Alliancebernstein 10Q 2024 Q2 Quarterly report

Index

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File No. 000-29961

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						13-4064930
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

501 Commerce Street, Nashville, TN 37203

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(615) 622-0000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes

☒

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes

☒

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Index

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

Yes

☐

☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

None

The number of units of limited partnership interest outstanding as of June 30, 2024 was 286,773,773.

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

Index to Form 10-Q


		Page

	Part I

	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	1

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	4

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Partners' Capital	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	53

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	53

	Part II

	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	54

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	54

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	54

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	54

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	54

Item 5.	Other Information	54

Item 6.	Exhibits	55

SIGNATURE		56

Index

Part I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands, except unit amounts)

(unaudited)


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	871,369	$	1,000,103
Cash and securities segregated, at fair value (cost: $583,151 and $859,448)	591,582		867,680
Receivables, net:
Brokers and dealers	43,606		53,144
Brokerage clients	1,394,269		1,314,656
AB funds fees	305,880		343,334
Other fees	124,925		125,500
Investments:
Joint ventures	295,379		—
Other	229,393		243,554
Assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Cash and cash equivalents	3,857		7,739
Investments	253,070		397,174
Other assets	3,676		25,299
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net	208,399		176,348
Goodwill	3,598,591		3,598,591
Intangible assets, net	240,601		264,555
Deferred sales commissions, net	124,779		87,374
Right-of-use assets	490,410		323,766
Assets held for sale	—		564,776
Other assets	321,184		216,213
Total assets	$	9,100,970	$	9,609,806

Index


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023

LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST AND CAPITAL
Liabilities:
Payables:
Brokers and dealers	$	156,894	$	259,175

Brokerage clients	2,060,393		2,200,835
AB mutual funds	337		644

Contingent consideration liability	255,166		252,690
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	286,536		172,163
Lease liabilities	555,992		369,017
Liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	1,453		12,537
Accrued compensation and benefits	571,247		372,305
Debt	620,000		1,154,316
Liabilities held for sale	—		153,342
Total liabilities	4,508,018		4,947,024


Commitments and contingencies (See Note 12)

Redeemable non-controlling interest of consolidated entities	108,255		209,420

Capital:
General Partner	45,880		45,388
Limited partners: 286,773,773 and 286,609,212 units issued and outstanding	4,639,147		4,590,619
Receivables from affiliates	(3,822)		(4,490)
AB Holding Units held for long-term incentive compensation plans	(92,612)		(76,363)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)	(107,436)		(106,364)
Partners’ capital attributable to AB Unitholders	4,481,157		4,448,790
Non-redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated entities	3,540		4,572
Total capital	4,484,697		4,453,362
Total liabilities, non-controlling interest and capital	$	9,100,970	$	9,609,806

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues:
Investment advisory and services fees	$	817,327	$	721,678	$	1,601,732	$	1,450,585
Bernstein research services	—		91,847		96,222		191,885
Distribution revenues	172,905		144,798		338,595		285,876
Dividend and interest income	43,986		50,193		88,501		100,872
Investment (losses) gains	(23,629)		670		(11,886)		5,934
Other revenues	39,167		24,719		64,460		50,865
Total revenues	1,049,756		1,033,905		2,177,624		2,086,017
Less: Broker-dealer related interest expense	21,813		25,449		45,530		53,470
Net revenues	1,027,943		1,008,456		2,132,094		2,032,547

Expenses:
Employee compensation and benefits	423,324		428,079		876,096		862,242
Promotion and servicing:
Distribution-related payments	179,908		150,038		352,890		298,419
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	13,348		8,767		25,147		16,921
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other	40,940		54,138		95,931		104,768


General and administrative	145,732		149,935		283,642		289,588


Contingent payment arrangements	2,558		2,443		5,116		4,887
Interest on borrowings	11,313		14,672		28,683		28,385
Amortization of intangible assets	11,531		11,723		23,303		23,416
Total expenses	828,654		819,795		1,690,808		1,628,626

Operating income	199,289		188,661		441,286		403,921

Gain on divestiture	134,555		—		134,555		—
Non-operating income	134,555		—		134,555		—

Pre-tax income	333,844		188,661		575,841		403,921

Income taxes	20,092		9,901		36,134		21,243

Net income	313,752		178,760		539,707		382,678

Net income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	4,180		3,023		12,208		12,790

Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	309,572	$	175,737	$	527,499	$	369,888

Net income per AB Unit:
Basic	$	1.07	$	0.61	$	1.82	$	1.28
Diluted	$	1.07	$	0.61	$	1.82	$	1.28

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023

Net income	$	313,752	$	178,760	$	539,707	$	382,678
Other comprehensive (loss) income:


Foreign currency translation adjustments, before reclassification and tax:	(1,579)		4,525		(11,888)		10,656
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) in net income upon liquidation	(10,197)		—		(10,197)		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax	8,618		4,525		(1,691)		10,656
Income tax (expense) benefit	(54)		16		55		63
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	8,564		4,541		(1,636)		10,719






Changes in employee benefit related items:
Amortization of prior service cost	6		6		12		12
Recognized actuarial (loss) gain	(110)		298		559		596
Changes in employee benefit related items	(104)		304		571		608
Income tax (expense)	(2)		(1)		(7)		(4)
Employee benefit related items, net of tax	(106)		303		564		604

Other comprehensive income (loss)	8,458		4,844		(1,072)		11,323
Less: Comprehensive income in consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	4,180		3,023		12,208		12,790
Comprehensive income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	318,030	$	180,581	$	526,427	$	381,211

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Partners' Capital

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
General Partner’s Capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	45,325	$	45,595	$	45,388	$	45,985
Net income	3,096		1,758		5,275		3,699
Cash distributions to General Partner	(2,351)		(2,136)		(4,816)		(4,357)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity	(11)		(12)		56		3
(Retirement) Issuance of AB Units, net	(179)		28		(23)		(97)


Balance, end of period	45,880		45,233		45,880		45,233
Limited Partners' Capital
Balance, beginning of period	4,584,317		4,609,592		4,590,619		4,648,113
Net income	306,476		173,979		522,224		366,189
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(232,714)		(211,158)		(476,293)		(430,856)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity	(1,177)		(1,111)		5,497		327
(Retirement) Issuance of AB Units, net	(17,755)		2,687		(2,900)		(9,784)


Balance, end of period	4,639,147		4,573,989		4,639,147		4,573,989
Receivables from Affiliates
Balance, beginning of period	(4,686)		(5,097)		(4,490)		(4,270)


Long-term incentive compensation awards expense	291		215		506		406
Capital contributions from (to) AB Holding	573		(266)		162		(1,284)
Balance, end of period	(3,822)		(5,148)		(3,822)		(5,148)
AB Holding Units held for Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
Balance, beginning of period	(95,859)		(96,077)		(76,363)		(95,318)
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term compensation plans, net	(28,237)		(572)		(33,789)		(18,662)
Retirement (Issuance) of AB Units, net	19,110		(1,754)		3,627		10,756
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense	11,618		8,376		20,379		14,961
Re-valuation of AB Holding Units held in rabbi trust	756		684		(6,466)		(1,080)
Balance, end of period	(92,612)		(89,343)		(92,612)		(89,343)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Balance, beginning of period	(115,894)		(122,998)		(106,364)		(129,477)

Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	8,564		4,541		(1,636)		10,719
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	(106)		303		564		604

Balance, end of period	(107,436)		(118,154)		(107,436)		(118,154)
Total Partners' Capital attributable to AB Unitholders	4,481,157		4,406,577		4,481,157		4,406,577
Non-redeemable Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities
Balance, beginning of period	4,480		12,343		4,572		12,607
Net income	1,450		515		1,568		515


Distributions to non-controlling interests, net	(2,485)		(2,473)		(2,695)		(2,473)
Adjustment	—		—		—		(264)
Contributions from non-controlling interest	95		—		95		—
Balance, end of period	3,540		10,385		3,540		10,385
Total Capital	$	4,484,697	$	4,416,962	$	4,484,697	$	4,416,962

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	539,707	$	382,678

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	25,147		16,921
Non-cash long-term incentive compensation expense	20,885		15,367
Depreciation and other amortization	46,319		45,928
Unrealized (gains) on investments	(5,944)		(1,853)
Equity in earnings of equity method investments	27,893		—
Unrealized (gains) on investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	(11,527)		(27,027)
(Gain) on divestiture	(134,555)		—
Non-cash lease expense	57,705		51,768

Other, net	15,017		4,699
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Decrease in securities, segregated	276,098		643,417
Decrease in receivables	33,358		336,744
Decrease in investments	27,092		3,155

Decrease in investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	155,631		221,636
(Increase) in deferred sales commissions	(62,552)		(29,916)
(Increase) in other assets	(47,392)		(18,581)
Increase (decrease) in other assets and liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net	10,539		(11,078)
(Decrease) in payables	(269,927)		(1,027,887)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses	64,332		(15,595)
Increase in accrued compensation and benefits	212,993		185,443
Cash payments to relieve operating lease liabilities	(34,911)		(53,498)
Net cash provided by operating activities	945,908		722,321


Cash flows from investing activities:


Purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements	(56,565)		(14,941)


Divestiture of business (includes $304.0 million in cash proceeds)	(40,196)		—
Capital contribution to equity method investments	(39,401)		—
Debt repayment from equity method investments	86,200		—
Net cash contribution (to) affiliates	(752)		(2,030)

Net cash (used in) investing activities	(50,714)		(16,971)

Index


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023


Cash flows from financing activities:
(Repayment of) debt, net	(534,316)		(120,000)


(Decrease) in overdrafts payable	(2)		—
Distributions to General Partner and Unitholders	(481,109)		(435,213)
(Redemptions) of non-controlling interest in consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net	(113,373)		(195,883)





Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards, net	(33,789)		(18,662)


Other, net	(5,603)		(2,426)
Net cash (used in) financing activities	(1,168,192)		(772,184)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(12,665)		16,178


Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(285,663)		(50,656)
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of the period	1,160,889		1,309,017
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of the period	$	875,226	$	1,258,361

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

June 30, 2024

(unaudited)

The words “we” and “our” refer collectively to AllianceBernstein L.P. and its subsidiaries (“AB”), or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the word “company” refers to AB. These statements should be read in conjunction with AB’s audited consolidated financial statements included in AB’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

1. Business Description Organization and Basis of Presentation

Business Description (1)

We provide diversified investment management and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Our principal services include:

• Institutional Services – servicing our institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.

• Retail Services – servicing our retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.

• Private Wealth Services – servicing our private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.

AB also provides distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to the mutual funds we sponsor.

AB's high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of its asset management and private wealth management businesses. AB’s research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research. In addition, AB has expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.

AB provides a broad range of investment services with expertise in:

•Actively managed equity strategies, across global and regional universes, as well as capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;

•Actively managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;

•Actively managed alternative investments, including fundamental and systematically-driven hedge funds, fund of hedge funds and direct assets (e.g., direct lending, real estate and private equity);

•Portfolios with Purpose, including Sustainable, Impact and Responsible+ (Climate-Conscious and ESG leaders) equity, fixed income and multi-asset strategies that address our clients' desire to invest their capital with a dedicated ESG focus, while pursuing strong investment returns;

•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and

•Passively managed equity and fixed income strategies, including index, ESG index and enhanced index strategies.

Index

Organization

As of June 30, 2024, EQH owned approximately 3.5% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding”) and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1.0% general partnership interest in AB.

As of June 30, 2024, the ownership structure of AB, including limited partnership units outstanding as well as the general partner's 1.0% interest, was as follows:


EQH and its subsidiaries	59.7	%
AB Holding	39.6
Unaffiliated holders	0.7
	100.0	%

Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 61.1% economic interest in AB as of June 30, 2024.

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the interim results, have been made. The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the interim reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2023 was derived from audited financial statements. Certain disclosures included in the annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted from these financial statements as they are not required for interim financial statements under principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the rules of the SEC.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include AB and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries, and the consolidated entities that are considered to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and/or voting interest entities (“VOEs”) in which AB has a controlling financial interest. Non-controlling interests on the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition include the portion of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in which we do not have direct equity ownership. All significant inter-company transactions and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the SEC and did not identify any subsequent events that would require disclosure in these financial statements.

(1) On April 1, 2024 AB and Societe Generale, a leading European bank, completed their transaction to form a jointly owned equity research provider and cash equity trading partner for institutional investors. AB has deconsolidated the Bernstein Research Services business and contributed the business to the joint venture. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, there have been no recently adopted accounting pronouncements.

Index

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This amendment is expected to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring public business entities, on an annual basis, to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation, additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold and certain information about income taxes paid. This revised guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The revised guidance will not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which required disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impacts of the new standard.

