June 30, 2021, primarily due to a decrease in average AUM subject to distribution charges, partially offset by the timing of adjustments to distribution expenses.
Distribution expenses increased by $7.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to the timing of adjustments, partially offset by a decrease in average AUM subject to distribution charges.
Investment administration
Investment administration expenses, which represent back-office operations (including fund administration and fund accounting), decreased by $2.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to a $1.9 million decrease in fund accounting expenses and favorable foreign currency translation of $1.0 million.
Investment administration expenses decreased by $0.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to favorable foreign currency translation of $1.3 million, partially offset by an $0.8 million increase in fund accounting expenses.
Marketing
Marketing expenses increased by $1.1 million and $2.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, primarily due to an increase in marketing events, sponsorships and advertising campaigns.
General, administrative and occupancy
General, administrative and occupancy expenses increased by $6.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to increases of $4.0 million in information technology costs, driven by an increased investment in non-capitalizable hardware and software, and $3.3 million in higher travel and entertainment expenditures during the three months ended June 30, 2022.
General, administrative and occupancy expenses increased by $16.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to increases of $6.9 million in information technology costs, driven by an increased investment in non-capitalizable hardware and software, $4.7 million in travel and entertainment expenditures, $3.6 million in consultancy fees related to certain project costs, and $2.4 million in market data expenses due to new data subscriptions during the three months ended June 30, 2022.
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges decreased by $40.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $40.8 million impairment of certain indefinite-lived intangible assets recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2021.
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges decreased by $11.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease is primarily due to a $32.8 million out-of-period incremental impairment of our goodwill recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2022, partially offset by a $40.8 million impairment of certain indefinite-lived intangible assets, and a $3.6 million impairment of the Perkins brand name recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $2.4 million and $3.5 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to a reduction in the amortization of intangible assets resulting from the sale of Intech as well as a decrease in the amortization of internally developed software as assets were retired or became fully amortized during the current year.