SVB Financial 10Q 2021 Q1 Quarterly report

0000719739us-gaap:OtherAssetsMemberus-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMemberus-gaap:ForeignExchangeContractMemberus-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Memberus-gaap:NondesignatedMember2021-03-31

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to __________________

Commission File Number: 001-39154

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						91-1962278
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3003 Tasman Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054-1191

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(408) 654-7400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company,” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol

Name of Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

SIVB

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th ownership interest in a share of 5.250% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A

SIVBP

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

At April 30, 2021, 54,315,140 shares of the registrant’s common stock ($0.001 par value) were outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		4

Item 1.	Interim Consolidated Financial Statements	4

	Interim Consolidated Balance Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (Unaudited)	4

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 3 1 , 202 1 and 20 20 (Unaudited)	5

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three mon ths ended Mar ch 3 1 , 202 1 and 20 20 (Unaudited)	6

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended Marc h 3 1 , 202 1 and 20 20 (Unaudited)	7

	Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 3 1 , 202 1 and 20 20 (Unaudited)	8

	Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	60

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	101

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	104

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION		105

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	105

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	105

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	105

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	105

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	105

Item 5.	Other Information	105

Item 6.	Exhibits	106

SIGNATURES		107

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Glossary of Acronyms that may be used in this Report

ACL — Allowance for Credit Losses

AFS— Available-for-Sale

ASC— Accounting Standards Codification

ASU— Accounting Standards Update

CECL — Current Expected Credit Losses

CET— Common Equity Tier

CMBS— Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

CMO— Collateralized Mortgage Obligations

EHOP— Employee Home Ownership Program of the Company

EPS— Earnings Per Share

ERI— Energy and Resource Innovation

ESOP— Employee Stock Ownership Plan of the Company

ESPP— 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of the Company

FASB— Financial Accounting Standards Board

FDIC— Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FHLB— Federal Home Loan Bank

FRB— Federal Reserve Bank

FTE— Full-Time Employee

FTP— Funds Transfer Pricing

GAAP— Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America

HTM— Held-to-Maturity

IASB— International Accounting Standards Board

IPO— Initial Public Offering

IRS— Internal Revenue Service

IT— Information Technology

LIBOR— London Interbank Offered Rate

M&A— Merger and Acquisition

MBS— Mortgage-Backed Securities

PPP — Paycheck Protection Program

SEC— Securities and Exchange Commission

SPAC - Special Purpose Acquisition Company

SPD-SVB— SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China)

TDR— Troubled Debt Restructuring

U.K. — United Kingdom

VIE— Variable Interest Entity

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)


(Dollars in thousands, except par value and share data)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,254,859	$	17,674,763
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (cost of $26,159,161 and $30,244,896, respectively)	25,986,471		30,912,438
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost and net of allowance for credit losses of $1,112 and $392 (fair value of $41,186,735 and $17,216,871, respectively)	41,164,620		16,592,153
Non-marketable and other equity securities	1,857,761		1,802,235
Total investment securities	69,008,852		49,306,826
Loans, amortized cost	47,675,166		45,181,488
Allowance for credit losses: loans	(391,751)		(447,765)
Net loans	47,283,415		44,733,723
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization	179,674		175,818
Goodwill	142,685		142,685
Other intangible assets, net	59,325		61,435
Lease right-of-use assets	233,696		209,932
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	4,184,114		3,205,825
Total assets	$	142,346,620	$	115,511,007
Liabilities and total equity:
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	$	84,439,997	$	66,519,240
Interest-bearing deposits	39,710,109		35,462,567
Total deposits	124,150,106		101,981,807
Short-term borrowings	38,434		20,553
Lease liabilities	287,413		259,554
Other liabilities	6,411,705		3,971,974
Long-term debt	1,338,183		843,628
Total liabilities	132,225,841		107,077,516
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14 and Note 17)	0		0
SVBFG stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized; 357,500 and 350,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	1,079,333		340,138
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized; 54,001,797 shares and 51,888,463 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	54		52
Additional paid-in capital	2,590,576		1,585,244
Retained earnings	6,203,969		5,671,749
Accumulated other comprehensive income	20,960		622,517
Total SVBFG stockholders’ equity	9,894,892		8,219,700
Noncontrolling interests	225,887		213,791
Total equity	10,120,779		8,433,491
Total liabilities and total equity	$	142,346,620	$	115,511,007

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	2021		2020
Interest income:
Loans	$	430,422	$	382,569
Investment securities:
Taxable	224,162		154,385
Non-taxable	20,897		12,824
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities	3,265		17,624
Total interest income	678,746		567,402
Interest expense:
Deposits	10,437		37,398
Borrowings	8,730		5,867
Total interest expense	19,167		43,265
Net interest income	659,579		524,137
Provision for credit losses	18,679		243,480
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	640,900		280,657
Noninterest income:
Gains on investment securities, net	167,078		46,055
Gains on equity warrant assets, net	221,685		13,395
Client investment fees	20,065		43,393
Foreign exchange fees	57,393		47,505
Credit card fees	27,567		28,304
Deposit service charges	25,151		24,589
Lending related fees	15,657		13,125
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees	13,051		11,542
Investment banking revenue	142,302		46,867
Commissions	24,439		16,022
Other	29,792		11,137
Total noninterest income	744,180		301,934
Noninterest expense:
Compensation and benefits	445,425		255,586
Professional services	81,343		38,705
Premises and equipment	32,822		26,940
Net occupancy	17,681		18,346
Business development and travel	3,811		14,071
FDIC and state assessments	9,463		5,234
Other	45,456		40,703
Total noninterest expense	636,001		399,585
Income before income tax expense	749,079		183,006
Income tax expense	187,315		49,357
Net income before noncontrolling interests	561,764		133,649
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(24,950)		1,973
Preferred stock dividends	(4,594)		(3,369)
Net income available to common stockholders	$	532,220	$	132,253
Earnings per common share—basic	$	10.20	$	2.56
Earnings per common share—diluted	10.03		2.55

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (UNAUDITED)


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	561,764	$	133,649
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Change in foreign currency cumulative translation gains and losses:
Foreign currency translation losses	(43)		(9,120)
Related tax benefit	13		2,556
Change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized holding (losses) gains	(823,329)		543,881
Related tax benefit (expense)	228,876		(150,746)
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income	0		(61,165)
Related tax expense	0		16,953
Cumulative-effect adjustment for unrealized gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	8,710		0
Related tax expense	(2,421)		0
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	(2,851)		(552)
Related tax benefit	793		153
Change in unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains	0		231,920
Related tax expense	0		(64,281)
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income	(15,657)		(2,089)
Related tax expense	4,352		579
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(601,557)		508,089
Comprehensive (loss) income	(39,793)		641,738
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(24,950)		1,973
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to SVBFG	$	(64,743)	$	643,711

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)


	Preferred Stock		Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
(Dollars in thousands)			Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	340,138	51,655,607	$	52	$	1,470,071	$	4,575,601	$	84,445	$	6,470,307	$	150,773	$	6,621,080
Cumulative adjustment for the day one adoption of ASC 326 ("CECL"), net of tax	—		—	—		—		(35,049)		—		(35,049)		—		(35,049)
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations	—		66,864	0		(3,031)		—		—		(3,031)		—		(3,031)
Common stock issued under ESOP	—		12,094	—		2,447		—		—		2,447		—		2,447
Net income (loss)	—		—	—		—		135,622		—		135,622		(1,973)		133,649
Capital calls and distributions, net	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(328)		(328)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		348,923		348,923		—		348,923
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from AFS to HTM, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		(399)		(399)		—		(399)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		(6,564)		(6,564)		—		(6,564)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		166,129		166,129		—		166,129
Share-based compensation, net	—		—	—		19,171		—		—		19,171		—		19,171
Common stock repurchases	—		(244,223)	0		—		(60,020)		—		(60,020)		—		(60,020)
Dividends on preferred stock	—		—	—		—		(3,369)		—		(3,369)		—		(3,369)
Other, net	—		—	—		582		—		—		582		—		582
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	340,138	51,490,342	$	52	$	1,489,240	$	4,612,785	$	592,534	$	7,034,749	$	148,472	$	7,183,221
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	340,138	51,888,463	$	52	$	1,585,244	$	5,671,749	$	622,517	$	8,219,700	$	213,791	$	8,433,491

Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations	—		107,234	0		(1,421)		—		—		(1,421)		—		(1,421)
Common stock issued under ESOP	—		6,100	—		3,138		—		—		3,138		—		3,138
Issuance of Common Stock	—		2,000,000	2		972,113		—		—		972,115		—		972,115
Issuance of Series B Preferred Stock	739,195		—	—		—		—		—		739,195		—		739,195
Net income	—		—	—		—		536,814		—		536,814		24,950		561,764
Capital calls and distributions, net	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(12,854)		(12,854)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		(594,453)		(594,453)		—		(594,453)
Amortization of unrealized holding gains and losses on securities transferred from AFS to HTM, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		4,231		4,231		—		4,231
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		(30)		(30)		—		(30)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges, net of tax	—		—	—		—		—		(11,305)		(11,305)		—		(11,305)

Share-based compensation, net	—		—	—		26,691		—		—		26,691		—		26,691

Dividends on preferred stock	—		—	—		—		(4,594)		—		(4,594)		—		(4,594)
Other, net	—		—	—		4,811		—		—		4,811		—		4,811
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	1,079,333	54,001,797	$	54	$	2,590,576	$	6,203,969	$	20,960	$	9,894,892	$	225,887	$	10,120,779

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	561,764	$	133,649
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses	18,679		243,480
Changes in fair values of equity warrant assets, net of proceeds from exercises	(29,445)		18,574
Changes in fair values of derivatives, net	13,533		(63,034)
Gains on investment securities, net	(167,078)		(46,055)
Distributions of earnings from non-marketable and other equity securities	21,581		12,346
Depreciation and amortization	30,949		24,824
Amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities, net	49,161		13,565
Amortization of share-based compensation	26,691		19,171
Amortization of deferred loan fees	(52,903)		(33,016)
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	57,513		(60,126)
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted shares	(10,888)		(2,575)


Changes in other assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable and payable, net	(40,913)		23,982
Accounts receivable and payable, net	10,462		(45,311)
Income tax receivable and payable, net	92,515		66,581
Accrued compensation	(279,210)		(236,834)
Foreign exchange spot contracts, net	107,418		(12,583)
Proceeds from termination of interest rate swaps	0		180,500
Other, net	(195,907)		(69,013)
Net cash provided by operating activities	213,922		168,125
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(450,009)		(1,538,553)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities	0		2,654,212
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of available-for-sale securities	1,653,915		785,692
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities	(21,685,125)		(358,650)
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of held-to-maturity securities	1,769,795		646,212
Purchases of non-marketable and other equity securities	(20,626)		(12,177)
Proceeds from sales and distributions of capital of non-marketable and other equity securities	274,435		45,720
Net increase in loans	(2,538,473)		(2,796,409)
Purchases of premises and equipment	(13,851)		(25,088)

Net cash used for investing activities	(21,009,939)		(599,041)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase in deposits	22,168,299		154,150
Net increase in short-term borrowings	17,881		3,120,732
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	494,355		0
(Distributions to noncontrolling interests), net of contributions from noncontrolling interests	(12,854)		(328)
Net proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock	739,195		0
Payment of preferred stock dividend	(4,594)		(3,369)
Common stock repurchases	0		(60,020)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, ESPP and ESOP, net of restricted stock awards	973,831		(584)
Net cash provided by financing activities	24,376,113		3,210,581
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	3,580,096		2,779,665
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	17,674,763		6,781,783
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	21,254,859	$	9,561,448
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	16,720	$	46,145
Income taxes	28,841		31,988
Noncash items during the period:
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	$	(594,453)	$	348,923

Transfers from available-for-sale securities to held-to-maturity	2,867,891		0

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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1. Basis of Presentation

SVB Financial Group is a diversified financial services company, as well as a bank holding company and a financial holding company. SVB Financial was incorporated in the state of Delaware in March 1999. Through our various subsidiaries and divisions, we offer a diverse set of banking and financial products and services to support our clients of all sizes and stages throughout their life cycles. In these notes to our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements, when we refer to “SVB Financial Group,” “SVBFG," the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or use similar words, we mean SVB Financial Group and all of its subsidiaries collectively, including Silicon Valley Bank (the “Bank”), unless the context requires otherwise. When we refer to “SVB Financial” or the “Parent” we are referring only to the parent company, SVB Financial Group (not including subsidiaries).

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with GAAP. Such unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future periods. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (“2020 Form 10-K”).

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of unaudited interim consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates may change as new information is obtained. Significant items that are subject to such estimates include: 1) measurements of fair value, the valuation of non-marketable and other equity securities and the valuation of equity warrant assets, 2) income taxes, and 3) the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses for loans and for unfunded credit commitments.

Principles of Consolidation and Presentation

Our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SVB Financial Group and consolidated entities. We consolidate voting entities in which we have control through voting interests or entities through which we have a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”). We determine whether we have a controlling financial interest in a VIE by determining if we have: (a) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses or (c) the right to receive the expected returns of the entity. Generally, we have significant variable interests if our commitments to a limited partnership investment represent a significant amount of the total commitments to the entity. We also evaluate the impact of related parties on our determination of variable interests in our consolidation conclusions. We consolidate VIEs in which we are the primary beneficiary based on a controlling financial interest. If we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we record our pro-rata interests based on our ownership percentage.

VIEs are entities where investors lack sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or equity investors, as a group, lack one of the following characteristics: (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity or (c) the right to receive the expected returns of the entity. We assess VIEs to determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE. A primary beneficiary is defined as a variable interest holder that has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest requires both: (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of a VIE that could potentially be significant to a VIE. Under this analysis, we also evaluate kick-out rights and other participating rights, which could provide us a controlling financial interest. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is required to consolidate the VIE.

We also evaluate fees paid to managers of our limited partnership investments. We exclude those fee arrangements that are not deemed to be variable interests from the analysis of our interests in our investments in VIEs and the determination of a primary beneficiary, if any. Fee arrangements based on terms that are customary and commensurate with the services provided are deemed not to be variable interests and are, therefore, excluded.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions with consolidated entities have been eliminated. We have not provided financial or other support during the periods presented to any VIE that we were not previously contractually required to provide.

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Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts primarily related to presentation changes to our table summarizing the activity relating to our allowance for credit losses for loans, have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a consistent basis with the accounting policies described in Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 2 — “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Form 10-K.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU 2019-12), which is part of the FASB’s initiative to reduce cost and complexity related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 eliminates certain exceptions to the general principles of ASC 740, Income Taxes, and simplifies income tax accounting in several areas. We adopted the guidance on January 1, 2021, on a modified retrospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures.

2. Stockholders' Equity and EPS

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes the items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into the Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


		Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	Income Statement Location	2021		2020
Reclassification adjustment for gains on available-for-sale securities included in net income	Gains on investment securities, net	$	0	$	(61,165)
Related tax expense	Income tax expense	0		16,953
Reclassification adjustment for gains on cash flow hedges included in net income	Net interest income	(15,657)		(2,089)
Related tax expense	Income tax expense	4,352		579
Total reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of tax		$	(11,305)	$	(45,722)

The table below summarizes the activity relating to net gains and losses on our cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Refer to Note 10 — “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information regarding the termination of our cash flow hedges during the quarter ended March 31, 2020. Over the next 12 months, we expect that approximately $62.5 million in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") at March 31, 2021, related to unrealized gains will be reclassified out of AOCI and recognized in net income.


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period, net of tax	$	129,273	$	(2,130)
Net increase in fair value, net of tax	0		167,639
Net realized gain reclassified to net income, net of tax	(11,305)		(1,510)
Balance, end of period, net of tax	$	117,968	$	163,999

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EPS

Basic EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive common shares. Potentially dilutive common shares include incremental shares issuable for stock options and restricted stock unit awards outstanding under our 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and our ESPP. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of dilutive EPS in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. The following is a reconciliation of basic EPS to diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)	2021		2020
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$	532,220	$	132,253
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic	52,180		51,565
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options and ESPP	294		217
Restricted stock units and awards	602		162
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted	53,076		51,944
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	10.20	$	2.56
Diluted	10.03		2.55

The following table summarizes the weighted-average common shares excluded from the diluted EPS calculation due to the antidilutive effect for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Shares in thousands)	2021	2020
Stock options	0	206
Restricted stock units	18	119
Total	18	325

Common Stock

On April 14, 2021, the Company issued and sold additional shares of common stock. Refer to Note 19—“Subsequent Events” for additional information.

Preferred Stock

On December 9, 2019, the Company issued 5.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Series A Preferred Stock (''Series A Preferred Stock''). The public offering consists of 14,000,000 depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th ownership interest in a shares of the Series A preferred stock with $0.001 par value and liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, or $25 per depositary share. The Series A Preferred Stock is redeemable at the Company’s option, subject to all applicable regulatory approvals, on or after February 15, 2025.

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On February 2, 2021, the Company issued 4.10% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Series B Preferred Stock (''Series B Preferred Stock''). The public offering consists of 750,000 depositary shares, each representing a 1/100th ownership interest in shares of Series B Preferred Stock with $0.001 par value and liquidation preferences of $100,000 per share, or $1,000 per depositary share. Dividends, if approved and declared by the Board of Directors, are payable quarterly, in arrears, at a rate per annum equal to (i) 4.10 percent from the original issue date to, but excluding, February 15, 2031 and (ii) for the February 15, 2031 dividend date and during each subsequent ten year period, the ten-year treasury rate (calculated three business days prior to each reset date as the five day average of the yields on actively traded U.S. treasury securities adjusted to constant maturity, for ten-year maturities) plus 3.064 percent.

As of March 31, 2021, there were 350,000 shares issued and outstanding of Series A Preferred Stock and 7,500 shares issued and outstanding of Series B Preferred Stock, which had a carrying value of $340.1 million and $739.2 million, respectively, and liquidation preferences of $350.0 million and $750.0 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes our preferred stock at March 31, 2021:


Series	Description	Amount outstanding (in millions)		Carrying value (in millions)		Shares issued and outstanding	Par Value		Ownership interest per depositary share	Liquidation preference per depositary share		2021 dividends paid per depositary share
Series A	5.250% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock	$	350	$	340.1	350,000	$	0.001	1/40th	$	25	$	0.33
Series B	4.100% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock	750		739.2		7,500	0.001		1/100th	1,000		0

3. Share-Based Compensation

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded share-based compensation and related tax benefits as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Share-based compensation expense	$	26,691	$	19,171
Income tax benefit related to share-based compensation expense	(6,278)		(4,440)

Unrecognized Compensation Expense

As of March 31, 2021, unrecognized share-based compensation expense was as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	Unrecognized Expense		Weighted Average Expected Recognition Period - in Years
Stock options	$	12,059	2.26
Restricted stock units and awards	127,759		2.65
Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense	$	139,818

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Share-Based Payment Award Activity

The table below provides stock option information related to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2021:


	Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life - in Years	Aggregate Intrinsic Value of In-The- Money Options
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	559,001	$	191.29

Exercised	(83,516)	136.14
Forfeited	(604)	254.35

Outstanding at March 31, 2021	474,881	200.91		4.17	$	139,021,519
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2021	457,920	200.35		4.12	134,311,416
Exercisable at March 31, 2021	193,079	166.23		2.58	63,219,304

The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options shown in the table above represents the pre-tax intrinsic value based on our closing stock price of $493.66 as of March 31, 2021. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $28.7 million, compared to $8.3 million for the comparable 2020 period.

The table below provides information for restricted stock units and awards under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2021:


	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2020	995,049	$	227.12
Granted	57,323	499.90
Vested	(73,716)	256.76
Forfeited	(17,579)	263.28
Nonvested at March 31, 2021	961,077	240.46

4. Variable Interest Entities

Our involvement with VIEs includes our investments in venture capital and private equity funds, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and qualified affordable housing projects.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and classification of significant variable interests in consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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(Dollars in thousands)	Consolidated VIEs		Unconsolidated VIEs		Maximum Exposure to Loss in Unconsolidated VIEs
March 31, 2021:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,392	$	0	$	—
Non-marketable and other equity securities (1)	450,537		867,187		867,187
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	13,094		0		—
Total assets	$	475,023	$	867,187	$	867,187
Liabilities:
Other liabilities (1)	11,041		372,516		—
Total liabilities	$	11,041	$	372,516	$	—
December 31, 2020:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	14,859	$	0	$	—
Non-marketable and other equity securities (1)	422,049		858,617		858,617
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	937		0		—
Total assets	$	437,845	$	858,617	$	858,617
Liabilities:
Other liabilities (1)	1,410		370,208		—
Total liabilities	$	1,410	$	370,208	$	—

(1) Included in our unconsolidated non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $617.0 million and $616.2 million, respectively, and related other liabilities consisting of unfunded commitments of $372.5 million and $370.2 million, respectively.

Non-marketable and other equity securities

Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China (“SPD-SVB”)), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and qualified affordable housing projects. Many of these are investments held by SVB Financial in third-party funds in which we do not have controlling or significant variable interests. These investments represent our unconsolidated VIEs in the table above. Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio also includes investments from SVB Capital. SVB Capital is the funds management business of SVB Financial Group, which focuses primarily on venture capital investments. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies and funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds. We have a controlling and significant variable interest in 3 of these SVB Capital funds and consolidate these funds for financial reporting purposes.

All investments are generally nonredeemable, and distributions are expected to be received through the liquidation of the underlying investments throughout the life of the investment fund. Investments may only be sold or transferred subject to the notice and approval provisions of the underlying investment agreement. Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we also make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds. For additional details, see Note 14 — “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments.”

The Bank also has variable interests in low income housing tax credit funds, in connection with fulfilling its responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"), that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. These investments are typically limited partnerships in which the general partner, other than the Bank, holds the power over significant activities of the VIE; therefore, these investments are not consolidated. For additional information on our investments in qualified affordable housing projects, see Note 6 — “Investment Securities."

As of March 31, 2021, our exposure to loss with respect to the consolidated VIEs is limited to our net assets of $464.0 million and our exposure to loss for our unconsolidated VIEs is equal to our investment in these assets of $867.2 million.

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5. Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table details our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Cash and due from banks (1)	$	20,966,421	$	17,447,916
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (2)	288,438		226,847

Total cash and cash equivalents	$	21,254,859	$	17,674,763

(1)At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, $16.6 billion and $13.7 billion, respectively, of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate, and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $3.4 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively.

(2)At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, securities purchased under agreements to resell were collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency securities with aggregate fair values of $294.5 million and $232.2 million, respectively. NaN of these securities were sold or repledged as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

6. Investment Securities

Our investment securities portfolio consists of: (i) an available-for-sale securities portfolio and a held-to-maturity securities portfolio, both of which represent interest-earning investment securities, and (ii) a non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio, which primarily represents investments managed as part of our funds management business, investments in qualified affordable housing projects, as well as public equity securities held as a result of equity warrant assets exercised.

Available-for-Sale Securities

The major components of our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:


	March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	4,244,175	$	195,444	$	(1,223)	$	4,438,396
U.S. agency debentures	230,375		1,155		(5,435)		226,095
Foreign government debt securities	23,454		0		(4)		23,450
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	12,663,089		85,210		(233,388)		12,514,911
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	7,471,566		19,567		(234,507)		7,256,626

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,526,502		24,283		(23,792)		1,526,993

Total available-for-sale securities	$	26,159,161	$	325,659	$	(498,349)	$	25,986,471


	December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	4,197,858	$	271,977	$	(107)	$	4,469,728
U.S. agency debentures	233,727		4,165		(585)		237,307
Foreign government debt securities	24,491		1		0		24,492
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	13,271,482		232,850		(651)		13,503,681
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	8,076,832		40,010		(10,278)		8,106,564

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,440,506		133,527		(3,367)		4,570,666

Total available-for-sale securities	$	30,244,896	$	682,530	$	(14,988)	$	30,912,438

The following table summarizes sale activity of available-for-sale securities during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 as recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net," a component of noninterest income:

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	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Sales proceeds	$	0	$	2,654,212
Net realized gains and losses:
Gross realized gains	0		61,165
Gross realized losses	0		0
Net realized gains	$	0	$	61,165

The following tables summarize our available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded and summarized into categories of less than 12 months, or 12 months or longer, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	March 31, 2021
	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer (1)				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	301,607	$	(1,223)	$	0	$	0	$	301,607	$	(1,223)
U.S. agency debentures	128,228		(5,435)		0		0		128,228		(5,435)
Foreign government debt securities	23,450		(4)		0		0		23,450		(4)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	9,608,598		(233,388)		0		0		9,608,598		(233,388)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	5,248,844		(234,507)		0		0		5,248,844		(234,507)

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	751,263		(23,792)		0		0		751,263		(23,792)
Total available-for-sale securities (1)	$	16,061,990	$	(498,349)	$	0	$	0	$	16,061,990	$	(498,349)

(1)As of March 31, 2021, we identified a total of 400 investments that were in unrealized loss positions with 0 investments in an unrealized loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months. Based on our analysis of the securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2021, the decline in value is unrelated to credit loss and is related to changes in market interest rates since purchase and therefore changes in value for securities are included in other comprehensive income. Market valuations and credit loss analyses on assets in the available-for-sale securities portfolio are reviewed and monitored on a quarterly basis. As of March 31, 2021, we do not intend to sell any of our securities in an unrealized loss position prior to recovery of our amortized cost basis, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of our securities prior to recovery of our amortized cost basis. None of the investments in our available-for-sale securities portfolio were past due as of March 31, 2021.


	December 31, 2020
	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer (1)				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value of Investments		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	59,929	$	(107)	$	0	$	0	$	59,929	$	(107)
U.S. agency debentures	133,143		(585)		0		0		133,143		(585)

Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	903,767		(651)		0		0		903,767		(651)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	2,199,207		(10,278)		0		0		2,199,207		(10,278)

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	989,389		(3,367)		0		0		989,389		(3,367)

Total available-for-sale securities (1)	$	4,285,435	$	(14,988)	$	0	$	0	$	4,285,435	$	(14,988)

(1)As of December 31, 2020, we identified a total of 93 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 0 investments are in an unrealized loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months. None of the investments in our available-for-sale securities portfolio were past due as of December 31, 2020.

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The following table summarizes the fixed income securities, carried at fair value, classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2021 by the remaining contractual principal maturities. For U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency debentures and foreign government debt securities, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as available-for-sale typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments.


	March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		One Year or Less		After One Year to Five Years		After Five Years to Ten Years		After Ten Years
U.S. Treasury securities	$	4,438,396	$	40,481	$	3,844,128	$	553,787	$	0
U.S. agency debentures	226,095		0		0		226,095		0
Foreign government debt securities	23,450		23,450		0		0		0
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	12,514,911		0		0		0		12,514,911
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	7,256,626		0		0		0		7,256,626

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,526,993		0		0		1,526,993		0
Total	$	25,986,471	$	63,931	$	3,844,128	$	2,306,875	$	19,771,537

Held-to-Maturity Securities

During the first quarter of 2021, we re-designated certain securities from the classification of “available-for-sale” to “held-to-maturity." The securities re-designated consisted of agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities with a total carrying value of $2.9 billion at March 31, 2021. At the time of re-designation the securities included $8.7 million of pretax unrealized gains in other comprehensive income and are being amortized over the life of the securities in a manner consistent with the amortization of a premium or discount. Our decision to re-designate the securities was based on our ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity. Factors used in assessing the ability to hold these securities to maturity were future liquidity needs and sources of funding. Held-to-maturity securities are carried on the balance sheet at amortized cost and the changes in the value of these securities, other than an allowance for credit losses, are not reported on the financial statements.

The components of our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:


	March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost:
U.S. agency debentures (1)	$	404,571	$	11,618	$	0	$	416,189	$	0
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	23,525,681		184,691		(296,061)		23,414,311		0
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations —fixed rate	2,425,024		23,807		(5,593)		2,443,238		0
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	128,370		667		0		129,037		0
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	10,075,165		81,135		(85,801)		10,070,499		0
Municipal bonds and notes	4,555,237		150,919		(43,935)		4,662,221		531
Corporate bonds	51,684		0		(444)		51,240		581
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	41,165,732	$	452,837	$	(431,834)	$	41,186,735	$	1,112

(1) Consists of pools of Small Business Investment Company debentures issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, an independent agency of the United States.

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	December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost:
U.S. agency debentures (1)	$	402,265	$	18,961	$	0	$	421,226	$	0
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	7,739,763		240,121		(2,211)		7,977,673		0
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	1,735,451		23,227		(296)		1,758,382		0
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	136,913		317		0		137,230		0
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	2,942,959		123,846		0		3,066,805		0
Municipal bonds and notes	3,635,194		220,866		(505)		3,855,555		392
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	16,592,545	$	627,338	$	(3,012)	$	17,216,871	$	392

(1) Consists of pools of Small Business Investment Company debentures issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, an independent agency of the United States.

