Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans | 5) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326, the Company is required to measure the allowance for credit losses of financial assets with similar risk characteristics on a collective or pooled basis. In considering the segmentation of financial assets measured at amortized cost into pools, the Company considered various risk characteristics in its analysis. Generally, the segmentation utilized represents the level at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses for the financial assets held at amortized cost, specifically the Company's loan portfolio and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company elected to not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest. As such accrued interest is written off in a timely manner when deemed uncollectible. Any such write-off of accrued interest will reverse previously recognized interest income. In addition, the Company elected to not include accrued interest within presentation and disclosures of the carrying amount of financial assets held at amortized cost. This election is applicable to the various disclosures included within the Company's financial statements. Accrued interest related to financial assets held at amortized cost is included within accrued interest receivable and other assets within the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition and totaled $16,246,000 at March 31, 2024 and $14,959,000 at December 31, 2023. The loan portfolio is classified into eight segments of loans – commercial, commercial real estate – owner occupied, commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, land and construction, home equity, multifamily, residential mortgages and consumer and other. The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial Commercial loans primarily rely on the identified cash flows of the borrower for repayment and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. However, the cash flows of the borrowers may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory or equipment and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some loans may be unsecured. Included in commercial loans are $55,698,000 of Bay View Funding factored receivables at March 31, 2024, compared to $ $57,458,000 at December 31, 2023. Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) CRE loans rely primarily on the cash flows of the properties securing the loan and secondarily on the value of the property that is securing the loan. CRE loans comprise two segments differentiated by owner occupied CRE and non-owner occupied CRE. Owner occupied CRE loans are secured by commercial properties that are at least 50% occupied by the borrower or borrower affiliate. Although CRE loans often incorporate a personal guarantee, the commercial property collateral is typically sufficient and reliance on personal guarantees is minimal. Non-owner occupied CRE loans are secured by commercial properties that are less than 50% occupied by the borrower or borrower affiliate. CRE loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Land and Construction Land and construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. Construction loans usually involve the disbursement of funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the completion of the project. Sources of repayment for these loans may be permanent loans from HBC or other lenders, or proceeds from the sales of the completed project. These loans are monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risk than other real estate loans due to the final repayment dependent on numerous factors including general economic conditions. Home Equity Home equity loans are secured by 1-4 family residences that are generally owner occupied. Repayment of these loans depends primarily on the personal income of the borrower and secondarily on the value of the property securing the loan which can be impacted by changes in economic conditions such as the unemployment rate and property values. These loans are generally revolving lines of credit. Multifamily Multifamily loans are loans on residential properties with five or more units. These loans rely primarily on the cash flows of the properties securing the loan for repayment and secondarily on the value of the properties securing the loan. The cash flows of these borrowers can fluctuate along with the values of the underlying property depending on general economic conditions. Residential Mortgages Residential mortgage loans are secured by 1-4 family residences which are generally owner-occupied. Repayment of these loans depends primarily on the personal income of the borrower and secondarily on the value of the property securing the loan which can be impacted by changes in economic conditions such as the unemployment rate and property values. These are term loans and are acquired. Consumer and Other Consumer and other loans are secured by personal property or are unsecured and rely primarily on the income of the borrower for repayment and secondarily on the collateral value for secured loans. Borrower income and collateral values can vary depending on economic conditions. Loan Distribution Loans by portfolio segment and the allowance for credit losses on loans were as follows for the periods indicated: March 31, December 31, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Loans held-for-investment: Commercial $ 452,231 $ 463,778 Real estate: CRE - owner occupied 585,031 583,253 CRE - non-owner occupied 1,271,184 1,256,590 Land and construction 129,712 140,513 Home