than the amount each Fund would be required to return to the borrowers of the securities and each Fund would be required to make up for this shortfall.
During the six months ended September 30, 2020, Optimum Fixed Income Fund, Optimum Large Cap Growth Fund, Optimum Large Cap Value Fund, Optimum Small-Mid Cap Growth Fund, and Optimum Small-Mid Cap Value Fund had no securities on loan.
The following table reflects a breakdown of transactions in securities lending collateral accounted for as secured borrowings, the gross obligation by the type of collateral pledged, and the remaining contractual maturity of those transactions as of September 30, 2020 for Optimum International Fund:
Securities Lending Transactions | | Overnight and continuous | | Under 30 days | | Between 30 & 90 days | | Over 90 Days | | Total |
Certificates of Deposit and Repurchase Agreements | | $16,636,692 | | $— | | $— | | $— | | $16,636,692 |
At September 30, 2020, the value of securities on loan for Optimum International Fund was $12,903,914, for which the Fund received cash collateral of $16,635,300 and non-cash collateral with a fair value of $10,246,023. At September 30, 2020, the value of invested collateral was $16,636,692. Investments purchased with cash collateral are presented on the “Schedules of investments” under the caption “Securities Lending Collateral.”
8. Credit and Market Risk
Beginning in January 2020, global financial markets have experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility resulting from the spread of a novel coronavirus known as COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in travel and border restrictions, quarantines, supply chain disruptions, lower consumer demand and general market uncertainty. The effects of COVID-19 have and may continue to adversely affect the global economy, the economies of certain nations and individual issuers, all of which may negatively impact the Funds’ performance.
Some countries in which the Funds may invest require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital, or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors. In addition, if there is deterioration in a country’s balance of payments or for other reasons, a country may impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances abroad.
The securities exchanges of certain foreign markets are substantially smaller, less liquid and more volatile than the major securities markets in the US. Consequently, acquisition and disposition of securities by the Funds may be inhibited. In addition, a significant portion of the aggregate market value of securities listed on the major securities exchanges in emerging markets is held by a smaller number of investors. This may limit the number of shares available for acquisition or disposition by the Funds.
When interest rates rise, fixed income securities (i.e. debt obligations) generally will decline in value. These declines in value are greater for fixed income securities with longer maturities or durations.
IBOR risk is the risk that potential changes related to the use of the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) could have adverse impacts on financial instruments that reference LIBOR. The potential abandonment of LIBOR could affect the value and liquidity of instruments that reference LIBOR. The use of alternative reference rate products may impact investment strategy performance. These risks may also apply with respect to changes in connection with other interbank offered rates (“IBORs”), such as the euro overnight index average (EONIA), which are also the subject of recent reform.
Optimum Fixed Income Fund invests in high yield fixed income securities, which are securities rated lower than BBB- by S&P and lower than Baa3 by Moody’s, or similarly rated by another nationally recognized statistical rating organization. Investments in these higher yielding securities are generally accompanied by a greater degree of credit risk than higher rated securities. Additionally, lower rated securities may be more susceptible to adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than investment grade securities.
Optimum Fixed Income Fund invests in bank loans and other securities that may subject it to direct indebtedness risk, the risk that the Fund will not receive payment of principal, interest, and other amounts due in connection with these investments and will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower. Loans that are fully secured offer the Fund more protection than unsecured loans in the event of nonpayment of scheduled interest or principal, although there is no assurance that the liquidation of collateral from a secured loan would