Allowance for Credit Losses for HTM Securities

The following table summarizes the activity relating to our allowance for credit losses for HTM securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


Three months ended March 31, 2021	Beginning Balance December 31, 2020		Provision for Credit Losses		Ending Balance March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Municipal bonds and notes	$	392	$	139	$	531
Corporate bonds	0		581		581
Total allowance for credit losses	$	392	$	720	$	1,112


Three months ended March 31, 2020	Beginning Balance December 31, 2019		Day One Impact of Adopting ASC 326		Provision for Credit Losses		Ending Balance March 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)
Municipal bonds and notes	$	0	$	174	$	56	$	230
Total allowance for credit losses	$	0	$	174	$	56	$	230

Accrued interest receivable ("AIR") from HTM securities totaled $96.1 million at March 31, 2021 and $55.0 million at December 31, 2020 and is reported in "Accrued interest receivable and other assets" in our unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

Credit Quality Indicators

On a quarterly basis, management monitors the credit quality for HTM securities through the use of standard credit ratings. The following table summarizes our amortized cost of HTM securities aggregated by credit quality indicator at

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March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Municipal bonds and notes:
Aaa	$	2,519,992	$	2,070,311
Aa1	1,329,903		1,144,500
Aa2	568,423		420,383
Aa3	124,724		0
A1	12,195		0
Total municipal bonds and notes	$	4,555,237	$	3,635,194
Corporate bonds:


Aa2	$	27,583	$	0
Aa3	24,101		0
Total corporate bonds	$	51,684	$	0

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The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities on fixed income investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of March 31, 2021. For U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected remaining maturities for certain U.S. agency debentures may occur earlier than their contractual maturities because the note issuers have the right to call outstanding amounts ahead of their contractual maturity. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as held-to-maturity typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments.


	March 31, 2021
	Total				One Year or Less				After One Year to Five Years				After Five Years to Ten Years				After Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
U.S. agency debentures	$	404,571	$	416,189	$	4,066	$	4,117	$	141,117	$	145,321	$	259,388	$	266,751	$	0	$	0
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	23,525,681		23,414,311		6,319		6,564		11,663		11,983		494,951		510,743		23,012,748		22,885,021
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	2,425,024		2,443,238		0		0		5,356		5,482		447,781		458,314		1,971,887		1,979,442
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	128,370		129,037		0		0		0		0		0		0		128,370		129,037
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	10,075,165		10,070,499		0		0		0		0		536,203		542,183		9,538,962		9,528,316
Municipal bonds and notes	4,555,237		4,662,221		48,536		49,209		130,482		136,075		756,078		795,055		3,620,141		3,681,882
Corporate bonds	51,684		51,240		0		0		0		0		51,684		51,240		0		0
Total	$	41,165,732	$	41,186,735	$	58,921	$	59,890	$	288,618	$	298,861	$	2,546,085	$	2,624,286	$	38,272,108	$	38,203,698

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Non-marketable and Other Equity Securities

The major components of our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Non-marketable and other equity securities:
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (1)	$	96,016	$	88,937
Unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (2)	178,407		184,886
Other investments without a readily determinable fair value (3)	200,367		60,975
Other equity securities in public companies (fair value accounting) (4)	160,810		280,804
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) (5):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	394,349		362,192
Debt funds	5,813		5,444
Other investments	205,002		202,809
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net (6)	616,997		616,188
Total non-marketable and other equity securities	$	1,857,761	$	1,802,235

(1)The following table shows the amounts of venture capital and private equity fund investments held by the following consolidated funds and our ownership percentage of each fund at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (fair value accounting):


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ownership %		Amount		Ownership %
Strategic Investors Fund, LP	$	5,165	12.6	%	$	4,850	12.6	%
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	48,572		20.0		49,574		20.0
Growth Partners, LP	42,279		33.0		34,513		33.0
Total consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	96,016			$	88,937

(2)The carrying value represents investments in 161 and 162 funds (primarily venture capital funds) at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, where our ownership interest is typically less than 5% of the voting interests of each such fund and in which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnerships operating activities and financial policies. We carry our unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments at fair value based on the fund investments' net asset values per share as obtained from the general partners of the investments. For each fund investment, we adjust the net asset value per share for differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example December 31st for our March 31st consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period.

(3)These investments include direct equity investments in private companies. The carrying value is based on the price at which the investment was acquired plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments. We consider a range of factors when adjusting the fair value of these investments, including, but not limited to, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, exit strategies, financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment and a discount for certain investments that have lock-up restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted.

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The following table shows the changes to the carrying amount of other investments without a readily determinable fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2021:


(Dollars in thousands)	Three months ended March 31, 2021		Cumulative Adjustments
Measurement alternative:
Carrying value at March 31, 2021	$	200,367
Carrying value adjustments:
Impairment	$	0	$	(947)
Upward changes for observable prices	13,762		17,121
Downward changes for observable prices	(456)		(4,327)

(4)Investments classified as other equity securities (fair value accounting) represent shares held in public companies as a result of exercising public equity warrant assets and direct equity investments in public companies held by our consolidated funds. Changes in equity securities measured at fair value are recognized through net income.

(5)The following table shows the carrying value and our ownership percentage of each investment at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (equity method accounting):


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ownership %		Amount		Ownership %
Venture capital and private equity fund investments:
Strategic Investors Fund II, LP	$	4,624	8.6	%	$	3,705	8.6	%
Strategic Investors Fund III, LP	21,281		5.9		16,110		5.9
Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP	29,681		5.0		25,169		5.0
Strategic Investors Fund V funds	60,992		Various		67,052		Various
CP II, LP (i)	8,954		5.1		7,887		5.1
Other venture capital and private equity fund investments	268,817		Various		242,269		Various
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	394,349			$	362,192
Debt funds:
Gold Hill Capital 2008, LP (ii)	$	4,380	15.5	%	$	3,941	15.5	%
Other debt funds	1,433		Various		1,503		Various
Total debt funds	$	5,813			$	5,444
Other investments:
SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.	$	111,838	50.0	%	$	115,232	50.0	%
Other investments	93,164		Various		87,577		Various
Total other investments	$	205,002			$	202,809

(i)Our ownership includes direct ownership interest of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investments in Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.

(ii)Our ownership includes direct ownership interest of 11.5 percent in the fund and an indirect interest in the fund through our investment in Gold Hill Capital 2008, LLC of 4.0 percent.

(6)The following table presents the balances of our investments in qualified affordable housing projects and related unfunded commitments included as a component of “Other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net	$	616,997	$	616,188
Other liabilities	372,516		370,208

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The following table presents other information relating to our investments in qualified affordable housing projects for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	$	28,184	$	11,759
Amortization expense included in provision for income taxes (i)	16,105		11,471

(i)All investments are amortized using the proportional amortization method and amortization expense is included in the provision for income taxes.

The following table presents the net gains and losses on non-marketable and other equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 as recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net," a component of noninterest income:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Net gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities:
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	17,211	$	3,113
Unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments	12,510		1,252
Other investments without a readily determinable fair value	13,769		(2,943)
Other equity securities in public companies (fair value accounting)	77,561		(7,504)
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	45,385		(8,046)
Debt funds	414		(362)
Other investments	228		(620)
Total net gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities	$	167,078	$	(15,110)


Less: realized net gains (losses) on sales of non-marketable and other equity securities	69,775		(49)
Net gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities still held	$	97,303	$	(15,061)

7. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses: Loans and Unfunded Credit Commitments

We serve a variety of commercial clients in the technology, life science/healthcare, private equity/venture capital and premium wine industries. Our technology clients generally tend to be in the industries of hardware (such as semiconductors, communications, data, storage and electronics), software/internet (such as infrastructure software, applications, software services, digital content and advertising technology) and energy and resource innovation (“ERI”). Our life science/healthcare clients primarily tend to be in the industries of biotechnology, medical devices, healthcare information technology and healthcare services. Loans to our technology, life science/healthcare and ERI clients are reported under the Investor Dependent, Cash Flow Dependent and Balance Sheet Dependent risk-based segments below. Loans made to private equity/venture capital firm clients typically enable them to fund investments prior to their receipt of funds from capital calls and are reported under the Global Fund Banking portfolio segment below. Loans to the premium wine industry focus on vineyards and wineries that produce grapes and wines of high quality. In addition to commercial loans, we make consumer loans through SVB Private Bank and provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP.

We also provide community development loans made as part of our responsibilities under the CRA. These loans are included within “construction loans” below and are primarily secured by real estate. Additionally, beginning in April 2020, we accepted applications under the PPP administered by the U.S. Small Business Association ("SBA") under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") and originated loans to qualified small businesses. Disbursement of PPP funds under the CARES Act originally expired on August 8, 2020, however, on December 27, 2020, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (the "Economic Aid Act") was enacted, which allowed borrowers to apply for PPP loans up to March 31, 2021, as well as allowing for certain PPP borrowers to apply for second draw loans. The disbursement phase of the PPP was further extended to May 31, 2021 pursuant to the PPP Extension Act of 2021.

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The composition of loans at amortized cost basis broken out by risk-based segment at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is presented in the following table:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Global fund banking	$	27,306,926	$	25,543,198
Investor dependent:
Early stage	1,523,208		1,485,866
Mid stage	1,588,185		1,564,870
Later stage	2,055,676		1,921,082
Total investor dependent	5,167,069		4,971,818
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	1,984,567		1,989,173
Other	2,959,609		2,945,360
Total cash flow dependent	4,944,176		4,934,533
Private bank (4)	5,063,827		4,901,056
Balance sheet dependent	2,501,524		2,191,023
Premium wine (4)	1,040,223		1,052,643
Other (4)	45,688		27,687
SBA loans	1,605,733		1,559,530
Total loans (1) (2) (3)	$	47,675,166	$	45,181,488
Allowance for credit losses	(391,751)		(447,765)
Net loans	$	47,283,415	$	44,733,723

(1) Total loans at amortized cost is net of unearned income of $248 million and $226 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

(2) Included within our total loan portfolio are credit card loans of $461 million and $400 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

(3) Included within our total loan portfolio are construction loans of $108 million and $118 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

(4) Of our total loans, the table below includes those secured by real estate at amortized cost at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and were comprised of the following:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Real estate secured loans:
Private bank:
Loans for personal residence	$	3,538,077	$	3,392,237
Loans to eligible employees	458,736		481,098
Home equity lines of credit	45,033		42,449
Other	145,995		142,895
Total private bank loans secured by real estate	$	4,187,841	$	4,058,679
Premium wine	824,463		824,008
Other	50,584		56,882
Total real estate secured loans	$	5,062,888	$	4,939,569

Credit Quality Indicators

For each individual client, we establish an internal credit risk rating for that loan, which is used for assessing and monitoring credit risk as well as performance of the loan and the overall portfolio. Our internal credit risk ratings are also used to summarize the risk of loss due to failure by an individual borrower to repay the loan. For our internal credit risk ratings, each individual loan is given a risk rating of 1 through 10. Loans risk-rated 1 through 4 are performing loans and translate to an internal rating of “Pass,” with loans risk-rated 1 being cash secured. Loans risk-rated 5 through 7 are performing loans; however, we consider them as demonstrating higher risk, which requires more frequent review of the individual exposures;

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these translate to an internal rating of “Criticized.” All of our nonaccrual loans are risk-rated 8 or 9 and are classified with the internal rating of "Nonperforming." Loans rated 10 are charged-off and are not included as part of our loan portfolio balance. We review our credit quality indicators on a quarterly basis for performance and appropriateness of risk ratings as part of our evaluation process for our allowance for credit losses for loans.

The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators, broken out by risk-based segment, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	Pass		Criticized		Nonperforming (Nonaccrual)		Total
March 31, 2021:
Global fund banking	$	27,292,491	$	14,417	$	18	$	27,306,926
Investor dependent:
Early stage	1,303,581		211,861		7,766		1,523,208
Mid stage	1,492,157		96,028		0		1,588,185
Later stage	1,922,215		106,058		27,403		2,055,676
Total investor dependent	4,717,953		413,947		35,169		5,167,069
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	1,844,415		100,304		39,848		1,984,567
Other	2,680,114		273,867		5,628		2,959,609
Total cash flow dependent	4,524,529		374,171		45,476		4,944,176
Private bank	5,024,735		30,647		8,445		5,063,827
Balance sheet dependent	2,373,152		128,372		0		2,501,524
Premium wine	903,583		135,501		1,139		1,040,223
Other	45,653		35		0		45,688
SBA loans	1,466,605		139,128		0		1,605,733
Total loans	$	46,348,701	$	1,236,218	$	90,247	$	47,675,166
December 31, 2020:
Global fund banking	$	25,537,354	$	5,833	$	11	$	25,543,198
Investor dependent
Early stage	1,288,897		178,629		18,340		1,485,866
Mid stage	1,420,788		140,026		4,056		1,564,870
Later stage	1,744,662		147,763		28,657		1,921,082
Total investor dependent	4,454,347		466,418		51,053		4,971,818
Cash flow dependent
Sponsor led buyout	1,795,972		153,205		39,996		1,989,173
Other	2,677,371		261,985		6,004		2,945,360
Total cash flow dependent	4,473,343		415,190		46,000		4,934,533
Private bank	4,862,176		32,728		6,152		4,901,056
Balance sheet dependent	2,104,645		86,378		0		2,191,023
Premium wine	910,397		141,248		998		1,052,643
Other	27,594		63		30		27,687
SBA loans	1,455,990		103,540		0		1,559,530
Total loans	$	43,825,846	$	1,251,398	$	104,244	$	45,181,488

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The following tables summarize the credit quality indicators, broken out by risk-based segment and vintage year, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	Term Loans by Origination Year
March 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans		Unallocated (1)		Total
Global fund banking:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	267,498	$	263,243	$	44,632	$	59,520	$	21,416	$	7,773	$	26,627,712	$	697	$	0	$	27,292,491
Criticized	3		0		0		0		0		0		10,347		4,067		0		14,417
Nonperforming	0		0		8		0		0		0		10		0		0		18
Total global fund banking	$	267,501	$	263,243	$	44,640	$	59,520	$	21,416	$	7,773	$	26,638,069	$	4,764	$	0	$	27,306,926
Investor dependent:
Early stage:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	197,867	$	584,281	$	296,776	$	95,495	$	16,114	$	1,122	$	111,366	$	560	$	0	$	1,303,581
Criticized	5,120		82,312		68,639		23,896		6,174		1,792		23,928		0		0		211,861
Nonperforming	211		454		3,037		3,124		0		0		940		0		0		7,766
Total early stage	$	203,198	$	667,047	$	368,452	$	122,515	$	22,288	$	2,914	$	136,234	$	560	$	0	$	1,523,208
Mid stage:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	253,799	$	708,740	$	253,486	$	129,298	$	19,909	$	2,754	$	121,676	$	2,495	$	0	$	1,492,157
Criticized	4,510		43,314		18,015		10,773		3,745		4,998		10,673		0		0		96,028
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total mid stage	$	258,309	$	752,054	$	271,501	$	140,071	$	23,654	$	7,752	$	132,349	$	2,495	$	0	$	1,588,185
Later stage:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	262,703	$	942,741	$	338,516	$	165,935	$	14,016	$	5,593	$	187,725	$	4,986	$	0	$	1,922,215
Criticized	0		35,439		27,753		8,571		0		892		33,403		0		0		106,058
Nonperforming	0		15,997		1,676		3,280		0		0		6,450		0		0		27,403
Total later stage	$	262,703	$	994,177	$	367,945	$	177,786	$	14,016	$	6,485	$	227,578	$	4,986	$	0	$	2,055,676
Total investor dependent	$	724,210	$	2,413,278	$	1,007,898	$	440,372	$	59,958	$	17,151	$	496,161	$	8,041	$	0	$	5,167,069
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	310,562	$	643,432	$	406,962	$	242,303	$	147,618	$	36,269	$	57,269	$	0	$	0	$	1,844,415
Criticized	0		551		30,534		39,028		10,515		13,129		6,547		0		0		100,304
Nonperforming	0		32		11,838		15,998		7,158		0		4,822		0		0		39,848
Total sponsor led buyout	$	310,562	$	644,015	$	449,334	$	297,329	$	165,291	$	49,398	$	68,638	$	0	$	0	$	1,984,567
Other
Risk rating:
Pass	$	454,225	$	791,748	$	343,877	$	158,992	$	111,051	$	1,946	$	818,275	$	0	$	0	$	2,680,114

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Criticized	1		16,065		60,474		67,074		3,957		0		126,296		0		0		273,867
Nonperforming	0		0		0		4,418		0		0		1,210		0		0		5,628
Total other	$	454,226	$	807,813	$	404,351	$	230,484	$	115,008	$	1,946	$	945,781	$	0	$	0	$	2,959,609
Total cash flow dependent	$	764,788	$	1,451,828	$	853,685	$	527,813	$	280,299	$	51,344	$	1,014,419	$	0	$	0	$	4,944,176
Private bank:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	412,282	$	1,821,765	$	1,064,886	$	364,246	$	319,602	$	646,021	$	395,302	$	631	$	0	$	5,024,735
Criticized	0		3,179		8,398		3,513		3,211		9,442		2,904		0		0		30,647
Nonperforming	0		0		0		6,079		0		1,657		709		0		0		8,445
Total private bank	$	412,282	$	1,824,944	$	1,073,284	$	373,838	$	322,813	$	657,120	$	398,915	$	631	$	0	$	5,063,827
Balance sheet dependent:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	263,600	$	832,914	$	155,424	$	181,241	$	33,922	$	0	$	904,547	$	1,504	$	0	$	2,373,152
Criticized	69		58,519		42,391		0		0		0		27,393		0		0		128,372
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total balance sheet dependent	$	263,669	$	891,433	$	197,815	$	181,241	$	33,922	$	0	$	931,940	$	1,504	$	0	$	2,501,524
Premium wine:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	20,393	$	129,671	$	193,793	$	87,586	$	77,877	$	225,080	$	133,185	$	35,998	$	0	$	903,583
Criticized	1,634		13,288		22,856		16,069		10,207		47,518		23,929		0		0		135,501
Nonperforming	0		42		0		0		0		998		99		0		0		1,139
Total Premium wine	$	22,027	$	143,001	$	216,649	$	103,655	$	88,084	$	273,596	$	157,213	$	35,998	$	0	$	1,040,223
Other:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	21	$	10,792	$	19,179	$	16,642	$	1,478	$	1	$	13,031	$	0	$	(15,491)	$	45,653
Criticized	0		0		0		0		0		0		35		0		0		35
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total other	$	21	$	10,792	$	19,179	$	16,642	$	1,478	$	1	$	13,066	$	0	$	(15,491)	$	45,688
SBA loans:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	385,899	$	1,080,706	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	1,466,605
Criticized	49,353		89,775		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		139,128
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total SBA loans	$	435,252	$	1,170,481	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	1,605,733
Total loans	$	2,889,750	$	8,169,000	$	3,413,150	$	1,703,081	$	807,970	$	1,006,985	$	29,649,783	$	50,938	$	(15,491)	$	47,675,166

(1) These amounts consist of fees and clearing items that have not yet been allocated at the loan level.

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	Term Loans by Origination Year
December 31, 2020 (Dollars in thousands)	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans		Total
Global fund banking:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	439,494	$	48,297	$	68,491	$	22,878	$	2,389	$	5,999	$	24,947,428	$	2,378	$	25,537,354
Criticized	0		0		0		0		0		0		410		5,423		5,833
Nonperforming	3		8		0		0		0		0		0		0		11
Total global fund banking	$	439,497	$	48,305	$	68,491	$	22,878	$	2,389	$	5,999	$	24,947,838	$	7,801	$	25,543,198
Investor dependent:
Early stage:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	667,006	$	370,189	$	120,920	$	32,163	$	1,234	$	405	$	96,363	$	617	$	1,288,897
Criticized	46,889		72,495		26,170		10,204		3,557		334		18,980		0		178,629
Nonperforming	2,438		9,354		5,368		441		0		0		739		0		18,340
Total early stage	$	716,333	$	452,038	$	152,458	$	42,808	$	4,791	$	739	$	116,082	$	617	$	1,485,866
Mid stage:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	840,431	$	301,905	$	145,588	$	22,834	$	5,086	$	1,026	$	101,423	$	2,495	$	1,420,788
Criticized	43,288		48,294		26,023		8,242		0		4,998		9,181		0		140,026
Nonperforming	10		614		218		2,539		0		675		0		0		4,056
Total mid stage	$	883,729	$	350,813	$	171,829	$	33,615	$	5,086	$	6,699	$	110,604	$	2,495	$	1,564,870
Later stage:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	905,468	$	393,584	$	170,128	$	37,967	$	11	$	8,087	$	224,432	$	4,985	$	1,744,662
Criticized	22,286		55,254		30,252		1,142		0		1,547		37,282		0		147,763
Nonperforming	16,691		1,797		3,522		0		0		0		6,647		0		28,657
Total later stage	$	944,445	$	450,635	$	203,902	$	39,109	$	11	$	9,634	$	268,361	$	4,985	$	1,921,082
Total investor dependent	$	2,544,507	$	1,253,486	$	528,189	$	115,532	$	9,888	$	17,072	$	495,047	$	8,097	$	4,971,818
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	791,480	$	451,561	$	273,719	$	166,820	$	36,900	$	0	$	75,492	$	0	$	1,795,972
Criticized	500		70,324		39,020		21,607		13,003		0		8,751		0		153,205
Nonperforming	33		11,869		16,068		7,177		0		0		4,849		0		39,996
Total sponsor led buyout	$	792,013	$	533,754	$	328,807	$	195,604	$	49,903	$	0	$	89,092	$	0	$	1,989,173
Other
Risk rating:
Pass	$	879,542	$	513,242	$	179,169	$	133,235	$	38,808	$	101	$	933,274	$	0	$	2,677,371
Criticized	19,246		67,854		33,779		4,477		0		0		136,629		0		261,985

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Nonperforming	0		0		4,552		0		0		0		1,452		0		6,004
Total other	$	898,788	$	581,096	$	217,500	$	137,712	$	38,808	$	101	$	1,071,355	$	0	$	2,945,360
Total cash flow dependent	$	1,690,801	$	1,114,850	$	546,307	$	333,316	$	88,711	$	101	$	1,160,447	$	0	$	4,934,533
Private bank:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	1,878,184	$	1,152,903	$	394,351	$	352,857	$	294,870	$	405,909	$	382,442	$	660	$	4,862,176
Criticized	3,480		9,985		4,486		1,202		5,101		7,725		749		0		32,728
Nonperforming	0		563		3,197		0		0		1,679		713		0		6,152
Total private bank	$	1,881,664	$	1,163,451	$	402,034	$	354,059	$	299,971	$	415,313	$	383,904	$	660	$	4,901,056
Balance sheet dependent:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	837,613	$	190,140	$	198,532	$	19,213	$	0	$	0	$	857,642	$	1,505	$	2,104,645
Criticized	55,887		3,733		171		0		0		0		26,587		0		86,378
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total balance sheet dependent	$	893,500	$	193,873	$	198,703	$	19,213	$	0	$	0	$	884,229	$	1,505	$	2,191,023
Premium wine:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	126,476	$	193,744	$	70,783	$	79,088	$	114,812	$	153,841	$	135,461	$	36,192	$	910,397
Criticized	17,882		24,286		35,737		10,300		13,559		5,766		33,718		0		141,248
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		998		0		0		0		998
Total Premium wine	$	144,358	$	218,030	$	106,520	$	89,388	$	129,369	$	159,607	$	169,179	$	36,192	$	1,052,643
Other:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	0	$	16,251	$	10,910	$	0	$	0	$	433	$	0	$	0	$	27,594
Criticized	3		0		0		0		0		0		60		0		63
Nonperforming	0		30		0		0		0		0		0		0		30
Total other	$	3	$	16,281	$	10,910	$	0	$	0	$	433	$	60	$	0	$	27,687
SBA loans:
Risk rating:
Pass	$	1,455,990	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	1,455,990
Criticized	103,540		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		103,540
Nonperforming	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total SBA loans	$	1,559,530	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	1,559,530
Total loans	$	9,153,860	$	4,008,276	$	1,861,154	$	934,386	$	530,328	$	598,525	$	28,040,704	$	54,255	$	45,181,488

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Allowance for Credit Losses: Loans

In the first quarter of 2021, the ACL for loans decreased $56.0 million driven primarily by an improved economic forecast in Moody’s Analytics March 2021 forecast utilized in our quantitative model, as compared to the forecast utilized in December 2020. Those assumptions included an improvement in the unemployment rate as a result of businesses re-opening and the effect of government aid programs. The gross domestic product growth forecast also improved in the March 2021 forecast.

The economic forecast in Moody's Analytics March 2021 forecast was utilized in our quantitative model for the ACL as of March 31, 2021. We determined the forecast to be a reasonable view of the outlook for the economy given the available information at current quarter end. To the extent we identified credit risk considerations that were not captured by the Moody's Analytics March 2021 forecast, we addressed the risk through management's qualitative adjustments to our ACL.

We do not estimate expected credit losses ("ECL") on accrued interest receivable ("AIR") on loans, as AIR is reversed or written off when the full collection of the AIR related to a loan becomes doubtful. AIR on loans totaled $138.4 million at March 31, 2020 and $126.4 million at December 31, 2020 and is reported in "Accrued interest receivable and other assets" in our unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

The following tables summarize the activity relating to our allowance for credit losses for loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, broken out by portfolio segment:


Three months ended March 31, 2021	Beginning Balance December 31, 2020		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Provision (Reduction) for Credit Losses		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Ending Balance March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Global fund banking	$	45,584	$	(79,912)	$	0	$	94,329	$	0	$	60,001
Investor dependent:
Early stage	86,674		(14,123)		838		(11,121)		(21)		62,247
Growth stage	126,683		(120)		3,693		(25,546)		(24)		104,686

Total investor dependent	213,357		(14,243)		4,531		(36,667)		(45)		166,933
Cash flow and balance sheet dependent	124,249		0		0		(12,758)		2		111,493
Private bank	53,629		0		2		(8,567)		0		45,064
Premium wine and other	9,036		(850)		320		(401)		155		8,260
SBA loans	1,910		0		0		(1,910)		0		0
Total allowance for credit losses	$	447,765	$	(95,005)	$	4,853	$	34,026	$	112	$	391,751


Three months ended March 31, 2020	Beginning Balance December 31, 2019		Impact of adopting ASC 326		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Provision (Reduction) for Credit Losses		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Ending Balance March 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)
Global fund banking	$	107,285	$	(69,888)	$	0	$	0	$	19,557	$	(180)	$	56,774
Investor dependent:
Early stage	26,245		39,911		(10,183)		1,573		70,214		(571)		127,189
Growth stage	56,125		31,713		(23,316)		3,337		81,183		(530)		148,512
Total investor dependent	82,370		71,624		(33,499)		4,910		151,397		(1,101)		275,701
Cash flow and balance sheet dependent	80,820		(1,269)		(2,624)		2,845		25,301		(331)		104,742
Private bank	21,551		12,615		(581)		0		54,490		(280)		87,795
Premium wine and other	12,898		12,382		(192)		0		(1,844)		707		23,951

Total allowance for credit losses	$	304,924	$	25,464	$	(36,896)	$	7,755	$	248,901	$	(1,185)	$	548,963

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The following table summarizes the aging of our loans broken out by risk-based segment as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		Equal to or Greater Than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More Still Accruing Interest
March 31, 2021:
Global fund banking	$	10,002	$	3	$	4,106	$	14,111	$	27,292,815	$	27,306,926	$	4,088
Investor dependent:
Early stage	6,270		643		500		7,413		1,515,795		1,523,208		9
Mid stage	8,127		155		0		8,282		1,579,903		1,588,185		0
Later stage	3,272		0		0		3,272		2,052,404		2,055,676		0
Total investor dependent	17,669		798		500		18,967		5,148,102		5,167,069		9
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	0		0		0		0		1,984,567		1,984,567		0
Other	3,839		69		485		4,393		2,955,216		2,959,609		0
Total cash flow dependent	3,839		69		485		4,393		4,939,783		4,944,176		0
Private bank	0		1,973		0		1,973		5,061,854		5,063,827		0
Balance sheet dependent	6,962		62		0		7,024		2,494,500		2,501,524		0
Premium wine	0		0		998		998		1,039,225		1,040,223		0
Other	1		0		0		1		45,687		45,688		0
SBA loans	117		174		394		685		1,605,048		1,605,733		394
Total loans	$	38,590	$	3,079	$	6,483	$	48,152	$	47,627,014	$	47,675,166	$	4,491
December 31, 2020:
Global fund banking	$	27,606	$	8	$	11	$	27,625	$	25,515,573	$	25,543,198	$	0
Investor dependent:
Early stage	6,320		1,840		202		8,362		1,477,504		1,485,866		0
Mid stage	5,984		238		907		7,129		1,557,741		1,564,870		0
Later stage	5,363		0		0		5,363		1,915,719		1,921,082		0
Total investor dependent	17,667		2,078		1,109		20,854		4,950,964		4,971,818		0
Cash flow dependent
Sponsor led buyout	34		0		0		34		1,989,139		1,989,173		0
Other	6,510		58		0		6,568		2,938,792		2,945,360		0
Total cash flow dependent	6,544		58		0		6,602		4,927,931		4,934,533		0
Private bank	4,292		3,990		0		8,282		4,892,774		4,901,056		0
Balance sheet dependent	987		1,089		0		2,076		2,188,947		2,191,023		0
Premium wine	3,168		0		998		4,166		1,048,477		1,052,643		0
Other	3		28		82		113		27,574		27,687		0
SBA loans	0		0		0		0		1,559,530		1,559,530		0
Total loans	$	60,267	$	7,251	$	2,200	$	69,718	$	45,111,770	$	45,181,488	$	0

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Nonaccrual Loans

The following table summarizes our nonaccrual loans with no allowance for credit loss at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Nonaccrual Loans		Nonaccrual Loans with no Allowance for Credit Loss		Nonaccrual Loans		Nonaccrual Loans with no Allowance for Credit Loss
Global fund banking	$	18	$	8	$	11	$	11
Investor dependent:
Early stage	7,766		376		18,340		3
Mid stage	0		0		4,056		3,159
Later stage	27,403		6,437		28,657		118
Total investor dependent	35,169		6,813		51,053		3,280
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	39,848		0		39,996		0
Other	5,628		572		6,004		1,138
Total cash flow dependent	45,476		572		46,000		1,138
Private bank	8,445		2,365		6,152		2,393
Balance sheet dependent	0		0		0		0
Premium wine	1,139		997		998		998
Other	0		0		30		30
SBA loans	0		0		0		0
Total nonaccrual loans	$	90,247	$	10,755	$	104,244	$	7,850

Troubled Debt Restructurings

As of March 31, 2021, we had 15 TDRs with a total carrying value of $72.8 million where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties, in an attempt to maximize collection. There were 0 unfunded commitments available for funding to the clients associated with these TDRs as of March 31, 2021.

