Brookdale Senior Living (BKD) 10-Q2023 Q1 Quarterly report

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

As of May 5, 2023, 188,214,462 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding (excluding restricted stock and restricted stock units).

Brookdale Senior Living Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries ("Brookdale" or the "Company") is an operator of 673 senior living communities throughout the United States. The Company is committed to its mission of enriching the lives of the people it serves with compassion, respect, excellence, and integrity. The Company operates and manages independent living, assisted living, memory care, and continuing care retirement communities ("CCRCs"). The Company's senior living communities and its comprehensive network help to provide seniors with care and services in an environment that feels like home. As of March 31, 2023, the Company owned 346 communities, representing a majority of the Company's community portfolio, leased 295 communities, and managed 32 communities.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. In the opinion of management, these financial statements include all adjustments, which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company for all periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures included in annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted. The Company believes that the disclosures included are adequate and provide a fair presentation of interim period results. Interim financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the financial position or operating results for an entire year. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2023.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Brookdale and its consolidated subsidiaries. The ownership interest of consolidated entities not wholly-owned by the Company are presented as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation, and net income (loss) is reduced by the portion of net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests. The Company reports investments in unconsolidated entities over whose operating and financial policies it has the ability to exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting.

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, revenue, other operating income, asset impairments, self-insurance reserves, performance-based compensation, the allowance for credit losses, depreciation and amortization, leasing transactions, income taxes, and other contingencies. Although these estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may differ from the original estimates.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation, with no effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the Company's occupancy and resident fee revenue beginning in March 2020 and resulted in incremental direct costs to respond to the pandemic.

The Company cannot predict with reasonable certainty the impacts that COVID-19 ultimately will have on its business, results of operations, cash flow, and liquidity, and its response efforts may delay or negatively impact its strategic initiatives, including plans for future growth. The ultimate impacts of COVID-19 will depend on many factors, some of which cannot be foreseen, including the duration, severity, and breadth of the pandemic and any resurgence or variants of the disease; the impact of COVID-19 on the nation’s economy and debt and equity markets and the local economies in the Company's markets; the development, availability, utilization, and efficacy of COVID-19 testing, therapeutic agents, and vaccines and the prioritization of such resources among businesses and demographic groups; government financial and regulatory relief efforts that may become available to business and individuals, including the Company's ability to qualify for and satisfy the terms and conditions of financial relief; restrictions on visitors and move-ins at its communities as a result of infections at a community or as necessary to comply with regulatory requirements or at the direction of authorities having jurisdiction; perceptions regarding the safety of senior living communities during and after the pandemic; changes in demand for senior living communities and the Company's ability to adapt its sales and marketing efforts to meet that demand; the impact of COVID-19 on the Company's residents’ and their families’ ability to afford its resident fees, including due to changes in unemployment rates, consumer confidence, housing markets, and equity markets caused by COVID-19; changes in the acuity levels of the Company's new residents; the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on seniors generally and those residing in the Company's communities; the duration and costs of the Company's response efforts, including increased equipment, supplies, labor, litigation, testing, vaccination clinic, health plan, and other expenses; greater use of contract labor and other premium labor due to COVID-19 and general labor market conditions; the impact of COVID-19 on the Company's ability to complete financings and refinancings of various assets or other transactions or to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required debt, interest, and lease payments and to satisfy financial and other covenants in its debt and lease documents; increased regulatory requirements, including the costs of unfunded, mandatory testing of residents and associates and provision of test kits to the Company's health plan participants; increased enforcement actions resulting from COVID-19; government action that may limit the Company's collection or discharge efforts for delinquent accounts; and the frequency and magnitude of legal actions and liability claims that may arise due to COVID-19 or the Company's response efforts.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, marketable securities of $69.0 million and $48.7 million, respectively, are stated at fair value based on valuations provided by third-party pricing services and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

The Company's derivative assets include interest rate cap and swap instruments that effectively manage the risk above certain interest rates for a portion of the Company's long-term variable rate debt. The Company has not designated the interest rate cap and swap instruments as hedging instruments and as such, changes in the fair value of the instruments are recognized in earnings in the period of the change. The interest rate derivative positions are valued using models developed by the respective counterparty that use as their basis readily available observable market parameters (such as forward yield curves) and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company considers the credit risk of its counterparties when evaluating the fair value of its derivatives.