equity 122,794 119,125 Multifamily 269,263 269,734 Residential mortgages 490,035 496,961 Consumer and other 16,439 20,919 Loans 3,336,689 3,350,873 Deferred loan fees, net (587) (495) Loans, net of deferred fees 3,336,102 3,350,378 Allowance for credit losses on loans (47,888) (47,958) Loans, net $ 3,288,214 $ 3,302,420 The allowance for credit losses on loans was calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and credit monitoring procedures. Changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 5,853 $ 5,121 $ 25,323 $ 2,352 $ 644 $ 5,053 $ 3,425 $ 187 $ 47,958 Charge-offs (358) — — — — — — — (358) Recoveries 82 4 — — 18 — — — 104 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (276) 4 — — 18 — — — (254) Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (548) 16 1,086 (470) 91 (744) 774 (21) 184 End of period balance $ 5,029 $ 5,141 $ 26,409 $ 1,882 $ 753 $ 4,309 $ 4,199 $ 166 $ 47,888 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 CRE CRE Owner Non-owner Land & Home Multi- Residential Consumer Commercial Occupied Occupied Construction Equity Family Mortgages and Other Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning of period balance $ 6,617 $ 5,751 $ 22,135 $ 2,941 $ 666 $ 3,366 $ 5,907 $ 129 $ 47,512 Charge-offs (134) — — — (246) — — — (380) Recoveries 80 4 — — 25 — — — 109 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (54) 4 — — (221) — — — (271) Provision for (recapture of) credit losses on loans (29) (302) 542 235 243 1,026 (1,711) 28 32 End of period balance $ 6,534 $ 5,453 $ 22,677 $ 3,176 $ 688 $ 4,392 $ 4,196 $ 157 $ 47,273 The following tables present the amortized cost basis of nonperforming loans and loans past due over 90 days and still accruing at the periods indicated: March 31, 2024 Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Loans with no Specific with Specific over 90 Days Allowance for Allowance for Past Due Credit Credit and Still Losses Losses Accruing Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 924 $ 203 $ 1,443 $ 2,570 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — Land and construction 4,673 — — 4,673 Home equity 120 — — 120 Residential mortgages — — 508 508 Total $ 5,717 $ 203 $ 1,951 $ 7,871 December 31, 2023 Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Loans with no Specific with no Specific over 90 Days Allowance for Allowance for Past Due Credit Credit and Still Losses Losses Accruing Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 946 $ 290 $ 889 $ 2,125 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — Land and construction 4,661 — — 4,661 Home equity 142 — — 142 Residential mortgages 779 — — 779 Total $ 6,528 $ 290 $ 889 $ 7,707 The following tables present the aging of past due loans by class for the periods indicated: March 31, 2024 30 - 59 60 - 89 90 Days or Days Days Greater Total Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 3,522 $ 1,180 $ 1,955 $ 6,657 $ 445,574 $ 452,231 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — 585,031 585,031 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied 5,662 — — 5,662 1,265,522 1,271,184 Land and construction 3,550 — 4,672 8,222 121,490 129,712 Home equity 441 — 441 122,353 122,794 Multifamily — — — — 269,263 269,263 Residential mortgages — — 508 508 489,527 490,035 Consumer and other — — — — 16,439 16,439 Total $ 13,175 $ 1,180 $ 7,135 $ 21,490 $ 3,315,199 $ 3,336,689 December 31, 2023 30 - 59 60 - 89 90 Days or Days Days Greater Total Past Due Past Due Past Due Past Due Current Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ 6,688 $ 2,030 $ 1,264 $ 9,982 $ 453,796 $ 463,778 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — 583,253 583,253 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied 1,289 — — 1,289 1,255,301 1,256,590 Land and construction 955 — 3,706 4,661 135,852 140,513 Home equity — — 142 142 118,983 119,125 Multifamily — — — — 269,734 269,734 Residential mortgages 3,794 510 779 5,083 491,878 496,961 Consumer and other — — — — 20,919 20,919 Total $ 12,726 $ 2,540 $ 5,891 $ 21,157 $ 3,329,716 $ 3,350,873 The following table presents the past due loans on nonaccrual and current loans on nonaccrual for the periods indicated: March 31, December 31, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Past due nonaccrual loans $ 5,184 $ 6,100 Current nonaccrual loans 736 718 Total nonaccrual loans $ 5,920 $ 6,818 Management’s classification of a loan as “nonaccrual” is an indication that there is reasonable doubt as to the full recovery of principal or interest on the loan. At that point, the Company stops accruing interest income, and reverses any uncollected interest that had been accrued as income. The Company resumes recognizing interest income only as cash interest payments are received and it has been determined the collection of all outstanding principal is not in doubt. Credit Quality Indicators Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of customers are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographic region, or have similar features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. The Company’s loan portfolio is concentrated in commercial (primarily manufacturing, wholesale, and service) and real estate lending, with the remaining balance in consumer loans. While no specific industry concentration is considered significant, the Company’s lending operations are located in the Company’s market areas that are dependent on the technology and real estate industries and their supporting companies. Thus, the Company’s borrowers and their guarantors could be adversely impacted by a downturn in