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The following table summarizes our loans modified in TDRs, broken out by risk-based segment, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Loans modified in TDRs:
Global fund banking	$	0	$	0
Investor dependent:
Early stage	2,322		6,705
Mid stage	0		4,050
Later stage	20,953		24,896
Total investor dependent	23,275		35,651
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	39,897		21,529
Other	4,903		1,237
Total cash flow dependent	44,800		22,766
Private bank	2,079		0
Balance sheet dependent	0		0
Premium wine	2,631		2,661
Other	0		0
SBA loans	0		0
Total loans modified in TDRs	$	72,785	$	61,078

The following table summarizes the recorded investment in loans modified in TDRs, broken out by risk-based segment, for modifications made during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Loans modified in TDRs during the period:
Global fund banking	$	0	$	0
Investor dependent:
Early stage	0		0
Mid stage	0		5,955
Later stage	0		2,769
Total investor dependent	0		8,724
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	18,439		0
Other	3,734		0
Total cash flow dependent	22,173		0
Private bank	2,079		0
Balance sheet dependent	0		0
Premium wine	0		0
Other	0		0
SBA loans	0		0
Total loans modified in TDRs during the period (1)	$	24,252	$	8,724

(1)There were $1.8 million and $12.5 million of partial charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, new TDRs of $22.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, were modified through payment deferrals granted to our clients. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, $2.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, were modified through forgiveness of principal.

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The following table summarizes the recorded investment in loans modified in TDRs within the previous 12 months that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
TDRs modified within the previous 12 months that defaulted during the period:
Global fund banking	$	0	$	0
Investor dependent:
Early stage	0		0
Mid stage	0		0
Later stage	0		0
Total investor dependent	0		0
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	0		0
Other	3,734		0
Total cash flow dependent	3,734		0
Private bank	0		0
Balance sheet dependent	0		0
Premium wine	0		8,247
Other	0		0
SBA loans	0		0
Total TDRs modified within the previous 12 months that defaulted in the period	$	3,734	$	8,247

Charge-offs and defaults on previously restructured loans are evaluated to determine the impact to the allowance for credit losses for loans, if any. The evaluation of these defaults may impact the assumptions used in calculating the reserve on other TDRs and nonaccrual loans as well as management’s overall outlook of macroeconomic factors that affect the reserve on the loan portfolio as a whole. After evaluating the charge-offs and defaults experienced on our TDRs we determined that no change to our reserving methodology for TDRs was necessary to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans as of March 31, 2021.

Allowance for Credit Losses: Unfunded Credit Commitments

We maintain a separate allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments that is determined using a methodology that is inherently similar to the methodology used for calculating the allowance for credit losses for loans. At March 31, 2021, our ACL estimates utilized the improved Moody's economic forecasts from March 2021 as mentioned above.

The following table summarizes the activity relating to our allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Allowance for credit losses: unfunded credit commitments, beginning balance	$	120,796	$	67,656
Impact of adopting ASC 326	0		22,826
Reduction of credit losses	(16,067)		(5,477)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	21		(315)
Allowance for credit losses: unfunded credit commitments, ending balance (1)	$	104,750	$	84,690

(1)The “allowance for credit losses: unfunded credit commitments” is included as a component of “other liabilities” on our unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. See Note 14 — “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of this report for additional disclosures related to our commitments to extend credit.

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8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $142.7 million, which was a result of revenue generating synergies expected from our acquisition of SVB Leerink in 2019 as well as our acquisition of WestRiver Group's debt fund business in December 2020.

Other Intangible Assets

The components of net other intangible assets were as follows:


	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Other intangible assets:
Customer relationships	$	42,000	$	8,591	$	33,409	$	42,000	$	7,636	$	34,364
Other	36,300		10,384		25,916		36,300		9,229		27,071
Total other intangible assets	$	78,300	$	18,975	$	59,325	$	78,300	$	16,865	$	61,435

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recorded amortization expense of $2.1 million. Assuming no future impairments of other intangible assets or additional acquisitions or dispositions, the following table presents the Company's future expected amortization expense for other intangible assets that will continue to be amortized as of March 31, 2021:


Years ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands)	Other Intangible Assets
2021 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2021)	$	6,107
2022	8,141
2023	8,141
2024	8,141
2025	6,900
2026 and thereafter	21,895
Total future amortization expense	$	59,325

9. Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt

The following table represents outstanding short-term borrowings and long-term debt at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


				Carrying Value
(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity	Principal value at March 31, 2021		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Short-term borrowings:



Other short-term borrowings	(1)	$	38,434	$	38,434	$	20,553
Total short-term borrowings				$	38,434	$	20,553
Long-term debt:
3.50% Senior Notes	January 29, 2025	$	350,000	$	348,441	$	348,348
3.125% Senior Notes	June 5, 2030	500,000		495,387		495,280
1.800% Senior Notes	February 2, 2031	500,000		494,355		0
Total long-term debt				$	1,338,183	$	843,628

(1)Represents cash collateral received from certain counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in our favor.

Interest expense related to short-term borrowings and long-term debt was $8.7 million and $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and compared to comparable 2020 period. The weighted average interest rate associated with our short-term borrowings was 0.06 percent as of March 31, 2021 and 0.80 percent as of as of December 31, 2020.

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Short-term Borrowings

We have certain facilities in place to enable us to access short-term borrowings on a secured and unsecured basis. Our secured facilities include collateral pledged to the FHLB of San Francisco and the discount window at the FRB (using both fixed income securities and loans as collateral). Our unsecured facility consists of our uncommitted federal funds lines. As of March 31, 2021, collateral pledged to the FHLB of San Francisco was comprised primarily of fixed income investment securities and loans and had a carrying value of $6.9 billion, of which $5.8 billion was available to support additional borrowings. As of March 31, 2021, collateral pledged to the discount window at the FRB was comprised of fixed income investment securities and had a carrying value of $0.9 billion, all of which was unused and available to support additional borrowings. Our total unused and available borrowing capacity for our uncommitted federal funds lines totaled $1.9 billion at March 31, 2021. Our total unused and available borrowing capacity under our master repurchase agreements with various financial institutions totaled $4.0 billion at March 31, 2021.

3.50% Senior Notes

In January 2015, SVB Financial issued $350 million of 3.50% Senior Notes due in January 2025. We received net proceeds of approximately $346.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and issuance costs. The balance of our 3.50% Senior Notes at March 31, 2021 was $348.4 million, which is reflective of $1.5 million of debt issuance costs and a $0.1 million discount.

3.125% Senior Notes

On June 5, 2020, the Company issued $500 million of 3.125% Senior Notes due in June 2030 ("3.125% Senior Notes"). The 3.125% Senior Notes may be redeemed by us, at our option, at any time prior to March 5, 2030, at a redemption price equal to the full aggregate principal amount plus a “make-whole” premium payment. We received net proceeds from this offering of approximately $495.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and issuance costs. The balance of our 3.125% Senior Notes at March 31, 2021 was $495.4 million, which is reflective of $4.3 million of debt issuance costs and a $0.3 million discount.

1.800% Senior Notes

On February 2, 2021 the Company issued $500 million of 1.800% Senior Notes due February 2031 ("1.800% Senior Notes"), with interest payments starting August 2, 2021, and payable every February 2nd and August 2nd. The notes will be senior unsecured obligations of SVB Financial Group and will rank equally with all of our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. We received net proceeds from this offering of approximately $494.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and issuance costs. The balance of our 1.800% Senior Notes at March 31, 2021 was $494.4 million, which is reflective of $4.0 million of debt issuance costs and a $1.6 million discount.

10. Derivative Financial Instruments

We primarily use derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk and currency exchange rate risk and to assist customers with their risk management objectives, which may include currency exchange rate risks and interest rate risks. Also, in connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain equity warrant assets giving us the right to acquire stock in private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is our primary market risk and can result from timing and volume differences in the repricing of our interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities and changes in market interest rates. To manage interest rate risk on our interest rate sensitive assets, we have entered into interest rate swap contracts to hedge against future changes in interest rates. We designate these interest rate swap contracts as fair value and cash flow hedges.

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Fair Value Hedges

To manage interest rate risk on our available-for-sale securities portfolio, we enter into pay-fixed, receive-floating interest rate swap contracts to hedge against exposure to changes in the fair value of the securities resulting from changes in interest rates. We designate these interest rate swap contracts as fair value hedges that qualify for hedge accounting under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815") and have elected to account for them using the last-of-layer method as outlined in ASC 815. We record the fair value hedges in other assets and other liabilities. For qualifying fair value hedges, both the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the portion of the fair value adjustments associated with the last-of-layer attributable to the hedged risk will be recognized into earnings as they occur. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item in the line item "investment securities" as part of interest income, a component of consolidated net income.

We assess hedge effectiveness under ASC 815 on a quarterly basis to ensure all hedges remain highly effective and hedge accounting under ASC 815 can be applied. In conjunction with the assessment of effectiveness, we assess the hedged item to ensure it is expected to be outstanding at the hedged item’s assumed maturity date and the last-of-layer method of accounting under ASC 815 can be applied. If the hedging relationship no longer exists or no longer qualifies as a hedge per ASC 815, any remaining fair value basis adjustments are allocated to the individual assets in the portfolio and amortized into earnings over a period consistent with the amortization of other discounts and premiums associated with the respective assets.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis of hedged assets that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges and the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying value that have been recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2021:


	March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost Basis of the Hedged Assets		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
Available-for-sale securities (1)	$	21,312,139	$	(16,975)

(1)These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the last layer expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. At March 31, 2021, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $21.3 billion, the amounts of the designated hedged items was $10.0 billion and the cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was $17.0 million.

Cash Flow Hedges

To manage interest rate risk on our variable-interest rate loan portfolio, we enter into interest rate swap contracts to hedge against future changes in interest rates by using hedging instruments to lock in future cash inflows that would otherwise be impacted by movements in the market interest rates. We designate these interest rate swap contracts as cash flow hedges that qualify for hedge accounting under ASC 815 and record them in other assets and other liabilities. For qualifying cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and recognized in earnings as the hedged item affects earnings. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item in the line item "Loans" as part of interest income, a component of consolidated net income.

We assess hedge effectiveness under ASC 815 on a quarterly basis to ensure all hedges remain highly effective and hedge accounting under ASC 815 can be applied. If the hedging relationship no longer exists or no longer qualifies as a hedge per ASC 815, any amounts remaining as gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified into earnings in the line item "Loans" as part of interest income, a component of consolidated net income. As of March 31, 2020, all derivatives previously classified as hedges with notional balances totaling $5.0 billion and a net asset fair value of $227.5 million were terminated. As of March 31, 2021, the total unrealized gains on terminated cash flow hedges remaining in AOCI was $163.4 million, $118.0 million net of tax. The unrealized gains will be reclassified into interest income as the underlying forecasted transactions impact earnings through the original maturity of the hedged forecasted transactions. The total remaining term over which the unrealized gains will be reclassified into earnings is approximately four years.

Currency Exchange Risk

We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure risk associated with the net difference between foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. We do not designate any foreign exchange forward contracts as derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting. Gains or losses from changes in currency rates on foreign currency denominated instruments are recorded in the line item “other” as part of noninterest

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income, a component of consolidated net income. We may experience ineffectiveness in the economic hedging relationship, because the instruments are revalued based upon changes in the currency’s spot rate on the principal value, while the forwards are revalued on a discounted cash flow basis. We record forward agreements in gain positions in other assets and loss positions in other liabilities, while net changes in fair value are recorded in the line item “other” as part of noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.

Other Derivative Instruments

Also included in our derivative instruments are equity warrant assets and client forward and option contracts, and client interest rate contracts. For further description of these other derivative instruments, refer to Note 2 — “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" under Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Form 10-K.

Counterparty Credit Risk

We are exposed to credit risk if counterparties to our derivative contracts do not perform as expected. We mitigate counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures and obtaining collateral, as appropriate. With respect to measuring counterparty credit risk for derivative instruments, we measure the fair value of a group of financial assets and financial liabilities on a net risk basis by counterparty portfolio.

The total notional or contractual amounts and fair value of our derivative financial instruments at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:


	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Notional or Contractual Amount		Fair Value				Notional or Contractual Amount		Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)			Derivative Assets (1)		Derivative Liabilities (1)				Derivative Assets (1)		Derivative Liabilities (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate risks:
Interest rate swaps (2)	$	10,000,000	$	0	$	—	$	0	$	0	$	—
Interest rate swaps	0		—		0		0		—		0
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Currency exchange risks:
Foreign exchange forwards	687,576		19,109		—		68,381		306		—
Foreign exchange forwards	97,950		—		2,626		566,988		—		20,566
Other derivative instruments:
Equity warrant assets	299,101		244,334		—		253,153		203,438		—
Client foreign exchange forwards	9,015,147		220,034		—		8,025,973		214,969		—
Client foreign exchange forwards	8,675,502		—		198,866		7,490,723		—		188,565
Client foreign currency options	63,503		1,040		—		97,529		1,702		—
Client foreign currency options	63,503		—		1,040		97,522		—		1,702
Client interest rate derivatives (2)	1,212,842		65,123		—		1,082,265		67,854		—
Client interest rate derivatives (2)	1,381,626		—		68,954		1,250,975		—		26,646
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments			549,640		271,486				488,269		237,479
Total derivatives			$	549,640	$	271,486			$	488,269	$	237,479

(1)Derivative assets and liabilities are included in "accrued interest receivable and other assets" and "other liabilities", respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets.

(2)The amount reported reflects reductions of approximately $22.7 million of derivative assets and $45.4 million of derivative liabilities at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, reflecting variation margin treated as settlement of the related derivative fair values for legal and accounting purposes as required by central clearing houses.

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A summary of our derivative activity and the related impact on our consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


		Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	Statement of income location	2021		2020
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate risks:
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income	Interest income - loans	$	15,657	$	2,089
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps hedging investment securities	Interest income - investment securities taxable	18,494		0
Change in fair value of hedged investment securities	Interest income - investment securities taxable	(16,975)		0
Net gains associated with interest rate risk derivatives		$	17,176	$	2,089
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Currency exchange risks:
Losses on revaluations of internal foreign currency instruments, net	Other noninterest income	$	(28,129)	$	(8,375)
Gains on internal foreign exchange forward contracts, net	Other noninterest income	26,853		8,668
Net (losses) gains associated with internal currency risk		$	(1,276)	$	293
Other derivative instruments:
Losses on revaluations of client foreign currency instruments, net	Other noninterest income	$	(2,427)	$	(8,284)
Gains on client foreign exchange forward contracts, net	Other noninterest income	2,751		7,747
Net gains (losses) associated with client currency risk		$	324	$	(537)
Net gains on equity warrant assets	Gains on equity warrant assets, net	$	221,685	$	13,395
Net gains (losses) on other derivatives	Other noninterest income	$	4,521	$	(4,345)

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Balance Sheet Offsetting

Certain of our derivative and other financial instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements with our counterparties. These agreements provide for the net settlement of multiple contracts with a single counterparty through a single payment, in a single currency, in the event of default on or termination of any one contract.

The following table summarizes our assets subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position but Subject to Master Netting Arrangements				Net Amount
(Dollars in thousands)							Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received (1)
March 31, 2021
Derivative assets:

Foreign exchange forwards	$	239,143	$	0	$	239,143	$	(77,667)	$	(38,286)	$	123,190
Foreign currency options	1,040		0		1,040		(413)		(148)		479
Client interest rate derivatives	65,123		0		65,123		(65,123)		0		0
Total derivative assets	305,306		0		305,306		(143,203)		(38,434)		123,669
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing, and similar arrangements	288,438		0		288,438		(288,438)		0		0
Total	$	593,744	$	0	$	593,744	$	(431,641)	$	(38,434)	$	123,669
December 31, 2020
Derivative assets:

Foreign exchange forwards	$	215,275	$	0	$	215,275	$	(75,983)	$	(20,550)	$	118,742
Foreign currency options	1,702		0		1,702		(1,045)		(3)		654
Client interest rate derivatives	67,854		0		67,854		(67,854)		0		0
Total derivative assets	284,831		0		284,831		(144,882)		(20,553)		119,396
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing, and similar arrangements	226,847		0		226,847		(226,847)		0		0
Total	$	511,678	$	0	$	511,678	$	(371,729)	$	(20,553)	$	119,396

(1)Cash collateral received from our counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in our favor is recorded as a component of “short-term borrowings” on our consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes our liabilities subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position but Subject to Master Netting Arrangements				Net Amount
(Dollars in thousands)							Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged (1)
March 31, 2021
Derivative liabilities:

Foreign exchange forwards	$	201,492	$	0	$	201,492	$	(61,303)	$	(58,582)	$	81,607
Foreign currency options	1,040		0		1,040		(491)		0		549
Client interest rate derivatives	68,954		0		68,954		(53,003)		(15,570)		381
Total derivative liabilities	271,486		0		271,486		(114,797)		(74,152)		82,537
Repurchase, securities lending, and similar arrangements	0		0		0		0		0		0
Total	$	271,486	$	0	$	271,486	$	(114,797)	$	(74,152)	$	82,537
December 31, 2020
Derivative liabilities:

Foreign exchange forwards	$	209,131	$	0	$	209,131	$	(84,547)	$	(45,367)	$	79,217
Foreign currency options	1,702		0		1,702		(645)		(8)		1,049
Client interest rate derivatives	26,646		0		26,646		0		(26,100)		546
Total derivative liabilities	237,479		0		237,479		(85,192)		(71,475)		80,812
Repurchase, securities lending, and similar arrangements	0		0		0		0		0		0
Total	$	237,479	$	0	$	237,479	$	(85,192)	$	(71,475)	$	80,812

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(1)Cash collateral pledged to our counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in a liability position and repurchase agreements are recorded as a component of “cash and cash equivalents" on our consolidated balance sheets.

11. Noninterest Income

All of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within noninterest income. Included below is a summary of noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Noninterest income:
Gains on investment securities, net	$	167,078	$	46,055
Gains on equity warrant assets, net	221,685		13,395
Client investment fees	20,065		43,393
Foreign exchange fees	57,393		47,505
Credit card fees	27,567		28,304
Deposit service charges	25,151		24,589
Lending related fees	15,657		13,125
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees	13,051		11,542
Investment banking revenue	142,302		46,867
Commissions	24,439		16,022
Other	29,792		11,137
Total noninterest income	$	744,180	$	301,934

Gains on investment securities, net

Net gains on investment securities include both gains and losses from our non-marketable and other equity securities, which include public equity securities held as a result of exercised equity warrant assets, gains and losses from sales of our AFS debt securities portfolio, when applicable, and carried interest.

Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, our China joint venture (SPD-SVB), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies, which include public equity securities held as a result of exercised equity warrant assets and qualified affordable housing projects. We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other equity securities from period to period, which results in net gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized). This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions. Unrealized gains from non-marketable and other equity securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes.

The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (e.g., lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities, and the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.

Carried interest is comprised of preferential allocations of profits recognizable when the return on assets of our individual managed fund of funds and direct venture funds exceeds certain performance targets and is payable to us, as the general partners of the managed funds. The carried interest we earn is often shared with employees, who are also members of the general partner entities. We record carried interest on a quarterly basis by measuring fund performance to date versus the performance target. For our unconsolidated managed funds, carried interest is recorded as gains on investment securities, net. For our consolidated managed funds, it is recorded as a component of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Carried interest allocated to others is recorded as a component of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Any carried interest paid to us (or our employees) may be subject to reversal to the extent fund performance declines to a level where inception to date carried interest is lower than actual payments made by the funds. The limited partnership agreements for our funds provide that carried interest is generally not paid to the general partners until the funds have provided a full return of contributed capital to the limited partners. Accrued, but unpaid carried interest may be subject to reversal to the extent that the fund performance declines to a level where inception-to-date carried interest is less than

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prior amounts recognized. Carried interest income is accounted for under an ownership model based on ASC 323 — Equity Method of Accounting and ASC 810 — Consolidation.

Our AFS securities portfolio is a fixed income investment portfolio that is managed with the objective of earning an appropriate portfolio yield over the long-term while maintaining sufficient liquidity and credit diversification as well as addressing our asset/liability management objectives. Though infrequent, sales of debt securities in our AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses and are conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy related to the management of our liquidity position and interest rate risk.

Gains on investment securities are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606 as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our investment-related activities. A summary of gains and losses on investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities, net	$	167,078	$	(15,110)
Gains on sales of available-for-sale securities, net	0		61,165
Total gains on investment securities, net	$	167,078	$	46,055

Gains on equity warrant assets, net

In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain rights to acquire stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. Any changes in fair value from the grant date fair value of equity warrant assets will be recognized as increases or decreases to other assets on our balance sheet and as net gains or losses on equity warrant assets, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.

Gains on equity warrant assets are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606 as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities. A summary of net gains on equity warrant assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Equity warrant assets:
Gains on exercises, net	$	159,637	$	19,193
Terminations	(249)		(326)
Changes in fair value, net	62,297		(5,472)
Total net gains on equity warrant assets	$	221,685	$	13,395

Client investment fees

Client investment fees include fees earned from discretionary investment management services for substantially all clients, managing clients’ portfolios based on their investment policies, strategies and objectives and investment advisory fees. Revenue is recognized on a monthly basis upon completion of our performance obligation and consideration is typically received in the subsequent month. Included in our sweep money market fees are Rule 12(b)-1 fees, revenue sharing and customer transactional-based fees. Rule 12(b)-1 fees and revenue sharing are recognized as earned based on client funds that are invested in the period, typically monthly. Transactional based fees are earned and recognized on fixed income securities when the transaction is executed on the clients' behalf. Amounts paid to third-party service providers are predominantly expensed, such that client investment fees are recorded gross of payments made to third parties. A summary of client investment fees by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Client investment fees by type:
Sweep money market fees	$	10,461	$	23,049
Asset management fees (1)	9,020		9,137
Repurchase agreement fees	584		11,207
Total client investment fees (2)	$	20,065	$	43,393

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(1)Represents fees earned from investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.

(2)Represents fees earned on client investment funds that are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

Foreign exchange fees

Foreign exchange fees represent the income differential between purchases and sales of foreign currency on behalf of our clients, primarily from spot contracts. Foreign exchange spot contract fees are recognized upon the completion of the single performance obligation, the execution of a spot trade in exchange for a fee. In line with customary business practice, the legal right transfers to the client upon execution of a foreign exchange contract on the trade date, and as such, we currently recognize our fees based on the trade date and the transactions are typically settled within two business days.

Forward contract and option premium fees are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606 as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities. A summary of foreign exchange fee income by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Foreign exchange fees by instrument type:
Spot contract commissions	$	54,929	$	40,934
Forward contract commissions	2,348		6,339
Option premium fees	116		232
Total foreign exchange fees	$	57,393	$	47,505

Credit card fees

Credit card fees include interchange income from credit and debit cards and fees earned from processing transactions for merchants. Interchange income is earned after satisfying our performance obligation of providing nightly settlement services to a payment network. Costs related to rewards programs are recorded when the rewards are earned by the customer and presented as a reduction to interchange fee income. Rewards programs continue to be accounted for under ASC 310 - Receivables. Our performance obligations for merchant service fees are to transmit data and funds between the merchant and the payment network. Credit card interchange and merchant service fees are earned daily upon completion of transaction settlement services.

Annual card service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period and continue to be accounted for under ASC 310 - Receivables.

A summary of credit card fees by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Credit card fees by instrument type:
Card interchange fees, net	$	22,848	$	21,775
Merchant service fees	3,772		5,027
Card service fees	947		1,502
Total credit card fees	$	27,567	$	28,304

Deposit service charges

Deposit service charges include fees earned from performing cash management activities and other deposit account services. Deposit services include, but are not limited to, the following: receivables services, which include merchant services, remote capture, lockbox, electronic deposit capture, and fraud control services. Payment and cash management products and services include wire transfer and automated clearing house payment services to enable clients to transfer funds more quickly, as well as business bill pay, business credit and debit cards, account analysis, and disbursement services. Deposit service charges are recognized over the period in which the related performance obligation is provided, generally on a monthly basis, and are presented in the "Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers" table below.

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Lending related fees

Unused commitment fees, minimum finance fees and unused line fees are recognized as earned on a monthly basis. Fees that qualify for syndication treatment are recognized at the completion of the syndicated loan deal for which the fees were received. Lending related fees are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606 as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our lending-related activities. A summary of lending related fees by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Lending related fees by instrument type:
Unused commitment fees	$	12,256	$	8,406
Other	3,401		4,719
Total lending related fees	$	15,657	$	13,125

Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees

Commercial and standby letters of credit represent conditional commitments issued by us on behalf of a client to guarantee the performance of the client to a third party when certain specified future events have occurred. Fees generated from letters of credit and standby letters of credit are deferred as a component of other liabilities and recognized in noninterest income over the commitment period using the straight-line method, based on the likelihood that the commitment being drawn down will be remote. Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606 as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our lending related activities.

Investment banking revenue

We earn investment banking revenue from clients for providing services related to securities underwriting, private placements and advisory services on strategic matters such as mergers and acquisitions. Underwriting fees are attributable to public and private offerings of equity and debt securities and are recognized at the point in time when the offering has been deemed to be completed by the lead manager of the underwriting group. Once the offering is completed, the performance obligation has been satisfied; we recognize the applicable management fee as well as the underwriting fee, net of consideration payable to customers. Private placement fees are recognized at the point in time when the private placement is completed, which is generally when the client accepts capital from the fund raise. Advisory fees from mergers and acquisitions engagements are generally recognized at the point in time when the related transaction is completed. Expenses are deferred only to the extent they are explicitly reimbursable by the client and the related revenue is recognized at a point in time. All other deal-related expenses are expensed as incurred. We have determined that we act as principal in the majority of these transactions and therefore present expenses gross within other operating expenses.

A summary of investment banking revenue by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Investment banking revenue:
Underwriting fees	$	125,076	$	31,290
Advisory fees	4,450		15,487
Private placements and other	12,776		90
Total investment banking revenue	$	142,302	$	46,867

Commissions

Commissions include commissions received from customers for the execution of agency-based brokerage transactions in listed and over-the-counter equities. The execution of each trade order represents a distinct performance obligation and the transaction price is fixed at the point in time or trade order execution. Trade execution is satisfied at the point in time that the customer has control of the asset and as such, fees are recorded on a trade date basis. Commissions are presented in the "Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers" table below.

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Other

Other noninterest income primarily includes income from fund management fees, gains from conversion of convertible debt options and service revenue. Fund management fees are comprised of fees charged directly to our managed funds of funds and direct venture funds. Fund management fees are based upon the contractual terms of the limited partnership agreements and are generally recognized as earned over the specified contract period, which is generally equal to the life of the individual fund. Fund management fees are calculated as a percentage of committed capital and collected in advance and are received quarterly. Fund management fees for certain of our limited partnership agreements are calculated as a percentage of distributions made by the funds and revenue is recorded only at the time of a distribution event. As distribution events are not predetermined for these certain funds, management fees are considered variable and constrained under ASC 606.

Gains from conversion of convertible debt options represent unrealized valuation gains on loan conversion derivative assets, and realized gains from the conversion of debt instruments, convertible into a third party’s common stock upon a triggering event such as an IPO. Gains from conversion of convertible debt options are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606 as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities.

Other service revenue primarily consists of dividend income on FHLB/FRB stock, correspondent bank rebate income, incentive fees related to carried interest and other fee income. We recognize revenue when our performance obligations are met and record revenues on a daily/monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual basis. For event driven revenue sources, we recognize revenue when: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) we have performed the service, provided we have no other remaining obligations to the customer, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is probable.

A summary of other noninterest income by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Other noninterest income by instrument type:
Fund management fees	$	14,559	$	7,908
Net losses on revaluation of foreign currency instruments, net of foreign exchange forward contracts (1)	(952)		(244)
Other service revenue	16,185		3,473
Total other noninterest income	$	29,792	$	11,137

(1)Represents the net revaluation of client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments.

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Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers

The following tables present our revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated by revenue source and segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


Three months ended March 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands)	Global Commercial Bank (2)		SVB Private Bank		SVB Capital (2)		SVB Leerink (2)		Other Items		Total
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Client investment fees	$	19,253	$	812	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	20,065
Spot contract commissions	54,603		158		0		0		168		54,929
Card interchange fees, gross	41,293		4		0		0		267		41,564
Merchant service fees	3,772		0		0		0		0		3,772
Deposit service charges	24,550		19		0		0		582		25,151
Investment banking revenue	0		0		0		142,302		0		142,302
Commissions	0		0		0		24,439		0		24,439
Fund management fees	0		0		13,119		1,440		0		14,559
Performance fees	0		0		69		0		0		69
Correspondent bank rebates	1,289		0		0		0		0		1,289
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	144,760	$	993	$	13,188	$	168,181	$	1,017	$	328,139








Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (1)	13,911		5		55,406		2,786		343,933		416,041
Total noninterest income	$	158,671	$	998	$	68,594	$	170,967	$	344,950	$	744,180

(1)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.