The following table summarizes the Company's London Interbank Offer Rate ("LIBOR") and Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") interest rate cap instruments as of March 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the Company's SOFR interest rate swap instrument as of March 31, 2023.

The Company estimates the fair value of its debt primarily using a discounted cash flow analysis based upon the Company's current borrowing rate for debt with similar maturities and collateral securing the indebtedness. The Company estimates the fair value of its convertible senior notes based on valuations provided by third-party pricing services. The Company had outstanding long-term debt with a carrying amount of approximately $3.9 billion as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Fair value of the long-term debt is approximately $3.4 billion as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company's fair value of long-term debt disclosure is classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company generated 93.6% and 93.4%, respectively, of its resident fee revenue from private pay customers and the remainder from government reimbursement programs and other payor sources. Refer to Note 15 for disaggregation of revenue by reportable segment.

The payment terms and conditions within the Company's revenue-generating contracts vary by contract type and payor source, although terms generally include payment to be made within 30 days. Resident fee revenue for recurring and routine monthly services is generally billed monthly in advance under the Company's independent living, assisted living, and memory care residency agreements. Resident fee revenue for standalone or certain healthcare services is generally billed monthly in arrears. Additionally, non-refundable community fees are generally billed and collected in advance or upon move-in of a resident under the Company's independent living, assisted living, and memory care residency agreements. Amounts of revenue that are collected from residents in advance are recognized as deferred revenue until the performance obligations are satisfied.

The Company had total deferred revenue (included within refundable fees and deferred revenue, liabilities held for sale, and other liabilities within the condensed consolidated balance sheets) of $80.9 million and $67.3 million, including $35.3 million and $25.2 million of monthly resident fees billed and received in advance, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $36.9 million and $40.1 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 1, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, which include assets under financing leases, consisted of the following.

Assets under financing leases and leasehold improvements includes $93.2 million and $98.4 million of financing lease right-of-use assets, net of accumulated amortization, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Refer to Note 8 for further information on the Company's financing leases.

Long-lived assets with definite useful lives are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (or, in certain cases, the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term) and are tested for impairment whenever indicators of potential impairment arise. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized depreciation and amortization expense on its property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles of $84.9 million and $85.7 million, respectively.

Long-term debt consists of the following.

As of March 31, 2023, 91.6%, or $3.5 billion, of the Company's total debt obligations represented non-recourse property-level mortgage financings.

Certain of the Company's debt documents contain restrictions and financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to maintain prescribed minimum liquidity, net worth, and stockholders' equity levels and debt service ratios, and requiring the Company not to exceed prescribed leverage ratios, in each case on a consolidated, portfolio-wide, multi-community, single-community, and/or entity basis. In addition, the Company's debt documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements and maintain insurance coverage.

The Company's failure to comply with applicable covenants could constitute an event of default under the applicable debt documents. Many of the Company's debt documents contain cross-default provisions so that a default under one of these instruments could cause a default under other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders and lessors). Furthermore, the Company's debt is secured by its communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by the Company and/or one or more of its subsidiaries.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its debt agreements.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company operated 295 communities under long-term leases (246 operating leases and 49 financing leases). The substantial majority of the Company's lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, numerous communities are leased through an indivisible lease. The Company typically guarantees the performance and lease payment obligations of its subsidiary lessees under the master leases. An event of default related to an individual property or limited number of properties within a master lease portfolio may result in a default on the entire master lease portfolio.