these sectors of the economy which could reduce the demand for loans and adversely impact the borrowers’ ability to repay their loans. The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, and other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. Nonclassified loans generally include those loans that are expected to be repaid in accordance with their contractual loan terms. Loans categorized as special mention have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the credit or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weaknesses do not yet justify a substandard classification. Classified loans are those loans that are assigned a substandard, substandard-nonaccrual, or doubtful risk rating using the following definitions: Special Mention. credit position at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that will jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard-Nonaccrual. Loans classified as substandard-nonaccrual are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any, and it is probable that the Company will not receive payment of the full contractual principal and interest. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. In addition, the Company no longer accrues interest on the loan because of the underlying weaknesses. Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loss. Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectable or of so little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. This classification does not necessarily mean that a loan has no recovery or salvage value; but rather, there is much doubt about whether, how much, or when the recovery would occur. Loans classified as loss are immediately charged off against the allowance for credit losses on loans. Therefore, there is Loans may be reviewed at any time throughout a loan’s duration. If new information is provided, a new risk assessment may be performed if warranted. The following tables present term loans amortized cost by vintage and loan grade classification, and revolving loans amortized cost by loan grade classification at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The loan grade classifications are based on the Bank’s internal loan grading methodology. Loan grade categories for doubtful and loss rated loans are not included on the tables below as there are no loans with those grades at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The vintage year represents the period the loan was originated or in the case of renewed loans, the period last renewed. The amortized balance is the loan balance less any purchase discounts, plus any loan purchase premiums. The loan categories are based on the loan segmentation in the Company's CECL reserve methodology based on loan purpose and type. Revolving Loans Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Originated Period as of March 31, 2024 Amortized 3/31/2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Periods Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial: Pass $ 74,006 $ 36,626 $ 23,777 $ 18,808 $ 13,368 $ 30,291 $ 239,157 $ 436,033 Special Mention 2,020 82 1,062 38 — 3,272 2,471 8,945 Substandard 4 — 1,478 — 97 4,490 57 6,126 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — 343 — 784 — 1,127 Total 76,030 36,708 26,317 19,189 13,465 38,837 241,685 452,231 CRE - Owner Occupied: Pass 12,117 32,194 84,349 109,741 64,592 262,613 10,107 575,713 Special Mention — — 249 3,219 457 1,251 — 5,176 Substandard — — — — 3,042 1,100 — 4,142 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 12,117 32,194 84,598 112,960 68,091 264,964 10,107 585,031 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied: Pass 21,427 226,112 240,250 260,618 27,717 465,826 5,116 1,247,066 Special Mention — — — 708 — 10,958 — 11,666 Substandard — — — 4,564 — 7,562 326 12,452 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 21,427 226,112 240,250 265,890 27,717 484,346 5,442 1,271,184 Land and construction: Pass 9,596 38,701 39,325 23,083 9,246 1,844 — 121,795 Special Mention — — — — — 2,163 — 2,163 Substandard — — — — — 1,081 — 1,081 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — 3,706 967 — — 4,673 Total 9,596 38,701 39,325 26,789 10,213 5,088 — 129,712 Home equity: Pass — — — — — 2,055 114,967 117,022 Special Mention — — — — — — 2,256 2,256 Substandard — — — — — — 3,396 3,396 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — 120 — 120 Total — — — — — 2,175 120,619 122,794 Multifamily: Pass 4,523 47,031 40,893 54,977 5,358 116,026 455 269,263 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 4,523 47,031 40,893 54,977 5,358 116,026 455 269,263 Residential mortgage: Pass — 1,678 178,340 271,180 1,030 34,206 — 486,434 Special Mention — — 1,326 — — — — 1,326 Substandard — — 764 — — 1,511 — 2,275 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total — 1,678 180,430 271,180 1,030 35,717 — 490,035 Consumer and other: Pass — 1,566 1,373 58 — 2,060 10,588 15,645 Special Mention — 705 — — — 89 — 794 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total — 2,271 1,373 58 — 2,149 10,588 16,439 Total loans $ 123,693 $ 384,695 $ 613,186 $ 751,043 $ 125,874 $ 949,302 $ 388,896 $ 3,336,689 Risk Grades: Pass $ 121,669 $ 383,908 $ 608,307 $ 738,465 $ 121,311 $ 914,921 $ 380,390 $ 3,268,971 Special Mention 2,020 787 2,637 3,965 457 17,733 4,727 32,326 Substandard 4 — 2,242 4,564 3,139 15,744 3,779 29,472 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — 4,049 967 904 — 5,920 Grand Total $ 123,693 $ 384,695 $ 613,186 $ 751,043 $ 125,874 $ 949,302 $ 388,896 $ 3,336,689 Revolving Loans Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Originated