(2)Global Commercial Bank’s, SVB Capital’s and SVB Leerink's components of noninterest income are shown net of noncontrolling interests. Noncontrolling interest is included within “Other Items."


Three months ended March 31, 2020 (Dollars in thousands)	Global Commercial Bank (2)		SVB Private Bank		SVB Capital (2)		SVB Leerink (2)		Other Items		Total
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Client investment fees	$	42,736	$	657	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	43,393
Spot contract commissions	40,675		161		0		0		98		40,934
Card interchange fees, gross	35,724		7		0		0		566		36,297
Merchant service fees	5,027		0		0		0		0		5,027
Deposit service charges	24,238		27		0		0		324		24,589
Investment banking revenue	0		0		0		46,867		0		46,867
Commissions	0		0		0		16,022		0		16,022
Fund management fees	0		0		6,478		1,430		0		7,908
Correspondent bank rebates	1,403		0		0		0		0		1,403
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	149,803	$	852	$	6,478	$	64,319	$	988	$	222,440








Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (1)	17,031		48		(1,560)		(1,642)		65,617		79,494
Total noninterest income	$	166,834	$	900	$	4,918	$	62,677	$	66,605	$	301,934

(1)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of cash settlements or invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, and unearned revenue when revenue is recognized subsequent to receipt of consideration. These assets and liabilities are reported on the consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, changes in our contract assets, contract liabilities and receivables were not material. Additionally, revenues recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 that were included in the corresponding contract liability balance at the beginning of the periods were not material.

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12. Other Noninterest Expense

A summary of other noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Lending and other client related processing costs	$	7,516	$	9,158
Correspondent bank fees	4,301		3,986
Investment banking activities	6,730		3,030
Trade order execution costs	2,988		2,745
Data processing services	4,606		3,454
Telephone	1,872		2,227
Dues and publications	1,103		1,130
Postage and supplies	570		856
Other	15,770		14,117
Total other noninterest expense	$	45,456	$	40,703

13. Segment Reporting

We have 4 reportable segments for management reporting purposes: Global Commercial Bank, SVB Private Bank, SVB Capital and SVB Leerink. The results of our operating segments are based on our internal management reporting process.

Our Global Commercial Bank and SVB Private Bank segments primary source of revenue is from net interest income, which is primarily the difference between interest earned on loans, net of funds transfer pricing (“FTP”), and interest paid on deposits, net of FTP. Accordingly, these segments are reported using net interest income, net of FTP. FTP is an internal measurement framework designed to assess the financial impact of a financial institution’s sources and uses of funds. It is the mechanism by which a funding credit is given for deposits raised, and a funding charge is made for funded loans. FTP is calculated at an instrument level based on account characteristics.

We also evaluate performance based on provision for credit losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense, which are presented as components of segment operating profit or loss. In calculating each operating segment’s noninterest expense, we consider the direct costs incurred by the operating segment as well as certain allocated direct costs. As part of this review, we allocate certain corporate overhead costs to a corporate account. We do not allocate income tax expense or the provisions for unfunded credit commitments or held-to-maturity securities (included in provision for credit losses) to our segments. Additionally, our management reporting model is predicated on average asset balances; therefore, period-end asset balances are not presented for segment reporting purposes. Changes in an individual client’s primary relationship designation have resulted, and in the future may result, in the inclusion of certain clients in different segments in different periods.

Unlike financial reporting, which benefits from the comprehensive structure provided by GAAP, our internal management reporting process is highly subjective, as there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting. Our management reporting process measures the performance of our operating segments based on our internal operating structure, which is subject to change from time to time, and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial services companies.

For reporting purposes, SVB Financial Group has 4 operating segments for which we report our financial information:

•Global Commercial Bank is comprised of results from the following:

◦Our Commercial Bank products and services are provided by the Bank and its subsidiaries to commercial clients in key innovation markets. The Bank provides solutions to the financial needs of commercial clients through credit, treasury management, foreign exchange, trade finance, and other services. In addition, the Bank and its subsidiaries offer a variety of investment services and solutions to its clients that enable them to effectively manage their assets.

◦Our Global Fund Banking Division provides banking products and services primarily to our private equity and venture capital clients.

◦SVB Wine provides banking products and services to our premium wine industry clients, including vineyard development loans.

•SVB Private Bank is the private banking division of the Bank, which provides a range of personal financial solutions for consumers. Our clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive

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leaders of the innovation companies they support. We offer a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans, capital call lines of credit and other secured and unsecured lending products, as well as cash and wealth management services. In addition, we provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our Employee Home Ownership Program.

•SVB Capital is the funds management business of SVB Financial Group, which focuses primarily on venture capital investments. SVB Capital manages funds (primarily venture capital funds) on behalf of third-party limited partners and, on a more limited basis, SVB Financial Group. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies, funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds, investments in certain debt funds in which we are a strategic investor and WestRiver Group's debt fund business. SVB Capital generates income for the Company primarily from investment returns (including carried interest allocations) and management fees.

•SVB Leerink is an investment bank specializing in the equity and convertible capital markets, mergers and acquisitions, equity research and sales and trading for growth and innovation-minded healthcare and life science companies and operates as a wholly-owned subsidiary of SVB Financial. SVB Leerink provides investment banking services across all subsectors of healthcare including: biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, diagnostic and life science tools, healthcare services and digital health. SVB Leerink focuses on two primary lines of business: (i) investment banking focused on providing companies with capital-raising services, financial advice on mergers and acquisitions, sales and trading services and equity research, and (ii) sponsorship of private investment funds.

The summary financial results of our operating segments are presented along with a reconciliation to our consolidated interim results.

Our segment information for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	Global Commercial Bank (1)		SVB Private Bank		SVB Capital (1)		SVB Leerink (1)		Other Items (2)		Total
Three months ended March 31, 2021
Net interest income	$	618,609	$	27,025	$	2	$	166	$	13,777	$	659,579
(Provision for) reduction of credit losses	(44,503)		8,567		0		0		17,257		(18,679)
Noninterest income	158,671		998		68,594		170,967		344,950		744,180
Noninterest expense (3)	(277,763)		(12,958)		(15,233)		(136,352)		(193,695)		(636,001)
Income before income tax expense (4)	$	455,014	$	23,632	$	53,363	$	34,781	$	182,289	$	749,079
Total average loans, amortized cost	$	39,286,744	$	4,977,080	$	0	$	0	$	2,017,652	$	46,281,476
Total average assets (5) (6)	108,927,856		5,028,004		576,705		767,300		9,514,743		124,814,608
Total average deposits	106,267,572		3,292,673		0		0		1,048,169		110,608,414
Three months ended March 31, 2020
Net interest income	$	463,835	$	15,164	$	21	$	201	$	44,916	$	524,137
(Provision for) reduction of credit losses	(194,411)		(54,490)		0		0		5,421		(243,480)
Noninterest income	166,834		900		4,918		62,677		66,605		301,934
Noninterest expense (3)	(224,855)		(10,090)		(8,585)		(62,037)		(94,018)		(399,585)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4)	$	211,403	$	(48,516)	$	(3,646)	$	841	$	22,924	$	183,006
Total average loans, amortized cost	$	29,137,484	$	3,857,478	$	0	$	0	$	665,766	$	33,660,728
Total average assets (5) (6)	61,813,129		3,892,400		447,201		483,648		5,770,790		72,407,168
Total average deposits	59,217,433		1,922,663		0		0		668,135		61,808,231

(1)Global Commercial Bank’s, SVB Capital’s and SVB Leerink's components of net interest income, noninterest income, noninterest expense and total average assets are shown net of noncontrolling interests for all periods presented. Noncontrolling interest is included within “Other Items."

(2)The “Other Items” column reflects the adjustments necessary to reconcile the results of the operating segments to the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. Net interest income consists primarily of interest earned from our fixed income investment portfolio, net of FTP. Noninterest income consists primarily of gains or losses on equity warrant assets, gains or losses on the sale of AFS securities and gains or losses on equity securities from

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exercised warrant assets. Noninterest expense consists primarily of expenses associated with corporate support functions such as finance, human resources, marketing, legal and other expenses.

(3)The Global Commercial Bank segment includes direct depreciation and amortization of $6.8 million and $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(4)The internal reporting model used by management to assess segment performance does not calculate income tax expense by segment. Our effective tax rate is a reasonable approximation of the segment rates.

(5)Total average assets equal the greater of total average assets or the sum of total average liabilities and total average stockholders' equity for each segment to reconcile the results to the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP.

(6)Included in the total average assets for SVB Leerink is goodwill of $137.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

14. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments

Commitments to Extend Credit

The following table summarizes information related to our commitments to extend credit at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Loan commitments available for funding: (1)	$	30,923,217	$	28,975,133



Commercial and standby letters of credit (2)	3,063,410		3,007,118
Total unfunded credit commitments	$	33,986,627	$	31,982,251

Allowance for unfunded credit commitments (3)	104,750		120,796

(1)Represents commitments which are available for funding, due to clients meeting all collateral, compliance and financial covenants required under loan commitment agreements.

(2)See below for additional information on our commercial and standby letters of credit.

(3)Our allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments includes an allowance for both our unfunded loan commitments and our letters of credit.

Commercial and Standby Letters of Credit

The table below summarizes our commercial and standby letters of credit at March 31, 2021. The maximum potential amount of future payments represents the amount that could be remitted under letters of credit if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from the collateral held or pledged.


(Dollars in thousands)	Expires in One Year or Less		Expires After One Year		Total Amount Outstanding		Maximum Amount of Future Payments
Financial standby letters of credit	$	2,833,713	$	79,552	$	2,913,265	$	2,913,265
Performance standby letters of credit	118,222		20,116		138,338		138,338
Commercial letters of credit	11,807		0		11,807		11,807
Total	$	2,963,742	$	99,668	$	3,063,410	$	3,063,410

Deferred fees related to financial and performance standby letters of credit were $17.0 million at March 31, 2021 and $16.9 million at December 31, 2020. At March 31, 2021, collateral in the form of cash of $1.7 billion was available to us to reimburse losses, if any, under financial and performance standby letters of credit.

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Commitments to Invest in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds

We make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, which generally make investments in privately-held companies. Commitments to invest in these funds are generally made for a 10-year period from the inception of the fund. Although the limited partnership agreements governing these investments typically do not restrict the general partners from calling 100% of committed capital in one year, it is customary for these funds to call most of the capital commitments over 5 to 7 years, and in certain cases, the funds may not call 100% of committed capital. The actual timing of future cash requirements to fund these commitments is generally dependent upon the investment cycle, overall market conditions, and the nature and type of industry in which the privately held companies operate. The following table details our total capital commitments, unfunded capital commitments, and our ownership percentage in each fund at March 31, 2021:


(Dollars in thousands)	SVBFG Capital Commitments		SVBFG Unfunded Commitments		SVBFG Ownership of each Fund
CP II, LP (1)	$	1,200	$	162	5.1	%
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	12,688		0		20.0
Growth Partners, LP	24,670		1,340		33.0
Strategic Investors Fund, LP	15,300		688		12.6
Strategic Investors Fund II, LP	15,000		1,050		8.6
Strategic Investors Fund III, LP	15,000		1,275		5.9
Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP	12,239		2,325		5.0
Strategic Investors Fund V funds	515		131		Various
Other venture capital and private equity fund investments (equity method accounting)	21,843		2,795		Various
Debt funds (equity method accounting)	58,733		211		Various
Other fund investments (2)	277,515		10,118		Various
Total	$	454,703	$	20,095

(1)Our ownership includes direct ownership of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investment in Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.

(2)Represents commitments to 167 funds (primarily venture capital funds) where our ownership interest is generally less than 5 percent of the voting interests of each such fund.

The following table details the amounts of remaining unfunded commitments to venture capital and private equity funds by our consolidated managed funds of funds (including our interest and the noncontrolling interests) at March 31, 2021:


(Dollars in thousands)	Unfunded Commitments
Strategic Investors Fund, LP	$	196
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	1,519
Growth Partners, LP	2,518
Total	$	4,233

15. Income Taxes

We are subject to income tax and non-income based taxes by the U.S. federal tax authorities as well as various state and foreign tax authorities. We have identified the U.S. federal and California state jurisdictions as major tax filings. Our U.S. federal tax returns remain open to full examination for 2017 and subsequent tax years. Our California tax returns remain open to full examination for 2016 and subsequent tax years.

At March 31, 2021, our unrecognized tax benefit was $19.7 million, the recognition of which would reduce our income tax expense by $15.6 million. We do not expect that our unrecognized tax benefit will materially change in the next 12 months.

We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as part of income before income taxes. Interest and penalties were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

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16. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Measurements

Our available-for-sale securities, derivative instruments and certain non-marketable and other equity securities are financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. We make estimates regarding valuation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value in preparing our interim consolidated financial statements.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable and on the significance of those inputs in the fair value measurement. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our estimates about market data and views of market participants. The three levels for measuring fair value are based on the reliability of inputs and are as follows:

Level 1

Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. Treasury securities, foreign government debt securities, exchange-traded equity securities and certain marketable securities accounted for under fair value accounting.

Level 2

Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Valuations for the available-for-sale securities are provided by independent pricing service providers who have experience in valuing these securities and by comparison to and/or average of quoted market prices obtained from independent brokers. We perform a monthly analysis on the values received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value. The procedures include, but are not limited to, initial and ongoing review of third-party pricing methodologies, review of pricing trends and monitoring of trading volumes. Additional corroboration, such as obtaining a non-binding price from a broker, may be obtained depending on the frequency of trades of the security and the level of liquidity or depth of the market. We ensure prices received from independent brokers represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value through the use of observable market inputs including comparable trades, yield curve, spreads and, when available, market indices. As a result of this analysis, if the Company determines that there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. Below is a summary of the significant inputs used for each class of Level 2 assets and liabilities:

U.S. agency debentures: Fair value measurements of U.S. agency debentures are based on the characteristics specific to bonds held, such as issuer name, issuance date, coupon rate, maturity date and any applicable issuer call option features. Valuations are based on market spreads relative to similar term benchmark market interest rates, generally U.S. Treasury securities.

Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities: Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities are pools of individual conventional mortgage loans underwritten to U.S. agency standards with similar coupon rates, tenor, and other attributes such as geographic location, loan size and origination vintage. Fair value measurements of these securities are based on observable price adjustments relative to benchmark market interest rates taking into consideration estimated loan prepayment speeds.

Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations: Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations are structured into classes or tranches with defined cash flow characteristics and are collateralized by U.S. agency-issued mortgage pass-through securities. Fair value measurements of these securities incorporate similar characteristics of mortgage pass-through securities such as coupon rate, tenor, geographic location, loan size and origination vintage, in addition to incorporating the effect of estimated prepayment speeds on the cash flow structure of the class or tranche. These measurements incorporate observable market spreads over an estimated average life after considering the inputs listed above.

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities: Fair value measurements of these securities are based on spreads to benchmark market interest rates (usually U.S. Treasury rates or rates observable in the swaps market), prepayment speeds, loan default rate assumptions and loan loss severity assumptions on underlying loans.

Foreign exchange forward and option contract assets and liabilities: Fair value measurements of these assets and liabilities are priced based on spot and forward foreign currency rates and option volatility assumptions.

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Interest rate derivative and interest rate swap assets and liabilities: Fair value measurements of interest rate derivatives and interest rate swaps are priced considering the coupon rate of the fixed leg of the contract and the variable coupon rate on the floating leg of the contract. Valuation is based on both spot and forward rates on the swap yield curve and the credit worthiness of the contract counterparty.

Other equity securities: Fair value measurements of equity securities of public companies are priced based on quoted market prices less a discount if the securities are subject to certain sales restrictions. Certain sales restriction discounts generally range from 10 percent to 20 percent depending on the duration of the sale restrictions which typically range from three to six months.

Level 3

The fair value measurement is derived from valuation techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset. The valuation techniques are consistent with the market approach, income approach and/or the cost approach used to measure fair value. Below is a summary of the valuation techniques used for each class of Level 3 assets:

Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value: Fair value measurements are based on consideration of a range of factors including, but not limited to, the price at which the investment was acquired, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, and as it relates to the private company, the current and projected operating performance, exit strategies and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement include the information about each portfolio company, including actual and forecasted results, cash position, recent or planned transactions and market comparable companies. Significant changes to any one of these inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the fair value measurement; however, we generally consider all factors available through ongoing communication with the portfolio companies and venture capital fund managers to determine whether there are changes to the portfolio company or the environment that indicate a change in the fair value measurement.

Equity warrant assets (public portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of publicly-traded portfolio companies are valued based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The model uses the price of publicly-traded companies (underlying stock price), stated strike prices, warrant expiration dates, the risk-free interest rate and market-observable option volatility assumptions. Modeled asset values are further adjusted by applying a discount of up to 20 percent for certain warrants that have certain sales restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted. As sale restrictions are lifted, discounts are adjusted downward to zero once all restrictions expire or are removed.

Equity warrant assets (private portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of private portfolio companies are priced based on a Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the asset value by using stated strike prices, option expiration dates, risk-free interest rates and option volatility assumptions. Option volatility assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model are based on public market indices whose members operate in similar industries as companies in our private company portfolio. Option expiration dates are modified to account for estimates to actual life relative to stated expiration. Overall model asset values are further adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. There is a direct correlation between changes in the volatility and remaining life assumptions in isolation and the fair value measurement while there is an inverse correlation between changes in the liquidity discount assumption and the fair value measurement.

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The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2021:


(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Balance at March 31, 2021
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	4,438,396	$	0	$	0	$	4,438,396
U.S. agency debentures	0		226,095		0		226,095
Foreign government debt securities	23,450		0		0		23,450
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	0		12,514,911		0		12,514,911
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	0		7,256,626		0		7,256,626

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	0		1,526,993		0		1,526,993
Total available-for-sale securities	4,461,846		21,524,625		0		25,986,471
Non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting):
Non-marketable securities:
Venture capital and private equity fund investments measured at net asset value	—		—		—		274,424

Other equity securities in public companies	38,253		122,557		0		160,810
Total non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting)	38,253		122,557		0		435,234
Other assets:
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	0		240,183		0		240,183
Equity warrant assets	0		10,952		233,382		244,334

Client interest rate derivatives	0		65,123		0		65,123
Total assets	$	4,500,099	$	21,963,440	$	233,382	$	26,971,345
Liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	$	0	$	202,532	$	0	$	202,532

Client interest rate derivatives	0		68,954		0		68,954
Total liabilities	$	0	$	271,486	$	0	$	271,486

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The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Balance at December 31, 2020
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	4,469,728	$	0	$	0	$	4,469,728
U.S. agency debentures	0		237,307		0		237,307
Foreign government debt securities	24,492		0		0		24,492
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	0		13,503,681		0		13,503,681
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	0		8,106,564		0		8,106,564

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	0		4,570,666		0		4,570,666


Total available-for-sale securities	4,494,220		26,418,218		0		30,912,438
Non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting):
Non-marketable securities:
Venture capital and private equity fund investments measured at net asset value	—		—		—		273,823

Other equity securities in public companies	43,344		237,460		0		280,804
Total non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting)	43,344		237,460		0		554,627
Other assets:

Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	0		216,977		0		216,977
Equity warrant assets	0		11,221		192,217		203,438

Client interest rate derivatives	0		67,854		0		67,854
Total assets	$	4,537,564	$	26,951,730	$	192,217	$	31,955,334
Liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	$	0	$	210,833	$	0	$	210,833

Client interest rate derivatives	0		26,646		0		26,646
Total liabilities	$	0	$	237,479	$	0	$	237,479

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The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Total Net Gains Included in Net Income		Purchases		Sales/Exits		Issuances		Other (3)		Transfers Out of Level 3		Ending Balance
Three months ended March 31, 2021
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (1)	$	192,217	$	219,827	$	0	$	(181,413)	$	6,565	$	(39)	$	(3,775)	$	233,382
Total assets	$	192,217	$	219,827	$	0	$	(181,413)	$	6,565	$	(39)	$	(3,775)	$	233,382












Three months ended March 31, 2020
Non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value (2)	$	134	$	5	$	0	$	(5)	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	134
Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (1)	161,038		14,601		0		(30,034)		4,519		0		(266)		149,858
Total assets	$	161,172	$	14,606	$	0	$	(30,039)	$	4,519	$	0	$	(266)	$	149,992

(1)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on equity warrant assets, net," a component of noninterest income.

(2)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net," a component of noninterest income.

(3)Foreign currency translation gains (losses) recorded in line item "Foreign currency translation gains (losses)", a component of other comprehensive income.

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The following table presents the amount of net unrealized gains and losses included in earnings attributable to Level 3 assets still held at March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020


Other assets:
Equity warrant assets (1)	$	60,639	$	(4,145)
Total unrealized gains (losses), net	$	60,639	$	(4,145)

(1)Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on equity warrant assets, net," a component of noninterest income.

The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of current sales restrictions to which these securities are subject, the actual sales of securities and the timing of such actual sales.

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for certain of our Level 3 fair value measurements at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. We have not included in this table our venture capital and private equity fund investments (fair value accounting) as we use net asset value per share (as obtained from the general partners of the investments) as a practical expedient to determine fair value.


(Dollars in thousands)	Fair value	Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Input Range	Weighted Average
March 31, 2021:
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio)	28	Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	47.4%	47.4	%
			Risk-Free interest rate	0.9- 1.6	1.1
			Sales restrictions discount (2)	10.0	10.0
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio)	233,354	Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	25.0 - 58.0	45.7
			Risk-Free interest rate	0.01 - 1.17	0.3
			Marketability discount (3)	21.7	21.7
			Remaining life assumption (4)	40.0	40.0
December 31, 2020:
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio)	1,036	Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	46.0% - 56.8%	49.1	%
			Risk-Free interest rate	0.3- 0.9	0.6
			Sales restrictions discount (2)	10.0 - 20.0	10.2
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio)	191,181	Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	24.4 - 56.8	43.2
			Risk-Free interest rate	0.01 - 0.52	0.1
			Marketability discount (3)	20.63	20.6
			Remaining life assumption (4)	40.0	40.0

(1)In determining the fair value of our venture capital and private equity fund investment portfolio (not measured at net asset value), we evaluate a variety of factors related to each underlying private portfolio company including, but not limited to, actual and forecasted results, cash position, recent or planned transactions and market comparable companies. Additionally, we have ongoing communication with the portfolio companies and venture capital fund managers, to determine whether there is a material change in fair value. We use company provided valuation reports, if available, to support our valuation assumptions. These factors are specific to each portfolio company and a weighted average or range of values of the unobservable inputs is not meaningful.

(2)We adjust quoted market prices of public companies, which are subject to certain sales restrictions. Sales restriction discounts generally range from 10 percent to 20 percent depending on the duration of the sales restrictions, which typically range from three to six months.

(3)Our marketability discount is applied to all private company warrants to account for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. The quantitative measure used is based upon various option-pricing models. On a quarterly basis, a sensitivity analysis is performed on our marketability discount.

(4)We adjust the contractual remaining term of private company warrants based on our estimate of the actual remaining life, which we determine by utilizing historical data on terminations and exercises. At March 31, 2021, the weighted average contractual remaining term was 6.6 years, compared to our estimated remaining life of 2.6 years. On a quarterly basis, a sensitivity analysis is performed on our remaining life assumption.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we did not have any transfers between Level 3 and Level 1. All transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were due to the transfer of equity warrant assets from our private portfolio to our public portfolio (see our Level 3 reconciliation above).

Financial Instruments not Carried at Fair Value

FASB guidance over financial instruments requires that we disclose estimated fair values for our financial instruments not carried at fair value. The following fair value hierarchy table presents the estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not carried at fair value at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


			Estimated Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2021:
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,254,859	$	21,254,859	$	21,254,859	$	0	$	0
Held-to-maturity securities	41,164,620		41,186,735		0		41,186,735		0
Non-marketable securities not measured at net asset value	379,224		379,224		0		0		379,224
Non-marketable securities measured at net asset value	426,306		426,306		0		0		0
Net commercial loans	42,264,653		43,438,142		0		0		43,438,142
Net consumer loans	5,018,762		5,158,216		0		0		5,158,216
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock	83,355		83,355		0		0		83,355
Financial liabilities:


Short-term borrowings	38,434		38,434		0		38,434		0
Non-maturity deposits (1)	123,454,403		123,454,403		123,454,403		0		0
Time deposits	695,703		394,574		0		394,574		0
3.50% Senior Notes	348,441		378,242		0		378,242		0
3.125% Senior Notes	495,387		521,205		0		521,205		0
1.80% Senior Notes	494,355		463,625		0		463,625		0
Off-balance sheet financial assets:
Commitments to extend credit	0		39,003		0		0		39,003
December 31, 2020:
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	17,674,763	$	17,674,763	$	17,674,763	$	0	$	0
Held-to-maturity securities	16,592,153		17,216,871		0		17,216,871		0
Non-marketable securities not measured at net asset value	240,761		240,761		0		0		240,761
Non-marketable securities measured at net asset value	390,658		390,658		0		0		0
Net commercial loans	39,886,296		40,412,490		0		0		40,412,490
Net consumer loans	4,847,427		4,911,451		0		0		4,911,451
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock	61,232		61,232		0		0		61,232
Financial liabilities:


Short-term borrowings	20,553		20,553		0		20,553		0
Non-maturity deposits (1)	101,293,346		101,293,346		101,293,346		0		0
Time deposits	688,461		501,853		0		501,853		0
3.50% Senior Notes	348,348		382,855		0		382,855		0
3.125% Senior Notes	495,280		563,840		0		563,840		0
Off-balance sheet financial assets:
Commitments to extend credit	0		36,672		0		0		36,672

(1)Includes noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts and interest-bearing sweep deposits.

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Investments in Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share

FASB guidance over certain fund investments requires that we disclose the fair value of funds, significant investment strategies of the investees, redemption features of the investees, restrictions on the ability to sell investments, estimate of the period of time over which the underlying assets are expected to be liquidated by the investee, and unfunded commitments related to the investments.

Our investments in debt funds and venture capital and private equity fund investments generally cannot be redeemed. Alternatively, we expect distributions, if any, to be received primarily through IPO and M&A activity of the underlying assets of the fund. Subject to applicable requirements under the Volcker Rule, we do not have any plans to sell any of these fund investments. If we decide to sell these investments in the future, the investee fund’s management must approve of the buyer before the sale of the investments can be completed. The fair values of the fund investments have been estimated using the net asset value per share of the investments, adjusted for any differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example December 31st for our March 31st consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period.

The following table is a summary of the estimated fair values of these investments and remaining unfunded commitments for each major category of these investments as of March 31, 2021:


(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Unfunded Commitments
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (1)	$	274,424	$	274,424	$	19,030
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (2)	394,349		394,349		13,303
Debt funds (2)	5,813		5,813		211
Other investments (2)	26,144		26,144		886
Total	$	700,730	$	700,730	$	33,430

(1)Venture capital and private equity fund investments within non-marketable securities (fair value accounting) include investments made by our managed funds of funds and one of our direct venture funds (consolidated VIEs) and investments in venture capital and private equity fund investments (unconsolidated VIEs). Collectively, these investments in venture capital and private equity funds are primarily in U.S. and global technology and life science/healthcare companies. Included in the fair value and unfunded commitments of fund investments under fair value accounting are $70.8 million and $3.0 million, respectively, attributable to noncontrolling interests. It is estimated that we will receive distributions from the fund investments over the next 10 to 13 years, depending on the age of the funds and any potential extensions of terms of the funds.

(2)Venture capital and private equity fund investments, debt funds, and other fund investments within non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) include funds that invest in or lend money to primarily U.S. and global technology and life science/healthcare companies. It is estimated that we will receive distributions from the funds over the next 5 to 8 years, depending on the age of the funds and any potential extensions of the terms of the funds.

17. Legal Matters

Certain lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us and/or our affiliates, and we may from time to time be involved in other legal or regulatory proceedings. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for all such matters, including expected settlements, when we believe it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Any such loss estimates are inherently uncertain, based on currently available information and are subject to management’s judgment and various assumptions. Due to the inherent subjectivity of these estimates and unpredictability of outcomes of legal proceedings, any amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate resolution of such matters.

To the extent we believe any potential loss relating to such matters may have a material impact on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole and is reasonably possible but not probable, we aim to disclose information relating to such potential loss. We also aim to disclose information relating to any material potential loss that is probable but not reasonably estimable. In such cases, where reasonably practicable, we aim to

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provide an estimate of loss or range of potential loss. No disclosures are generally made for any loss contingencies that are deemed to be remote.

Based upon information available to us, our review of lawsuits and claims filed or pending against us to date and consultation with our outside legal counsel, we have not recognized a material accrual liability for any such matters, nor do we currently expect that these matters will result in a material liability to the Company. However, the outcome of litigation and other legal and regulatory matters is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that one or more of such matters currently pending or threatened could have an unanticipated material adverse effect on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole, in the future.

18. Related Parties

We have no material related party transactions requiring disclosure. In the ordinary course of business, the Bank may extend credit to related parties, including executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their related interests. Additionally, we provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP. For additional details, see Note 19 — “Employee Compensation and Benefit Plans" under Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Form 10-K.

19. Subsequent Events

Common Stock

On April 14, 2021, we issued and sold an additional 300,000 shares of common stock under the full exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment option resulting in additional net proceeds of approximately $146.0 million after deducting discounts and commissions. With the addition of the full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, the total gross proceeds from the offering were $1.15 billion before underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.

