income. The change in fair value of the call options includes the gains or losses recognized at the expiration of the option term and the changes in fair value for open contracts.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

The exposure to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to our Canadian business. Approximately 5.1%, 4.6% and 4.6% of our revenue was generated in Canada in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020. The result of a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar would not be material to net income. We typically do not hedge any foreign currency risk since the exposure is not considered material.

Item 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Consolidated Financial Statements of AMERCO and its consolidated subsidiaries including the notes to such statements and the related schedules are set forth on the “F” pages hereto and are incorporated by reference herein.

Item 9.    Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A.    Controls and Procedures

Attached as exhibits to this Annual Report are certifications of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act. This "Controls and Procedures" section includes information concerning the controls and procedures evaluation referred to in the certifications and it should be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the topics presented in the section Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Following this discussion is the report of BDO USA, LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, regarding its audit of AMERCO’s internal control over financial reporting as set forth below in this section. This section should be read in conjunction with the certifications of our CEO and CFO and the BDO USA, LLP report for a more complete understanding of the topics presented.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s "disclosure controls and procedures" (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) (“Disclosure Controls”) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Our Disclosure Controls are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Our Disclosure Controls are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon the controls evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, our Disclosure Controls were effective at a reasonable assurance level related to the above stated design purposes.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

The Company's management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that our Disclosure Controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of our controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has not been any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment included evaluation of such elements as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment. This assessment is supported by testing and monitoring performed both by our Internal Audit function and our Finance function.

Based on our assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year 2022. We reviewed the results of management's assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, BDO USA, LLP, has audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting and has issued their report, which is included on the following page.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and Board of Directors

AMERCO

Reno, Nevada

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited AMERCO’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria .

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2022, and the related notes and schedules and our report dated May 25, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Phoenix, Arizona

May 25, 2022

Item 9B.    Other Information

Not applicable.

Item 9C.    Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

PART III

Item  10.    Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance  

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to AMERCO’s definitive proxy statement, in connection with its 2022 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the Company’s 2022 fiscal year.

The Company has a Code of Ethics that applies to all directors, officers and employees of the Company, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer. A copy of our Code of Ethics is posted on AMERCO’s website at amerco.com/governance.aspx.   We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements of Current Report on Form 8-K regarding any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Ethics by posting such information on the Company’s website, at the web address and location specified above, unless otherwise required to file a Current Report on Form 8-K by NASDAQ rules and regulations.

Item  11.    Executive Compensation

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

Item  12.    Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

Item 13.    Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

Item 14.    Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15.    Exhibits; Financial Statement Schedules

The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report:

All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, inapplicable, or the information is otherwise shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

Exhibits:

* Indicates management plan or compensatory arrangement.

Item 16.    Form 10-K Summary

None.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and Board of Directors

AMERCO

Reno, Nevada

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AMERCO (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2022, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at March 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2022 , in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated May 25, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Self-Insurance Reserves (U-Haul)

As described in Note 3 and included in Note 21A to the consolidated financial statements, U-Haul retains the risk for certain public liability and property damage programs related to its rental equipment, which is referred to as self-insurance. The estimated U-Haul self-insurance reserve as of March 31, 2022 was $418.9 million and was recorded in the consolidated balance sheets within policy benefits and losses, claims and loss expenses payable.   The self-insurance reserve estimate requires significant management judgment and is based upon historical claims experience, current claim trends, and actuarial estimates.

We identified the valuation of self-insurance reserves as a critical audit matter. Significant and complex management judgments and assumptions, including the use of management specialists in actuarial methods, is required to evaluate historical claims experience, current claims trends and actuarial estimates, including (i) estimates of future incurred and paid losses, and (ii) initial expected claim costs.  Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skills or knowledge needed.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following:

• Testing the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls surrounding the existence and accuracy of historical claims data used by the actuary.
• Testing the completeness and accuracy of claims data utilized by the actuary by selecting a sample of claims and corroborating key attributes of claims detail to source and supporting documents.
• Utilizing personnel with specialized knowledge and skill in actuarial methods to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the methodology and key assumptions utilized by the external actuary including the future development of incurred and paid losses, initial expected claim cost per exposure and retrospective review of prior year estimates.