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

On April 1, 2024, we deconsolidated our Bernstein Research Services ("BRS") business and contributed the BRS business to the JVs. We have recorded our subsequent investment in each of the JVs under the equity method of accounting under ASC 323 Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, as we retained the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the JVs but did not retain a controlling interest. Our investments in companies over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for under the equity method and are recorded at cost plus our share of earnings and losses. As of June 30, 2024, we owned 66.7% of the NA JV and 49.0% of the joint venture outside of North America and our combined carrying value in the two investments was $295.4 million. The structure of the Board of Directors of the NA JV, which includes two independent directors, in addition to four directors from AB and three directors from SocGen, precludes AB’s control of the Board thereby permitting deconsolidation of the BRS business.

In addition, we periodically assess our investments in our joint ventures for impairment if certain events or changes in circumstances occur including, but not limited to, ongoing operating losses, projected decreases in earnings or a significant business disruption. The significant assumptions used to estimate fair value include revenue growth and profitability, capital spending and a discount rate. By their nature, these assumptions and projections are uncertain. If we were to determine the current fair value of our investment was less than the carrying value of the investment, and we determined the shortfall was other than temporary, we would recognize an impairment to the investment in the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its fair value. For further discussion, see Note17 – Divestiture.

Reclassification

During the second quarter of 2024, amounts previously presented on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as "long-term incentive compensation-related" investments are now presented as "other" investments. Prior period amounts previously presented as such have been reclassified to conform to the current periods presentation.

Index

3. Revenue Recognition

Revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Subject to contracts with customers:
Investment advisory and services fees
Base fees	$	774,017	$	703,371	$	1,528,256	$	1,395,699
Performance-based fees	43,310		18,307		73,476		54,886
Bernstein research services(1)	—		91,847		96,222		191,885
Distribution revenues
All-in-management fees	81,680		70,849		160,104		139,637
12b-1 fees	16,569		15,778		33,174		30,933
Other distribution fees	74,656		58,171		145,317		115,306
Other revenues
Shareholder servicing fees	22,356		20,801		44,019		41,094
Other	3,637		3,802		7,457		9,493
	1,016,225		982,926		2,088,025		1,978,933
Not subject to contracts with customers:
Dividend and interest income, net of broker-dealer related interest expense	22,173		24,744		42,971		47,402
Investment (losses) gains	(23,629)		670		(11,886)		5,934
Other revenues	13,174		116		12,984		278
	11,718		25,530		44,069		53,614
Total net revenues	$	1,027,943	$	1,008,456	$	2,132,094	$	2,032,547

4. Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

We maintain several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which we grant annual awards to employees, generally in the fourth quarter, and to members of the Board of Directors of the General Partner, who are not employed by our company or by any of our affiliates (“Eligible Directors”).

We fund our restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB (“AB Partnership Agreement”), when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.

Index

Repurchases of AB Holding Units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	0.9		—		1.0		0.5
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	$	29.0	$	—	$	33.3	$	18.8
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	0.6		—		0.6		—
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units (1)	$	21.5	$	—	$	21.5	$	—

(1) Purchased on a trade date basis. The difference between open-market purchases and units retained reflects the retention of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.

Purchases of AB Holding Units reflected on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows are net of AB Holding Unit purchases by employees as part of a distribution reinvestment election.

Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority under the terms and limitations specified in the plan to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the second quarter of 2024 expired at the close of business on July 25, 2024. We may adopt plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

During the first six months of 2024 and 2023, we awarded to employees and Eligible Directors 1.2 million and 0.4 million restricted AB Holding Unit awards, respectively. We use AB Holding Units repurchased during the applicable period and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these awards.

5. Net Income per Unit

Basic net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1.0% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99.0% by the basic weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each period. Diluted net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1.0% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99.0% by the total of the diluted weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each period.


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	309,572	$	175,737	$	527,499	$	369,888

Weighted average limited partnership units outstanding – basic	287,192		285,670		287,034		285,698
Weighted average limited partnership units outstanding – diluted	287,192		285,670		287,034		285,698
Basic net income per AB Unit	$	1.07	$	0.61	$	1.82	$	1.28
Diluted net income per AB Unit	$	1.07	$	0.61	$	1.82	$	1.28

There were no anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 or 2023.

Index

6. Cash Distributions

AB is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to its Unitholders and to the General Partner. Available Cash Flow can be summarized as the cash flow received by AB from operations minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB for use in its business, or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.

Typically, Available Cash Flow has been the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with the concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation.

On July 26, 2024, the General Partner declared a distribution of $0.79 per AB Unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The General Partner, as a result of its 1.0% general partnership interest, is entitled to receive 1.0% of each distribution. The distribution is payable on August 15, 2024 to holders of record on August 5, 2024.

7. Cash and Securities Segregated Under Federal Regulations and Other Requirements

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $0.6 billion and $0.9 billion of U.S. Treasury Bills were segregated in a special reserve bank custody account for the exclusive benefit of our brokerage customers under Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act.

8. Investments

Investments consist of:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in thousands)

Equity securities:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	$	25,321	$	18,882
Seed capital	158,523		128,771
Equities	42		—

Investments in limited partnership hedge funds:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	$	10,267	$	21,151
Seed capital	18,129		57,624
Investment in joint ventures	295,379		—
Time deposits	6,165		6,517
Other	10,946		10,609
Total investments	$	524,772	$	243,554

Total investments related to long-term incentive compensation obligations of $35.6 million and $40.0 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, consist of company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds. For long-term incentive compensation awards granted before 2009, we typically made investments in company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds that were notionally elected by plan participants and maintained them (and continue to maintain them) in a consolidated rabbi trust or separate custodial account. The rabbi trust and custodial account enable us to hold such investments separate from our other assets for the purpose of settling our obligations to participants. The investments held in the rabbi trust and custodial account remain available to the general creditors of AB.

The underlying investments of hedge funds in which we invest include long and short positions in equity securities, fixed income securities (including various agency and non-agency asset-based securities), currencies, commodities and derivatives (including various swaps and forward contracts). These investments are valued at quoted market prices or, where quoted market prices are not available, are fair valued based on the pricing policies and procedures of the underlying funds.

Index

We allocate seed capital to our investment teams to help develop new products and services for our clients. A portion of our seed capital trading investments are equity and fixed income products, primarily in the form of separately-managed account portfolios, U.S. mutual funds, Luxembourg funds, Japanese investment trust management funds or Delaware business trusts. We also may allocate seed capital to investments in private equity funds. Regarding our seed capital investments, the amounts above reflect those funds in which we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE or hold a controlling financial interest in a VOE. See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for a description of the seed capital investments that we consolidate. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our total seed capital investments were $327.1 million and $394.2 million, respectively. Seed capital investments in unconsolidated company-sponsored investment funds are valued using published net asset values or non-published net asset values if they are not listed on an active exchange but have net asset values that are comparable to funds with published net asset values and have no redemption restrictions.

On April 1, 2024, we deconsolidated our BRS business and contributed the business to the JVs. We record our subsequent investment in the JVs under the equity method of accounting and our investment in joint ventures includes our investments in these JVs (for further discussion, see Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies and Note17 Divestitures). These investments are recorded at cost plus our share of earnings and losses.

The portion of unrealized gains (losses) related to equity securities, as defined by ASC 321-10, held as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Net gains recognized during the period	$	986	$	2,983	$	12,044	$	8,447
Less: net (losses) gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period	(1,362)		5,259		6,027		5,849
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held	$	2,348	$	(2,276)	$	6,017	$	2,598

9. Derivative Instruments

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of derivative instruments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

We enter various futures, forwards, options and swaps to economically hedge certain seed capital investments. Also, we have currency forwards that help us to economically hedge certain balance sheet exposures. In addition, our options desk trades long and short exchange-traded equity options. We do not hold any derivatives designated in a formal hedge relationship under ASC 815-10, Derivatives and Hedging.

Index

The notional value and fair value as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for derivative instruments (excluding derivative instruments relating to our options desk trading activities discussed below) not designated as hedging instruments were as follows:


			Fair Value
	Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2024:
Exchange-traded futures	$	109,749	$	32	$	556
Currency forwards	10,123		5,022		5,027
Interest rate swaps	38,185		657		516
Credit default swaps	49,503		9,153		2,996
Total return swaps	91,378		475		1,661
Option swaps	50,045		—		208
Total derivatives	$	348,983	$	15,339	$	10,964

December 31, 2023:
Exchange-traded futures	$	116,344	$	1	$	3,511
Currency forwards	34,440		4,951		5,597
Interest rate swaps	11,345		294		349
Credit default swaps	139,607		9,265		4,197
Total return swaps	95,021		6		4,391
Option swaps	50,232		1		135
Total derivatives	$	446,989	$	14,518	$	18,180

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the derivative assets and liabilities are included in both receivables and payables to brokers and dealers on our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The gains and losses for derivative instruments (excluding our options desk trading activities discussed below) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Exchange-traded futures	$	(871)	$	2,032	$	(2,450)	$	(2,600)
Currency forwards	(9)		68		355		(37)
Interest rate swaps	282		114		425		51
Credit default swaps	(91)		(2,013)		(920)		(4,241)
Total return swaps	(682)		(1,645)		(3,938)		(3,701)
Option swaps	(259)		583		(52)		(827)
Net (losses) on derivative instruments	$	(1,630)	$	(861)	$	(6,580)	$	(11,355)

We may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. We minimize our counterparty exposure through a credit review and approval process. In addition, we have executed various collateral arrangements with counterparties to the over-the-counter derivative transactions that require both pledging and accepting collateral in the form of cash. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held $7.4 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in payables to brokers and dealers in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Although notional amount typically is utilized as the measure of volume in the derivatives market, it is not used as a measure of credit risk. Generally, the current credit exposure of our derivative contracts is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivative contracts at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements and any collateral received. A derivative with positive value (a derivative asset) indicates existence of credit risk because the counterparty would owe us if the contract were closed. Alternatively, a derivative contract with negative

Index

value (a derivative liability) indicates we would owe money to the counterparty if the contract were closed. Generally, if there is more than one derivative transaction with a single counterparty, a master netting arrangement exists with respect to derivative transactions with that counterparty to provide for aggregate net settlement.

Our standardized contracts for over-the-counter derivative transactions, known as ISDA master agreements, provide for collateralization. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we delivered $4.1 million and $7.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. We report this cash collateral in cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statement of financial condition.

As a result of the deconsolidation of the BRS business on April 1, 2024, we no longer have long and short exchange-traded equity options. As of December 31, 2023, these equity options were classified as held for sale on our condensed consolidated statement of financial condition. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture.

Prior to the deconsolidation of the BRS business, our options desk provided our clients with equity derivative strategies and execution for exchange-traded options on single stocks, exchange-traded funds and indices. While predominately agency-based, the options desk may commit capital to facilitate a client’s transaction. Our options desk hedged the risks associated with this activity by taking offsetting positions in equities. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 (prior to our deconsolidation of the BRS business on April 1, 2024), we recognized losses of $2.0 million on equity options activity. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized losses of $0.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, on equity options activity. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statement of income.

10. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of offsetting assets and liabilities of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Offsetting of assets as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2024:
Securities borrowed	$	20,528	$	—	$	20,528	$	(20,501)	$	—	$	27
Derivatives	$	15,339	$	—	$	15,339	$	—	$	(7,419)	$	7,920

December 31, 2023:
Securities borrowed	$	23,229	$	—	$	23,229	$	(23,229)	$	—	$	—
Derivatives	$	14,518	$	—	$	14,518	$	—	$	(5,691)	$	8,827

Index

Offsetting of liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2024:

Derivatives	$	10,964	$	—	$	10,964	$	—	$	(4,059)	$	6,905

December 31, 2023:
Securities loaned	$	125,101	$	—	$	125,101	$	(122,369)	$	—	$	2,732
Derivatives	$	18,180	$	—	$	18,180	$	—	$	(7,795)	$	10,385

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

11. Fair Value

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of fair value of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three broad levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows:

• Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets are available for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.

• Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or other pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date.

• Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable as of the reported date. These financial instruments do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation.

Index

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV Expedient(1)		Total
June 30, 2024:
Money markets	$	163,955	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	163,955
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)	—		591,569		—		—		591,569
Derivatives	32		15,307		—		—		15,339


Equity securities	179,045		4,695		116		30		183,886




Other investments	8,292		—		—		—		8,292

Total assets measured at fair value	$	351,324	$	611,571	$	116	$	30	$	963,041




Derivatives	$	556	$	10,408	$	—	$	—	$	10,964
Contingent payment arrangements	—		—		255,166		—		255,166
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	556	$	10,408	$	255,166	$	—	$	266,130

December 31, 2023:
Money markets	$	146,906	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	146,906
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)	—		867,679		—		—		867,679
Derivatives	1		14,517		—		—		14,518

Equity securities	113,833		32,104		118		1,598		147,653




Other investments	7,870		—		—		—		7,870

Total assets measured at fair value	$	268,610	$	914,300	$	118	$	1,598	$	1,184,626




Derivatives	$	3,511	$	14,669	$	—	$	—	$	18,180
Contingent payment arrangements	—		—		252,690		—		252,690
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	3,511	$	14,669	$	252,690	$	—	$	270,870

(1) Investments measured at fair value using NAV (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient.