Pending Acquisition of Boston Private

On May 4, 2021, Boston Private Financial Holdings, Inc. (“Boston Private”) announced that based on proxies submitted to the independent inspector of election for the special meeting of shareholders held on May 4, 2021, preliminary voting results indicate that Boston Private shareholders have approved each of the proposals presented at the special meeting, including the company’s merger agreement with SVB Financial, pursuant to which Boston Private will merge with and into SVB Financial. The preliminary voting results are subject to certification by First Coast Results, Inc., the independent inspector of election. The merger is expected to close in mid-2021, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of customary regulatory approvals.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including in particular “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part I, Item 2 of this report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, management has in the past and might in the future make forward-looking statements to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. Broadly speaking, forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Financial projections, including with respect to our net interest income, net interest margin, noninterest income, earnings per share, noninterest expenses (including professional services, compliance, compensation and other costs), cash flows, balance sheet positions, capital expenditures, deposit growth, liquidity and capitalization, effective tax rate or other financial items;

•Descriptions of our strategic initiatives, plans or objectives for future operations, including pending sales or acquisitions, such as the announced planned acquisition of Boston Private;

•Forecasts of private equity and venture capital funding, investment level and exit activity;

•Forecasts of future interest rates, economic performance, and income from investments;

•Forecasts of expected levels of provisions for credit losses, net loan charge-offs, nonperforming loans, loan growth, loan mix, loan yields and client funds;

•The outlook on our clients' performance;

•The potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; and

•Descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing.

You can identify these and other forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “becoming,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “assume,” “seek,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” and the negative of such words, or comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we have based these expectations on our current beliefs as well as our assumptions, and such expectations may not prove to be correct. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Our actual results of operations and financial performance could differ significantly from those expressed in or implied by our management’s forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ from the expectations stated in the forward-looking statements include, among others:

•Market and economic conditions (including the general condition of the capital and equity markets, and IPO, secondary offering, SPAC fundraising, M&A and financing activity levels) and the associated impact on us (including effects on client demand for our commercial and investment banking and other financial services, as well as on the valuations of our investments);

•The COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the economic and business environments in which we operate, and its effects on our operations, including, as a result of, prolonged work-from-home arrangements;

•The impact of changes from the Biden-Harris administration and the new U.S. Congress on the economic environment, capital markets and regulatory landscape, including monetary, tax and other trade policies;

•Changes in the volume and credit quality of our loans as well as volatility of our levels of nonperforming assets and charge-offs;

•The impact of changes in interest rates or market levels or factors affecting or affected by them, especially on our loan and investment portfolios;

•The adequacy of our allowance for credit losses and the need to make provisions for credit losses for any period;

•The sufficiency of our capital and liquidity provisions;

•Changes in the levels of our loans, deposits and client investment fund balances;

•Changes in the performance or equity valuations of funds or companies in which we have invested or hold derivative instruments or equity warrant assets;

•Variations from our expectations as to factors impacting our cost structure;

•Changes in our assessment of the creditworthiness or liquidity of our clients, unanticipated effects of credit concentration risks which create or exacerbate deterioration of such creditworthiness or liquidity;

•Variations from our expectations as to factors impacting the timing and level of employee share-based transactions;

•The occurrence of fraudulent activity, including breaches of our information security or cyber security-related incidents;

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•Business disruptions and interruptions due to natural disasters and other external events;

•The impact on our reputation and business from our interactions with business partners, counterparties, service providers and other third parties;

•The expansion of our business internationally, and the impact of international market and economic events on us;

•The effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models;

•The impact of governmental policy, legal requirements and regulations, including regulations promulgated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Federal Reserve"), and other regulatory requirements;

•Our ability to maintain or increase our market share, including through successfully implementing our business strategy and undertaking new business initiatives, including through the integration of Boston Private;

•An inability to complete the acquisition of Boston Private, or changes in the current anticipated timeframe, terms or manner of such acquisition;

•The occurrence of any event change or other circumstance that could give rise to the right of one or both parties to terminate the merger agreement between us and Boston Private;

•Greater than expected costs or other difficulties related to the integration of our business and that of Boston Private;

•Variations from our expectations as to the amount and timing of business opportunities, growth prospects and cost savings associated with completing the acquisition of Boston Private;

•The inability to retain existing Boston Private clients and employees following the closing of the Boston Private acquisition;

•Unfavorable resolution of legal proceedings or claims, as well as legal or regulatory proceedings or governmental actions;

•Variations from our expectations as to factors impacting our estimate of our full-year effective tax rate;

•Changes in applicable accounting standards and tax laws;

•Regulatory or legal changes and their impact on us; and

•Other factors as discussed in “Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A in our 2020 Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A of this report.

The operating and economic environment during the first quarter continued to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and related government orders. Statements about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operations, financial performance and prospects may constitute forward-looking statements and are subject to the risk that the actual impacts may differ, possibly materially, from what is reflected in those forward-looking statements due to factors and future developments that are uncertain, unpredictable and in many cases beyond our control, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, potential variations of the virus, actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic, and the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on our customers, third parties and us.

Accordingly, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We urge investors to consider all of these factors, among others, carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements included in this filing are made only as of the date of this filing. We assume no obligation and do not intend to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, except as required by law.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as presented in Part I, Item 1 of this report and in conjunction with our 2020 Form 10-K.

Management’s Overview of First Quarter 2021 Performance

Our overall financial performance for the first quarter was the strongest quarter in our history, which reflected the resilience of our markets and our ability to execute effectively. We had an outstanding quarter driven by outstanding balance sheet growth, higher core fee income, strong investment banking revenue and outsized gains related to client IPO and SPAC activity. Additionally, credit quality continued to be stable, despite an isolated charge-off related to a potential client fraud incident. Positive underlying credit trends and improved model economic scenarios resulted in a reduction of reserves. During the first quarter of 2021, we continued to manage through the COVID-19 pandemic and monitor its effects, and we continued to operate our business and support our clients, while most of our employees and partners continued to largely work from home. Despite the continuing challenges of the pandemic and the low rate environment, we saw exceptional growth and healthy business activities, and a continued focus to invest in our strategic priorities, as well as our infrastructure to enable our growth.

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Our core business continued to perform well as a result of our ongoing focus on innovation companies and their investors and continued efforts to secure client relationships. We saw continued success in working with private equity/venture capital firms and life science/healthcare clients as well as clients in our private banking division. Additionally, on January 4, 2021, we announced our acquisition of Boston Private, which we expect to close in mid-2021, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. We believe this acquisition will significantly accelerate and scale the growth of our private bank and wealth management strategy, advance our expertise, products and technology; and provide the opportunity to deepen our client relationships.

Moreover, we continued to actively manage our capital in light of our overall growth. We raised $1.0 billion in common stock, $750 million in preferred stock and $500 million in senior notes during the first quarter. These issuances position us to sustain our growth momentum and support our capital objectives.

Continuing COVID-19 Pandemic Environment

The global COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented challenges and volatility in economic, market and business conditions. It has caused significant economic and financial disruptions that have adversely affected or otherwise impacted our business, financial condition and results of operations. COVID-19 has not yet been globally contained and the number of cases continues to be high in many locations, including in the United States and other international locations in which we operate. In some locations, the number of cases continues to increase. During the course of the continuing pandemic, there have been varying governmental and other responses to slow or control the spread of COVID-19 and to mitigate the adverse impact of COVID-19, such as stay at home orders, restrictions on business activities, health and safety guidelines, economic relief for individuals and businesses, and monetary policy measures, such responses have met varying degrees of success, and it remains uncertain whether these actions will be successful in a sustained manner. We cannot predict at this time the scope and duration of the pandemic.

Despite the continuing challenges, in recent months however, there has been some improvement in the economic environment and resilience in the markets in which we operate. With the seemingly wider availability and distribution of vaccinations and the easing of some restrictions in the U.S. and other parts of the world, we have seen steps towards broader containment. Notwithstanding however, there still remains much uncertainty around containment of the pandemic, which will depend on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the availability, adoption and efficacy of vaccines; government and other actions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19; and the extent and spread of variants of the virus. The economic, market and business conditions impacted by COVID-19 may be slow to recover or may worsen if the pandemic is uncontained for a prolonged period of time. Even if it is contained, there may be variants of the virus or other resurgence of the pandemic as we have seen domestically and internationally. We continue to be subject to heightened business, operational (including fraud), market, credit and other risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic environment, which may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. (See “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A of this report)

Reference Rate Reform

Following the 2017 announcement by the U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority that it would no longer compel participating banks to submit rates for the LIBOR after 2021, regulators, trade associations and financial industry working groups have identified recommended replacement rates for LIBOR, as well as other Interbank Offered Rates, and have published recommended conventions to allow new and existing products to incorporate fallbacks or that reference these Alternative Reference Rates. The continuation of all British Pound Sterling ("GBP"), Euro, Swiss Franc and Japanese Yen LIBOR settings and one-week and two-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings on the current basis are due to terminate at the end of December 2021, with the remaining U.S. dollar LIBOR settings (i.e., overnight, one month, three month, six month and 12 month) expected to terminate at the end of June 2023.

On October 23, 2020, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) published a new supplement to the ISDA 2006 definitions and the related 2020 IBOR Fallbacks Protocol (the “Protocol”). These publications are intended to facilitate the incorporation of robust rate fallback provisions into both legacy and new derivative contracts with effect from January 25, 2021. Silicon Valley Bank has agreed to adhere to the Protocol. ISDA further announced that bilateral templates have been made available for use with counterparties who choose not to adhere to the Protocol.

We have implemented a process to assess the population of loans and contracts that will be impacted by this reference rate reform with the expectation that all existing LIBOR-based contracts will be remediated by September 30, 2021. We stopped issuing new British Pound LIBOR-based loans during the first quarter of 2021. We will no longer offer U.S. dollar LIBOR-based loans by June 30, 2021. We are currently evaluating the use and when we might apply the allowable practical expedients under ASU 2020-04, Reference rate Reform (Topic 848) as it relates to our investment securities and derivative portfolios.

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A summary of our performance for the three months ended March 31, 2021 (compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, where applicable) is as follows:


BALANCE SHEET						EARNINGS
Assets. $124.8 billion in average total assets (up 72.4%). $142.3 billion in period-end total assets (up 89.8%). Loans. $46.3 billion in average total loan balances (up 37.5%). $47.7 billion in period-end total loan balances (up 32.5%). Total Client Funds. (on-balance sheet deposits and off-balance sheet client investment funds). $262.2 billion in average total client fund balances (up 58.5%). $288.0 billion in period-end total client fund balances (up 70.6%). AFS/HTM Fixed Income Investments. $53.5 billion in average fixed income investment securities (up 97.3%). $67.2 billion in period-end fixed income investment securities (up 156.1%).						EPS. Earnings per diluted share of $10.03 (up 293.3%). Net Income. Consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $532.2 million (up 302.4%). - Net interest income of $659.6 million (up 25.8%). -Net interest margin of 2.29% (down 83 bps). -Noninterest income of $744.2 million (up 146.5%), non-GAAP core fee income+ of $158.9 million (down 5.7%) and non-GAAP SVB Leerink revenue++ of $166.7 million (up 165.1%). -Noninterest expense of $636.0 million (up 59.2%). ROE. Return on average equity (annualized) (“ROE”) performance of 27.04%. Operating Efficiency Ratio. Operating efficiency ratio of 45.31% with a non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio of 58.52%+++.

CAPITAL						CREDIT QUALITY
Capital++++. Active capital management, with all capital ratios considered “well-capitalized” under banking regulations. SVB Financial and Bank capital ratios, respectively, were: - CET 1 risk-based capital ratio of 12.18% and 12.93%. - Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 14.01% and 12.93%. - Total risk-based capital ratio of 14.62% and 13.56%. - Tier 1 leverage ratio of 8.01% and 7.20%.						Credit Quality. Improved model economic scenarios drive reserve release offset by a charge-off for potentially fraudulent client activity. - Allowance for credit losses for loans of 0.82% as a percentage of period-end total loans. - Provision for loans was 0.29% as a percentage of period-end total loans (annualized). - Net loan charge-offs of 0.79% as a percentage of average total loans (annualized).

+ Consists of fee income for deposit services, letters of credit and standby letters of credit, credit cards, client investments, foreign exchange and lending-related activities. This is a non-GAAP financial measure. (See the non-GAAP reconciliation under “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income”)

++ Consists of investment banking revenue and commissions. This is a non-GAAP financial measure. (See the non-GAAP reconciliation under “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income”).

+++ This ratio excludes certain financial line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control and excludes SVB Leerink revenue and expenses. It is calculated by dividing noninterest expense after adjusting for noninterest expense attributable to SVB Leerink by total revenue after adjusting for noninterest income attributable to SVB Leerink, net gains or losses on investment securities and equity warrant assets, investment banking revenue and commissions. Additionally, noninterest expense and total revenue are adjusted for income or losses and expenses attributable to noncontrolling interests and adjustments to net interest income for a taxable equivalent basis. This is a non-GAAP financial measure. (See the non-GAAP reconciliation under "Results of Operations-Noninterest Expense").

++++ In March 2020, the federal banking agencies provided transitional relief to banking organizations with respect to the impact of CECL on regulatory capital. Under the 2020 CECL Transition Rule, banking organizations may delay the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year period to phase out the aggregate capital benefit provided during the initial two-year delay. We have elected to use this five-year transition option. For additional details, see "Capital Resources" within "Consolidated Financial Condition" under Part 1, Item 2 of this report.

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A summary of our performance for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data, employees and ratios)	2021			2020			% Change
Income Statement:
Diluted earnings per share	$	10.03		$	2.55		293.3	%
Net income available to common stockholders	532,220			132,253			302.4
Net interest income	659,579			524,137			25.8
Net interest margin	2.29		%	3.12		%	(83)	bps
Provision for credit losses	$	18,679		$	243,480		(92.3)	%
Noninterest income	744,180			301,934			146.5
Noninterest expense	636,001			399,585			59.2
Non-GAAP core fee income (1)	158,884			168,458			(5.7)
Non-GAAP core fee income, plus SVB Leerink revenue (1)	325,625			231,347			40.8
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests (1)	719,113			303,788			136.7
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests (2)	635,884			399,445			59.2
Balance Sheet:
Average available-for-sale securities	$	28,247,436		$	13,565,908		108.2	%
Average held-to-maturity securities	25,295,205			13,576,061			86.3
Average loans, amortized cost	46,281,476			33,660,728			37.5
Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits	73,233,194			41,335,984			77.2
Average interest-bearing deposits	37,375,220			20,472,247			82.6
Average total deposits	110,608,414			61,808,231			79.0
Earnings Ratios:
Return on average assets (annualized) (3)	1.73		%	0.73		%	137.0	%
Return on average SVBFG stockholders’ equity (annualized) (4)	27.04			8.17			231.0
Asset Quality Ratios:
Allowance for credit losses for loans as a % of total period-end loans	0.82		%	1.53		%	(71)	bps
Allowance for credit losses for performing loans as a % of total performing loans	0.74			1.43			(69)
Gross loan charge-offs as a % of average total loans (annualized)	0.83			0.44			39
Net loan charge-offs as a % of average total loans (annualized)	0.79			0.35			44
Capital Ratios:
SVBFG CET 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.18		%	12.35		%	(17)	bps
SVBFG tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	14.01			13.35			66
SVBFG total risk-based capital ratio	14.62			14.45			17
SVBFG tier 1 leverage ratio	8.01			9.00			(99)
SVBFG tangible common equity to tangible assets (5)	6.06			8.70			(264)
SVBFG tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (5)	12.11			13.40			(129)
Bank CET 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.93			10.90			203
Bank tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.93			10.90			203
Bank total risk-based capital ratio	13.56			12.04			152
Bank tier 1 leverage ratio	7.20			7.21			(1)
Bank tangible common equity to tangible assets (5)	6.25			7.63			(138)
Bank tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (5)	12.87			11.99			88
Other Ratios:
Operating efficiency ratio (6)	45.31		%	48.37		%	(6.3)	%
Non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio (2)	58.52			47.71			22.7
Total costs of deposits (annualized) (7)	0.04			0.24			(83.3)
Book value per common share (8)	$	163.25		$	130.02		25.6
Tangible book value per common share (9)	159.50			126.41			26.2
Other Statistics:
Average full-time equivalent employees	4,601			3,672			25.3	%
Period-end full-time equivalent employees	4,656			3,710			25.5

(1)See “Results of Operations–Noninterest Income” for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP core fee income and non-GAAP core fee income plus investment banking revenue and commissions.

(2)See “Results of Operations–Noninterest Expense” for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio.

(3)Ratio represents annualized consolidated net income available to common stockholders divided by quarterly average assets.

(4)Ratio represents annualized consolidated net income available to common stockholders divided by quarterly average SVBFG stockholders’ equity.

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(5)See “Capital Resources–Capital Ratios” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.

(6)The operating efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense by total net interest income plus noninterest income.

(7)Ratio represents annualized total cost of deposits and is calculated by dividing interest expense from deposits by average total deposits.

(8)Book value per common share is calculated by dividing total SVBFG common stockholders’ equity by total outstanding common shares at period-end.

(9)Tangible book value per common share is calculated by dividing tangible common equity by total outstanding common shares at period-end. Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure defined under the section “Capital Resources-Capital Ratios.”

For more information with respect to our capital ratios, please refer to “Capital Ratios” under “Consolidated Financial Condition-Capital Ratios” below.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our financial condition and results of operations. We have identified one policy as being critical because it requires us to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain, and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and we base these estimates on historical experiences and various other factors and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

There have been no significant changes during the three months ended March 31, 2021 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II, Item 7 of our 2020 Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income and Margin (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Net interest income is defined as the difference between: (i) interest earned on loans, fixed income investments in our available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities portfolios and short-term investment securities and (ii) interest paid on funding sources. Net interest margin is defined as annualized net interest income, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. Net interest income and net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis to consistently reflect income from taxable loans and securities and tax-exempt securities based on the applicable federal statutory tax rate.

Analysis of Net Interest Income Changes Due to Volume and Rate (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “volume change.” Net interest income is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “rate change.” The following table sets forth changes in interest income for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest expense for each major category of interest-bearing liabilities. The table also reflects the amount of simultaneous changes attributable to both volume and rate changes for the periods indicated. For this table, changes that are not solely due to either volume or rate are allocated in proportion to the percentage changes in average volume and average rate.

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	2021 Compared to 2020
	Three months ended March 31, increase (decrease) due to change in
(Dollars in thousands)	Volume		Rate		Total
Interest income:
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities	$	1,965	$	(16,324)	$	(14,359)
Fixed income investment portfolio (taxable)	110,092		(40,315)		69,777
Fixed income investment portfolio (non-taxable)	12,882		(2,663)		10,219
Loans, amortized cost	116,058		(68,205)		47,853
Increase (decrease) in interest income, net	240,997		(127,507)		113,490
Interest expense:
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts	736		22		758
Money market deposits	3,792		(28,061)		(24,269)
Money market deposits in foreign offices	91		17		108
Time deposits	471		(274)		197
Sweep deposits in foreign offices	(37)		(3,718)		(3,755)
Total increase (decrease) in deposits expense	5,053		(32,014)		(26,961)
Short-term borrowings	(166)		(2,548)		(2,714)
1.80% Senior Notes	1,559		—		1,559
3.125% Senior Notes	4,014		—		4,014
3.50% Senior Notes	4		—		4


Total increase (decrease) in borrowings expense	5,411		(2,548)		2,863
Increase (decrease) in interest expense, net	10,464		(34,562)		(24,098)
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	$	230,533	$	(92,945)	$	137,588

Net Interest Income (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

Net interest income increased by $137.6 million to $665.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $527.5 million for the comparable 2020 period. Overall, our net interest income increased primarily from our fixed income investment securities and loans due to increases in average balances and decreases in interest paid on deposits due to market interest rate decreases. The increase in net interest income was partially offset by lower yields on cash and cash equivalents, fixed income investment securities and loans reflective of the aggregate 150 basis point Federal Funds rate decrease in March 2020.

The main factors affecting interest income and interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to the comparable 2020 period are discussed below:

•Interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $113.5 million due primarily to:

◦An $80.0 million increase in interest income from our fixed income investment securities due primarily to an increase of $26.4 billion in average fixed income investment securities. The increase in interest income from growth of our average fixed income investment securities was partially offset by declines in yields earned on these investments reflective of the lower interest rate market environment, and

◦A $47.9 million increase in interest income on loans to $430.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $382.6 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average loan balances of $12.6 billion, partially offset by a decrease in the overall loan yields of 80 basis points to 3.77 percent from 4.57 percent. Gross loan yields, excluding loan interest recoveries and loan fees, decreased 86 basis points to 3.27 percent from 4.13 percent, driven by growth in our higher credit quality Global Fund Banking portfolio, partially offset by an increase in the reclassification of unrealized gains on interest rate swap cash flow hedges that were terminated in the latter half of the first quarter of 2020.

•Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 decreased by $24.1 million due primarily to:

◦A $27.0 million decrease in interest expense on deposits due primarily to a decrease in interest paid on our interest-bearing money market deposits due to the decreases in market rates, partially offset by

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◦A $2.9 million increase in interest expense on borrowings due primarily to interest expense on our 3.125% Senior Notes issued in June 2020 and our 1.800% Senior Notes issued in February 2021.

Net Interest Margin (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

•Our net interest margin decreased by 83 basis points to 2.29 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 3.12 percent for the comparable 2020 period. The lower margin for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due primarily to a decrease in yields on loans reflective of the shift in the loan mix as discussed above, as well as higher growth in our lower-yielding short-term investment securities portfolio relative to the growth in our loan portfolio driven by significant growth in our average deposits. Average loans represented 39.2 percent of average interest earnings assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 49.4 percent for the comparable 2020 period.

Average Balances, Yields and Rates Paid (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)

The average yield earned on interest-earning assets is the amount of annualized fully taxable equivalent interest income expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The average rate paid on funding sources is the amount of annualized interest expense expressed as a percentage of average funding sources. The following tables set forth average assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests, preferred stock, and SVBFG stockholders’ equity, interest income, interest expense, annualized yields and rates, and the composition of our annualized net interest margin for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

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Average Balances, Rates and Yields for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020


	Three months ended March 31,
	2021						2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Yield/ Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities (1)	$	18,174,315	$	3,265	0.07	%	$	7,308,705	$	17,624	0.97	%
Investment securities: (2)
Available-for-sale securities:
Taxable	28,247,436		124,512		1.79		13,565,908		77,024		2.28
Held-to-maturity securities:
Taxable	21,590,350		99,650		1.87		11,675,421		77,361		2.66
Non-taxable (3)	3,704,855		26,452		2.90		1,900,640		16,233		3.44
Total loans, amortized cost (4) (5)	46,281,476		430,422		3.77		33,660,728		382,569		4.57
Total interest-earning assets	117,998,432		684,301		2.35		68,111,402		570,811		3.37
Cash and due from banks	1,546,539						797,462
Allowance for credit losses for loans	(484,476)						(327,812)
Other assets (6)	5,754,113						3,826,116
Total assets	$	124,814,608					$	72,407,168
Funding sources:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts	$	3,661,903	$	866	0.10	%	$	546,428	$	108	0.08	%
Money market deposits	30,959,253		8,744		0.11		17,613,578		33,013		0.75
Money market deposits in foreign offices	873,090		132		0.06		266,045		24		0.04
Time deposits	657,534		626		0.39		163,343		429		1.06
Sweep deposits in foreign offices	1,223,440		69		0.02		1,882,853		3,824		0.82
Total interest-bearing deposits	37,375,220		10,437		0.11		20,472,247		37,398		0.73
Short-term borrowings	12,137		2		0.07		969,896		2,716		1.13
1.800% Senior Notes	318,569		1,559		1.98		—		—		—
3.125% Senior Notes	495,317		4,014		3.29		—		—		—
3.50% Senior Notes	348,380		3,155		3.67		348,018		3,151		3.64


Total interest-bearing liabilities	38,549,623		19,167		0.20		21,790,161		43,265		0.80
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources	79,448,809						46,321,241
Total funding sources	117,998,432		19,167		0.06		68,111,402		43,265		0.25
Noninterest-bearing funding sources:
Demand deposits	73,233,194						41,335,984
Other liabilities	4,020,492						2,277,031
Preferred stock	817,057						340,169
SVBFG common stockholders’ equity	7,983,451						6,512,946
Noncontrolling interests	210,791						150,877
Portion used to fund interest-earning assets	(79,448,809)						(46,321,241)
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest, and SVBFG stockholders’ equity	$	124,814,608					$	72,407,168
Net interest income and margin			$	665,134	2.29	%			$	527,546	3.12	%
Total deposits	$	110,608,414					$	61,808,231
Reconciliation to reported net interest income:
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis			(5,555)						(3,409)
Net interest income, as reported			$	659,579					$	524,137

(1)Includes average interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions of $1.6 billion and $0.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, balances also include $14.8 billion and $5.5 billion, respectively, deposited at the FRB, earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate.

(2)Yields on interest-earning investment securities do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in other comprehensive income.

(3)Interest income on non-taxable investment securities is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21.0 percent for all periods presented.

(4)Nonaccrual loans are reflected in the average balances of loans.

(5)Interest income includes loan fees of $57.7 million and $36.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(6)Average investment securities of $3.4 billion and $1.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were classified as other assets as they were noninterest-earning assets. These investments primarily consisted of non-marketable and other equity securities.

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Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses is the combination of (i) the provision for loans, (ii) the provision for unfunded credit commitments and (iii) the provision for HTM securities. Our provision for credit losses equals our best estimate of probable credit losses that are inherent in the portfolios at the balance sheet date.

The following table summarizes our allowance for credit losses for loans, unfunded credit commitments and HTM securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except ratios)	2021			2020
Allowance for credit losses for loans, beginning balance	$	447,765		$	304,924
Day one impact of adopting ASC 326	—			25,464
Provision for loans	34,026			248,901
Gross loan charge-offs	(95,005)			(36,896)
Loan recoveries	4,853			7,755
Foreign currency translation adjustments	112			(1,185)
Allowance for credit losses for loans, ending balance	$	391,751		$	548,963
Allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments, beginning balance	120,796			67,656
Day one impact of adopting ASC 326	—			22,826
Reduction of unfunded credit commitments	(16,067)			(5,477)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	21			(315)
Allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments, ending balance (1)	$	104,750		$	84,690
Allowance for credit losses for HTM securities, beginning balance	392			—
Day one impact of adopting ASC 326	—			174
Provision for HTM securities	720			56
Allowance for credit losses for HTM securities, ending balance (2)	$	1,112		$	230
Ratios and other information:
Provision for loans as a percentage of period-end total loans (annualized)	0.29		%	2.78		%
Gross loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans (annualized)	0.83			0.44
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans (annualized)	0.79			0.35
Allowance for credit losses for loans as a percentage of period-end total loans	0.82			1.53
Provision for credit losses	$	18,679		$	243,480
Period-end total loans	47,675,166			35,968,085
Average total loans	46,281,476			33,660,728
Allowance for loan losses for nonaccrual loans	41,851			34,876
Nonaccrual loans	90,247			50,607

(1)The “allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments” is included as a component of “Other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets.

(2)The "allowance for credit losses for HTM securities" is included as a component of "HTM securities" and presented net in our consolidated financial statements.

Potential Fraudulent Client Activity

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we became aware of potentially fraudulent activity conducted by JES Global Capital, Inc., a client of Silicon Valley Bank, our principal banking subsidiary, and certain of its affiliates, in connection with a loan transaction funded in early February 2021. Our investigation into this incident to determine the potential credit exposure resulted in a charge-off of $80.0 million, or $59.2 million net of tax, relating to a Global Fund Banking capital call line of credit.

We are working with the appropriate law enforcement authorities in connection with this matter and intend to pursue all available sources of recovery and other measures to mitigate the extent of the loss.

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Based on our review of the potentially fraudulent activity, as well as our risk assessment review of the Global Fund Banking loan portfolio conducted in light of the incident, we currently believe this incident to be an isolated occurrence involving a single business relationship.

Provision for Loans

We had a provision for credit losses for loans of $34.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to a provision of $248.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The provision for loans of $34.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was driven primarily by $85.8 million in charge-offs not specifically reserved for at December 31, 2020, of which $80.0 million was related to the potentially fraudulent activity discussed above, and a $17.9 million increase for loan growth. These increases were partially offset by $4.9 million of recoveries and a $61.7 million reduction in performing reserves a result of the ongoing improvement of economic scenarios in our forecast models.

The provision for loan losses of $248.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, was driven primarily by $190.7 million in additional reserves for our performing loans based on our forecast models of the economic environment, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as changes in loan composition within our portfolio segments, $40.9 million in additional reserves for period-end loan growth, $13.1 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for at December 31, 2019 and $10.7 million in net new nonaccrual loans, partially offset by $7.8 million of recoveries.

Provision for Unfunded Credit Commitments

We recorded a reduction of our credit loss estimate for unfunded credit commitments of $16.1 million and $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The reduction of $16.1 million in the current period was driven primarily by improved economic scenarios in our forecast models, partially offset by changes in the unfunded credit commitments' composition within our portfolio segments.

The reduction of our expected credit losses for unfunded credit commitments of $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, was driven primarily by a decrease in the expected future commitments for milestone tranches, which are tied to company performance or additional funding rounds, based on our forecast models of the economic environment, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gross Loan Charge-Offs

Gross loan charge-offs were $95.0 million for the first quarter of 2021, of which $80.0 million relates to the potentially fraudulent Global Fund Banking activity discussed above, and an additional $5.8 million that was not specifically reserved for at December 31, 2020. The remaining $15.0 million gross loan charge-offs were driven primarily by our Investor Dependent loan portfolio.