Valuation of Future Policy Benefits (Oxford)

As discussed in Notes 3, 16 and included in Note 21A of the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s life insurance subsidiary (“Oxford”), sells life insurance, Medicare supplement insurance, and deferred annuities. Liabilities for future policy benefits are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets within policy benefits and losses, claims and loss expenses payable. Management’s estimate of liabilities for future policy benefits as of December 31, 2021 was $399.0 million. The liability is determined by Management utilizing the net premium valuation methodology and is accrued when premium revenue is recognized. The liability, which represents the present value of future benefits to be paid to policyholders and related expenses less the present value of future net premiums, is estimated using assumptions applicable at the time the insurance contracts are written, with provisions for the risk of adverse deviation, as appropriate. The Company periodically performs a gross premium valuation and reviews original assumptions, including capitalized expenses which reduce the gross premium valuation, to evaluate whether assets and the liabilities are adequate and whether a loss should be recognized.

We identified the valuation of future policy benefits for life and annuity policies as a critical audit matter. Significant and complex management judgments and assumptions included expected mortality experience, policy lapses and surrenders, assets yields and expenses, and expected interest rate yields. Management specialists in actuarial methods are utilized to evaluate the valuation of future policy benefits to determine whether loss recognition is required. Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skills or knowledge needed.       

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:   

• Testing the completeness and accuracy of a sample of policy data to source and supporting documents utilized to calculate management’s assumptions as the basis for the gross premium valuation.
• Utilizing a specialist with knowledge and skill in actuarial methods to assist in reviewing the methodology and assumptions used in the gross premium valuation, including (i) assessing the reasonableness of assumptions used through independent calculations, (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of the amortization of capitalized expenses, (iii) evaluating the applicability of the assumptions and sources of management’s calculation at the time the insurance contracts were written and, (iv) reviewing the reasonableness of the gross premium valuation, including evaluating whether loss recognition is warranted.

Reserve for Property & Casualty Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (Repwest)

As described in Notes 3, 16 and included in Note 21A to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries recorded $160.4 million of reserves for property and casualty (“P&C”) losses and loss adjustment expenses at December 31, 2021. Reserves for P&C losses and loss adjustment expenses are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets within policy benefits and losses, claims and loss expenses payable. Insurance reserves for P&C take into account losses incurred based upon actuarial estimates and are management’s best approximation of future payments. These estimates are based upon past claims experience and current claim trends as well as actuarial estimates. Changes in judgments and assumptions could materially impact the valuation of these liabilities, particularly for exposure with a long period of time between the insured period and settlement of all claims, such as, excess workers’ compensation claims.

We identified the reserve for P&C losses and loss adjustment expense as a critical audit matter. Significant and complex management judgments and assumptions, including the use of management specialists in actuarial methods, is required to evaluate past claims experience and current claim trends and actuarial estimates, including expected length of claims and cost trends associated with claimant treatments.   Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

• Testing the completeness and accuracy of claims data utilized by the actuary by selecting a sample of claims and corroborating key attributes of claims detail to source and supporting documents.
• Utilizing personnel with specialized knowledge and skill in actuarial methods to assist in   evaluating the appropriateness of the methodology and the assumptions used by management’s actuary including (i) performing a retrospective review of the prior year reserve estimate against actual performance, and   (ii) assessing the reasonableness of actuarial methods and key underlying assumptions through testing of the actuarial models used to ensure accurate reflection of the nature of the underlying exposure, development characteristics associated with the claims, the reasonableness of the underlying assumptions, including the selection of loss development factors and expected loss ratios, weighting of methods, and the sensitivity of the estimate to alternate assumptions.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2003.

Phoenix, Arizona

May 25, 2022

Amerco and consolidated subsidiaries

Consolidated balance sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

amerco and consolidated subsidiaries

Consolidated statements of operations