Period as of December 31, 2023 Amortized 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Periods Cost Basis Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial: Pass $ 99,387 $ 25,250 $ 19,732 $ 14,929 $ 11,893 $ 22,134 $ 258,461 $ 451,786 Special Mention 2,107 1,092 41 — 133 1,134 467 4,974 Substandard 4 1,516 — 100 185 3,835 142 5,782 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — 349 — 116 771 — 1,236 Total 101,498 27,858 20,122 15,029 12,327 27,874 259,070 463,778 CRE - Owner Occupied: Pass 32,993 86,688 110,613 68,184 52,885 214,729 10,302 576,394 Special Mention — 250 3,241 462 — 1,802 — 5,755 Substandard — — — — 1,100 4 — 1,104 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 32,993 86,938 113,854 68,646 53,985 216,535 10,302 583,253 CRE - Non-Owner Occupied: Pass 225,505 243,080 267,870 28,315 92,648 370,552 3,199 1,231,169 Special Mention — — — — 7,493 10,040 — 17,533 Substandard — — — — — 7,614 274 7,888 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 225,505 243,080 267,870 28,315 100,141 388,206 3,473 1,256,590 Land and construction: Pass 40,142 52,862 27,419 9,273 1,864 — — 131,560 Special Mention 2,163 — — — — — — 2,163 Substandard 2,129 — — — — — — 2,129 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — 3,706 955 — — — 4,661 Total 44,434 52,862 31,125 10,228 1,864 — — 140,513 Home equity: Pass — — — — — 1,463 111,250 112,713 Special Mention — — — — — — 2,110 2,110 Substandard — — — — — — 4,160 4,160 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — 142 142 Total — — — — — 1,463 117,662 119,125 Multifamily: Pass 47,089 41,112 55,557 5,394 42,129 75,890 355 267,526 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 2,208 — 2,208 Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 47,089 41,112 55,557 5,394 42,129 78,098 355 269,734 Residential mortgage: Pass 1,684 187,417 268,617 1,037 6,861 28,892 — 494,508 Special Mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — 973 — — — 701 — 1,674 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 779 — — — — — 779 Total 1,684 189,169 268,617 1,037 6,861 29,593 — 496,961 Consumer and other: Pass 2,332 1,376 3 — — 2,089 14,961 20,761 Special Mention — — 62 — — 96 — 158 Substandard — — — — — — — — Substandard-Nonaccrual — — — — — — — — Total 2,332 1,376 65 — — 2,185 14,961 20,919 Total loans $ 455,535 $ 642,395 $ 757,210 $ 128,649 $ 217,307 $ 743,954 $ 405,823 $ 3,350,873 Risk Grades: Pass $ 449,132 $ 637,785 $ 749,811 $ 127,132 $ 208,280 $ 715,749 $ 398,528 $ 3,286,417 Special Mention 4,270 1,342 3,344 462 7,626 13,072 2,577 32,693 Substandard 2,133 2,489 — 100 1,285 14,362 4,576 24,945 Substandard-Nonaccrual — 779 4,055 955 116 771 142 6,818 Grand Total $ 455,535 $ 642,395 $ 757,210 $ 128,649 $ 217,307 $ 743,954 $ 405,823 $ 3,350,873 The following tables present the gross charge-offs by class of loans and year of origination for the periods indicated: Gross Charge-offs by Originated Period for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Prior Revolving 3/31/2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Periods Loans Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 358 $ — $ 358 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — Land and construction — — — — — — — — Home equity — — — — — — — — Multifamily — — — — — — — — Residential mortgages — — — — — — — — Consumer and other — — — — — — — — Total $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 358 $ — $ 358 Gross Charge-offs by Originated Period for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Prior Revolving 03/31/2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Periods Loans Total (Dollars in thousands) Commercial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 49 $ 85 $ — $ 134 Real estate: CRE - Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — CRE - Non-Owner Occupied — — — — — — — — Land and construction — — — — — — — — Home equity — — — — — — 246 246 Multifamily — — — — — — — — Residential mortgages — — — — — — — — Consumer and other — — — — — — — — Total $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 49 $ 85 $ 246 $ 380 The amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $203,000 and $290,000, respectively, and were secured by business assets. When management determines that foreclosures are probable, expected credit losses for collateral-dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. For loans which foreclosure is not probable, but for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, management has elected the practical expedient under ASC 326 to estimate expected credit losses based on the fair value of collateral, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. The class of loan represents the primary collateral type associated with the loan. Significant quarter over quarter changes are reflective of changes in nonaccrual status and not necessarily associated with credit quality indicators like appraisal value. Loan Modifications Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, payment delay, or interest reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses. In some cases, the Company provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the “combination” columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension, principal forgiveness, payment delay, and/or interest rate reduction. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified through the periods indicated, by segment and type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of the loans that were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Combination |