(2) Investments in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

(3) Investments carried at amortized cost that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

Other investments included in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy include our investment in a mutual fund measured at fair value ($8.3 million and $7.9 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively).

We provide below a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

• Money markets: We invest excess cash in various money market funds that are valued based on quoted prices in active markets; these are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

• Treasury Bills: We hold U.S. Treasury Bills, which are primarily segregated in a special reserve bank custody account as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. These securities are valued based on quoted yields in secondary markets and are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

• Equity securities: Our equity securities consist principally of company-sponsored mutual funds with NAVs and various separately-managed portfolios consisting primarily of equity and fixed income mutual funds with quoted prices in active markets, which are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, some securities are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Index

• Derivatives: We hold exchange-traded futures with counterparties that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we also hold currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, option swaps and total return swaps with counterparties that are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

• Contingent payment arrangements: Contingent payment arrangements relate to contingent payment liabilities associated with various acquisitions. At each reporting date, we estimate the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid based upon probability-weighted AUM and revenue projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 there were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 securities.

The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as equity securities, is as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	114	$	170	$	118	$	129



Unrealized gains (losses), net	2		(49)		(2)		(8)
Balance as of end of period	$	116	$	121	$	116	$	121

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Our acquisitions may include contingent consideration arrangements as part of the purchase price. The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as contingent payment arrangements, is as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	254,108	$	248,185	$	252,690	$	247,309

Accretion	2,558		2,444		5,116		4,887

Payments	(1,500)		—		(2,640)		(792)
Held for sale reclassification	—		(775)		—		(1,550)
Balance as of end of period	$	255,166	$	249,854	$	255,166	$	249,854

As of June 30, 2024, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 29.3%, with a weighted average of 7.9%, calculated using cumulative revenues and range of revenue growth rates. The discount rates range from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 4.6%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates. As of June 30, 2023, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 10.3%, calculated using cumulative revenues and a range of revenue growth rates. The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 4.6%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We did not have any material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value for impairment on a nonrecurring basis during the six months ended June 30, 2024 or during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Index

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.

On December 14, 2022, four individual participants in the Profit Sharing Plan for Employees of AllianceBernstein L.P., (the "Plan") filed a class action complaint (the “Complaint”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against AB, current and former members of the Compensation Committee, and the Investment and Administrative Committees under the Plan. On February 24, 2023, AB filed a motion to dismiss all claims and on March 25, 2024, the Court granted AB’s motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiff’s time to amend their complaint or appeal the Court’s decision has now expired and we consider this matter concluded.

AB may be involved in various matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that we could incur losses pertaining to these other matters, but we cannot currently estimate any such losses, or a range of reasonably possible losses. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any other individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any other individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.

Guarantees

Effective April 1, 2024 AB and SocGen completed their previously announced transaction to form the JVs. At the time of closing, Bernstein Institutional Services LLC (“BIS”), the U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary of the NA JV, entered into a credit facility agreement with SocGen, as lender, providing for up to $60.0 million of working capital. As a condition of the credit facility and until SocGen’s ownership exceeds 50% of NA JV, AB will provide a limited guarantee under which AB will guarantee up to its percentage ownership, currently 66.7%, of any unpaid obligations of BIS .

In addition, in connection with the close of the transaction, AB will indemnify SG Canada for certain obligations and liabilities in relation to SCB Canada until such time as SocGen exceeds 50% ownership of NA JV (the “Canadian Regulatory Guarantee”). Under the terms of the Canadian Regulatory Guarantee, SG Canada must guarantee the customer liabilities of SCB Canada to the full extent of its regulatory capital which fluctuates based upon business activity. AB has agreed to indemnify SG Canada for 66.7% of any amounts paid by SG Canada under the Canadian Regulatory Guarantee.

13. Leases

We lease office space, furniture and office equipment under various operating and financing leases. Our current leases have initial lease terms of one year to 20 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year.

Index

Leases included in the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:


	Classification	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
		(in thousands)
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	$	481,336	$	312,588
Operating lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	546,961		357,623

Finance Leases
Property and equipment, gross	Right-of-use assets	18,725		18,975
Amortization of right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	(9,651)		(7,797)
Property and equipment, net		9,074		11,178
Finance lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	9,031		11,394

The components of lease expense included in the condensed consolidated statement of income as of June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Classification	2024		2023		2024		2023
		(in thousands)
Operating lease cost	General and administrative	$	27,584	$	24,120	$	55,520	$	47,284
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	General and administrative	1,047		1,203		2,099		2,279
Interest on lease liabilities	Interest expense	76		88		160		153
Total finance lease cost		1,123		1,291		2,259		2,432
Variable lease cost (1)	General and administrative	10,280		7,432		19,890		16,299
Sublease income	General and administrative	(8,746)		(8,741)		(16,469)		(17,001)
Net lease cost		$	30,241	$	24,102	$	61,200	$	49,014

(1) Variable lease expense includes operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking.

The sub-lease income represents all revenues received from sub-tenants. It is primarily fixed base rental payments combined with variable reimbursements such as operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking. The vast majority of sub-tenant income is derived from our New York metro sub-tenant agreements. Sub-tenant income related to base rent is recorded on a straight-line basis.

Index

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:


	Operating Leases		Financing Leases		Total
Year ending December 31,	(in thousands)
2024 (excluding the six months ended June 30, 2024)	$	52,076	$	1,927	$	54,003
2025	61,864		4,050		65,914
2026	60,648		2,617		63,265
2027	58,144		922		59,066
2028	52,050		142		52,192
Thereafter	464,114		—		464,114
Total lease payments	748,896		9,658		758,554
Less interest	(201,935)		(627)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	546,961	$	9,031

We have signed a lease that commenced during the first quarter of 2024, relating to approximately 166,000 square feet of space in New York City.


Lease term and discount rate:
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	13.03
Finance leases	2.55
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	4.3	%
Finance leases	3.4	%

Supplemental non-cash activity related to leases was as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024	2023
	(in thousands)




Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations(1):
Operating leases	213,235	28,827
Finance leases	—	2,096

(1) Represents non-cash activity and, accordingly, is not reflected in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

14. Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds

We regularly provide seed capital to new company-sponsored investment funds. As such, we may consolidate or de-consolidate a variety of company-sponsored investment funds each quarter. Due to the similarity of risks related to our involvement with each company-sponsored investment fund, disclosures required under the VIE model are aggregated, such as disclosures regarding the carrying amount and classification of assets.

We are not required to provide financial support to company-sponsored investment funds, and only the assets of such funds are available to settle each fund's own liabilities. Our exposure to loss regarding consolidated company-sponsored investment funds is limited to our investment in, and our management fee earned from, such funds. Equity and debt holders of such funds have no recourse to AB’s assets or to the general credit of AB.

Index

The balances of consolidated VIEs and VOEs included in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition were as follows:


	June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	(in thousands)
	VIEs		VOEs		Total		VIEs		VOEs		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,733	$	124	$	3,857	$	7,572	$	167	$	7,739
Investments	157,618		95,452		253,070		286,619		110,555		397,174
Other assets	2,544		1,132		3,676		15,010		10,289		25,299
Total assets	$	163,895	$	96,708	$	260,603	$	309,201	$	121,011	$	430,212

Liabilities	$	1,142	$	311	$	1,453	$	9,699	$	2,838	$	12,537
Redeemable non-controlling interest	92,498		15,757		108,255		202,882		6,538		209,420
Partners' capital attributable to AB Unitholders	70,255		80,640		150,895		96,620		111,635		208,255
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and partners' capital	$	163,895	$	96,708	$	260,603	$	309,201	$	121,011	$	430,212

During the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, we deconsolidated four funds in which we had a seed investment of approximately $46.5 million as of December 31, 2023, due to no longer having a controlling financial interest.

Changes in the redeemable non-controlling interest balance during the six-month period ended June 30, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):



Redeemable non-controlling interest as of December 31, 2023	$	209,420
Deconsolidated funds	(119,231)
Changes in third-party seed investments in consolidated funds	18,066
Redeemable non-controlling interest as of June 30, 2024	$	108,255

Fair Value

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, the recorded value has been determined to approximate fair value.

Index

Valuation of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
June 30, 2024:
Investments - VIEs	$	16,392	$	141,226	$	—	$	157,618
Investments - VOEs	13,785		81,667		—		95,452
Derivatives - VIEs	457		107		—		564

Total assets measured at fair value	$	30,634	$	223,000	$	—	$	253,634

Derivatives - VIEs	99		60		—		159

Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	99	$	60	$	—	$	159

December 31, 2023:
Investments - VIEs	$	49,455	$	237,164	$	—	$	286,619
Investments - VOEs	9,036		101,519		—		110,555
Derivatives - VIEs	2,139		2,763		—		4,902
Derivatives - VOEs	—		8,775		—		8,775
Total assets measured at fair value	$	60,630	$	350,221	$	—	$	410,851


Derivatives - VIEs	$	944	$	1,587	$	—	$	2,531

Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	944	$	1,587	$	—	$	2,531

See Note 11 for a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

There were no Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value within the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Derivative Instruments

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the VIEs held $0.4 million and $2.4 million (net), respectively, of futures, forwards and swaps within their portfolios. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized $0.5 million and $0.9 million of losses, respectively, on these derivatives. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $1.3 million of losses and $0.4 million of gains, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the VIEs held $0.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in the liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the VIEs delivered $1.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. The VIEs report this cash collateral in the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the VOEs held zero and $8.8 million futures, forwards, options or swaps within their portfolios. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, we recognized no gains or losses on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed statements of income.

As of June 30, 2024, the VOEs held no cash collateral payable to trade counterparties.

As of June 30, 2024, the VOEs delivered no cash collateral in brokerage accounts.

Index

Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

Offsetting of derivative assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2024:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	564	$	—	$	564	$	—	$	(564)	$	—

December 31, 2023:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	4,902	$	—	$	4,902	$	—	$	(1,415)	$	3,487

Offsetting of derivative liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2024:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	159	$	—	$	159	$	—	$	(159)	$	—

December 31, 2023:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	2,531	$	—	$	2,531	$	—	$	(1,408)	$	1,123

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

Non-Consolidated VIEs

As of June 30, 2024, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that are non-consolidated VIEs are approximately $67.0 billion, and our maximum risk of loss is our investment of $14.3 million in these VIEs and our advisory fee receivables from these VIEs is $103.7 million. As of December 31, 2023, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that were non-consolidated VIEs was approximately $54.6 billion; our maximum risk of loss was our investment of $10.3 million in these VIEs and our advisory fees receivable from these VIEs was $114.5 million.

15. Units Outstanding

Changes in AB Units outstanding during the six-month period ended June 30, 2024 were as follows:


Outstanding as of December 31, 2023			286,609,212

Units issued			850,482
Units retired(1)			(685,921)
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024			286,773,773

(1) During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we purchased 18,800 AB Units in private transactions and retired them.

Index

16. Debt

Credit Facility

AB has an $800.0 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with a group of commercial banks and other lenders, which matures on October 13, 2026. The Credit Facility provides for possible increases in the principal amount by up to an aggregate incremental amount of $200.0 million; any such increase is subject to the consent of the affected lenders. The Credit Facility is available for AB and Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC ("SCB LLC") business purposes, including the support of AB’s commercial paper program. Both AB and SCB LLC can draw directly under the Credit Facility and management may draw on the Credit Facility from time to time. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations of SCB LLC under the Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants, which are customary for facilities of this type, including restrictions on dispositions of assets, restrictions on liens, a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with these covenants. The Credit Facility also includes customary events of default (with customary grace periods, as applicable), including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or lender’s commitments may be terminated. Also, under such provisions, upon the occurrence of certain insolvency- or bankruptcy-related events of default, all amounts payable under the Credit Facility would automatically become immediately due and payable, and the lender’s commitments automatically would terminate.

Amounts under the Credit Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. Voluntary prepayments and commitment reductions requested by us are permitted at any time without a fee (other than customary breakage costs relating to the prepayment of any drawn loans) upon proper notice and subject to a minimum dollar requirement. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum, which will be, at our option, a rate equal to an applicable margin, which is subject to adjustment based on the credit ratings of AB, plus one of the following indices: a term Secured Overnight Financial Rate; a Prime rate; or the Federal Funds rate.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. Furthermore, during the first six months of 2024 and the full year 2023, we did not draw upon the Credit Facility.

EQH Facility

AB also has a $900.0 million committed, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Facility matures on November 4, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Our intent is to amend and extend this facility before maturity. Borrowings under the EQH Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates.

The EQH Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with these covenants. The EQH Facility also includes customary events of default substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities, including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or the lender’s commitment may be terminated.

Amounts under the EQH Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. AB or EQH may reduce or terminate the commitment at any time without penalty upon proper notice. EQH also may terminate the facility immediately upon a change of control of our general partner.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, AB had $620.0 million and $900.0 million outstanding under the EQH Facility, respectively, with an interest rate of approximately 5.3%, respectively. Average daily borrowings on the EQH Facility for the first six months of 2024 and the full year 2023 were $639.1 million and $743.1 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 5.3% and 4.9%, respectively.