The leases relating to these communities are generally fixed rate leases with annual escalators that are either fixed or based upon changes in the consumer price index or the leased property revenue. The Company is responsible for all operating costs, including repairs, property taxes, and insurance. The leases generally provide for renewal or extension options from 5 to 20 years and in some instances, purchase options.

The community leases contain other customary terms, which may include assignment and change of control restrictions, maintenance and capital expenditure obligations, termination provisions and financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to maintain prescribed minimum liquidity, net worth, and stockholders' equity levels and lease coverage ratios, in each case on a consolidated, portfolio-wide, multi-community, single-community and/or entity basis. In addition, the Company's lease documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements and maintain insurance coverage.

The Company's failure to comply with applicable covenants could constitute an event of default under the applicable lease documents. Many of the Company's debt and lease documents contain cross-default provisions so that a default under one of these instruments could cause a default under other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders and lessors). Certain leases contain cure provisions, which generally allow the Company to post an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met. Furthermore, the Company's leases are secured by its communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by the Company and/or one or more of its subsidiaries.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its long-term leases.

Lease right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company recognized $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 of non-cash impairment charges in its operating results for its operating lease right-of-use assets, primarily for certain leased communities with decreased future cash flow estimates as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

A summary of operating and financing lease expense (including the respective presentation on the condensed consolidated statements of operations) and net cash outflows from leases is as follows.

The aggregate amounts of future minimum lease payments, including community, office, and equipment leases recognized on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands).

Subsequent to the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company and Welltower Inc. ("Welltower") entered into amendments to the Company’s existing lease arrangements pursuant to which the Company continues to lease 74 communities. In connection with the amendments, the Company extended the maturity of one lease involving 39 communities from December 31, 2026 until June 30, 2032. As a result, the Company's amended lease arrangements provide that the current term for 69 of the communities will expire on June 30, 2032 and the current term for five of the communities will expire on December 31, 2024. The amendments did not change the amount of required lease payments over the previous term of the leases or the annual lease escalators. In addition, Welltower agreed to make available a pool in the aggregate amount of up to $17.0 million to fund costs associated with certain capital expenditure projects for 69 of the communities. Upon reimbursement of such expenditures, the annual minimum rent under the lease will prospectively increase by the amount of the reimbursement multiplied by the sum of the then current SOFR (subject to a floor of 3.0%) and a margin of 4.0%, and such amount will escalate annually consistent with the minimum rent escalation provisions of the 39 community lease. The Company preliminarily estimates that the amendment to the lease arrangements will increase the right-of-use assets and lease obligations recognized on its condensed consolidated balance sheet each by approximately $125.0 million.

The amendments replaced the net worth covenant provisions requiring the Company to maintain at least $400.0 million of stockholders' equity with a consolidated tangible net worth covenant requiring the Company to maintain at least $2.0 billion of tangible net worth, generally calculated as stockholders' equity plus accumulated depreciation and amortization less intangible assets and further adjusted for certain other items. Such calculation is generally similar to the tangible net worth covenants within certain of the Company’s long-term debt documents. So long as it maintains tangible net worth as defined in the leases of at least $1.5 billion, the Company will also be able to cure any breach by posting collateral with Welltower.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company owns a 20% equity interest, and affiliates of HCA Healthcare Inc. own an 80% interest, in a health care services venture (the "HCS Venture"), which operates home health and hospice agencies in the United States. The Company's interest in the HCS Venture is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The carrying amount of the Company's investment in the unconsolidated venture and maximum exposure to loss as a result of the Company's ownership interest in the HCS Venture is $49.1 million, which is included in investment in unconsolidated ventures on the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company is not required to provide financial support, through a liquidity arrangement or otherwise, to the HCS Venture.