Gross loan charge-offs were $36.9 million for the first quarter of 2020, of which $13.1 million was not specifically reserved for at December 31, 2019. Gross loan charge-offs were driven primarily by a $33.4 million charge-off for our investor dependent clients with one $10.7 million charge-off related to a later-stage life sciences/healthcare client. The remaining charge-offs came primarily from our Sponsor Led Buyout risk-based segment.

See “Consolidated Financial Condition—Credit Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans and for Unfunded Credit Commitments” below and Note 7 — “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses: Loans and Unfunded Credit Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for further details on our allowance for credit losses for loans and unfunded credit commitments.

Provision for HTM Securities

We recorded a provision for credit losses for HTM securities of $0.7 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our provision for HTM securities of $0.7 million for the first quarter of 2021 was driven primarily by the purchase of corporate bonds during the first quarter of 2021. Our HTM portfolio as of March 31, 2021 was entirely made up of A1 or better rated bonds, all considered investment grade.

The provision for credit losses for HTM securities of $0.1 million for the first quarter of 2020 was driven primarily by our forecast models of the economic environment, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our HTM portfolio as of March 31, 2020 was entirely made up of Aa3 or better rated bonds, all considered high quality.

See Note 6 - "Investment Securities" under Part I, Item 1 of this report for further details on our allowance for credit losses for HTM securities.

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Noninterest Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, noninterest income was $744.2 million compared to $301.9 million and for the comparable 2020 period. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests was $719.1 million compared to $303.8 million for the comparable 2020 period. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, non-GAAP core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue was $325.6 million compared to $231.3 million for the comparable 2020 period. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, non-GAAP core fee income was $158.9 million compared to $168.5 million for the comparable 2020 period. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.)

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance (including, but not limited to, non-GAAP core fee income, non-GAAP SVB Leerink revenue, non-GAAP core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue, non-GAAP noninterest income and non-GAAP net gains on investment securities). These supplemental performance measures may vary from, and may not be comparable to, similarly titled measures by other companies in our industry. Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative for, GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by GAAP or other applicable requirement.

We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by excluding items that represent income attributable to investors other than us and our subsidiaries. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our operating results and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Included in net income is income and expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. We recognize, as part of our investment funds management business through SVB Capital and SVB Leerink, the entire income or loss from funds consolidated in accordance with ASC Topic 810 as discussed in Note 1 — “Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report. We are required under GAAP to consolidate 100% of the results of these entities, even though we may own less than 100% of such entities. The relevant amounts attributable to investors other than us are reflected under “Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests” on our statements of income. Where applicable, the tables below for noninterest income and net gains on investment securities exclude noncontrolling interests.

Core fee income is a non-GAAP financial measure, which represents GAAP noninterest income, but excludes (i) SVB Leerink revenue, (ii) certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, primarily our net gains (losses) on investment securities and equity warrant assets, and (iii) other noninterest income. Core fee income represents client investment fees, foreign exchange fees, credit card fees, deposit service charges, lending related fees and letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees.

SVB Leerink revenue is a non-GAAP financial measure, which represents noninterest income but excludes (i) Core fee income, and (ii) certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, primarily our net gains (losses) on investment securities and equity warrant assets, and other noninterest income. SVB Leerink revenue represents investment banking revenue and commissions.

Core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue is a non-GAAP measure, which represents GAAP noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, primarily our net gains (losses) on investment securities and equity warrant assets, and other noninterest income. Core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue represents core fee income plus investment banking revenue and commissions.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP noninterest income to non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
GAAP noninterest income	$	744,180	$	301,934	146.5	%
Less: income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation	25,067		(1,854)		NM
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests	$	719,113	$	303,788	136.7

NM—Not meaningful

The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP noninterest income to non-GAAP core fee income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
GAAP noninterest income	$	744,180	$	301,934	146.5	%
Less: gains on investment securities, net	167,078		46,055		NM
Less: gains on equity warrant assets, net	221,685		13,395		NM
Less: other noninterest income	29,792		11,137		167.5
Non-GAAP core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue (1)	$	325,625	$	231,347	40.8
Investment banking revenue	142,302		46,867		NM
Commissions	24,439		16,022		52.5
Non-GAAP SVB Leerink revenue (2)	$	166,741	$	62,889	165.1
Non-GAAP core fee income (3)	$	158,884	$	168,458	(5.7)

NM—Not meaningful

(1)Non-GAAP core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue represents noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control and other noninterest income. Core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue is non-GAAP core fee income (as defined in footnote (3) below) with the addition of investment banking revenue and commissions.

(2)Non-GAAP SVB Leerink revenue represents investment banking revenue and commissions, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control and other noninterest income.

(3)Non-GAAP core fee income represents noninterest income, but excludes (i) certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, (ii) our investment banking revenue and commissions and (iii) other noninterest income. Non-GAAP core fee income includes client investment fees, foreign exchange fees, credit card fees, deposit service charges, lending related fees and letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees.

Gains on Investment Securities, Net

Net gains on investment securities include gains and losses from our non-marketable and other equity securities, which include public equity securities held as a result of exercised equity warrant assets, as well as gains and losses from sales of our AFS debt securities portfolio, when applicable.

Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture in China (“SPD-SVB”)), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and qualified affordable housing projects. We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other equity securities from period to period, which results in net gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized). This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains and losses from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions. Unrealized gains or losses from non-marketable and other equity securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes, and are therefore subject to potential increases or decreases in future periods. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains or losses from investment securities. As such, our results for a particular period are not necessarily indicative of our expected performance in a future period.

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The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (e.g. lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities, and the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we had net gains on investment securities of $167.1 million, compared to $46.1 million for the comparable 2020 period. Non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, were $142.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to non-GAAP net gains, net of controlling interest of $47.6 million for the comparable 2020 period.

Non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, of $142.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 were driven by the following:

•Gains of $76.3 million from our public equity securities investments, driven primarily by realized gains on common stock shares sold, which includes $43.3 million from the sale of BigCommerce Holdings, Inc. common stock shares, as well as gains from other public equity securities held in our portfolio, and

•Gains of $47.9 million from our strategic and other investments and managed funds of funds portfolios, driven primarily by net unrealized valuation increases.

The following tables provide a reconciliation of GAAP total gains (losses) on investment securities, net, to non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	Managed Funds of Funds		Managed Direct Venture Funds		Managed Credit Funds		Public Equity Securities		Debt Funds		Sales of AFS Debt Securities		Strategic and Other Investments		SVB Leerink		Total
Three months ended March 31, 2021
Total gains on investment securities, net	$	30,692	$	18,487	$	7,048	$	76,321	$	414	$	—	$	30,367	$	3,749	$	167,078
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation	13,165		8,668		868		—		—		—		—		2,330		25,031
Non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	$	17,527	$	9,819	$	6,180	$	76,321	$	414	$	—	$	30,367	$	1,419	$	142,047

Three months ended March 31, 2020
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net	$	(2,464)	$	(2,272)	$	—	$	(4,206)	$	(362)	$	61,165	$	(4,017)	$	(1,789)	$	46,055
Less: (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation	(306)		(1,327)		—		—		—		—		—		98		(1,535)
Non-GAAP net gains (loss) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	$	(2,158)	$	(945)	$	—	$	(4,206)	$	(362)	$	61,165	$	(4,017)	$	(1,887)	$	47,590

Gains on Equity Warrant Assets, Net

Net gains on equity warrant assets were $221.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to net gains of $13.4 million for the comparable 2020 period. Net gains on equity warrant assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 consisted of:

•Net gains on exercises of $159.6 million reflective of $115.8 million in gains related to Coinbase Global, Inc.'s ("Coinbase") announcement to enter the public markets via a direct listing with remaining gains driven primarily by IPO activity, and

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•Net gains of $62.3 million from warrant valuations increases, driven by pending SPAC activity as well as pending M&A and IPO activity.

Investment in Coinbase

As of the date of this filing, we have sold all of our common stock shares of Coinbase resulting in pre-tax gains on investment securities of approximately $38.2 million to be recorded in the second quarter of 2021.

A summary of gains on equity warrant assets, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Equity warrant assets (1):
Gains on exercises, net	$	159,637	$	19,193	NM
Terminations	(249)		(326)		(23.6)	%
Changes in fair value, net	62,297		(5,472)		NM
Total gains on equity warrant assets, net	$	221,685	$	13,395	NM

NM—Not meaningful

(1) At March 31, 2021, we held warrants in 2,670 companies, compared to 2,342 companies at March 31, 2020. The total fair value of our warrant portfolio was $244.3 million at March 31, 2021 and $152.7 million at March 31, 2020. Warrants in 42 companies each had fair values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented $113.7 million, or 46.5 percent, of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at March 31, 2021. Warrants in 19 companies each had fair values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented $46.7 million, or 30.6 percent, of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at March 31, 2020.

Non-GAAP Core Fee Income


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Non-GAAP core fee income (1):
Client investment fees	$	20,065	$	43,393	(53.8)	%
Foreign exchange fees	57,393		47,505		20.8
Credit card fees	27,567		28,304		(2.6)
Deposit service charges	25,151		24,589		2.3
Lending related fees	15,657		13,125		19.3
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees	13,051		11,542		13.1
Total non-GAAP core fee income (1)	$	158,884	$	168,458	(5.7)
Investment banking revenue	142,302		46,867		NM
Commissions	24,439		16,022		52.5
Total non-GAAP Leerink revenue (2)	$	166,741	$	62,889	165.1
Total non-GAAP core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue (3)	$	325,625	$	231,347	40.8

NM—Not meaningful

(1)This non-GAAP measure represents noninterest income, but excludes (i) certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, (ii) our investment banking revenue and commissions and (iii) other noninterest income. See “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” above.

(2)Non-GAAP SVB Leerink revenue represents noninterest income, but excludes (i) certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, (ii) non-GAAP core fee income, and (iii) other noninterest income. See “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” above.

(3)Non-GAAP core fee income plus SVB Leerink revenue represents noninterest income, but excludes (i) certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, and (ii) other noninterest income. See “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” above.

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Client Investment Fees

Client investment fees were $20.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $43.4 million for the comparable 2020 period. The decrease was reflective of a reduction in fee margin resulting from lower short-term market rates, offset by large increases in average off-balance sheet client investment funds. Given our expectations of a continued low rate environment, we generally expect client investment fees in 2021 to be lower than 2020.

A summary of client investment fees by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Client investment fees by type:
Sweep money market fees	$	10,461	$	23,049	(54.6)	%
Asset management fees	9,020		9,137		(1.3)
Repurchase agreement fees	584		11,207		(94.8)
Total client investment fees	$	20,065	$	43,393	(53.8)

The following table summarizes average client investment funds for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2021		2020		% Change
Sweep money market funds	$	67,138	$	43,045	56.0	%
Client investment assets under management (1)	72,478		50,746		42.8
Repurchase agreements	11,963		9,799		22.1
Total average client investment funds (2)	$	151,579	$	103,590	46.3

(1)These funds represent investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.

(2)Client investment funds are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

The following table summarizes period-end client investment funds at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		% Change
Sweep money market funds	$	75,328	$	59,844	25.9	%
Client investment assets under management (1)	75,970		70,671		7.5
Repurchase agreements	12,584		10,538		19.4
Total period-end client investment funds (2)	$	163,882	$	141,053	16.2

(1)These funds represent investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.

(2)Client investment funds are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

Foreign Exchange Fees

Foreign exchange fees were $57.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $47.5 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase in foreign exchange fees was driven primarily by increases in spot contract commissions driven by increased volume of trades for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the 2020 period, driven primarily by our global expansion initiative and increased client engagement efforts.

A summary of foreign exchange fee income by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

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	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Foreign exchange fees by instrument type:
Spot contract commissions	$	54,929	$	40,934	34.2	%
Forward contract commissions	2,348		6,339		(63.0)
Option premium fees	116		232		(50.0)
Total foreign exchange fees	$	57,393	$	47,505	20.8

Credit Card Fees

Credit card fees were $27.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $28.3 million for the comparable 2020 period. Credit card fees decreased slightly due to lower transaction volumes resulting from a full quarter impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A summary of credit card fees by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Credit card fees by instrument type:
Card interchange fees, net	$	22,848	$	21,775	4.9	%
Merchant service fees	3,772		5,027		(25.0)
Card service fees	947		1,502		(37.0)
Total credit card fees	$	27,567	$	28,304	(2.6)

Deposit Service Charges

Deposit service charges were $25.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $24.6 million for the comparable 2020 period. Deposit service charges remained relatively flat due to the increases in product revenues being offset by higher earnings credits.

Lending Related Fees

Lending related fees were $15.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $13.1 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was primarily due to increases in fees earned from unused lines of credit due to strong client liquidity.

A summary of lending related fees by type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Lending related fees by instrument type:
Unused commitment fees	$	12,256	$	8,406	45.8	%
Other	3,401		4,719		(27.9)
Total lending related fees	$	15,657	$	13,125	19.3

Letters of Credit and Standby Letters of Credit Fees

Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees were $13.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $11.5 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was driven primarily by an increase in deferred fee income reflective of larger letter of credit issuances.

Investment Banking Revenue

Investment banking revenue was $142.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $46.9 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was attributable to exceptional levels of funding activity in the life science/healthcare secondary markets, resulting in an increase in public equity underwriting fees.

A summary of investment banking revenue by type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

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	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Investment banking revenue:
Underwriting fees	$	125,076	$	31,290	NM
Advisory fees	4,450		15,487		(71.3)
Private placements and other	12,776		90		NM
Total investment banking revenue	$	142,302	$	46,867	NM

NM—Not meaningful

Commissions

Commissions for the three months ended March 31, 2021 were $24.4 million, compared to $16.0 million for the comparable 2020 period. Commissions include commissions received from clients for the execution of agency-based brokerage transactions in listed and over-the-counter equities. The increase was driven by higher trade volume as well as strategic hires made in the third quarter of 2020 to drive growth in derivatives and convertible revenue.

Other

Other noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $29.8 million, compared to $11.1 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was driven primarily by gains on other derivatives, compared to losses on other derivatives in the 2020 period, and higher fund management fees due to additional funds managed.

Noninterest Expense

A summary of noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Compensation and benefits	$	445,425	$	255,586	74.3	%
Professional services	81,343		38,705		110.2
Premises and equipment	32,822		26,940		21.8
Net occupancy	17,681		18,346		(3.6)
Business development and travel	3,811		14,071		(72.9)
FDIC and state assessments	9,463		5,234		80.8
Other	45,456		40,703		11.7
Total noninterest expense	$	636,001	$	399,585	59.2

Included in noninterest expense is expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. See below for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio, both of which exclude noncontrolling interests.

Non-GAAP Noninterest Expense

We use and report non-GAAP noninterest expense, non-GAAP taxable equivalent revenue and non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio, which excludes noncontrolling interests and SVB Leerink. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by: (i) excluding certain items that represent expenses attributable to investors other than us and our subsidiaries, or certain items that do not occur every reporting period; or (ii) providing additional information used by management that is not otherwise required by GAAP or other applicable requirements. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our operating results and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

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The table below provides a summary of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
Non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio (Dollars in thousands, except ratios)	2021			2020			% Change
GAAP noninterest expense	$	636,001		$	399,585		59.2	%
Less: expense attributable to noncontrolling interests	117			140			(16.4)
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests	635,884			399,445			59.2
Less: expense attributable to SVB Leerink	136,351			62,037			119.8
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests and SVB Leerink	$	499,533		$	337,408		48.1

GAAP net interest income	$	659,579		$	524,137		25.8
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis	5,555			3,409			63.0
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income	665,134			527,546			26.1
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			21			(100.0)
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income, net of noncontrolling interests	665,134			527,525			26.1
Less: net interest income attributable to SVB Leerink	166			201			(17.4)
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income, net of noncontrolling interests and SVB Leerink	$	664,968		$	527,324		26.1

GAAP noninterest income	$	744,180		$	301,934		146.5
Less: income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation	25,067			(1,854)			NM
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests	719,113			303,788			136.7
Less: non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests	142,047			47,590			198.5
Less: net gains on equity warrant assets	221,685			13,395			NM
Less: investment banking revenue	142,302			46,867			NM
Less: commissions	24,439			16,022			52.5
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests and net of net gains on investment securities, net gains on equity warrant assets, investment banking revenue and commissions	$	188,640		$	179,914		4.9

GAAP total revenue	$	1,403,759		$	826,071		69.9
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent revenue, net of noncontrolling interests and SVB Leerink, net gains on investment securities, net gains on equity warrant assets, investment banking revenue and commissions	$	853,608		$	707,238		20.7

Operating efficiency ratio	45.31		%	48.37		%	(6.3)
Non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio (1)	58.52			47.71			22.7

NM—Not meaningful

(1) The non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing noninterest expense after adjusting for noninterest expense attributable to SVB Leerink by total revenue after adjusting for net interest income attributable to SVB Leerink, net gains or losses on investment securities and equity warrant assets investment banking revenue and commissions. Additionally, noninterest expense and total revenue are adjusted for income or losses and expenses attributable to noncontrolling interests and adjustments to net interest income for a taxable equivalent basis.

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Compensation and Benefits Expense

The following table provides a summary of our compensation and benefits expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except employees)	2021		2020		% Change
Compensation and benefits:
Salaries and wages	$	163,558	$	115,614	41.5	%
Incentive compensation plans	149,645		66,674		124.4
Other employee incentives and benefits (1)	132,222		73,298		80.4
Total compensation and benefits	$	445,425	$	255,586	74.3
Period-end full-time equivalent employees	4,656		3,710		25.5
Average full-time equivalent employees	4,601		3,672		25.3

(1)Other employee incentives and benefits includes employer payroll taxes, group health and life insurance, share-based compensation, 401(k), ESOP, warrant incentive and retention plans, agency fees and other employee-related expenses.

Compensation and benefits expense was $445.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $255.6 million for the comparable 2020 period. The key changes in factors affecting compensation and benefits expense were as follows:

•An increase of $47.9 million in salaries and wages reflective primarily of the increase in the number of average FTE to 4,601 for the first quarter of 2021 compared to 3,672 for 2020 driven by strong hiring for in-sourcing, product development and revenue growth, as well as annual pay raises during the first quarter of 2021,

•An increase of $83.0 million in incentive compensation plans expense related primarily to strategic hires for SVB Leerink as well as the increase in SVB Leerink incentive compensation expense and our incentive accruals as a result of a strong first quarter performance as compared to the same period in 2020, and

•An increase of $58.9 million in other employee incentives and benefits driven primarily by an increase in warrant incentive plan of $28.8 million due to strong warrant gains during the first quarter of 2021, an increase in payroll taxes of $6.0 million reflective of our increased headcount since the first quarter of 2020 and an increase of $7.5 million in share-based compensation expense due to an increase in the annual vesting of our restricted stock awards in 2021 due to additional awards granted during the second quarter of 2020.

Our variable compensation plans consist primarily of our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, Retention Program, Warrant Incentive Plan, Deferred Compensation Plan, 401(k) and ESOP Plan, SVB Leerink Incentive Compensation Plan and SVB Leerink Retention Award (see descriptions in our 2020 Form 10-K). Total costs incurred under these plans were $201.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $85.2 million for the comparable 2020 period. These amounts are included in total compensation and benefits expense discussed above.

Professional Services

Professional services expense was $81.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $38.7 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was driven primarily by costs to support the second round of PPP as well as higher consulting fees related to our continued effort towards investments in our infrastructure, initiatives and operating projects to support our presence both domestically and globally.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment expense was $32.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $26.9 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was primarily related to increased depreciation expense and higher computer maintenance expenses for the first quarter of 2021 compared to the 2020 period.

Net Occupancy

Net occupancy expense was $17.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $18.3 million for the comparable 2020 period. The decrease was driven primarily by our decision to vacate certain leased office spaces in the fourth quarter of 2020.

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Business Development and Travel

Business development and travel expense was $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $14.1 million for the comparable 2020 period. The decrease was primarily due to the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic and international travel.

FDIC and State Assessments

FDIC and state assessments expense was $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $5.2 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was due primarily to the increase in our average assets.

Other Noninterest Expense

A summary of other noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Lending and other client related processing costs	$	7,516	$	9,158	(17.9)	%
Correspondent bank fees	4,301		3,986		7.9
Investment banking activities	6,730		3,030		122.1
Trade order execution costs	2,988		2,745		8.9
Data processing services	4,606		3,454		33.4
Telephone	1,872		2,227		(15.9)
Dues and publications	1,103		1,130		(2.4)
Postage and supplies	570		856		(33.4)
Other	15,770		14,117		11.7
Total other noninterest expense	$	45,456	$	40,703	11.7

Total other noninterest expense was $45.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $40.7 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase was driven primarily by the increase in expenses related to investment banking activities due to strong investment banking revenue.

Operating Efficiency Ratio

GAAP operating efficiency ratio decreased from 45.31 percent, compared to 48.37 percent. Non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio increased from 58.52 percent, compared to 47.71 percent. (See non-GAAP reconciliation under the section “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”) GAAP operating efficiency ratio decreased slightly primarily as a result of a greater increase in revenue, when compared to the increase in expenses, particularly in noninterest income driven by gains on investment securities and warrant assets and investment banking revenue. Non-GAAP core operating efficiency ratio increased due primarily to the overall increase in expenses related to our core business as a percentage of revenue attributable primarily to an increase in compensation and benefits and professional services expenses.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Included in net income is income and expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. The relevant amounts allocated to investors in our consolidated subsidiaries, other than us, are reflected under “net income attributable to noncontrolling interests” on our statements of income.

In the table below, noninterest income consists primarily of net investment gains and losses from our consolidated funds. Noninterest expense is primarily related to management fees paid by our managed funds to SVB Financial’s subsidiaries as the managed funds’ general partners. A summary of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

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	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Net interest income (1)	$	—	$	(21)	(100.0)	%
Noninterest (gains) losses (1)	(15,796)		2,491		NM
Noninterest expense (1)	117		140		(16.4)
Carried interest allocation (2)	(9,271)		(637)		NM
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	(24,950)	$	1,973	NM

NM—Not meaningful

(1)Represents noncontrolling interests’ share in net interest income, noninterest income or loss and noninterest expense.

(2)Represents the preferred allocation of income (or change in income) earned by us as the general partner of certain consolidated funds.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $25.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to a net loss of $2.0 million for the comparable 2020 period. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $25.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was driven primarily by net gains on investments securities (including carried interest allocation) from our managed funds of funds and our managed direct venture funds portfolios reflective of the overall market performance during the first quarter of 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income—Gains on Investment Securities, Net.”

Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate was 25.9 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 26.7 percent for the comparable 2020 period. The decrease in our effective tax rate was driven primarily by an increase in the recognition of excess tax benefits from share-based compensation in the first quarter of 2021 which is reflective of a higher number of stock option exercises due to the increase in our stock price. Our effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by the sum of income before income tax expense and the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.

Operating Segment Results

We have four segments for which we report our financial information: Global Commercial Bank, SVB Private Bank, SVB Capital and SVB Leerink.

We report segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of our reporting segments. Please refer to Note 13 — “Segment Reporting” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.

The following is our reportable segment information for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Global Commercial Bank


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Net interest income	$	618,609	$	463,835	33.4	%
Provision for credit losses	(44,503)		(194,411)		(77.1)
Noninterest income	158,671		166,834		(4.9)
Noninterest expense	(277,763)		(224,855)		23.5
Income before income tax expense	$	455,014	$	211,403	115.2
Total average loans, amortized cost	$	39,286,744	$	29,137,484	34.8
Total average assets	108,927,856		61,813,129		76.2
Total average deposits	106,267,572		59,217,433		79.5

Income before income tax expense from our Global Commercial Bank (“GCB”) increased to $455.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $211.4 million for the comparable 2020 period. The key components of GCB's performance for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the comparable 2020 period are discussed below.

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Net interest income from GCB increased by $154.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, due primarily to an increase in loan interest income resulting primarily from higher average loan balances, partially offset by a decrease in loan yields as a result of the shift in the loan mix.

The provision for credit losses of $44.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was driven primarily by $85.8 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for at December 31, 2020 and a $16.5 million increase related to loan growth, partially offset by a $47.1 million reduction in reserves for our performing loans based on our forecast models of the economic environment, $5.8 million in net new nonaccrual loans and $4.9 million of recoveries.

The provision for credit losses of $194.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was driven primarily by $140.4 million in additional reserves for our performing loans based on our forecast models of the economic environment, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as changes in loan composition within our portfolio segments, $40.9 million in additional reserves for period-end loan growth, $13.1 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for at December 31, 2019 and $10.7 million in net new nonaccrual loans, partially offset by $7.8 million of recoveries.

Noninterest income decreased by $8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 related primarily to an overall decrease in our non-GAAP core fee income (lower client investment fees partially offset by higher foreign exchange fees and lending related fees). The overall decrease was due primarily to the impact of the federal funds rate decreases on client investment fee yields partially offset by an increase in average client fund balances, higher foreign exchange transaction volumes and an increase in unused commitment fees.

Noninterest expense increased by $52.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, due primarily to compensation and benefits expense and professional services expense, partially offset by a decrease in business development and travel expense. Compensation and benefits expense increased $46.4 million as a result of higher salaries and wages expenses and higher incentive compensation expense. The increase in GCB salaries and wages was due primarily to an increase in the average number of FTEs at GCB, which increased to 3,223 FTEs for the three months ended March 31, 2021, from 2,692 FTEs for the comparable 2020 period. Incentive compensation expense increased due primarily to an increase in our 2021 full-year projected financial performance. Professional services expense increased due to higher expenses primarily related to our continued effort towards investments in our infrastructure, initiatives and operating projects to support our presence both domestically and globally. Business development and travel expense decreased primarily due to the continued impact of COVID-19 on domestic and international travel.

SVB Private Bank


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Net interest income	$	27,025	$	15,164	78.2	%
Reduction of (provision for) credit losses	8,567		(54,490)		(115.7)
Noninterest income	998		900		10.9
Noninterest expense	(12,958)		(10,090)		28.4
Income (loss) before income tax expense	$	23,632	$	(48,516)	(148.7)
Total average loans, amortized cost	$	4,977,080	$	3,857,478	29.0
Total average assets	5,028,004		3,892,400		29.2
Total average deposits	3,292,673		1,922,663		71.3

Net interest income from our SVB Private Bank increased by $11.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, due primarily to the increase in average loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the 2020 comparable period, partially offset by decreases in loan yields as a result of overall market rate decreases.

The reduction of credit losses of $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was reflective primarily of improved economic scenarios in our forecast models partially offset by net new nonaccruals.

The provision for credit losses of $54.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was driven primarily by the adoption of CECL during the first quarter of 2020 attributable primarily to a $50.3 million increase in additional reserves for our performing loans. The increase for our performing loans is reflective of the increases in reserves required for longer duration mortgage loans as well as the additional reserves for our performing loans based on our forecast models of the current economic environment, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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SVB Capital


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Net interest income	$	2	$	21	(90.5)	%
Noninterest income	68,594		4,918		NM
Noninterest expense	(15,233)		(8,585)		77.4
Income (loss) before income tax expense	$	53,363	$	(3,646)	NM
Total average assets	$	576,705	$	447,201	29.0

NM—Not meaningful

SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include net gains and losses on non-marketable and other equity securities, carried interest and fund management fees. All components of income before income tax expense discussed below are net of noncontrolling interests.

We experience variability in the performance of SVB Capital from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, including changes in the values of our funds’ underlying investments, changes in the amount of distributions and general economic and market conditions. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains and losses from investment securities and cause our results to differ from period to period. The performance of these securities has been, and may further be, impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

SVB Capital had noninterest income of $68.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $4.9 million for the comparable 2020 period. The increase in noninterest income was due primarily to an increase in net gains on investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to net losses for the comparable 2020 period. SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include the following:

•Net gains on investment securities of $53.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to net losses of $5.9 million for the comparable 2020 period. The net gains on investment securities of $53.7 million were driven primarily by unrealized net valuation increases from private company investments held in our strategic venture capital funds as well as in our managed funds of funds portfolio.

SVB Leerink


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		% Change
Net interest income	$	166	$	201	(17.4)	%
Noninterest income	170,967		62,677		172.8
Noninterest expense	(136,352)		(62,037)		119.8
Income before income tax expense	$	34,781	$	841	NM
Total average assets	$	767,300	$	483,648	58.6

NM—Not meaningful

SVB Leerink’s components of noninterest income primarily include investment banking revenue, commissions and net gains and losses on non-marketable and other equity securities, carried interest and fund management fees. All components of income before income tax expense discussed below are net of noncontrolling interests.

SVB Leerink had noninterest income of $171.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $62.7 million for the comparable 2020 period. The $108.3 million increase in noninterest income was primarily due to a $95.4 million increase in investment banking revenue attributable to higher levels of funding activity in the life science/healthcare secondary markets and by the increase in public equity underwriting fees.

SVB Leerink had noninterest expense of $136.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $62.0 million for the comparable 2020 period. The $74.3 million increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to a $68.7 million increase in compensation and benefits expense driven primarily by an increase in incentive compensation expense as a result of strong first quarter performance as compared to the same period in 2020 and an increase in salaries and wages expense due to strategic hires subsequent to the first quarter of 2020.

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Consolidated Financial Condition

Our total assets, and total liabilities and stockholders' equity, were $142.3 billion at March 31, 2021 compared to $115.5 billion at December 31, 2020, an increase of $26.8 billion, or 23.2 percent. Refer below to a summary of the individual components driving the changes in total assets, total liabilities and stockholders' equity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents totaled $21.3 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $3.6 billion, or 20.3 percent, compared to $17.7 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase was driven by the significant growth in deposits of $22.2 billion. As of March 31, 2021, $16.6 billion of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $3.4 billion. As of December 31, 2020, $13.7 billion of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $3.0 billion.