EQH Uncommitted Facility

In addition to the EQH Facility, AB has a $300.0 million uncommitted, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Uncommitted Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Uncommitted Facility matures on September 1, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Our intent is to amend and extend this facility before maturity. Borrowings under the EQH Uncommitted Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates. The EQH Uncommitted Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in the EQH Facility. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with these covenants. As of June 30, 2024 and

Index

December 31, 2023 we had no amounts outstanding on the EQH Uncommitted Facility. During the first six months of 2024, we did not draw upon the EQH Uncommitted Facility. Average daily borrowing for the full year 2023 were $3.6 million with a weighted average interest rate of approximately 4.6%.

Commercial Paper

As of June 30, 2024 we had no commercial paper outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, we had $254.3 million of commercial paper outstanding with an interest rate of 5.4%. The commercial paper is short term in nature, and as such, recorded value is estimated to approximate fair value (and considered a Level 2 security in the fair value hierarchy). Average daily borrowings of commercial paper during the first six months of 2024 and full year 2023 were $367.0 million and $267.6 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 5.4% and 5.2%, respectively.

SCB Lines of Credit

SCB LLC has five uncommitted lines of credit with five financial institutions. Four of these lines of credit permit us to borrow up to an aggregate of approximately $315.0 million, with AB named as an additional borrower, while the other line has no stated limit. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations on SCB LLC under these lines of credit. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, SCB LLC had no outstanding balance on these lines of credit. Average daily borrowings during the first six months of 2024 and full year 2023 were $1.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 8.5% and 7.8%, respectively.

17. Divestiture

On November 22, 2022, AB and SocGen, a leading European bank, announced plans to form a joint venture combining their respective cash equities and research businesses (the “Initial Plan”). In the Initial Plan, AB would own a 49% interest in the global joint venture and SocGen would own a 51% interest, with an option to reach 100% ownership after five years.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, AB and SocGen negotiated a revised plan (the "Revised Plan") to form a global joint venture with two joint venture holding companies, one outside of North America and one within North America ("NA JV", and together the "JVs"). Effective April 1, 2024, AB and SocGen completed their previously announced transaction in accordance with the Revised Plan. AB owns a 66.7% majority interest in the NA JV while SocGen owns a 51% majority interest in the joint venture outside of North America. While AB currently owns a majority of the NA JV, the structure of the Board of Directors of the NA JV, which includes two independent directors, in addition to four directors from AB and three directors from SocGen, precludes AB’s control of the Board thereby permitting deconsolidation of the BRS business. Going forward, AB will maintain an equity method investment in each of the JVs and report on the performance of the two JV holding companies on a combined basis.

As a result of the greater value of the business AB contributed to the JVs, SocGen paid AB $304.0 million in cash to equalize the value of the contributions by AB and SocGen to the JVs. The cash payment of $304.0 million included $102.6 million of prepaid consideration for an option, exercisable by AB during the next five years, that would result in SocGen having a 51% ownership of the NA JV (the "AB option") and bringing the transaction ownership terms back in line with the Initial Plan. AB's option may only be exercised upon receipt of appropriate regulatory approvals. The $304.0 million cash payment was used to pay down debt under AB’s existing credit facilities.

Under the terms of the transaction and assuming AB exercises its option as noted above, SocGen would increase its ownership to a majority interest of the NA JV, without further consideration payable. AB has an additional option to sell its ownership interests in the JVs to SocGen after five years, at the fair market value of AB’s interests in the JVs, subject to regulatory approval. The ultimate objective of SocGen and AB is for SocGen to eventually own 100% of the JVs after five years.

AB has deconsolidated the BRS business and retained the Bernstein Private Wealth Management business within its existing U.S. broker dealer, SCB LLC. AB’s Private Wealth Management business continues to operate through SCB LLC and SCB LLC continues to serve as custodian for nearly all Private Wealth assets under management. AB continues to serve as investment adviser to these Private Wealth clients. Further, we entered into certain transition services agreements with the JVs in connection with the divestiture of the BRS business. From April 1, 2024 through June 30, 2024 we provided services and recognized revenues of $12.4 million associated with these transition services agreements.

Index

The net carrying amount of the BRS business assets and liabilities included in the sale was $312.1 million and consisted of the following:


	April 1, 2024
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	338,226
Receivables, net:
Brokers and dealers	31,427
Brokerage clients	2,817
Other fees	14,719
Investments	9,555
Furniture and equipment, net	5,472
Other assets	44,751
Right-of-use assets	4,422
Intangible assets	3,850
Goodwill	159,826

Total assets sold	$	615,065

Payables:
Brokers and dealers	$	15,271
Brokerage clients	14,110
AP and Accrued Expenses	134,979
Other liabilities	10,370
Accrued compensation and benefits	42,069
Debt	86,200
Total liabilities sold	$	302,999

As a result of the sale, we recognized a pre-tax gain of $134.6 million during the second quarter of 2024, calculated as follows:


	April 1, 2024
	(in thousands)
Cash proceeds	$	303,980
Fair value of equity interest in the JVs	283,871
Net carrying amount of assets and liabilities divested	(312,066)
Consideration for future put option to be exercised by AB	(102,550)
Cumulative translation losses	(10,197)
Reorganization costs	(28,483)






Pre-tax gain on divestiture	$	134,555

We deconsolidated approximately $312.1 million of net assets and liabilities of the BRS business and contributed those assets and liabilities to the JVs. We recorded an initial investment in the JVs, at fair value of $283.9 million. The fair value of the equity method investments was determined using a dividend discount model whereby a forecast of net banking income attributable to each of the JVs is discounted using an estimated cost of capital to determine the present value of expected future dividends.

Index

In addition, we recorded a liability in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition of approximately $102.6 million, based on the negotiated terms of the Revised Plan, related to the AB option. Upon receipt of appropriate regulatory approvals, AB intends to exercise the AB option and will recognize a gain or loss at that time, dependent upon the fair market value of the additional equity interest that would result in SocGen having 51% ownership interest in NA JV. For discussion on our accounting policy related to investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, see Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies.

The net cash contributed at transaction close from the divestiture of the BRS business as presented under Cash Flows from Investing Activities represents the cash portion of the sale consideration, which was determined as the fair value of the sale consideration, adjusted by the cash transferred to the joint ventures and direct costs to sell. The following table summarizes the different components of the initial business divestiture presented under cash flows from investing activities:


	June 30, 2024
	(in thousands)
Cash proceeds from buyer	$	303,980
Initial cash contributed to joint ventures from transferring balance sheet	(338,226)
Direct costs to sell	(5,950)
Cash outflow from divestiture	(40,196)

Included in the initial cash contribution to the joint ventures is approximately $69.1 million of prefunded cash received from SocGen in advance of closing due to certain banking holidays in the U.S. and internationally. The $69.1 million was included in held for sale cash as of March 31, 2024 with an offsetting liability recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses in held for sale liabilities on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition. At transaction close, AB contributed this cash to the joint ventures on behalf of SocGen.

As of December 31, 2023 the assets and liabilities of AB's research services business (“the disposal group”) were classified as held for sale on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition and recorded at fair value, less cost to sell. As a result of classifying these assets as held for sale, we recognized a cumulative non-cash valuation adjustment of $6.6 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively, to recognize the net carrying value at lower of cost or fair value, less estimated costs to sell.

Index

The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities of the disposal group classified as held for sale on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2023:


	December 31, 2023
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	153,047
Receivables, net:
Brokers and dealers	32,669
Brokerage clients	74,351
Other fees	15,326
Investments	17,029
Furniture and equipment, net	5,807
Other assets	104,228
Right-of-use assets	5,032
Intangible assets	4,061
Goodwill	159,826
Valuation adjustment (allowance) on disposal group	(6,600)
Total assets held for sale	$	564,776

Payables:
Brokers and dealers	$	39,359
Brokerage clients	16,885
Other liabilities	67,938
Accrued compensation and benefits	29,160
Total liabilities held for sale	$	153,342

As of December 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents classified as held for sale included in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows was $153.0 million.

We have determined that the exit from the sell-side research business did not represent a strategic shift that has had, or is likely to have a major effect on our consolidated results of operations. Accordingly, we did not classify the disposal group as discontinued operations. The results of operations of the disposal group up to the respective date of sale were included in our consolidated results of operations for all periods presented. The lower of amortized cost or fair value adjustment upon transferring these assets to held for sale was not material.

Index

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Overview

Our total assets under management (“AUM”) as of June 30, 2024 were $769.5 billion, up $10.8 billion, or 1.4%, compared to March 31, 2024, and up $78.0 billion, or 11.3%, compared to June 30, 2023. During the second quarter of 2024 AUM increased due to market appreciation of $9.9 billion and net inflows of $0.9 billion (Retail net inflows of $2.8 billion, offset by Institutional net outflows of $1.8 billion and Private Wealth net outflows of $0.1 billion).

Institutional AUM increased $0.2 billion, or 0.1%, to $322.7 billion during the second quarter of 2024, due to market appreciation of $2.0 billion, offset by net outflows of $1.8 billion. Gross sales remained flat from the first quarter of 2024 at $3.3 billion. Redemptions and terminations increased sequentially from $3.4 billion to $3.5 billion.

Retail AUM increased $8.4 billion, or 2.7%, to $316.4 billion during the second quarter of 2024, due to market appreciation of $5.6 billion and net inflows of $2.8 billion. Gross sales decreased sequentially from $23.8 billion during the first quarter of 2024 to $23.2 billion during the second quarter of 2024. Redemptions and terminations decreased sequentially from $16.9 billion to $16.7 billion.

Private Wealth AUM increased $2.2 billion, or 1.7%, to $130.4 billion during the second quarter of 2024, due to market appreciation of $2.3 billion, offset by net outflows of $0.1 billion. Gross sales decreased sequentially from $5.5 billion during the first quarter of 2024 to $5.4 billion during the second quarter of 2024. Redemptions and terminations increased sequentially from $4.9 billion to $5.5 billion.

Bernstein Research Services revenue for the second quarter of 2024 decreased $91.8 million, or 100.0%, compared to the second quarter of 2023. The decrease was due to the deconsolidation of the Bernstein Research Services ("BRS") business and contribution of the business to the joint ventures. effective April 1, 2024. For further discussion, see Note 17, Divestiture to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1.

Net revenues for the second quarter of 2024 increased $19.5 million, or 1.9%, to $1.0 billion, compared to the second quarter of 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher investment advisory base fees of $70.6 million, higher distribution revenues of $28.1 million, higher performance-based fees of $25.0 million and higher other revenues of $14.4 million primarily due certain reimbursements for services provided to the joint ventures, partially offset by lower Bernstein Research Services revenue of $91.8 million due to the deconsolidation of the BRS business and higher investment losses of $24.3 million primarily due to the equity loss on the joint ventures. Operating expenses for the second quarter of 2024 increased $8.9 million, or 1.1%, to $828.7 million from $819.8 million in the second quarter of 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher promotion and servicing expense of $21.3 million, partially offset by lower employee compensation and benefits expense of $4.8 million, lower general and administrative expense of $4.2 million and lower interest on borrowings of $3.4 million. Operating income increased $10.6 million, or 5.6%, to $199.3 million from $188.7 million in the second quarter of 2023 and our operating margin increased to 19.0% in the second quarter of 2024 from 18.4% in the second quarter of 2023.

Market Environment

U.S. Equities

U.S. equity markets maintained positive momentum in the second quarter with the S&P 500 Index gaining 4.3%, primarily driven by the Information Technology and Communication Services sectors. Market breadth deteriorated in the second quarter, as equity gains were again concentrated among larger technology companies, particularly those benefiting from artificial intelligence. Evidencing the returns dispersion, the S&P 500 Value index underperformed the S&P 500 Growth index and Small-Caps (market capitalization ranges between $250 million to $2 billion) lagged Large-Caps (market capitalization above $10 billion) with the Russell 2000 Index falling 3.3% in the second quarter versus the S&P 500 gaining 4.3%.

Index

Global and Non-U.S. Equities

Eurozone equities moved lower in the second quarter with the MSCI Eurozone falling 1.2%, as the European Central Bank’s 25 basis point rate cut in early June was overshadowed by political turmoil. The U.K. MSCI index gained 3.7% in the second quarter, with U.K. equities achieving new all-time highs, as the annual consumer price index inflation fell back to 2.0% in May, hitting the Bank of England’s target for the first time since July 2021. Japanese equities also saw gains in second quarter with the TOPIX generating 1.7% total return in Japanese yen terms. However, continued depreciation of the Japanese yen turned the foreign currency-based return negative, while the Bank of Japan also expressed concerns about the negative impact of yen weakness on the economy and inflation. Asia ex-Japan equity markets posted strong gains, led by China’s rebound, Taiwan’s outsized exposure to the semi-conductor industry and positive investor sentiment towards India. Emerging markets outperformed their Developed counterparts in the second quarter.