The Company has been and is currently involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of its business, which it believes are generally comparable to other companies in the senior living and healthcare industries, including, but not limited to, putative class action claims from time to time regarding staffing at the Company's communities and compliance with consumer protection laws and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Certain claims and lawsuits allege large damage amounts and may require significant costs to defend and resolve. As a result, the Company maintains general liability, professional liability, and other insurance policies in amounts and with coverage and deductibles the Company believes are appropriate, based on the nature and risks of its business, historical experience, availability, and industry standards. The Company's current policies provide for deductibles for each claim and contain various exclusions from coverage. The Company uses its wholly-owned captive insurance company for the purpose of insuring certain portions of its risk retention under its general and professional liability insurance programs. Accordingly, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for claims that are less than the deductible amounts, for claims that exceed the funding level of the Company's wholly-owned captive insurance company, and for claims or portions of claims that are not covered by such policies and/or exceed the policy limits.

The senior living and healthcare industries are continuously subject to scrutiny by governmental regulators, which could result in reviews, audits, investigations, enforcement actions, or litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. In addition, the Company is subject to various government reviews, audits, and investigations to verify compliance with Medicare and Medicaid programs and other applicable laws and regulations. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has engaged third-party firms to review claims data to evaluate appropriateness of billings. In addition to identifying overpayments, audit contractors can refer suspected violations to government authorities. In addition, states' Attorneys General vigorously enforce consumer protection laws as those laws relate to the senior living industry. An adverse outcome of government scrutiny may result in citations, sanctions, other criminal or civil fines and penalties, the refund of overpayments, payment suspensions, termination of participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs, and damage to the Company's business reputation. The Company's costs to respond to and defend any such audits, reviews, and investigations may be significant.

In June 2020, the Company and several current and former executive officers were named as defendants in a putative class action lawsuit alleging violations of the federal securities laws filed in the federal court for the Middle District of Tennessee.

The lawsuit asserted that the defendants made material misstatements and omissions concerning the Company's business, operational and compliance policies, compliance with applicable regulations and statutes, and staffing practices that caused the Company's stock price to be artificially inflated between August 2016 and April 2020. The district court dismissed the lawsuit and entered judgment in favor of the defendants in September 2021, and the plaintiffs did not file an appeal. Between October 2020 and June 2021, alleged stockholders of the Company filed several stockholder derivative lawsuits in the federal courts for the Middle District of Tennessee and the District of Delaware, which were subsequently transferred to the Middle District of Tennessee. The derivative lawsuits are currently pending and assert claims on behalf of the Company against certain current and former officers and directors for alleged breaches of duties owed to the Company. The complaints incorporate substantively similar allegations to the securities lawsuit previously described.

Grants of restricted stock units and stock awards under the Company's 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan were as follows.

Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents for the Company include convertible senior notes, warrants, unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units, and prepaid stock purchase contracts.

On October 1, 2021, the Company issued $230.0 million principal amount of 2.00% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the "Notes"). As of March 31, 2023, the maximum number of shares issuable upon settlement of the Notes is 38.3 million (after giving effect to additional shares that would be issuable upon conversion in connection with the occurrence of certain corporate or other events).

On July 26, 2020, the Company issued to Ventas, Inc. ("Ventas") a warrant (the "Warrant") to purchase 16.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share, at a price per share of $3.00. The Warrant is exercisable at Ventas' option at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, until December 31, 2025. The exercise price and the number of shares issuable on exercise of the Warrant are subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments, including for cash dividends, stock dividends, stock splits, reclassifications, non-cash distributions, certain repurchases of common stock, and business combination transactions.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 2,875,000 of its 7.00% tangible equity units (the “Units”) at a public offering price of $50.00 per Unit for an aggregate offering of $143.8 million. The Company received proceeds of $139.4 million after the deduction of the underwriters’ discount. Each Unit is comprised of a prepaid stock purchase contract and a senior amortizing note with an initial principal amount of $8.8996. Unless settled early in accordance with the terms of the instruments, under each purchase contract, the Company is obligated to deliver to the holder on November 15, 2025 a minimum of 12.9341, and a maximum of 15.1976, shares of the Company’s common stock depending on the daily volume-weighted average price ("VWAPs") of its common stock for the 20 trading days preceding the settlement date. As of March 31, 2023, the maximum number of shares issuable upon settlement of the Units' prepaid stock purchase contracts is 43.7 million.