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Investment Securities

Investment securities totaled $69.0 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $19.7 billion, or 40.0 percent, compared to $49.3 billion at December 31, 2020. Our investment securities portfolio is comprised of: (i) an available-for-sale securities portfolio and a held-to-maturity securities portfolio, both of which represent interest earning fixed income investment securities; and (ii) a non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio, which represents primarily investments managed as part of our funds management business, investments in qualified affordable housing projects, as well as public equity securities held as a result of equity warrant assets exercised.

Available-for-Sale Securities

Period-end available-for-sale securities were $26.0 billion at March 31, 2021, compared to $30.9 billion at December 31, 2020, a decrease of $4.9 billion, or 15.9 percent. The $4.9 billion decrease in period-end AFS securities balances from December 31, 2020 to March 31, 2021, was driven primarily by a $2.9 billion re-designation of AFS securities to HTM securities, paydowns and maturities of $1.7 billion and a decrease in fair value of $0.8 billion due to the increase in interest rates, partially offset by purchases of $0.5 billion during the quarter. Securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as unrealized gains or losses in a separate component of stockholders' equity.

The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities and fully taxable equivalent yields on fixed income securities, carried at fair value, classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2021. The weighted average yield is computed using the amortized cost of fixed income investment securities, which are reported at fair value. For U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency debentures and foreign government debt securities, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as available-for-sale typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments. The weighted average yield on mortgage-backed securities is based on prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.


	March 31, 2021
	Total				One Year or Less				After One Year to Five Years				After Five Years to Ten Years				After Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Weighted Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted Average Yield		Carrying Value		Weighted Average Yield
U.S. Treasury securities	$	4,438,396	1.82	%	$	40,481	0.03	%	$	3,844,128	1.84	%	$	553,787	1.79	%	$	—	—	%
U.S. agency debentures	226,095		1.85		—		—		—		—		226,095		1.85		—		—
Foreign government debt securities	23,450		(0.70)		23,450		(0.70)		—		—		—		—		—		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	12,514,911		1.55		—		—		—		—		—		—		12,514,911		1.55
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	7,256,626		1.23		—		—		—		—		—		—		7,256,626		1.23

Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,526,993		1.75		—		—		—		—		1,526,993		1.75		—		—
Total	$	25,986,471	1.52		$	63,931	(0.24)		$	3,844,128	1.84		$	2,306,875	1.77		$	19,771,537	1.43

Held-to-Maturity Securities

Period-end held-to-maturity securities were $41.2 billion at March 31, 2021, compared to $16.6 billion at December 31, 2020, an increase of $24.6 billion, or 148.1 percent. The $24.6 billion increase in period-end HTM security balances from December 31, 2020 to March 31, 2021 was driven by purchases of $23.5 billion and the re-designation of $2.9 billion of AFS securities to HTM securities, partially offset by $1.8 billion in paydowns and maturities during the quarter. The securities re-designated

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consisted of agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities with a total carrying value of $2.9 billion at March 31, 2021. At the time of re-designation the securities had unrealized gains totaling $8.7 million, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and are being amortized over the life of the securities in a manner consistent with the amortization of a premium or discount.

Securities classified as held-to-maturity are accounted for at cost with no adjustments for changes in fair value. For securities previously re-designated as held-to-maturity from available-for-sale, the net unrealized gains at the date of transfer will continue to be reported as a separate component of shareholders' equity and amortized over the life of the securities in a manner consistent with the amortization of a premium or discount.

The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities and fully taxable equivalent yields on fixed income investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of March 31, 2021. Interest income on certain municipal bonds and notes (non-taxable investments) are presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21.0 percent. The weighted average yield is computed using the amortized cost of fixed income investment securities. For U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected remaining maturities for certain U.S. agency debentures may occur earlier than their contractual maturities because the note issuers have the right to call outstanding amounts ahead of their contractual maturity. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as held-to-maturity typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments. The weighted average yield on mortgage-backed securities is based on prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.


	March 31, 2021
	Total				One Year or Less				After One Year to Five Years				After Five Years to Ten Years				After Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted- Average Yield
U.S. agency debentures	$	404,571	2.46	%	$	4,066	2.76	%	$	141,117	2.55	%	$	259,388	2.40	%	$	—	—	%
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities	23,525,681		1.67		6,319		1.64		11,663		2.18		494,951		2.47		23,012,748		1.65
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate	2,425,024		1.34		—		—		5,356		1.76		447,781		1.62		1,971,887		1.28
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate	128,370		0.74		—		—		—		—		—		—		128,370		0.74
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities	10,075,165		1.02		—		—		—		—		536,203		1.98		9,538,962		0.97
Municipal bonds and notes	4,555,237		2.33		48,536		2.85		130,482		2.54		756,078		2.29		3,620,141		2.36
Corporate bonds	51,684		1.96		—		—		—		—		51,684		1.96		—		—
Total	$	41,165,732	1.64		$	58,921	2.71		$	288,618	2.52		$	2,546,085	2.52		$	38,272,108	1.58

Portfolio duration is a standard measure used to approximate changes in the market value of fixed income instruments due to a change in market interest rates. The measure is an estimate based on the level of current market interest rates, expectations for changes in the path of forward rates and the effect of forward rates on mortgage prepayment speed assumptions. As such, portfolio duration will fluctuate with changes in market interest rates. Changes in portfolio duration are also impacted by changes in the mix of longer versus shorter term-to-maturity securities. The estimated weighted-average duration of our fixed income investment securities portfolio was 4.8 and 3.7 years at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The weighted-average duration of our total fixed income securities portfolio including the impact of our fair value swaps was 4.3 years at March 31, 2021. We are focused on shortening AFS portfolio duration to less than two years to mitigate OCI risk while buying three- to five-year duration HTM securities to support portfolio yields. We continue to invest excess on-balance sheet liquidity in high-quality securities (agency MBS/CMOs/CMBS and municipal securities), primarily classified as HTM.

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Non-Marketable and Other Equity Securities

Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China (“SPD-SVB”)), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies, including public equity securities held as a result of equity warrant assets exercised, and qualified affordable housing projects. Included in our non-marketable and other equity securities carried under fair value accounting are amounts that are attributable to noncontrolling interests. We are required under GAAP to consolidate 100% of these investments that we are deemed to control, even though we may own less than 100% of such entities. See below for a summary of the carrying value (as reported) of non-marketable and other equity securities compared to the amounts attributable to SVBFG.

Period-end non-marketable and other equity securities were $1.9 billion ($1.6 billion net of noncontrolling interest) at March 31, 2021 compared to $1.8 billion ($1.6 billion net of noncontrolling interest) at December 31, 2020, an increase of $0.1 billion, or 3.1 percent. The following table summarizes the carrying value (as reported) of non-marketable and other equity securities compared to the amounts attributable to SVBFG (which generally represents the carrying value times our ownership percentage) at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
Non-marketable and other equity securities:
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):
Consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (1)	$	96,016	$	25,192	$	88,937	$	22,783
Unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (2)	178,407		178,407		184,886		184,886
Other investments without a readily determinable fair value (3)	200,367		200,367		60,975		60,975
Other equity securities in public companies (fair value accounting (4)	160,810		160,810		280,804		280,804
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) (5):
Venture capital and private equity fund investments	394,349		239,338		362,192		214,904
Debt funds	5,813		5,813		5,444		5,444
Other investments	205,002		205,002		202,809		202,809
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net	616,997		616,997		616,188		616,188
Total non-marketable and other equity securities	$	1,857,761	$	1,631,926	$	1,802,235	$	1,588,793

(1)The following table shows the amounts of venture capital and private equity fund investments held by the following consolidated funds and amounts attributable to SVBFG for each fund at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
Strategic Investors Fund, LP	$	5,165	$	649	$	4,850	$	609
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP	48,572		10,468		49,574		10,684
Growth Partners, LP	42,279		14,075		34,513		11,490

Total consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	96,016	$	25,192	$	88,937	$	22,783

(2)The carrying value represents investments in 161 and 162 funds (primarily venture capital funds) at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, where our ownership interest is typically less than 5% of the voting interests of each such fund and in which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnerships' operating activities and financial policies. Our unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments are carried at fair value based on the fund investments' net asset values per share as obtained from the general partners of the funds. For each fund investment, we adjust the net asset value per share for differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example December 31st for our March 31st consolidated financial statements, adjusted for

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any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period.

(3)Investments classified as "Other investments without a readily determinable fair value" include direct equity investments in private companies. The carrying value is based on the price at which the investment was acquired plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments. We consider a range of factors when adjusting the fair value of these investments, including, but not limited to, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, exit strategies, financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment and a discount for certain investments that have lock-up restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted. For further details on the carrying value of these investments refer to Note 6 — “Investment Securities" of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

(5)The following table shows the carrying value and our ownership percentage of each investment at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (equity method accounting):


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG		Carrying value (as reported)		Amount attributable to SVBFG
Venture capital and private equity fund investments:
Strategic Investors Fund II, LP	$	4,624	$	4,350	$	3,705	$	3,435
Strategic Investors Fund III, LP	21,281		18,238		16,110		13,005
Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP	29,681		25,715		25,169		21,145
Strategic Investors Fund V, LP	60,992		32,021		67,052		35,202
CP II, LP (i)	8,954		5,419		7,887		4,766
Other venture capital and private equity fund investments	268,817		153,595		242,269		137,351
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments	$	394,349	$	239,338	$	362,192	$	214,904
Debt funds:
Gold Hill Capital 2008, LP (ii)	$	4,380	$	4,380	$	3,941	$	3,941
Other debt funds	1,433		1,433		1,503		1,503
Total debt funds	$	5,813	$	5,813	$	5,444	$	5,444
Other investments:
SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd.	$	111,838	$	111,838	$	115,232	$	115,232
Other investments	93,164		93,164		87,577		87,577
Total other investments	$	205,002	$	205,002	$	202,809	$	202,809

(i)Our ownership includes direct ownership interest of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investments in Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.

(ii)Our ownership includes direct ownership interest of 11.5 percent in the fund and an indirect interest in the fund through our investment in Gold Hill Capital 2008, LLC of 4.0 percent.

Volcker Rule

The Volcker Rule prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, a banking entity, such as the Company, from sponsoring, investing in, or having certain relationships with covered funds. Under the currently effective regulations implementing the Volcker Rule, covered funds are defined to include many venture capital and private equity funds.

In June 2017, we received notice that the Federal Reserve approved the Company’s application for an extension of the permitted conformance period for the Company’s investments in “illiquid” covered funds (“Restricted Volcker Investments”). The approval extends the deadline by which the Company must sell, divest, restructure or otherwise conform such investments to the provisions of the Volcker Rule by the earlier of (i) July 21, 2022, or (ii) the date by which each fund matures by its terms or is otherwise conformed to the Volcker Rule. As of March 31, 2021, such Restricted Volcker Investments had an estimated aggregate carrying value and fair value of approximately $218 million.

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There have been various amendments to the Volcker Rule in recent years. In particular, certain amendments that became effective October 1, 2020, provide for, among other things, the adoption of new exclusions from the definition of “covered fund” for venture capital funds and credit funds that meet certain criteria. We believe that a substantial portion of our Restricted Volcker Investments will qualify for these new exclusions (or will have commenced or completed a liquidation or dissolution process), and thus, will not be required to be disposed of or otherwise conformed under the Volcker rule requirements. We continue to assess the extent of the impact of the applicable Volcker amendments on our fund investments and funds business, but expect that our Restricted Volcker Investments will comply with the Volcker Rule, as amended, by or before the conformance deadline. (For more information about the Volcker Rule, see “Business—Supervision and Regulation” under Part 1, Item 1 of our 2020 Form 10-K.)

Loans

Loans, amortized cost basis, increased by $2.5 billion to $47.7 billion at March 31, 2021, compared to $45.2 billion at December 31, 2020. Unearned income was $248 million at March 31, 2021 and $226 million at December 31, 2020. The increase in period-end loans was driven primarily by growth in our Global Fund Banking and Technology and Life Science/Healthcare portfolios as well as Private Bank.

The breakdown of total loans and loans as a percentage of total loans by risk-based segment is as follows:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Percentage		Amount		Percentage
Global fund banking	$	27,306,926	57.3	%	$	25,543,198	56.5	%
Investor dependent:
Early stage	1,523,208		3.2		1,485,866		3.3
Mid stage	1,588,185		3.3		1,564,870		3.5
Later stage	2,055,676		4.3		1,921,082		4.2
Total investor dependent	5,167,069		10.8		4,971,818		11.0
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	1,984,567		4.2		1,989,173		4.4
Other	2,959,609		6.2		2,945,360		6.5
Total cash flow dependent	4,944,176		10.4		4,934,533		10.9
Private bank	5,063,827		10.6		4,901,056		10.9
Balance sheet dependent	2,501,524		5.2		2,191,023		4.8
Premium wine	1,040,223		2.2		1,052,643		2.3
Other	45,688		0.1		27,687		0.1
SBA loans	1,605,733		3.4		1,559,530		3.5
Total loans	$	47,675,166	100.0	%	$	45,181,488	100.0	%

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Loan Concentration

The following table provides a summary of total loans by size and risk-based segment. The breakout below is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of March 31, 2021 to any single client:


	March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Less than Five Million		Five to Ten Million		Ten to Twenty Million		Twenty to Thirty Million		Thirty Million or More		Total
Global fund banking	$	1,084,600	$	1,562,403	$	3,139,710	$	2,645,364	$	18,883,222	$	27,315,299
Investor dependent:
Early stage	1,973,578		282,126		115,214		21,928		—		2,392,846
Mid stage	780,378		513,411		330,028		72,621		129,452		1,825,890
Later stage	285,656		583,338		729,340		371,112		165,994		2,135,440
Total investor dependent	3,039,612		1,378,875		1,174,582		465,661		295,446		6,354,176
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	8,647		66,432		532,863		542,014		842,583		1,992,539
Other	382,277		246,101		544,792		410,956		1,696,148		3,280,274
Total cash flow dependent	390,924		312,533		1,077,655		952,970		2,538,731		5,272,813
Private bank	3,590,861		559,204		393,877		140,695		379,791		5,064,428
Balance sheet dependent	229,950		326,346		393,394		466,363		1,126,791		2,542,844
Premium wine	246,087		267,727		286,765		120,720		151,809		1,073,108
Other	—		24,614		27,884		—		—		52,498
Total loans (1)	$	8,582,034	$	4,431,702	$	6,493,867	$	4,791,773	$	23,375,790	$	47,675,166

(1)Included in total loans at amortized cost is approximately $1.6 billion in PPP loans. The PPP loans consist of loans across all of our risk-based segments.

At March 31, 2021, loans equal to or greater than $20 million to any single client (individually or in the aggregate) totaled $28.2 billion, or 59.1 percent of our total loan portfolio. These loans represented 570 clients, and of these loans, $43.9 million were on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2021.

The following table provides a summary of loans by size and risk-based segment. The breakout below is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of December 31, 2020:


	December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)	Less than Five Million		Five to Ten Million		Ten to Twenty Million		Twenty to Thirty Million		Thirty Million or More		Total
Global fund banking	$	1,052,067	$	1,360,621	$	2,636,556	$	2,777,270	$	17,722,678	$	25,549,192
Investor dependent:
Early stage	1,896,260		221,258		100,553		27,781		—		2,245,852
Mid stage	814,426		492,856		277,754		95,011		133,321		1,813,368
Later stage	281,953		596,965		692,923		269,587		174,159		2,015,587
Total investor dependent	2,992,639		1,311,079		1,071,230		392,379		307,480		6,074,807
Cash flow dependent:
Sponsor led buyout	17,821		66,823		546,416		653,706		714,085		1,998,851
Other	401,266		228,336		535,974		649,766		1,486,180		3,301,522
Total cash flow dependent	419,087		295,159		1,082,390		1,303,472		2,200,265		5,300,373
Private bank	3,505,413		597,344		319,019		94,935		385,270		4,901,981
Balance sheet dependent	230,787		332,523		461,204		289,502		926,121		2,240,137
Premium wine	241,806		272,506		300,292		120,740		144,924		1,080,268
Other	—		18,673		16,057		—		—		34,730
Total loans (1)	$	8,441,799	$	4,187,905	$	5,886,748	$	4,978,298	$	21,686,738	$	45,181,488

(1)Included in total loans at amortized cost is approximately $1.6 billion in PPP loans. The PPP loans consist of loans from all risk-based segments.

At December 31, 2020, loans equal to or greater than $20 million to any single client (individually or in the aggregate) totaled $26.7 billion, or 59.0 percent of our total loan portfolio. These loans represented 544 clients, and of these loans, $65.0 million were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2020.

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Our three main market segments include (i) Global Fund Banking, (ii) technology (software/internet and hardware) and life science/healthcare and (iii) SVB Private Bank.

(i) Global Fund Banking

Our Global Fund Banking loan portfolio includes financial services to clients in the private equity/venture capital community. Our lending to private equity/venture capital firms and funds represented 57 percent of total loans at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The vast majority of this portfolio consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in the funds managed by these firms. These facilities are generally governed by meaningful financial covenants oriented towards ensuring that the funds' remaining callable capital is sufficient to repay the loan, and larger commitments (typically provided to larger private equity funds) are often secured by an assignment of the general partner's right to call capital from the fund's limited partner investors.

(ii) Technology and Life Science/Healthcare

Our technology and life science/healthcare loan portfolios include loans to clients at the various stages of their life cycles. The risk-based segments for our technology and life science/healthcare market segments are classified as investor dependent, cash flow dependent or balance sheet dependent for reporting purposes.

Investor dependent loans represented 11 percent of total loans at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. These loans are made to companies in both our Accelerator (early-stage) and Growth practices (mid-stage and later-stage).

Cash flow dependent loans, which include sponsor led buyout lending, represented 10 percent of total loans at March 31, 2021 and 11 percent at December 31, 2020. Sponsor led buyout loans represented 4 percent of total loans at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Balance sheet dependent loans, which include asset-based loans, represented 5 percent of total loans at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Working capital lines and accounts receivable financing, both part of our asset-based lending, each represented one percent and half a percent of total loans, respectively, at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

(iii) SVB Private Bank

Our SVB Private Bank clients are primarily executive leaders and senior investment professionals in the innovation economy. Our lending to SVB Private Bank clients represented 11 percent of total loans at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Many of our Private Bank products are secured by real estate, which represented 83 percent of this portfolio at March 31, 2021; these products include mortgage loans, owner occupied commercial mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and other secured lending products such as real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP. The remaining balance of our Private Bank portfolio consists of restricted and private stock loans, capital call lines of credit, lines of credit against liquid assets and other secured and unsecured lending products.

Paycheck Protection Program

Beginning in April 2020, we accepted applications under the PPP administered by the SBA under the CARES Act, as amended by the Economic Aid Act enacted on December 27, 2020, and have originated loans to qualified small businesses. Under the terms of the program, loans funded through the PPP are eligible to be forgiven if certain requirements are met, including using the funds for certain costs relating to payroll, healthcare and qualifying mortgage interest, rent and utility payments. Eligible expenses also include covered operations expenditures, covered property damage costs, covered supplier costs and covered worker protection expenditures. To the extent not forgiven, loans are subject to certain terms including, among others, the following: maximum two-year term for loans issued before June 5, 2020 (unless borrower and lender agree otherwise); a maximum five-year term for loans issued on or after June 5, 2020; an interest rate of 1.0%; deferral of loan payments until a loan forgiveness decision is rendered or until 10 months after the end of a borrower’s forgiveness covered period; and no requirement for any collateral or personal guarantees. PPP borrowers are not required to pay any fees to the government or the lender, and the loans may be repaid by the borrower at any time. The SBA, however, will pay lenders a processing fee based on the size of the PPP loan, ranging from 1% to 5% of the loan for loans made before the enactment of the Economic Aid Act, and thereafter, a processing fee of (1) the lesser of 50% of the loan or $2,500 for loans of not more than $50,000, (2) 5% of the loan for loans above $50,000 but not more than $350,000, and (3) 3% of the loan for loans above $350,000 (and, in case of the first draw PPP loans only, a fee of 1% for the loans at or above $2,000,000). Additional loans may be issued up until May 31, 2021, pursuant to the PPP Extension Act of 2021, and qualifying PPP

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borrowers are able to apply for second draw loans in an amount of up to $2 million. We continued to participate in the PPP through the first quarter of 2021, including the second draw loan program.

As of March 31, 2021, we have outstanding PPP loans in the amount of $1.6 billion, as approved by the SBA. This funded amount reflects repayments received as of such date.

Loan Deferral Programs

In April 2020, we implemented three loan payment deferral programs targeted to assist borrowers who were the most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These programs included relief for venture-backed, private bank and wine borrowers who met certain criteria. The three-month private bank and wine deferral programs ended, and payments resumed, in the third quarter of 2020. The six-month venture debt and private bank deferral programs ended, and payments resumed, in the fourth quarter of 2020 for a majority of participants. As of March 31, 2021, loans modified under these programs had outstanding balances of $607.3 million, of which $564.6 million is for venture-backed borrowers. These amounts reflect repayments received as of March 31, 2021.

For loans modified under these programs, in accordance with the provisions of Section 4013 of the CARES Act, we elected to not apply troubled debt restructuring classification to borrowers who were current as of December 31, 2019. In addition, for loans modified under these programs that did not meet the CARES Act criteria, we applied the guidance in an interagency statement issued by bank regulatory agencies. Using this guidance, we may find that borrowers are not experiencing financial difficulty that may otherwise result in a TDR classification, in accordance with ASC Subtopic 310-40, if loan modifications are performed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, provide short-term loan payment deferrals (e.g. six months in duration) and are granted to borrowers who were current as of the implementation date of the loan modification program. We evaluated all loans modified under these programs against the CARES Act and interagency guidance, as applicable, and determined the loan modifications would not be considered TDRs. We did not defer interest income recognition during periods of payment deferral, nor did any qualifying modification trigger nonaccrual status. The effectiveness of our programs is uncertain considering the unknown duration and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

State Concentrations

Approximately 28 percent of our outstanding total loan balances as of March 31, 2021 were to borrowers based in California compared to 26 percent as of December 31, 2020. Additionally, as of March 31, 2021, borrowers in New York increased to 11 percent compared to 10 percent as of December 31, 2020. Borrowers in Massachusetts decreased to 9 percent at March 31, 2021, compared to 10 percent as of December 31, 2020. Other than California and New York, as of March 31, 2021 there are no states with loan balances greater than or equal to 10 percent.

See generally “Risk Factors–Credit Risks” set forth under Part I, Item 1A in our 2020 Form 10-K and "Risk Factors" under Part II, Item 1A of this report.

Credit Quality Indicators

Our total criticized loans and nonaccrual loans represented 3 percent of our total loans as of both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Criticized and nonaccrual loans to early-stage clients represented 17 and 15 percent of our total criticized and nonaccrual loan balances at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Loans to early-stage investor dependent clients represent a relatively small percentage of our overall portfolio at 3 percent of total loans at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. It is common for an early-stage client’s remaining liquidity to fall temporarily below the threshold for a pass-rated credit during its capital-raising period for a new round of funding. Based on our experience, for most early-stage clients, this situation typically lasts one to two quarters and generally resolves itself with a subsequent round of venture funding, though there are exceptions, from time to time. As a result, we expect that each of our early-stage clients will reside in our criticized portfolio during a portion of their life cycle.

We continue to monitor our loan portfolio as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues, but may be beginning to subside. With the exception of the potentially fraudulent client activity described under "Provision for Credit Losses" above, which we currently believe to be an isolated occurrence, our Global Fund Banking portfolio continues to have strong credit performance, which is consistent with the historically low credit losses we have typically experienced. Likewise, our Private Bank portfolio also continues to have strong credit performance, consistent with our historical experience. Wine clients' sales are improving with the re-openings of tasting rooms and restaurants. We have seen robust venture capital investment activity in the technology and life science/healthcare sectors, supporting ongoing improvement of the credit quality of our clients in those spaces. We continue to monitor our investor dependent loans (primarily early-stage companies), cash flow dependent loans, and other clients impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Credit Quality, Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets consist of loans on nonaccrual status, loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest, and Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) and other foreclosed assets. We measure all loans placed on nonaccrual status for impairment based on the fair value of the underlying collateral or the net present value of the expected cash flows. The table below sets forth certain data and ratios between nonperforming loans, nonperforming assets and the allowance for credit losses for loans and unfunded credit commitments:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Nonperforming, past due, and restructured loans:
Nonaccrual loans	$	90,247		$	104,244
Loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest	4,491			—
Total nonperforming loans	94,738			104,244
OREO and other foreclosed assets	1,179			1,179
Total nonperforming assets	$	95,917		$	105,423
Performing TDRs	$	1,634		$	4,550
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans	0.20		%	0.23		%
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets	0.07			0.09
Allowance for credit losses for loans	$	391,751		$	447,765
As a percentage of total loans	0.82		%	0.99		%
As a percentage of total nonperforming loans	413.51			429.54
Allowance for credit losses for nonaccrual loans	$	41,851		$	54,029
As a percentage of total loans	0.09		%	0.12		%
As a percentage of total nonperforming loans	44.18			51.83
Allowance for credit losses for total performing loans	$	349,900		$	393,736
As a percentage of total loans	0.73		%	0.87		%
As a percentage of total performing loans	0.74			0.87
Total loans	$	47,675,166		$	45,181,488
Total performing loans	47,580,428			45,077,244
Allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments (1)	104,750			120,796
As a percentage of total unfunded credit commitments	0.31		%	0.38		%
Total unfunded credit commitments (2)	$	33,986,627		$	31,982,251

(1)The “allowance for credit losses for unfunded credit commitments” is included as a component of other liabilities and any provision is included in the “provision for credit losses” in the statement of income. See “Provision for Credit Losses” for a discussion of the changes to the allowance.

(2)Includes unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit.

To determine the ACL for performing loans as of March 31, 2021, we utilized three scenarios, on a weighted basis, from Moody's Analytics March 2021 forecast in our expected lifetime loss estimate. The baseline scenario, which carries the highest weighting, reflected an unemployment rate of 6 percent as of March 31, 2021, as a result of business re-openings and the effect of government aid programs, and a GDP growth rate of 5 percent as of March 31, 2021, reflecting ongoing expected economic recovery as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be subsiding. We also utilized a more favorable (Moody's S1, Upside) and less favorable (Moody's S3, Downside) economic forecast scenario, both weighted at 30 percent, in addition to the baseline. To the extent we identified credit risk considerations that were not captured by the Moody's Analytics March 2021 scenarios, we addressed the risk through management's qualitative adjustments to our ACL for performing loans.

Our allowance for credit losses for loans as a percentage of total loans decreased 17 basis points to 0.82 percent at March 31, 2021, compared to 0.99 percent at December 31, 2020. The 17 basis points decrease was due primarily to a 14 basis point decrease for our performing loans reserve as a percentage of total loans and a 3 basis point decrease for our nonaccrual individually assessed loans.

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Our allowance for credit losses for performing loans was $349.9 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $393.7 million at December 31, 2020. The $43.8 million decrease was driven primarily by the improved economic scenarios in our forecast models, reflective of the ongoing improvement of economic outlooks despite the COVID-19 pandemic.

The following table presents a summary of changes in nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	104,244	$	102,669
Additions	5,552		36,346
Paydowns and other reductions	(9,418)		(62,677)
Charge-offs	(10,131)		(25,731)
Balance, end of period	$	90,247	$	50,607

Our nonaccrual loan balance decreased by $14.0 million to $90.2 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $104.2 million at December 31, 2020. The decrease was driven primarily by $9.5 million in repayments and $10.1 million in charge-offs, partially offset by new nonaccrual loans of $5.6 million. Repayments were driven primarily by clients in our Investor Dependent loan portfolio. New nonaccrual loans were driven primarily by $2.9 million for one Private Bank client. As of March 31, 2021, we have specifically reserved $41.9 million for our nonaccrual loans.

Average nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 were $129.5 million, compared to $71.6 million for the comparable 2020 period. The $57.9 million increase in average nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to March 31, 2020 was driven primarily by fewer repayments and charge-offs in 2021 than in 2020. If the nonaccrual loans had not been nonperforming, $0.9 million in interest income would have been recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $0.4 million for the comparable 2020 period.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets

A summary of accrued interest receivable and other assets at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		% Change
Derivative assets (1)	$	549,640	$	488,269	12.6	%
Foreign exchange spot contract assets, gross	2,918,476		2,107,510		38.5
Accrued interest receivable	288,107		244,748		17.7
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock	83,355		61,232		36.1
Net deferred tax assets	1,847		776		138.0
Accounts receivable	30,999		36,812		(15.8)
Other assets	311,690		266,478		17.0
Total accrued interest receivable and other assets	$	4,184,114	$	3,205,825	30.5

(1)See "Derivatives" section below.

Foreign Exchange Spot Contract Assets

Foreign exchange spot contract assets represent unsettled client trades at the end of the period. The increase of $811.0 million was primarily due to an overall increase in the amount of unsettled spot trades at period-end as compared to December 31, 2020.

Accrued Interest Receivable

The increase of $43.4 million in accrued interest receivable is primarily due to increases in the period-end balances of our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio and loans at March 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020.

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Other Assets

Other assets includes various asset amounts for other operational transactions. The increase of $45.2 million was primarily due to a $31.2 million increase in SVB Leerink trade receivables reflective of increased investment banking activity and a $9.1 million increase in prepaid expenses.