Global Bonds

Renewed concerns about the U.S. economy overheating weighed on global bonds early in the second quarter with sentiment improving gradually as softer labor market conditions and lower inflation readings emerged later in the quarter. The Bloomberg Global Aggregate Bond index ended lower 1.1% in the second quarter. Investment grade ("IG") corporate bond markets in the U.S. and Europe delivered positive returns both absolute and relative over government bonds, while high yield markets had another strong out performance over IG and governments. Government bond markets diverged with a sharp sell-off in U.S. Treasuries at the beginning of the second quarter followed by political-driven weakness in the Eurozone, with French debt risk premiums rising in response to the snap parliamentary election announcement in late June. Emerging Market debt yields also pushed higher, with the postponement of the Federal Reserve easing cycle.

Relationship with EQH and its Subsidiaries

EQH (our parent company) and its subsidiaries are our largest client. EQH is collaborating with AB in order to improve the risk-adjusted yield for the General Accounts of EQH's insurance subsidiaries by investing additional assets at AB, including the utilization of AB's higher-fee, longer-duration alternative offerings. In mid-2021, Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company, a subsidiary of EQH ("Equitable Financial"), agreed to provide an initial $10 billion in permanent capital to build out AB's private illiquid offerings, including private alternatives and private placements. Deployment of the initial $10 billion in permanent capital is now complete. In addition, during the second quarter of 2023, EQH committed to provide an additional $10 billion in permanent capital, deployment of which has begun. We expect this anticipated capital from EQH's insurance subsidiaries will continue to accelerate both organic and inorganic growth in our private alternatives business, allowing us to continue to deliver for our clients, employees, unitholders and other stakeholders. For example, included in the initial $10 billion commitment by EQH is $750 million in capital deployed through AB CarVal.

Permanent capital means investment capital of indefinite duration, for which commitments may be withdrawn under certain conditions. Such conditions primarily include potential regulatory restrictions, lacking sufficient liquidity to fund the capital commitments to AB and AB's inability to identify attractive investment opportunities which align with the investment strategy. Although EQH’s insurance subsidiaries have indicated their intention over time to provide this investment capital to AB, they have no binding commitment to do so. While the withdrawal of their commitment could potentially slow down our introduction of certain products, the impact to our overall operations would not be material.

Joint Venture with Societe Generale

Effective April 1, 2024, AB and Societe Generale ("SocGen") completed their previously announced transaction to form a global joint venture with two joint venture holding companies, one outside of North America and one within North America ("NA JV", and together the "JVs"). AB owns a majority interest in the NA JV while SocGen owns a majority interest in the joint venture outside of North America. AB has deconsolidated the BRS business and retained the Bernstein Private Wealth Management business within its existing U.S. broker dealer Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1.

Index

Assets Under Management

Assets under management by distribution channel are as follows:


	As of June 30,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)

Institutions	$	322.7	$	309.2	$	13.5	4.4	%
Retail	316.4		266.6		49.8		18.7
Private Wealth	130.4		115.7		14.7		12.7
Total	$	769.5	$	691.5	$	78.0	11.3	%

Assets under management by investment service are as follows:


	As of June 30,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)
Equity
Actively Managed	$	264.4	$	235.9	$	28.5	12.1	%
Passively Managed(1)	65.8		60.5		5.3		8.9
Total Equity	330.2		296.4		33.8		11.4

Fixed Income
Actively Managed
Taxable	216.0		202.3		13.7		6.7
Tax–exempt	66.2		56.1		10.1		18.0
	282.2		258.4		23.8		9.2
Passively Managed(1)	11.0		9.4		1.6		17.3
Total Fixed Income	293.2		267.8		25.4		9.5

Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)
Actively Managed	136.0		119.6		16.4		13.7
Passively Managed(1)	10.1		7.7		2.4		31.6
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	146.1		127.3		18.8		14.8
Total	$	769.5	$	691.5	$	78.0	11.3	%

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.

Index

Changes in assets under management for the three-month, six-month and twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2024 are as follows:


	Distribution Channel
	Institutions		Retail		Private Wealth		Total
	(in billions)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	322.5	$	308.0	$	128.2	$	758.7
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	3.3		23.2		5.4		31.9
Redemptions/terminations	(3.5)		(16.7)		(5.5)		(25.7)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(1.6)		(3.7)		—		(5.3)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(1.8)		2.8		(0.1)		0.9



Market appreciation	2.0		5.6		2.3		9.9
Net change	0.2		8.4		2.2		10.8
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	322.7	$	316.4	$	130.4	$	769.5

Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	317.1	$	286.8	$	121.3	$	725.2
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	6.6		47.0		10.9		64.5
Redemptions/terminations	(6.9)		(33.5)		(10.4)		(50.8)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(5.7)		(6.6)		—		(12.3)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(6.0)		6.9		0.5		1.4



Market appreciation	11.6		22.7		8.6		42.9
Net change	5.6		29.6		9.1		44.3
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	322.7	$	316.4	$	130.4	$	769.5

Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	309.2	$	266.6	$	115.7	$	691.5
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	13.9		84.8		19.3		118.0
Redemptions/terminations	(12.1)		(63.8)		(19.4)		(95.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(13.8)		(11.2)		—		(25.0)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(12.0)		9.8		(0.1)		(2.3)



Market appreciation	25.5		40.0		14.8		80.3
Net change	13.5		49.8		14.7		78.0
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	322.7	$	316.4	$	130.4	$	769.5

Index


	Investment Service
	Equity Actively Managed		Equity Passively Managed(1)		Fixed Income Actively Managed - Taxable		Fixed Income Actively Managed - Tax- Exempt		Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)		Alternatives/ Multi-Asset Solutions(2)		Total
	(in billions)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	264.1	$	64.7	$	212.1	$	64.0	$	11.2	$	142.6	$	758.7
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	12.5		0.3		10.3		4.9		—		3.9		31.9
Redemptions/terminations	(13.4)		(0.1)		(7.4)		(3.1)		(0.1)		(1.6)		(25.7)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(5.2)		(0.9)		1.5		0.1		0.1		(0.9)		(5.3)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(6.1)		(0.7)		4.4		1.9		—		1.4		0.9


Market appreciation (depreciation)	6.4		1.8		(0.5)		0.3		(0.2)		2.1		9.9
Net change	0.3		1.1		3.9		2.2		(0.2)		3.5		10.8
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	264.4	$	65.8	$	216.0	$	66.2	$	11.0	$	146.1	$	769.5

Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	247.5	$	62.1	$	208.6	$	61.1	$	11.4	$	134.5	$	725.2
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	24.2		1.0		22.3		10.2		—		6.8		64.5
Redemptions/terminations	(27.8)		(0.2)		(14.3)		(5.5)		(0.2)		(2.8)		(50.8)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(8.7)		(4.9)		1.0		0.2		0.1		—		(12.3)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(12.3)		(4.1)		9.0		4.9		(0.1)		4.0		1.4


Market appreciation (depreciation)	29.2		7.8		(1.6)		0.2		(0.3)		7.6		42.9
Net change	16.9		3.7		7.4		5.1		(0.4)		11.6		44.3
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	264.4	$	65.8	$	216.0	$	66.2	$	11.0	$	146.1	$	769.5

Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	235.9	$	60.5	$	202.3	$	56.1	$	9.4	$	127.3	$	691.5
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	43.8		1.6		40.1		19.4		1.7		11.4		118.0
Redemptions/terminations	(48.0)		(0.4)		(30.0)		(11.8)		(0.3)		(4.8)		(95.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(13.3)		(8.2)		(3.0)		0.5		0.1		(1.1)		(25.0)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(17.5)		(7.0)		7.1		8.1		1.5		5.5		(2.3)


Market appreciation	46.0		12.3		6.6		2.0		0.1		13.3		80.3
Net change	28.5		5.3		13.7		10.1		1.6		18.8		78.0
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	264.4	$	65.8	$	216.0	$	66.2	$	11.0	$	146.1	$	769.5

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services

Index

Net long-term inflows (outflows) for actively managed investment services as compared to passively managed investment services for the three-month, six-month and twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2024 are as follows:


	Periods Ended June 30, 2024
	Three-months		Six-months		Twelve-months
	(in billions)
Actively Managed
Equity	$	(6.1)	$	(12.3)	$	(17.5)
Fixed Income	6.3		13.9		15.2
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	1.1		3.4		4.4
	1.3		5.0		2.1
Passively Managed
Equity	(0.7)		(4.1)		(7.0)
Fixed Income	—		(0.1)		1.5
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	0.3		0.6		1.1
	(0.4)		(3.6)		(4.4)
Total net long-term inflows (outflows)	$	0.9	$	1.4	$	(2.3)

Average assets under management by distribution channel and investment service are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change		2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)								(in billions)
Distribution Channel:
Institutions	$	319.6	$	305.1	$	14.5	4.8	%	$	318.2	$	304.6	$	13.6	4.5	%
Retail	308.0		259.9		48.1		18.5		301.7		255.9		45.8		17.9
Private Wealth	127.9		113.4		14.5		12.7		125.7		111.6		14.1		12.6
Total	$	755.5	$	678.4	$	77.1	11.4	%	$	745.6	$	672.1	$	73.5	10.9	%
Investment Service:
Equity Actively Managed	$	259.7	$	230.3	$	29.4	12.8	%	$	255.9	$	228.4	$	27.5	12.0	%
Equity Passively Managed(1)	64.2		57.7		6.5		11.1		63.9		56.8		7.1		12.4
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Taxable	212.9		199.4		13.5		6.8		211.0		197.2		13.8		7.0
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Tax-exempt	64.7		55.5		9.2		16.5		63.5		54.8		8.7		16.1
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)	11.0		9.5		1.5		15.7		11.1		9.5		1.6		16.9
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)	143.0		126.0		17.0		13.5		140.2		125.4		14.8		11.8
Total	$	755.5	$	678.4	$	77.1	11.4	%	$	745.6	$	672.1	$	73.5	10.9	%

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity of fixed income services.

Index

Our Institutional channel second quarter average AUM of $319.6 billion increased $14.5 billion, or 4.8%, compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily due to ending AUM increasing $13.5 billion, or 4.4%, to $322.7 billion from June 30, 2023. The $13.5 billion increase in AUM resulted from market appreciation of $25.5 billion, offset by net outflows of $12.0 billion.

Our Retail channel second quarter average AUM of $308.0 billion increased $48.1 billion, or 18.5%, compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily due to ending AUM increasing $49.8 billion, or 18.7%, to $316.4 billion from June 30, 2023. The $49.8 billion increase resulted from market appreciation of $40.0 billion and net inflows of $9.8 billion.

Our Private Wealth channel second quarter average AUM of $127.9 billion increased $14.5 billion, or 12.7%, compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily due to ending AUM increasing $14.7 billion, or 12.7%, to $130.4 billion from June 30, 2023. The $14.7 billion increase resulted from market appreciation of $14.8 billion, offset by net outflows of $0.1 billion.

Absolute investment composite returns, gross of fees, and relative performance as of June 30, 2024 compared to benchmarks for certain representative Institutional equity and fixed income services are as follows:


	1-Year		3-Year(1)		5-Year(1)

Income - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return	7.3	%	(0.9)	%	1.7	%
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global High Yield Index - Hedged)	4.6		2.2		1.9
High Income (fixed income)
Absolute return	12.7		2.3		3.8
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index - Hedged)	0.2		0.7		0.6
Global Plus - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return	5.2		(1.5)		0.5
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index - Hedged)	1.0		0.1		0.3
Intermediate Municipal Bonds (fixed income)
Absolute return	4.2		0.5		1.7
Relative return (vs. Lipper Short/Int. Blended Muni Fund Avg)	0.8		0.6		0.7
U.S. Strategic Core Plus (fixed income)
Absolute return	3.9		(2.5)		0.3
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index)	1.3		0.5		0.6
Emerging Market Debt (fixed income)
Absolute return	11.3		(2.5)		0.7
Relative return (vs. JPM EMBI Global/JPM EMBI)	2.9		—		0.4
Sustainable Global Thematic
Absolute return	10.6		0.8		11.4
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index)	(8.8)		(4.7)		0.7
International Strategic Core Equity
Absolute return	15.9		4.0		6.3
Relative return (vs. MSCI EAFE Index)	4.4		1.1		(0.1)
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Value
Absolute return	13.1		3.5		9.3
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Value Index)	1.9		1.3		1.3

Index


	1-Year	3-Year(1)	5-Year(1)
U.S. Large Cap Value
Absolute return	16.7	9.1	11.7
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Value Index)	3.7	3.6	2.7
U.S. Small Cap Growth
Absolute return	9.2	(7.1)	7.2
Relative return (vs. Russell 2000 Growth Index)	0.1	(2.3)	1.0
U.S. Large Cap Growth
Absolute return	32.3	9.4	17.9
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Growth Index)	(1.2)	(1.9)	(1.5)
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Growth
Absolute return	13.1	(4.7)	7.9
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Growth Index)	4.1	(0.6)	0.3
Concentrated U.S. Growth
Absolute return	15.7	3.2	11.6
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(8.9)	(6.8)	(3.5)
Select U.S. Equity
Absolute return	26.0	10.8	15.7
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	1.4	0.8	0.6
Strategic Equities
Absolute return	25.9	9.3	14.5
Relative return (vs. Russell 3000 Index)	2.8	1.3	0.4
Global Core Equity
Absolute return	14.7	2.7	8.7
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index)	(4.6)	(2.8)	(2.0)
U.S. Strategic Core Equity
Absolute return	22.1	11.3	13.1
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(2.4)	1.2	(2.0)
Select U.S. Equity Long/Short
Absolute return	18.1	7.4	10.5
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(6.4)	(2.6)	(4.5)
Global Strategic Core Equity
Absolute return	23.0	11.6	12.3
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	0.7	2.3	(1.0)

(1)Reflects annualized returns.