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, after giving effect to the minimum number of shares issuable upon settlement of the prepaid stock purchase contract component of the Units. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, 37.2 million shares are included in weighted average basic shares outstanding for the minimum number of shares issuable upon settlement of the Units' prepaid stock purchase contracts.

Diluted EPS includes the components of basic EPS and also gives effect to dilutive common stock equivalents. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other instruments that are convertible into common stock were exercised or could result in the issuance of common stock. For the purposes of computing diluted EPS, weighted average shares outstanding do not include potentially dilutive securities that are anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method or if-converted method, and performance-based equity awards are included based on the attainment of the applicable performance metrics as of the end of the reporting period. The Company has the following potentially outstanding shares of common stock, which were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders in both periods as a result of the net loss.

The difference between the Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2023, as well as a decrease in the tax benefit on the vesting of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards due to a lower market price for the Company’s stock for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state, and local tax benefit of $9.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, which was offset by an increase to the valuation allowance of $9.7 million. The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state, and local tax expense of $24.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, which was partially offset by a reduction to the valuation allowance of $22.6 million.

The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. The Company's valuation allowance as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $434.7 million and $425.0 million, respectively.

The increase in the valuation allowance for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is the result of current operating losses during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and by the anticipated reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions.

The Company recorded interest charges related to its tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 which are included in income tax expense or benefit for the period. As of March 31, 2023, tax returns for years 2018 through 2021 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.

During the period from January 1, 2022 through March 31, 2023, the Company disposed of two owned communities and the Company's triple-net lease obligations on four communities were terminated (including through the acquisition of one formerly leased community).

The Company completed the sale of its one remaining entrance fee community on May 1, 2023. The Company received cash proceeds of $12.3 million, net of $29.6 million in mortgage debt repaid and transaction costs, at closing. As of March 31, 2023, the community was classified as held for sale in the CCRCs segment, resulting in $23.6 million being recorded as assets held for sale and $19.5 million, representing primarily refundable fees and deferred revenue from entrance fee residency agreements, recorded as liabilities held for sale within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Restricted cash consists principally of deposits as security for self-insured retention risk under workers' compensation programs and property insurance programs, escrow deposits for real estate taxes, property insurance, and capital expenditures, and debt service reserve accounts required by certain lenders under mortgage debt agreements. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sums to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company has three reportable segments: Independent Living; Assisted Living and Memory Care; and CCRCs. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses; for which separate financial information is available; and whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to assess the performance of the individual segment and make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment.

The following tables set forth selected segment financial data.

Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and include all statements that are not historical statements of fact and those regarding our intent, belief or expectations. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "potential," "intend," "expect," "endeavor," "seek," "anticipate," "estimate," "believe," "project," "predict," "continue," "plan," "target," or other similar words or expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations, and our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that our assumptions or expectations will be attained and actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause events or circumstances to differ from the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the response efforts of federal, state, and local government authorities, businesses, individuals, and us on our business, results of operations, cash flow, revenue, expenses, liquidity, and our strategic initiatives, including plans for future growth, which will depend on many factors, some of which cannot be foreseen, including the duration, severity, and breadth of the pandemic and any resurgence or variants of the disease, the impact of COVID-19 on the nation’s economy and debt and equity markets and the local economies in our markets, the development, availability, utilization, and efficacy of COVID-19 testing, therapeutic agents, and vaccines and the prioritization of such resources among businesses and demographic groups, government financial and regulatory relief efforts that may become available to business and individuals, including our ability to qualify for and satisfy the terms and conditions of financial relief, perceptions regarding the safety of senior living communities during and after the pandemic, changes in demand for senior living communities and our ability to adapt our sales and marketing efforts to meet that demand, the impact of COVID-19 on our residents’ and their families’ ability to afford our resident fees, including due to changes in unemployment rates, consumer confidence, housing markets, and equity markets caused by COVID-19, changes in the acuity levels of our new residents, the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on seniors generally and those residing in our communities, the duration and costs of our response efforts, including increased equipment, supplies, labor, litigation, testing, vaccination clinic, health plan, and other expenses, greater use of contract labor, overtime, and other premium labor due to COVID-19 and general labor market conditions, the impact of COVID-19 on our ability to complete financings and refinancings of various assets, or other transactions or to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required debt, interest, and lease payments and to satisfy financial and other covenants in our debt and lease documents, increased regulatory requirements, including the costs of unfunded, mandatory testing of residents and associates and provision of test kits to our health plan participants, increased enforcement actions resulting from COVID-19, government action that may limit our collection or discharge efforts for delinquent accounts, and the frequency and magnitude of legal actions and liability claims that may arise due to COVID-19 or our response efforts; events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford resident fees, including downturns in the economy, housing market, consumer confidence, or the equity markets and unemployment among resident family members; changes in reimbursement rates, methods, or timing under governmental reimbursement programs including the Medicare and Medicaid programs; the effects of senior housing construction and development, lower industry occupancy (including due to the pandemic), and increased competition; conditions of housing markets, regulatory changes, acts of nature, and the effects of climate change in geographic areas where we are concentrated; terminations of our resident agreements and vacancies in the living spaces we lease, including due to the pandemic; failure to maintain the security and functionality of our information systems, to prevent a cybersecurity attack or breach, or to comply with applicable privacy and consumer protection laws, including HIPAA; our ability to complete our capital expenditures in accordance with our plans; our ability to identify and pursue development, investment, and acquisition opportunities and our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions; competition for the acquisition of assets; our ability to complete pending or expected disposition, acquisition, or other transactions on agreed upon terms or at all, including in respect of the satisfaction of closing conditions, the risk that regulatory approvals are not obtained or are subject to unanticipated conditions, and uncertainties as to the timing of closing, and our ability to identify and pursue any such opportunities in the future; risks related to the implementation of our strategy, including initiatives undertaken to execute on our strategic priorities and their effect on our results; limits on our ability to use net operating loss carryovers to reduce future tax payments; delays in obtaining regulatory approvals; disruptions in the financial markets or decreases in the appraised values or performance of our communities that affect our ability to obtain financing or extend or refinance debt as it matures and our financing costs; our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required interest, principal, and long-term lease payments and to fund our planned capital projects; the effect of any non-compliance with any of our debt or lease agreements (including the financial or other covenants contained therein), including the risk of lenders or lessors declaring a cross default in the event of our non-compliance with any such agreements and the risk of loss of our property securing leases and indebtedness due to any resulting lease terminations and foreclosure actions; the effect of our indebtedness and long-term leases on our liquidity and our ability to operate our business; increases in market interest rates that

increase the costs of our debt obligations; our ability to obtain additional capital on terms acceptable to us; departures of key officers and potential disruption caused by changes in management; increased competition for, or a shortage of, associates (including due to the pandemic or general labor market conditions), wage pressures resulting from increased competition, low unemployment levels, minimum wage increases and changes in overtime laws, and union activity; environmental contamination at any of our communities; failure to comply with existing environmental laws; an adverse determination or resolution of complaints filed against us, including putative class action complaints; costs to respond to, and adverse determinations resulting from, government reviews, audits and investigations; the cost and difficulty of complying with increasing and evolving regulation; changes in, or our failure to comply with, employment-related laws and regulations; unanticipated costs to comply with legislative or regulatory developments; the risks associated with current global economic conditions and general economic factors such as inflation, the consumer price index, commodity costs, fuel and other energy costs, competition in the labor market, costs of salaries, wages, benefits, and insurance, interest rates, and tax rates; the impact of seasonal contagious illness or an outbreak of COVID-19 or other contagious disease in the markets in which we operate; actions of activist stockholders, including a proxy contest; as well as other risks detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those set forth under "Item 1A. Risk Factors" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Part II, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in such SEC filings. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements, which reflect management's views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements, and, except as required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any statement is based.