Derivatives

Derivative instruments are recorded as a component of other assets and other liabilities on the balance sheet. The following table provides a summary of derivative assets and liabilities at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		% Change
Assets:
Equity warrant assets	$	244,334	$	203,438	20.1	%
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	240,183		216,977		10.7
Client interest rate derivatives	65,123		67,854		(4.0)

Total derivative assets	$	549,640	$	488,269	12.6
Liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts	$	202,532	$	210,833	(3.9)
Client interest rate derivatives	68,954		26,646		158.8

Total derivative liabilities	$	271,486	$	237,479	14.3

Equity Warrant Assets

In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain rights to acquire stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. At March 31, 2021, we held warrants in 2,670 companies, compared to 2,602 companies at December 31, 2020. Warrants in 42 companies each had fair values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented $113.7 million, or 46.5 percent, of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at March 31, 2021. The change in fair value of equity warrant assets is recorded in "Gains on equity warrant assets, net" in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.

The following table provides a summary of transactions and valuation changes for equity warrant assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	203,438	$	165,473
New equity warrant assets	6,743		4,519
Non-cash changes in fair value, net	62,297		(5,472)
Exercised equity warrant assets	(27,895)		(11,484)
Terminated equity warrant assets	(249)		(326)
Balance, end of period	$	244,334	$	152,710

Foreign Exchange Forward and Foreign Currency Option Contracts

We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts with clients involved in foreign activities, either as the purchaser or seller, depending upon the clients’ needs. For each forward or option contract entered into with our clients, we enter into an opposite way forward or option contract with a correspondent bank, which mitigates the risk of fluctuations in currency rates. We also enter into forward contracts with correspondent banks to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to certain foreign currency denominated instruments. Net gains and losses on the revaluation of foreign currency denominated instruments are recorded in the line item “Other” as part of noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. We have not experienced nonperformance by any of our counterparties and therefore have not incurred any related losses. Further, we anticipate performance by all counterparties. Our net exposure for foreign exchange forward and foreign currency option contracts, net of cash collateral, was $57.8 million at March 31, 2021 and $31.0 million at December 31, 2020. For additional information on our foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts, see Note 10 — “Derivative Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

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Client Interest Rate Derivatives

We sell interest rate contracts to clients who wish to mitigate their interest rate exposure. We economically reduce the interest rate risk from this business by entering into opposite way contracts with correspondent banks. Our net exposure for client interest rate derivative contracts, net of cash collateral, was $11.7 million at March 31, 2021 and $67.3 million at December 31, 2020. For additional information on our client interest rate derivatives, see Note 10 — “Derivative Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Interest Rate Swaps

To manage interest rate risk on our AFS securities portfolio, we enter into interest rate swap contracts to hedge against future changes in interest rates by using hedging instruments to lock in future cash inflows that would otherwise be impacted by movements in the market interest rates. We designate these interest rate swap contracts as fair value hedges that qualify for hedge accounting under ASC 815 and record them in other assets and other liabilities. Our net exposure for interest rate swaps was zero at March 31, 2021. Refer to Note 10 — “Derivative Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information.

Deposits

Deposits were $124.2 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $22.2 billion, or 21.7 percent, compared to $102.0 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase in deposits was driven by growth across all portfolios with the primary contributors coming from our Technology and Life Science/Healthcare portfolios driven by strong public and private fundraising.

At March 31, 2021, the aggregate balance of time deposit accounts individually equal to or greater than $100,000 totaled $693 million, compared to $686 million at December 31, 2020. At March 31, 2021, $693 million of the time deposit accounts individually equal to or greater than $100,000 were scheduled to mature within one year. No material portion of our deposits has been obtained from a single depositor and the loss of any one depositor would not materially affect our business. Approximately 14 percent and 12 percent of our total deposits at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, were from our clients in Asia.

Long-Term Debt

Our long-term debt was $1.3 billion at March 31, 2021 and $843.6 million at December 31, 2020. The increase in our long-term debt was due to the issuance of 1.800% Senior Notes during the first quarter of 2021.

As of March 31, 2021, long-term debt included our 3.500% Senior Notes, 3.125% Senior Notes and 1.800% Senior Notes. For more information on our long-term debt, see Note 9 — “Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Other Liabilities

A summary of other liabilities at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		% Change
Foreign exchange spot contract liabilities, gross	$	3,083,189	$	2,164,805	42.4
Accrued compensation	266,166		545,376		(51.2)
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments	104,750		120,796		(13.3)
Derivative liabilities (1)	271,486		237,478		14.3
Net deferred tax liabilities	—		173,030		(100.0)
Other liabilities	2,686,114		730,489		NM
Total other liabilities	$	6,411,705	$	3,971,974	61.4

NM—Not meaningful

(1)See “Derivatives” section above.

Foreign Exchange Spot Contract Liabilities

Foreign exchange spot contract liabilities represent unsettled client trades at the end of the period. The increase of $918.4 million was due primarily to an increase in the fair value of unsettled spot trades at March 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020.

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Accrued Compensation

Accrued compensation includes amounts for our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, Retention Program, Warrant Incentive Plan, ESOP, SVB Leerink Incentive Compensation Plan, SVB Leerink Retention Award and other compensation arrangements. The decrease of $279.2 million was primarily result of the payout of our 2020 incentive compensation plans during the first quarter of 2021, partially offset by the accrual for the three months ending March 31, 2021.

Allowance for Unfunded Credit Commitments

Allowance for unfunded credit commitments includes an allowance for both our unfunded loan commitments and our letters of credit. The decrease of $16.0 million was due primarily to a reduction of our credit loss estimate for unfunded credit commitments driven primarily by improved economic scenarios in our forecast models.

Net Deferred Tax Liabilities

Net deferred tax liabilities decreased $173.0 million due to a large decrease in the fair value of our AFS securities portfolio due to increases in interest rates.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities includes various accrued liability amounts for other operational transactions. The increase of $2.0 billion was driven primarily by $1.8 billion of unsettled fixed income investment securities purchases and an $81.5 million increase in current tax payables.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests totaled $225.9 million and $213.8 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The $12.1 million increase was due primarily to net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $25.0 million, partially offset by $12.9 million in distributions for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Capital Resources

We maintain an adequate capital base to support anticipated asset growth, operating needs, and credit and other business risks, and to provide for SVB Financial and the Bank to be in compliance with applicable regulatory capital guidelines, including the joint agency rules implementing the "Basel III" capital rules (the "Capital Rules"). Our primary sources of new capital include retained earnings and proceeds from the sale and issuance of our capital stock or other securities. Under the oversight of the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, management engages in regular capital planning processes in an effort to optimize the use of the capital available to us and to appropriately plan for our future capital needs. The capital plan considers capital needs for the foreseeable future and allocates capital to both existing and future business activities. Expected future use or activities for which capital may be set aside include balance sheet growth and associated relative increases in market or credit exposure, investment activity, potential product and business expansions, acquisitions and strategic or infrastructure investments. In addition, we conduct capital stress tests as part of our annual capital planning process. The capital stress tests allow us to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy and interest rates on our capital adequacy position.

SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity

SVBFG stockholders’ equity totaled $9.9 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $1.7 billion, or 20.4 percent, compared to $8.2 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase was driven primarily by a $1.0 billion issuance of common stock, a $0.7 billion issuance of preferred stock and $536.8 million of net income, partially offset by the decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income of $601.6 million. The decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income was driven primarily by an $823.3 million (or $594.5 million net of tax) decrease in the fair value of our AFS securities portfolio reflective of increases in market interest rates.

Funds generated through retained earnings are a significant source of capital and liquidity and are expected to continue to be so in the future.

Common Stock

On March 22, 2021, to support the continued growth of our balance sheet, we issued and sold 2,000,000 shares of common stock at a price of $500.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $972.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. On April 14, 2021, we issued and sold an additional 300,000 shares of common stock under the full exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment option resulting in additional net proceeds of approximately $146.0 million after deducting discounts and commissions.

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Preferred Stock

On February 2, 2021, SVB Financial Group issued 750,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/100th ownership interest in a share of Series B Preferred Stock with a $0.001 par value and a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share, or $1,000 per depositary share. The Series B Preferred Stock is perpetual and has no stated maturity. Dividends are approved by the Board of Directors and, if declared, are payable quarterly, in arrears, at a rate per annum equal to (i) 4.10 percent from the original issue date to, but excluding, February 15, 2031 and (ii) for the February 15, 2031 dividend date and during each subsequent ten year period, the ten-year treasury rate (calculated three business days prior to each reset date as the five day average of the yields on actively traded U.S. treasury securities adjusted to constant maturity, for ten-year maturities) plus 3.064 percent. As of March 31, 2021, our Series B Preferred Stock had a carrying value of $739.2 million and a liquidation preference of $750.0 million.

Capital Ratios

Both SVB Financial and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies.

Regulatory capital ratios for SVB Financial and the Bank exceeded minimum federal regulatory guidelines under the Capital Rules as well as for a "well capitalized" bank holding company and insured depository institution, respectively, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Capital ratios for SVB Financial and the Bank, compared to the minimum capital ratios, are set forth below:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		Required Minimum (1)		Well Capitalized Minimum
SVB Financial:
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio (2)(3)	12.18	%	11.04	%	7.0	%	N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (3)	14.01		11.89		8.5		6.0
Total risk-based capital ratio (3)	14.62		12.64		10.5		10.0
Tier 1 leverage ratio (2)(3)	8.01		7.45		4.0		N/A
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (4)(5)	6.06		6.66		N/A		N/A
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio (4)(5)	12.11		11.87		N/A		N/A
Bank:
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio (3)	12.93	%	10.70	%	7.0	%	6.5	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (3)	12.93		10.70		8.5		8.0
Total risk-based capital ratio (3)	13.56		11.49		10.5		10.0
Tier 1 leverage ratio (3)	7.20		6.43		4.0		5.0
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (4)(5)	6.25		6.24		N/A		N/A
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio (4)(5)	12.87		11.58		N/A		N/A

(1)Percentages represent the minimum capital ratios plus, as applicable, the fully phased-in 2.5% CET1 capital conservation buffer under the Capital Rules.

(2)"Well-Capitalized Minimum" CET 1 risk-based capital and Tier 1 leverage ratios are not formally defined under applicable banking regulations for bank holding companies.

(3)Capital ratios include regulatory capital phase-in of the allowance for credit losses under the 2020 CECL Transition Rule.

(4)See below for a reconciliation of non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.

(5)The Federal Reserve has not issued any minimum guidelines for the tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio or the tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio, however, we believe these ratios provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our capital levels and are therefore provided above.

Our risk-based capital ratios, tier 1 capital ratios and leverage ratios increased for both SVB Financial and Silicon Valley Bank as of March 31, 2021, compared to December 31, 2020. The increase in capital ratios was driven primarily by increases in our capital, partially offset by increases in our risk-weighted and average assets. The increase in capital for SVB Financial was driven by the issuance of common and preferred stock and net income. The increase in capital for Silicon Valley Bank was driven by a $2.0 billion downstream capital infusion from our bank holding company during the first quarter of 2021. The increase in average assets was driven by increases in our fixed income investments and loan portfolios. All of our reported capital ratios remain above the levels considered to be “well capitalized” under applicable banking regulations.

The tangible common equity, or tangible book value, to tangible assets ratio and the tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratios are not required by GAAP or applicable bank regulatory requirements. However, we believe these ratios provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our capital levels. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these ratios in evaluating the adequacy of the Company’s capital levels; however, these

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financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. These ratios are calculated by dividing total SVBFG stockholders' equity, by total period-end assets and risk-weighted assets, after reducing both amounts by acquired intangibles, if any. The manner in which this ratio is calculated varies among companies. Accordingly, our ratio is not necessarily comparable to similar measures of other companies.

The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures with financial measures defined by GAAP for SVB Financial and the Bank for the periods ended March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


	SVB Financial						Bank
Non-GAAP tangible common equity and tangible assets (Dollars in thousands, except ratios)	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020			March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
GAAP SVBFG stockholders’ equity	$	9,894,892		$	8,219,700		$	8,765,837		$	7,068,964
Less: preferred stock	1,079,333			340,138			—			—
Less: intangible assets	202,010			204,120			—			—
Tangible common equity	$	8,613,549		$	7,675,442		$	8,765,837		$	7,068,964
GAAP total assets	$	142,346,620		$	115,511,007		$	140,231,319		$	113,303,370
Less: intangible assets	202,010			204,120			—			—
Tangible assets	$	142,144,610		$	115,306,887		$	140,231,319		$	113,303,370
Risk-weighted assets	$	71,125,723		$	64,680,666		$	68,125,278		$	61,023,462
Non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets	6.06		%	6.66		%	6.25		%	6.24		%
Non-GAAP tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets	12.11			11.87			12.87			11.58

The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio decreased and remained flat for SVBFG and the Bank, respectively, during the three months ended March 31, 2021. The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio was impacted primarily by the significant growth in our period-end assets due to increases in cash and cash equivalents and our fixed income investment security portfolio.

The tangible common equity to risk weighted assets ratio increased for SVBFG and the Bank during the three months ended March 31, 2021. The tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio increased as a result of the proportionally higher increase in tangible common equity as compared to the increase in risk-weighted assets. The increase in tangible common equity was driven primarily by the issuance of common stock and net income. The growth in risk-weighted assets was primarily due to increases in cash and cash equivalents and an increase in fixed income investments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, we use financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial and standby letters of credit and commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity fund investments. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk. Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss because other parties to the financial instrument fail to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. For details of our commitments to extend credit, and commercial and standby letters of credit, please refer to Note 14 — “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Commitments to Invest in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds

Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, which in turn make investments generally in, or in some cases make loans to, privately-held companies. Commitments to invest in these funds are generally made for a 10-year period from the inception of the fund. Although the limited partnership agreements governing these investments typically do not restrict the general partners from calling 100% of committed capital in one year, it is customary for these funds to generally call most of the capital commitments over 5 to 7 years; however, in certain cases, the funds may not call 100% of committed capital over the life of the fund. The actual timing of future cash requirements to fund these commitments is generally dependent upon the investment cycle, overall market conditions, and the nature and type of industry in which the privately held companies operate.

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For further details on our commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, refer to Note 14 — “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Liquidity

The objective of liquidity management is to ensure that funds are available in a timely manner to meet our financial obligations, including, as necessary, paying creditors, meeting depositors’ needs, accommodating loan demand and growth, funding investments, repurchasing securities and other operating or capital needs, without incurring undue cost or risk, or causing a disruption to normal operating conditions.

We regularly assess the amount and likelihood of projected funding requirements through a review of factors such as historical deposit volatility and funding patterns, present and forecasted market and economic conditions, individual client funding needs and existing and planned business activities. Our Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”), which is a management committee, provides oversight to the liquidity management process and recommends policy guidelines for the approval of the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, and courses of action to address our actual and projected liquidity needs. Additionally, we routinely conduct liquidity stress testing as part of our liquidity management practices.

Historically, client deposits have been our primary source of liquidity. Our deposit levels and cost of deposits may fluctuate from time to time due to a variety of factors, including market conditions, prevailing interest rates, changes in client deposit behaviors, availability of insurance protection, and our offering of deposit products. We may also offer more investment alternatives for our off-balance sheet products which may impact deposit levels. At March 31, 2021, our period-end total deposit balances were $124.2 billion, compared to $102.0 billion at December 31, 2020.

Our liquidity requirements can also be met through the use of our portfolio of liquid assets. Our definition of liquid assets includes cash and cash equivalents in excess of the minimum levels necessary to carry out normal business operations, short-term investment securities maturing within one year, available-for-sale securities eligible and available for financing or pledging purposes with a maturity in excess of one year and anticipated near-term cash flows from investments.

In connection with our participation in the PPP under the CARES Act as discussed, we considered participating in the Federal Reserve’s Paycheck Protection Program Lending Facility ("PPPLF"). The PPPLF was established to allow participating institutions to facilitate lending under the PPP and extends credit to eligible PPP loan originators on a non-recourse basis, taking PPP loans as collateral at face value. Ultimately, we were able to extend credit to PPP borrowers without relying on the PPPLF. Additionally, interim final capital rules issued by federal bank regulatory agencies have neutralized the regulatory capital effects of participating in the PPP, in that loans outstanding are assessed a zero percent risk weight for regulatory capital purposes.

On a stand-alone basis, SVB Financial’s primary liquidity channels include dividends from the Bank, its portfolio of liquid assets, and its ability to raise debt and capital. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends is subject to certain regulations described in “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Restriction on Dividends” under Part I, Item 1 of our 2020 Form 10-K.

Consolidated Summary of Cash Flows

Below is a summary of our average cash position and statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. For further details, see our “Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

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	Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2021			2020
Average cash and cash equivalents	$	19,720,854		$	8,106,167
Percentage of total average assets	15.8		%	11.2		%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	213,922		$	168,125
Net cash used for investing activities	(21,009,939)			(599,041)
Net cash provided by financing activities	24,376,113			3,210,581
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	3,580,096		$	2,779,665

Average cash and cash equivalents increased by $11.6 billion, or 143.3 percent, to $19.7 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $8.1 billion for the comparable 2020 period.

Cash provided by operating activities was $0.2 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021, reflective primarily of net income before noncontrolling interests and dividends of $562 million, partially offset by changes in other assets and liabilities of $306 million and $42 million from adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash.

Cash used for investing activities of $21.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was driven by $22.1 billion in purchases of fixed income investment securities and a $2.5 billion increase in loan balances, partially offset by $3.4 billion in proceeds from maturities and principle pay downs from our fixed income investment securities portfolio.

Cash provided by financing activities was $24.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021, reflective primarily of a $22.2 billion increase in deposits, $1.7 billion in capital raised by our preferred and common stock issuances and a $0.5 billion increase from the issuance of long-term debt.

Cash and cash equivalents were $21.3 billion and $9.6 billion, respectively, at March 31, 2021 and 2020.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk Management

Market risk is defined as the risk of adverse fluctuations in the market value of financial instruments due to changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk is our primary market risk and can result from timing and volume differences in the repricing of our rate-sensitive assets and liabilities, widening or tightening of credit spreads, changes in the general level of market interest rates and changes in the shape and level of the benchmark interest rates. Additionally, changes in interest rates can influence the rate of principal prepayments on mortgage securities, which affects the rate of amortization of purchase premiums and discounts. Other market risks include foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk (including the effect of competition on product pricing). These risks and related impacts are important market considerations but are inherently difficult to assess through simulation results. Consequently, simulations used to analyze the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in interest rates will differ from actual results due to differences in the timing and frequency of rate resets, the magnitude of changes in market rates, the impact of competition, fluctuating business conditions and the impact of strategies taken by management to mitigate these risks.

Interest rate risk is managed by our ALCO. ALCO reviews the sensitivity of the market valuation on earning assets and funding liabilities and modeled 12-month projections of net interest income from changes in interest rates, structural changes in investment and funding portfolios, loan and deposit activity and market conditions. Relevant metrics and guidelines, which are approved by the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors and are included in our Interest Rate Risk Policy, are monitored on an ongoing basis.

Interest rate risk is managed primarily through strategies involving our fixed income securities portfolio, available funding channels and capital market activities. In addition, our policies permit the use of off-balance sheet derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, to assist with managing interest rate risk.

We utilize a simulation model to perform sensitivity analysis on the economic value of equity and net interest income under a variety of interest rate scenarios, balance sheet forecasts and business strategies. The simulation model provides a dynamic assessment of interest rate sensitivity which is embedded within our balance sheet. Rate sensitivity measures the potential variability in economic value and net interest income relating solely to changes in market interest rates over time. We review our interest rate risk position and sensitivity to market interest rates regularly.

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Model Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis

A specific application of our simulation model involves measurement of the impact of changes in market interest rates on the economic value of equity (“EVE”). EVE is defined as the market value of assets, less the market value of liabilities. Another application of the simulation model measures the impact of changes in market interest rates on net interest income (“NII”) assuming a static balance sheet, in both size and composition, as of the period-end reporting date. In the NII simulation, the level of market interest rates and the size and composition of the balance sheet are held constant over the simulation horizon. Simulated cash flows during the scenario horizon are assumed to be replaced as they occur, which maintains the balance sheet at its current size and composition. Yield and spread assumptions on cash and investment balances reflect current market rates and the shape of the yield curve. Yield and spread assumptions on loans reflect recent market impacts on product pricing. Similarly, we make certain deposit balance decay rate assumptions on demand deposits and interest-bearing deposits, which are replenished to hold the level and mix of funding liabilities constant. Changes in market interest rates that affect net interest income are principally short-term interest rates and include the following benchmark indexes: (i) the National Prime Rate, (ii) 1-month and 3-month LIBOR and (iii) the Federal Funds target rate. Changes in these short-term rates impact interest earned on our variable rate loans and balances held as cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, simulated changes in deposit pricing relative to changes in market rates, commonly referred to as deposit beta, generally follow overall changes in short-term interest rates, although actual changes may lag in terms of timing and magnitude.

Both EVE and NII measures rely upon the use of models to simulate cash flow behavior for loans and deposits. These models were developed internally and are based on historical balance and rate observations. Investment portfolio cash flow is based on a combination of third-party prepayment models and internally managed prepayment vectors depending on security type. As part of our ongoing governance structure, each of these models and assumptions are periodically reviewed and recalibrated as needed to ensure that they are representative of our understanding of existing behaviors.

Simulation results presented include an "asymmetric" beta assumption that is applied in the NII and EVE simulation models for interest-bearing deposits. This reflects management expectations that deposit repricing behavior in a falling rate environment would be different than repricing behavior in a rising rate environment. This model assumes the overall beta for interest-bearing deposits in a falling rate environment would be approximately 60 percent. That is, overall changes in interest-bearing deposit rates would be approximately 60 percent of the change in short-term market rates. The deposit beta assumption for an increasing rate environment is 50 percent. These repricing assumptions are reflected as changes in interest expense on interest-bearing deposit balances.

The following table presents our EVE and NII sensitivity exposure related to an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points ("bps") at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.


Change in interest rates (bps) (Dollars in thousands)	Estimated		Estimated Increase/(Decrease) in EVE				Estimated		Estimated Increase/(Decrease) in NII
	EVE		Amount		Percent		NII		Amount		Percent
March 31, 2021:
+200	$	9,880,447	$	(2,897,234)	(22.7)	%	$	3,645,851	$	865,561	31.1	%
+100	11,379,409		(1,398,272)		(10.9)		3,206,088		425,798		15.3
—	12,777,681		—		—		2,780,290		—		—
-100	13,590,441		812,760		6.4		2,648,156		(132,134)		(4.8)
-200	13,465,180		687,499		5.4		2,625,928		(154,362)		(5.6)

December 31, 2020:
+200	$	9,499,738	$	(1,724,648)	(15.4)	%	$	3,063,350	$	691,748	29.2	%
+100	10,558,232		(666,154)		(5.9)		2,728,691		357,089		15.1
—	11,224,386		—		—		2,371,602		—		—
-100	11,581,718		357,332		3.2		2,309,596		(62,006)		(2.6)
-200	11,534,332		309,946		2.8		2,306,280		(65,322)		(2.8)

Economic Value of Equity

The estimated EVE in the preceding table is based on a combination of valuation methodologies including a discounted cash flow analysis and a multi-path lattice-based valuation. Both methodologies use publicly available market interest rates to determine discounting factors on projected cash flows. The model simulations and calculations are highly assumption-

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dependent and will change regularly as the composition of earning assets and funding liabilities change (including the impact of changes in the value of interest rate derivatives, if any), as interest rate environments evolve, and as we change our assumptions in response to relevant market conditions, competition or business circumstances. These calculations do not reflect forecast changes in our balance sheet or changes we may make to reduce our EVE exposure as a part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy.

As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain limitations are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the preceding table. We are exposed to yield curve risk, prepayment risk, basis risk and yield spread compression, which cannot be fully modeled and expressed using the above methodology. Accordingly, the results in the preceding table should not be relied upon as a precise indicator of actual results in the event of changing market interest rates. Additionally, the resulting EVE and NII estimates are not intended to represent and should not be construed to represent our estimate of the underlying EVE or forecast of NII.

Our base EVE as of March 31, 2021 increased $1.6 billion from December 31, 2020, driven by overall balance sheet growth as well as a marked steepening of the yield curve during the first quarter of 2021. For the period ended March 31, 2021, compared to December 31, 2020, cash balances increased by $3.6 billion, fixed income investments in our AFS portfolio decreased by $4.9 billion and increased by $24.6 billion in our HTM portfolio while loan balances increased by $2.5 billion. Funding for these assets came primarily from growth of $22.2 billion in total deposits, which consisted of a $17.9 billion and $4.3 billion increase in noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing accounts, respectively. The mix of noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing deposits to total deposits increased slightly by 3 bps at March 31, 2021, compared to December 31, 2020.

Rapid deposit growth has exceeded the pace of our loan growth, and as a result, a significant amount of excess deposits not used to fund loan growth have contributed to the growth of our cash and investments balances. Much of the investment portfolio is held in fixed rate MBS and CMO's which generally have a higher market value sensitivity than variable rate loans or cash. Thus, under an upward rate shock scenario, the market value of investments changes more than the market value of deposits resulting in a negative EVE sensitivity in those scenarios.

In March 2021 we purchased interest rate swaps to offset some of the additional EVE sensitivity that has resulted from this unforeseen, rapid balance sheet growth. As of March 31, 2021, the estimated change in EVE in an up 100 bps rate shock would be -13.7 percent without any hedging applied. The addition of pay fixed swaps reduces this exposure to -10.9 percent in the same scenario. The EVE exposures shown in the table above include the impact of our hedging activity.

Due to low rates at the short end of the yield curve, EVE sensitivity measures in the -100 and -200 bps rate shock scenarios do not represent the full magnitude of rate shocks at certain points on the curve because we assume that U.S. rates are floored at zero. As a result, the March 31, 2021 EVE sensitivity of the -100 and -200 bps rate shock scenarios are similar.

Ongoing balance sheet growth and a steepening yield curve were the primary contributing factors to the overall change in EVE sensitivity.

12-Month Net Interest Income Simulation

NII sensitivity is measured as the percentage change in projected 12-month net interest income earned in +/-100 and +/-200 basis point interest rate shock scenarios compared to a base scenario where balances and interest rates are held constant over the forecast horizon. At March 31,2021, NII sensitivity was 15.3 percent in the +100 bps interest rate scenario, compared to 15.1 percent at December 31, 2020. Our NII sensitivity in the +200 bps interest rate shock scenario was 31.1 percent compared to 29.2 percent at December 31, 2020. NII sensitivity in the -100 bps scenario of negative 4.8 percent was higher at March 31, 2021, compared to a negative 2.6 percent at December 31, 2020. The -200 bps scenario currently indicates a higher percentage change in NII of negative 5.6 percent at March 31, 2021, compared to negative 2.8 percent at December 31, 2020. However, as noted above, the -100 and -200 bps scenarios are not complete rate shocks in this rate environment, since rates are assumed to be floored at zero. The March 31, 2021 NII sensitivity percentages are inclusive of the realized income or expense associated with interest rate swaps that were unwound reflective of the macro hedging process initiated in 2019 to reduce the impact of decreasing rates on NII as well as unrealized income associated with more recent hedging activity that has been undertaken to reduce EVE exposure. The changes in NII sensitivity are primarily the result of the changes in balance sheet composition described previously, combined with the impact of hedges in the respective parallel rate shock scenarios.

Our base case static 12-month NII forecast at March 31, 2021 increased compared to December 31, 2020 by $4 million, driven primarily by the growth in the balance sheet that has taken place year-to-date. Specifically, a large portion of asset growth has been deployed in the fixed income investment securities portfolio as noted above. As of March 31, 2021, we also held a relatively high cash position which we expect to be invested in the near future.

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A majority of our loans are indexed to Prime and LIBOR. In the upward parallel simulated rate shock scenarios, interest income on assets that are tied to variable rate indexes, primarily our variable rate loans, are expected to benefit our base 12-month NII projections. The opposite is true for downward rate shock scenarios.

The 12-month NII simulations include repricing assumptions on our interest-bearing deposit products which we set at our discretion based on client needs and our overall funding mix. Repricing of interest-bearing deposits impacts estimated interest expense.

For the interest rate scenarios, the simulation model incorporates embedded rate floors on loans, where present, which prevents model benchmark rates from moving below zero percent in the down rate scenarios. The embedded rate floors are also a factor in the up-rate scenarios to the extent a simulated increase in rates is needed before floored rates are cleared. In addition, we assume deposit balance decay rates based on a historical deposit study of our clients. These assumptions may change in future periods based on changes in client behavior and at management's discretion. Actual changes in our deposit pricing strategies may differ from our current model assumptions and may have an impact on our actual sensitivity overall.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, among other things, processes, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of our most recently completed fiscal quarter, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b). Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II–OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Please refer to Note 17 — “Legal Matters” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There are no material changes to the risk factors set forth in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number

Exhibit Description

Incorporated by Reference

Filed Herewith

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

31.1

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer

31.2

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15(d)-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer

32.1

Section 1350 Certifications

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

Note: Other instruments defining the rights of holders of the Company’s long-term debt are omitted pursuant to Section(b)(4)(iii) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby agrees to furnish copies of these instruments to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


						SVB Financial Group

Date: May 10, 2021						/s/ DANIEL BECK
						Daniel Beck
						Chief Financial Officer
						(Principal Financial Officer)

						SVB Financial Group

Date: May 10, 2021						/s/ KAREN HON
						Karen Hon
						Chief Accounting Officer
						(Principal Accounting Officer)

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