Index

Consolidated Results of Operations


	Three Months Ended June 30,										Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			$ Change		% Change		2024			2023			$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net revenues	$	1,027,943		$	1,008,456		$	19,487	1.9	%	$	2,132,094		$	2,032,547		$	99,547	4.9	%
Expenses	828,654			819,795			8,859		1.1		1,690,808			1,628,626			62,182		3.8
Operating income	199,289			188,661			10,628		5.6		441,286			403,921			37,365		9.3

Non-operating income	134,555			—			134,555		n/m		134,555			—			134,555		n/m
Pre-tax income	333,844			188,661			145,183		77.0	%	575,841			403,921			171,920		42.6
Income taxes	20,092			9,901			10,191		102.9		36,134			21,243			14,891		70.1
Net income	313,752			$	178,760		134,992		75.5		539,707			382,678			157,029		41.0
Net income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	4,180			3,023			1,157		38.3		12,208			12,790			(582)		(4.6)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	309,572		$	175,737		$	133,835	76.2		$	527,499		$	369,888		$	157,611	42.6

Diluted net income per AB Unit	$	1.07		$	0.61		$	0.46	75.4		$	1.82		$	1.28		$	0.54	42.2

Distributions per AB Unit	$	0.79		$	0.68		$	0.11	16.2	%	$	1.59		$	1.42		$	0.17	12.0	%

Operating margin (1)	19.0		%	18.4		%					20.1		%	19.2		%

(1)Operating income excluding net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests as a percentage of net revenues.

Index

Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $133.8 million, or 76.2%, from the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase primarily is due to (in millions):


Higher gain on divestiture	$	134.6
Higher base advisory fees	70.6
Higher distribution revenues	28.1
Higher performance-based fees	25.0
Higher other revenues	14.4
Lower employee compensation and benefits expense	4.8
Lower general and administrative expenses	4.2
Lower interest on borrowings	3.4
Lower Bernstein Services Research revenues (1)	(91.8)
Higher investment losses	(24.3)
Higher promotion and servicing expenses	(21.3)
Higher income taxes	(10.2)
Other	(3.7)
	$	133.8

Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $157.6 million, or 42.6%, from the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase primarily is due to (in millions):


Higher gain on divestiture	$	134.6
Higher base advisory fees	132.6
Higher distribution revenues	52.7
Higher performance-based fees	18.6
Higher other revenues	13.6
Lower general and administrative expenses	5.9
Lower Bernstein Services Research revenues (1)	(95.7)
Higher promotion and servicing expenses	(53.9)
Higher investment losses	(17.8)
Higher income taxes	(14.9)
Higher employee compensation and benefits expense	(13.9)
Lower net dividend and interest revenue	(4.4)
Other	0.2
	$	157.6

Units Outstanding; Unit Repurchases

Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf in accordance with the terms and limitations specified in the plan. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC, as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the second quarter of 2024 expired at the close of business on July 25, 2024. We may adopt plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

(1) On April 1, 2024 AB and SocGen, a leading European bank, completed their transaction to form a jointly owned equity research provider and cash equity trading partner for institutional investors. AB has deconsolidated the BRS business and contributed the business to the JVs. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 and Executive Overview in Item 2.

Index

Cash Distributions

We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to our Unitholders and the General Partner. Available Cash Flow typically is the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will continue to be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation. See Note 6 to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 for a description of Available Cash Flow.

Management Operating Metrics

We are providing the non-GAAP measures “adjusted net revenues,” “adjusted operating income” and “adjusted operating margin” because they are the principal operating metrics management uses in evaluating and comparing period-to-period operating performance. Management principally uses these metrics in evaluating performance because they present a clearer picture of our operating performance and allow management to see long-term trends without the distortion primarily caused by long-term incentive compensation-related mark-to-market adjustments, acquisition-related expenses, interest expense and other adjustment items. Similarly, we believe that these management operating metrics help investors better understand the underlying trends in our results and, accordingly, provide a valuable perspective for investors.

We provide the non-GAAP measures "adjusted net income" and "adjusted diluted net income per unit" because our quarterly distribution per unit is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income).

These non-GAAP measures are provided in addition to, and not as substitutes for, net revenues, operating income and operating

margin, and they may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures presented by other companies. Management uses both accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP") and non-GAAP measures in evaluating our financial performance. The non-GAAP measures alone may pose limitations because they do not include all of our revenues and expenses.


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net revenues, US GAAP basis	$	1,027,943	$	1,008,456	$	2,132,094	$	2,032,547
Adjustments:
Distribution-related adjustments:
Distribution revenues	(172,905)		(144,798)		(338,595)		(285,876)
Investment advisory services fees	(20,350)		(14,005)		(39,440)		(29,461)
Pass-through adjustments:
Investment advisory services fees	(11,488)		(11,046)		(27,001)		(20,809)
Other revenues	(20,447)		(8,096)		(29,208)		(17,438)
Impact of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	(3,292)		(2,975)		(11,667)		(13,384)
Incentive compensation-related items	(1,521)		(4,905)		(4,067)		(10,349)
Equity loss on JVs	27,893		—		27,893		—


Adjusted net revenues	$	825,833	$	822,631	$	1,710,009	$	1,655,230

Index


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023

Operating income, US GAAP basis	$	199,289		$	188,661		$	441,286		$	403,921
Adjustments:
Real estate	(206)			(206)			(412)			(412)
Incentive compensation-related items	751			1,103			1,846			2,711
EQH award compensation	291			215			506			406

Acquisition-related expenses	19,035			20,525			34,017			38,249
Equity loss on JVs	27,893			—			27,893			—
Total of non-GAAP adjustments before interest on borrowings	47,764			21,637			63,850			40,954
Interest on borrowings	11,313			14,672			28,683			28,385

Sub-total of non-GAAP adjustments	59,077			36,309			92,533			69,339
Less: Net income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	4,180			3,023			12,208			12,790
Adjusted operating income	254,186			221,947			521,611			460,470

Non-Operating income, US GAAP basis	134,555			—			134,555			—
Less: Interest on borrowings	11,313			14,672			28,683			28,385
Less: Gain on divestiture	134,555			—			134,555			—
Adjusted non-operating (expense)	(11,313)			(14,672)			(28,683)			(28,385)

Adjusted pre-tax income	242,873			207,275			492,928			432,085
Less: Adjusted income taxes	14,621			10,882			30,906			22,728
Adjusted net income	$	228,252		$	196,393		$	462,022		$	409,357

Diluted net income per AB Unit, GAAP basis	$	1.07		$	0.61		$	1.82		$	1.28
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments	(0.28)			0.07			(0.23)			0.14
Adjusted diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.79		$	0.68		$	1.59		$	1.42

Operating margin, GAAP basis	19.0		%	18.4		%	20.1		%	19.2		%
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments	11.8			8.6			10.4			8.6
Adjusted operating margin	30.8		%	27.0		%	30.5		%	27.8		%

Adjusted operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $32.2 million, or 14.5%, from the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to higher investment advisory base fees of $64.3 million, higher performance-based fees of $27.1 million, lower general and administrative expenses of $13.5 million, lower promotion and servicing expenses of $13.4 million, higher investment gains of $2.5 million and lower employee compensation and benefits expense of $2.4 million, partially offset by lower Bernstein Research Services revenue of $91.9 million due to the deconsolidation of the BRS1 business.

Adjusted operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $61.1 million, or 13.3%, from the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to higher investment advisory base fees of $120.8 million, higher performance-based fees of $20.6 million, lower general and administrative expenses of $17.5 million, lower promotion and servicing expenses of $8.4 million, higher investment gains of $7.5 million and higher other revenues of $2.3 million, partially offset by lower Bernstein Research Services revenue of $95.7 million due to the deconsolidation of the BRS1 business and higher employee compensation and benefits expense of $19.3 million.

1 On April 1, 2024 AB and SocGen, a leading European bank, completed their transaction to form a jointly owned equity research provider and cash equity trading partner for institutional investors. AB has deconsolidated the BRS business and contributed the business to the joint venture. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 and Executive Overview in Item 2.

Index

Adjusted Net Revenues

Net Revenue, as adjusted, is reduced to exclude all of the company's distribution revenues, which are recorded as a separate line item on the consolidated statement of income, as well as a portion of investment advisory services fees received that is used to pay distribution and servicing costs. For certain products, based on the distinct arrangements, certain distribution fees are collected by us and passed through to third-party client intermediaries, while for certain other products, we collect investment advisory services fees and a portion is passed through to third-party client intermediaries. In both arrangements, the third-party client intermediary owns the relationship with the client and is responsible for performing services and distributing the product to the client on our behalf. We believe offsetting distribution revenues and certain investment advisory services fees is useful for our investors and other users of our financial statements because such presentation appropriately reflects the nature of these costs as pass-through payments to third parties that perform functions on behalf of our sponsored mutual funds and/or shareholders of these funds. Distribution-related adjustments fluctuate each period based on the type of investment products sold, as well as the average AUM over the period. Also, we adjust distribution revenues for the amortization of deferred sales commissions as these costs, over time, will offset such revenues.

We adjust investment advisory and services fees and other revenues for pass through costs, primarily related to our transfer agent and shareholder servicing fees. Additionally, we adjust for certain investment advisory and services fees passed through to our investment advisors. We also adjust for certain pass through costs associated with the transition of services to the JVs entered into with SocGen. These amounts are expensed by us and passed to the JVs for reimbursement. These fees do not affect operating income, as such, we exclude these fees from adjusted net revenues.

We adjust for the revenue impact of consolidating company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' revenues and including AB's fees from such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and AB's investment gains and losses on its investments in such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds that were eliminated in consolidation.

We also adjust net revenues to exclude our portion of the equity income or loss associated with our investment in the JVs. Effective April 1, 2024 following the close of the transaction with SocGen, we record all income or loss associated with the JVs as an equity method investment income (loss). As we no longer consider this activity part of our core business operations and our intent is to fully divest from both joint ventures, we consider these amounts temporary, and as such, we exclude these amounts from our adjusted net revenues.

Adjusted net revenues exclude investment gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments. Also, we adjust for certain acquisition-related pass-through performance-based fees and performance related compensation.

Adjusted Operating Income

Adjusted operating income represents operating income on a US GAAP basis excluding (1) real estate charges (credits), (2) the impact on net revenues and compensation expense of the investment gains and losses (as well as the dividends and interest) associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (3) the equity compensation paid by EQH to certain AB executives, (4) acquisition-related expenses, (5) equity income (loss) on JVs (6) interest on borrowings and (7) the impact of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Real estate charges (credits) incurred during the fourth quarter of 2019 through the fourth quarter of 2020, while excluded in the period in which the charges (credits) were recorded, are included ratably over the remaining applicable lease term.

Prior to 2009, a significant portion of employee compensation was in the form of long-term incentive compensation awards that were notionally invested in AB investment services and generally vested over a period of four years. AB economically hedged the exposure to market movements by purchasing and holding these investments on its balance sheet. All such investments had vested as of year-end 2012 and the investments have been delivered to the participants, except for those investments with respect to which the participant elected a long-term deferral. Fluctuation in the value of these investments, which also impacts compensation expense, is recorded within investment gains and losses on the income statement. Management believes it is useful to reflect the offset achieved from economically hedging the market exposure of these investments in the calculation of adjusted operating income and adjusted operating margin. The non-GAAP measures exclude gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments included in revenues and compensation expense.

The board of directors of EQH granted to Seth Bernstein, our CEO, equity awards in connection with EQH's IPO. Additionally, equity awards have been granted to Mr. Bernstein and other AB executives for their membership on the EQH Management Committee. These individuals may receive additional equity or cash compensation from EQH in the future related to their

Index

service on the Management Committee. Any awards granted to these individuals by EQH are recorded as compensation expense in AB’s consolidated statement of income. The compensation expense associated with these awards has been excluded from our non-GAAP measures because they are non-cash and are based upon EQH's, and not AB's, financial performance.

Acquisition-related expenses have been excluded because they are not considered part of our core operating results when comparing financial results from period to period and to industry peers. Acquisition-related expenses include professional fees, the recording of changes in estimates to, and accretion expense related to, our contingent payment arrangements associated with our acquisitions, certain compensation-related expenses and amortization of intangible assets for contracts acquired.

We also adjust operating income to exclude our portion of the equity income or loss associated with our investment in the JVs. Effective April 1, 2024 following the close of the transaction with SocGen, we record all income or loss associated with the JVs as an equity method investment income (loss). As we no longer consider this activity part of our core business operations and our intent is to fully divest from both joint ventures, we consider these amounts temporary, and as such, we exclude these amounts from our adjusted operating income.

The recording of changes in estimates of contingent consideration payable with respect to contingent payment arrangements associated with our acquisitions are not considered part of our core operating results and, accordingly, have been excluded.

We adjust operating income to exclude interest on borrowings in order to align with our industry peer group.

We adjust for the operating income impact of consolidating certain company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored funds' revenues and expenses and including AB's revenues and expenses that were eliminated in consolidation. We also exclude the limited partner interests we do not own.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Net Income per AB Unit

As previously discussed, our quarterly distribution is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income) for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests outstanding at the end of the quarter. Adjusted net income is derived from adjusted operating income less interest expense, gain on divestiture and adjusted income taxes. The gain on divestiture is not considered part of our core operating results and, accordingly has been excluded from our adjusted net income. Adjusted income taxes, used in calculating adjusted net income, are calculated using the GAAP effective tax rate adjusted for non-GAAP income tax adjustments.

Adjusted Operating Margin

Adjusted operating margin allows us to monitor our financial performance and efficiency from period to period without the volatility noted above in our discussion of adjusted operating income and to compare our performance to industry peers on a basis that better reflects our performance in our core business. Adjusted operating margin is derived by dividing adjusted operating income by adjusted net revenues.

Index

Net Revenues

The components of net revenues are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,							Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Investment advisory and services fees:
Institutions:
Base fees	$	152,795	$	151,683	$	1,112	0.7%	$	304,184	$	307,049	$	(2,865)	(0.9)%
Performance-based fees	5,927		6,410		(483)		(7.5)	11,749		25,213		(13,464)		(53.4)
	158,722		158,093		629		0.4	315,933		332,262		(16,329)		(4.9)
Retail:
Base fees	362,685		318,242		44,443		14.0	714,046		626,956		87,090		13.9
Performance-based fees	13,683		16		13,667		n/m	16,323		7		16,316		n/m
	376,368		318,258		58,110		18.3	730,369		626,963		103,406		16.5
Private Wealth:
Base fees	258,537		233,446		25,091		10.7	510,026		461,694		48,332		10.5
Performance-based fees	23,700		11,881		11,819		99.5	45,404		29,666		15,738		53.1
	282,237		245,327		36,910		15.0	555,430		491,360		64,070		13.0
Total:
Base fees	774,017		703,371		70,646		10.0	1,528,256		1,395,699		132,557		9.5
Performance-based fees	43,310		18,307		25,003		136.6	73,476		54,886		18,590		33.9
	817,327		721,678		95,649		13.3	1,601,732		1,450,585		151,147		10.4

Bernstein Research Services2	—		91,847		(91,847)		(100.0)	96,222		191,885		(95,663)		(49.9)
Distribution revenues	172,905		144,798		28,107		19.4	338,595		285,876		52,719		18.4
Dividend and interest income	43,986		50,193		(6,207)		(12.4)	88,501		100,872		(12,371)		(12.3)
Investment (losses) gains	(23,629)		670		(24,299)		n/m	(11,886)		5,934		(17,820)		n/m
Other revenues	39,167		24,719		14,448		58.4	64,460		50,865		13,595		26.7
Total revenues	1,049,756		1,033,905		15,851		1.5	2,177,624		2,086,017		91,607		4.4
Less: broker-dealer related interest expense	21,813		25,449		(3,636)		(14.3)	45,530		53,470		(7,940)		(14.8)
Net revenues	$	1,027,943	$	1,008,456	$	19,487	1.9%	$	2,132,094	$	2,032,547	$	99,547	4.9%

Investment Advisory and Services Fees

Investment advisory and services fees are the largest component of our revenues. These fees generally are calculated as a percentage of the value of AUM as of a specified date, or as a percentage of the value of average AUM for the applicable billing period, and vary with the type of investment service, the size of account and the total amount of assets we manage for a

2 On April 1, 2024 AB and SocGen, a leading European bank, completed their transaction to form a jointly owned equity research provider and cash equity trading partner for institutional investors. AB has deconsolidated the BRS business and contributed the business to the JVs. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 and Executive Overview in Item 2.

Index

particular client. Accordingly, fee income generally increases or decreases as AUM increase or decrease and is affected by market appreciation or depreciation, the addition of new client accounts or client contributions of additional assets to existing accounts, withdrawals of assets from and termination of client accounts, purchases and redemptions of mutual fund shares, shifts of assets between accounts or products with different fee structures, and acquisitions. Our average basis points realized (investment advisory and services fees divided by average AUM) generally approximate 30 to 105 basis points for actively managed equity services, 10 to 65 basis points for actively-managed fixed income services and 1 to 65 basis points for passively managed services. Average basis points realized for other services could range from 3 basis points for certain Institutional third party managed services to over 190 basis points for certain Private Wealth Management alternative services. These ranges include all-inclusive fee arrangements (covering investment management, trade execution and other services) for our Private Wealth Management clients.

We calculate AUM using established market-based valuation methods and fair valuation (non-observable market) methods. Market-based valuation methods include: last sale/settle prices from an exchange for actively-traded listed equities, options and futures; evaluated bid prices from recognized pricing vendors for fixed income, asset-backed or mortgage-backed issues; mid prices from recognized pricing vendors and brokers for credit default swaps; and quoted bids or spreads from pricing vendors and brokers for other derivative products. Fair valuation methods include: discounted cash flow models or any other methodology that is validated and approved by our Valuation Committee and sub-committee (the "Valuation Committee") (see paragraph immediately below for more information regarding our Valuation Committee). Fair valuation methods are used only where AUM cannot be valued using market-based valuation methods, such as in the case of private equity or illiquid securities.

The Valuation Committee, consists of senior officers and employees, which oversees a consistent framework of pricing and valuation of all investments held in client and AB portfolios. The Valuation Committee has adopted a Statement of Pricing Policies describing principles and policies that apply to pricing and valuing investments held in these portfolios. We also have a Pricing Group, which is overseen by the Valuation Committee and is responsible for managing the pricing process for all investments.

We sometimes charge our clients performance-based fees. In these situations, we charge a base advisory fee and are eligible to earn an additional performance-based fee or incentive allocation that is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. Some performance-based fees include a high-watermark provision, which generally provides that if a client account underperforms relative to its performance target (whether absolute or relative to a specified benchmark), it must gain back such underperformance before we can collect future performance-based fees. Therefore, if we fail to achieve our performance target for a particular period, we will not earn a performance-based fee for that period and, for accounts with a high-watermark provision, our ability to earn future performance-based fees will be impaired. We are eligible to earn performance-based fees on 8.3%, 7.7% and 0.3% of the assets we manage for institutional clients, private wealth clients and retail clients, respectively (in total, 4.9% of our AUM).

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, our investment advisory and services fees increased by $95.6 million, or 13.3%, from the three months ended June 30, 2023, due to a $70.6 million, or 10.0%, increase in base fees and a $25.0 million, or 136.6%, increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to an 11.4% increase in average AUM. Performance-based fees increased primarily due to higher performance fees earned on our US Select Equity and Private Credit.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, our investment advisory and services fees increased by $151.1 million, or 10.4%, from the six months ended June 30, 2023, due to a $132.6 million, or 9.5%, increase in base fees and a $18.6 million, or 33.9%, increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to an 10.9% increase in average AUM. Performance-based fees increased primarily due to higher performance fees earned on our US Select Equity and Private Credit, partially offset by lower performance fees earned on our Global Opportunistic Credit and International Small Cap.

Institutional base fees for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $1.1 million, or 0.7%, from the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a 4.8% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate. Retail base fees for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $44.4 million, or 14.0%, from the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a 18.5% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate. Private Wealth base fees for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $25.1 million, or 10.7%, from the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a 12.7% increase in average AUM.

Institutional base fees for the six months ended June 30, 2024 decreased $2.9 million, or 0.9%, from the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a lower portfolio fee rate, partially offset by a 4.5% increase in average AUM. Retail base fees for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $87.1 million, or 13.9%, from the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a 17.9% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate. Private Wealth base fees for the six

Index

months ended June 30, 2024 increased $48.3 million, or 10.5%, from the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a 12.6% increase in average AUM.

Bernstein Research Services

Effective April 1, 2024, AB has deconsolidated the BRS business. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestiture to our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 and Executive Overview in Item 2.

Prior to the deconsolidation of the BRS business, we earned revenues for providing investment research to, and executing brokerage transactions for, institutional clients. These clients compensated us principally by directing us to execute brokerage transactions on their behalf, for which we earned commissions, and to a lesser extent, by paying us directly for research through commission sharing agreements or cash payments.

Revenues from Bernstein Research Services for the three months ended June 30, 2024 decreased by $91.8 million, or 100.0%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, Bernstein Research Services revenue decreased by $95.7 million, or 49.9%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was driven by the deconsolidation of the BRS business.

Distribution Revenues

Two of our subsidiaries act as distributors and/or placement agents of company-sponsored mutual funds and receive distribution services fees from certain of those funds as full or partial reimbursement of the distribution expenses they incur. Period-over-period fluctuations of distribution revenues typically are in line with fluctuations of the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds.

Distribution revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $28.1 million, or 19.4%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds increasing 17.0%. Distribution revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $52.7 million, or 18.4%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds increasing 16.4%.

Dividend and Interest Income and Broker-Dealer Related Interest Expense

Dividend and interest income consists primarily of investment income and interest earned on customer margin balances and U.S. Treasury Bills as well as dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Broker-dealer related interest expense principally reflects interest accrued on cash balances primarily related to our private wealth customers’ brokerage accounts.

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, dividend and interest income decreased $6.2 million, or 12.4%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to lower interest earned on customer margin balances and lower interest earned on U.S. Treasury Bills. Broker-dealer related interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2024 decreased $3.6 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, due to lower interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, dividend and interest income decreased $12.4 million, or 12.3%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to lower interest earned on customer margin balances and lower interest earned on U.S. Treasury Bills. Broker-dealer related interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024 decreased $7.9 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, due to lower interest earned on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts.

Investment Gains (Losses)

Investment gains (losses) consist primarily of realized and unrealized investment gains or losses on: (i) employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (ii) U.S. Treasury Bills, (iii) market-making in exchange-traded options and equities, (iv) seed capital investments, (v) derivatives and (vi) investments in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Investment gains (losses) also include equity in earnings of proprietary investments in limited partnership hedge funds that we sponsor and manage.

Index

Investment gains (losses) are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Long-term incentive compensation-related investments:
Realized gains	$	35	$	5,906	$	7,124	$	6,561
Unrealized gains (losses)	415		(4,521)		(4,065)		(3,371)

Investments held by consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Realized (losses)	(260)		(12,338)		(1,676)		(17,920)
Unrealized gains	4,046		10,865		11,527		27,027

Seed capital investments:
Realized (losses):
Seed capital and other	(673)		(233)		(312)		(181)
Derivatives	(4,128)		(5,479)		(14,439)		(9,959)
Unrealized gains (losses):
Seed capital and other	1,968		2,252		9,944		5,903
Derivatives	2,556		4,645		8,011		(1,350)

Brokerage-related investments:
Realized gains (losses)	176		(267)		(304)		(466)
Unrealized gains (losses)	129		(160)		197		(310)

Equity investment in JVs:
Equity (loss)	(27,893)		—		(27,893)		—
	$	(23,629)	$	670	$	(11,886)	$	5,934

Other Revenues

Other revenues consist of fees earned for transfer agency services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds, fees earned for administration and recordkeeping services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds and the general accounts of EQH and its subsidiaries, and other miscellaneous revenues. Other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $14.4 million, or 58.4%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to certain reimbursements for services provided to the JVs. Other revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $13.6 million, or 26.7%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to certain reimbursements for services provided to the JVs.

Index

Expenses

The components of expenses are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change		2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Employee compensation and benefits	$	423,324	$	428,079	$	(4,755)	(1.1)	%	$	876,096	$	862,242	$	13,854	1.6	%
Promotion and servicing:
Distribution-related payments	179,908		150,038		29,870		19.9		352,890		298,419		54,471		18.3
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	13,348		8,767		4,581		52.3		25,147		16,921		8,226		48.6
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other	40,940		54,138		(13,198)		(24.4)		95,931		104,768		(8,837)		(8.4)
	234,196		212,943		21,253		10.0		473,968		420,108		53,860		12.8

General and administrative	145,732		149,935		(4,203)		(2.8)		283,642		289,588		(5,946)		(2.1)


Contingent payment arrangements	2,558		2,443		115		4.7		5,116		4,887		229		4.7
Interest on borrowings	11,313		14,672		(3,359)		(22.9)		28,683		28,385		298		1.0
Amortization of intangible assets	11,531		11,723		(192)		(1.6)		23,303		23,416		(113)		(0.5)
Total	$	828,654	$	819,795	$	8,859	1.1	%	$	1,690,808	$	1,628,626	$	62,182	3.8	%

Employee Compensation and Benefits

Employee compensation and benefits expense consists of base compensation (including salaries and severance), annual short-term incentive compensation awards (cash bonuses), annual long-term incentive compensation awards, commissions, fringe benefits and other employment costs (including recruitment, training, temporary help and meals).

Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 41.2% and 42.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 41.1% and 42.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Compensation expense generally is determined on a discretionary basis and is primarily a function of our firm’s current-year financial performance. The amounts of incentive compensation we award are designed to motivate, reward and retain top talent while aligning our executives' interests with the interests of our Unitholders. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board of Directors of AllianceBernstein Corporation (“Compensation Committee”), periodically confirms that the appropriate metric to consider in determining the amount of incentive compensation is the ratio of adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense to adjusted net revenues. Adjusted net revenues used in the adjusted compensation ratio are the same as the adjusted annual net revenues presented as a non-GAAP measure (discussed earlier in this Item 2). Adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense is total employee compensation and benefits expense minus other employment costs such as recruitment, training, temporary help and meals (which was 1.1% of adjusted net revenues for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 respectively, and 1.0% of adjusted net revenues for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively), and excludes the impact of mark-to-market vesting expense, as well as dividends and interest expense, associated with employee incentive compensation-related investments and the amortization expense associated with the awards issued by EQH to some of our firm's executive officers relating to their roles as members of the EQH Management Committee. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation Committee, has established as an objective that adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense, excluding the impact of performance-based fees, generally should not exceed 50.0% of our adjusted net revenues in any year, except in unexpected or unusual circumstances. Our ratio of adjusted compensation expense as a percentage of

Index

adjusted net revenues was 49.0% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 49.5% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, employee compensation and benefits expense decreased $4.8 million, or 1.1%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to lower base compensation of $27.5 million and lower fringe expense of $2.8 million, partially offset by higher incentive compensation of $18.9 million and higher commissions of $5.6 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, employee compensation and benefits expense increased $13.9 million, or 1.6%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to higher incentive compensation of $35.2 million and commissions of $5.8 million, partially offset by lower base compensation of $28.7 million.

Promotion and Servicing

Promotion and servicing expenses include distribution-related payments to financial intermediaries for distribution of AB mutual funds and amortization of deferred sales commissions paid to financial intermediaries for the sale of back-end load shares of AB mutual funds. Also included in this expense category are costs related to trade execution and clearance, travel and entertainment, advertising and promotional materials.

Promotion and servicing expenses increased $21.3 million, or 10.0%, during the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher distribution-related payments of $29.9 million, higher amortization of deferred sales commissions of $4.6 million and higher transfer fees of $3.4 million, partially offset by lower trade execution and clearance expenses of $15.3 million. Promotion and servicing expenses increased $53.9 million, or 12.8%, during the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher distribution-related payments of $54.5 million, higher amortization of deferred sales commissions of $8.2 million and higher transfer fees of $6.1 million, partially offset by lower trade execution and clearance expenses of $16.1 million.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses include portfolio services expenses, technology expenses, professional fees and office-related expenses (occupancy, communications and similar expenses). General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 14.2% and 14.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased $4.2 million, or 2.8%, during the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023, primarily due to prior year valuation adjustments related to the classification of Bernstein Research Services as held for sale of $1.9 million, lower technology expense of $1.5 million and a favorable foreign exchange impact of $1.3 million, partially offset by higher office-related expense of $3.4 million and higher professional fees of $1.2 million.

General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 13.3% and 14.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased $5.9 million, or 2.1%, during the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023, primarily due to the recognition of a $20.8 million government incentive grant received in connection with our headquarters relocation to Nashville, Tennessee and prior year valuation adjustments related to the classification of Bernstein Research Services as held for sale of $4.7 million, partially offset by higher office-related expense of $10.4 million, higher other taxes of $5.2 million, higher portfolio servicing expense of $3.0 million and higher professional fees expense of $2.1 million.

Contingent Payment Arrangements

Contingent payment arrangements reflect changes in estimates of contingent payment liabilities associated with acquisitions in current and previous periods, as well as accretion expense of these liabilities. During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $2.6 million and $2.4 million in accretion expense related to our contingent considerations payable. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $5.1 million and $4.9 million in accretion expense related to our contingent considerations payable.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 we made payments of approximately $2.6 million in contingent consideration related to various smaller acquisitions.

There were no changes in our estimates during the first six months ended June 30, 2023.

Index

Interest on Borrowings

Interest on borrowings reflects interest expense related to our debt and credit facilities. See Note 16 to AB's condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1, for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 interest on borrowings decreased $3.4 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower weighted average borrowings, partially offset by higher weighted average interest rates. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 interest on borrowings increased $0.3 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher weighted average interest rates, partially offset by lower weighted average borrowings.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets reflects our amortization of costs assigned to acquired investment management contracts with a finite life. These assets are recognized at fair value and generally are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 we wrote off approximately $1.5 million of intangible assets associated with a 2022 acquisition. We did not have any adjustments to our intangible assets during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Income Taxes

AB, a private limited partnership, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB is subject to a 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”). Our domestic corporate subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local income taxes and generally are included in the filing of a consolidated federal income tax return. Separate state and local income tax returns also are filed. Foreign corporate subsidiaries generally are subject to taxes in the jurisdictions where they are located.

Income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2024 increased $10.2 million, or 102.9%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. Income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024 increased $14.9 million, or 70.1%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher foreign income in jurisdictions that carry a higher tax rate. There were no material changes to uncertain tax positions (FIN 48 reserves) or valuation allowances against deferred tax assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Income (Loss) of Consolidated Entities Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests

Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests primarily consists of limited partner interests owned by other investors in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we had $12.2 million of net income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests compared to net income of $12.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Period-to-period fluctuations result primarily from the number of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and their respective market performance.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

Cash flows from operating activities primarily include the receipt of investment advisory and services fees and other revenues offset by the payment of operating expenses incurred in the normal course of business. Our cash flows from operating activities have historically been positive and sufficient in supporting our operations. We do not anticipate this to change in the foreseeable future. Cash flows from investing activities generally consist of small capital expenditures and, when applicable, business acquisitions. Cash flows from financing activities primarily consist of issuance and repayment of debt and the repurchase of AB Holding Units to fund our long-term deferred compensation plans. We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow to our Unitholders and the General Partner.

During the first six months of 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $945.9 million compared to $722.3 million during the corresponding 2023 period. The change is primarily due to higher earnings of $92.2 million (after non-cash reconciling items), an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $79.9 million, an increase in broker-dealer payables (net of receivable and segregated U.S. Treasury bills) of $62.6 million and an increase in accrued compensation and benefits of $27.6 million, partially offset by the net activity of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds of $44.4 million and an increase in deferred sales commissions of $32.6 million.

Index

During the first six months of 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $50.7 million, compared to $17.0 million during the corresponding 2023 period. The change is primarily due to cash used related to the divestiture of the BRS business of $40.2 million. The cash used in the divestiture included $304.0 million in cash proceeds received from SocGen offset by $338.2 million in cash contributed from the transferring balance sheet and $6.0 million in direct costs to sell. In addition, there was an increase in debt repayment from equity method investments of $86.2 million offset by capital contributions to equity method investments of $39.4 million and higher purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements of $41.6 million.

During the first six months of 2024, net cash used in financing activities was $1.2 billion, compared to $0.8 billion during the corresponding 2023 period. The change is primarily due to higher repayments of debt of $414.3 million, higher cash distributions to Unitholders of $45.9 million and higher net purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plans of $15.1 million, partially offset by lower net purchases of non-controlling interests of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds of $82.5 million.

As of June 30, 2024, AB had $$875.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents (including cash and cash equivalents of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds), all of which is available for liquidity but consist primarily of cash on deposit for our broker-dealers related to various customer clearing activities, and cash held by foreign subsidiaries of $483.7 million.

See Note 16 to AB’s condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1, for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities. We use our debt and credit facilities to seed certain new investment products which may expose us to market risk, credit risk and material gains and losses. To reduce our exposure, we enter into various futures, forwards, options and swaps primarily to economically hedge certain of our seed money investments. While in most cases broad market risks are hedged and are effective in reducing our exposure, our hedges are imperfect and we may remain exposed to some market risk and credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties on these derivative instruments.

Our financial condition and access to public and private debt markets should provide adequate liquidity for our general business needs. Management believes that cash flow from operations and the issuance of debt and AB Units or AB Holding Units will provide us with the resources we need to meet our financial obligations. See “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of credit markets and our ability to renew our credit facilities at expiration.

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

AB’s capital commitments, which consist primarily of operating leases for office space, generally are funded from future operating cash flows. See Note 13 for discussion of lease commitments.

See Note 12 for discussion of commitments and contingencies.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes to condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

There have been no updates to our critical accounting estimates from those disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 2 to AB’s condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1.

CAUTIONS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements provided by management in this report and in the portion of AB’s Form 10-Q attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The most significant of these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: the performance of financial markets, the investment performance of sponsored investment products and separately managed accounts, general economic conditions, industry trends, future acquisitions, integration of acquired companies, competitive conditions and government regulations, including changes in tax regulations and rates and the manner in which the earnings of publicly-traded partnerships are taxed. We caution readers to carefully consider such factors.

Index

Further, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made; we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. For further information regarding these forward-looking statements and the factors that could cause actual results to differ, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and Part II, Item 1A in this Form 10-Q. Any or all of the forward-looking statements that we make in our Form 10-K, this Form 10-Q, other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, and any other public statements we issue, may turn out to be wrong. It is important to remember that other factors besides those listed in “Risk Factors” and those listed below could also adversely impact our revenues, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.

The forward-looking statements referred to in the preceding paragraph, most of which directly affect AB but also affect AB Holding because AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB, include statements regarding:

•Our belief that the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB will provide AB Holding with the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations: AB Holding’s cash flow is dependent on the quarterly cash distributions it receives from AB. Accordingly, AB Holding’s ability to meet its financial obligations is dependent on AB’s cash flow from its operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets and other factors beyond our control.

•Our financial condition and ability to access the public and private capital markets providing adequate liquidity for our general business needs: Our financial condition is dependent on our cash flow from operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets, our ability to maintain and grow client assets under management and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to access public and private capital markets on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, our firm’s credit ratings, our profitability and changes in government regulations, including tax rates and interest rates.

•The outcome of litigation: Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and excessive damage awards do occur. Though we have stated that we do not expect any pending legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, any settlement or judgment with respect to a legal proceeding could be significant and could have such an effect.

•The possibility that we will engage in open market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program: The number of AB Holding Units AB may decide to buy in future periods, if any, to help fund incentive compensation awards depends on various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the fluctuation in the price of an AB Holding Unit (NYSE: AB) and the availability of cash to make these purchases.

•Our determination that adjusted employee compensation expense, excluding the impact of performance-based fees, generally should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues on an annual basis: Aggregate employee compensation reflects employee performance and competitive compensation levels. Fluctuations in our revenues and/or changes in competitive compensation levels could result in adjusted employee compensation expense exceeding 50% of our adjusted net revenues.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in AB’s market risk from the information provided under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A of AB's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Each of AB Holding and AB maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), to permit timely decisions regarding our disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the CEO and the CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Index

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the second quarter of 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Part II

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

See Note 12 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors from those appearing in our Annual Report on Form 10-K ("AB 10-K") for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

AB Units bought by us or one of our affiliates during the second quarter of 2024 are as follows:

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES


Period	Total Number of AB Units Purchased	Average Price Paid Per AB Unit, net of Commissions		Total Number of AB Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of AB Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
4/1/24 - 4/30/24	—	$	—	—	—
5/1/24 - 5/31/24	—	—		—	—
6/1/24 - 6/30/24(1)	4,600	33.56		—	—
Total	4,600	$	33.56	—	—

(1)During the second quarter of 2024, AB purchased 4,600 AB Units in private transactions and retired them.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

Pursuant to item 408(a) of Regulation S-K there were no directors or officers that had adopted or terminated a 10b5-1 plan or other trading arrangement during the second quarter of 2024.

Index

Item 6. Exhibits


31.1			Certification of Mr. Bernstein furnished pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2			Certification of Ms. Marks furnished pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1			Certification of Mr. Bernstein furnished for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2			Certification of Ms. Marks furnished for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS			XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.

101.CAL			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.

101.LAB			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.

101.PRE			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

101.DEF			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.

104			The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).

Index

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date:

July 26, 2024

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

By:

/s/ Jackie Marks

Jackie Marks

Chief Financial Officer

By:

/s/ Thomas Simeone

Thomas Simeone

Controller & Chief Accounting Officer

Positive
Negative
Uncertain
Constraining
Legalese
Litigous
Readability	H.S. sophomore Avg

Alliancebernstein 10-Q2024 Q2 Quarterly report

Content analysis