Unless otherwise specified, references to "Brookdale," "we," "us," "our," or "the Company" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q mean Brookdale Senior Living Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries.

We are the nation's premier operator of senior living communities, operating and managing 673 communities in 41 states as of March 31, 2023, with the ability to serve more than 60,000 residents. We offer our residents access to a broad continuum of services across the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry. We operate and manage independent living, assisted living, memory care, and continuing care retirement communities ("CCRCs").

Our senior living communities and our comprehensive network help to provide seniors with care and services in an environment that feels like home. Our expertise in healthcare, hospitality, and real estate provides residents with opportunities to improve wellness, pursue passions, and stay connected with friends and loved ones. By providing residents with a range of service options as their needs change, we provide greater continuity of care, enabling seniors to age-in-place, which we believe enables them to maintain residency with us for a longer period of time. The ability of residents to age-in-place is also beneficial to our residents' families who are concerned with care decisions for their elderly relatives.

The rates we charge our residents are highly dependent on local market conditions and the competitive environment in which the communities operate. As the senior living industry rebuilds occupancy lost due to the pandemic, we continue to experience a highly competitive environment for new residents. Generally, we have increased our monthly rates, including rates for care and other services, for private pay residents on an annual basis beginning January 1 each year.

We have recently made the annual rate adjustment effective January 1, 2023 for our in-place private pay residents. The increase was again higher than our typical annual rate adjustment in order to help offset our recent increased costs as a result of labor pressures, high inflation, and increased interest rates, as described below. As a result of rate and occupancy increases, consolidated RevPAR for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased 12.9% compared to the prior year period. Due to the competitive environment for new residents in our recovering industry, the higher rate adjustment could slow our occupancy recovery progress or result in a decrease in occupancy in our communities. Any use of promotional or other discounting would offset a portion of such rate adjustments in our RevPAR and RevPOR results. In addition, the rate adjustment may not be sufficient to offset our increased costs in the event that labor expenses, inflation, or interest rates grow at rates higher than we anticipated.

A confluence of macroeconomic conditions, including an intensely competitive labor environment and higher inflation and interest rates, has continued to affect our operations during 2023.

Labor costs comprise approximately two-thirds of our total facility operating expense. We began to experience pressures associated with the intensely competitive labor environment during 2021, which have continued into 2023. Labor pressures have resulted in higher-than-typical associate turnover and wage growth, and we have experienced difficulty in filling open positions timely. We have increased our recruiting efforts to fill existing open positions, resulting in increasing the size of our workforce during 2022. We continue to review wage rates in our markets and make competitive adjustments. Beginning in 2021, to cover existing open positions, we needed to rely on more expensive premium labor, primarily contract labor and overtime. From its peak in December 2021 to March 2023, we have decreased our monthly contract labor expense by approximately 87%, while maintaining focus on resident satisfaction and high-quality care. We continue to work to reduce our reliance on premium labor.

The labor component of our facility operating expense in our same community portfolio increased $3.9 million, or 1.2%, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior year period. The increase primarily resulted from wage rate adjustments, more hours worked with higher occupancy during the period, partially offset by a decrease in the use of premium labor, primarily contract labor. We expect to continue to experience labor cost pressure as a result of merit wage rate adjustments made in March 2023, an anticipated increase in hours worked as our occupancy levels grow, and the labor environment conditions described above. Continued increased competition for, or a shortage of, nurses or other associates and general inflationary pressures have required and may require that we enhance our pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such associates.

Our non-labor facility operating expense comprises approximately one-third of our total facility operating expense and is subject to inflationary pressures. The United States consumer price index increased more than 8% since December 2021. We mitigated a portion of an increase in food costs with the scale benefit of a higher number of residents, along with appropriate product substitution. We mitigated a portion of rising utility costs through sustainability investments we made in 2022 and recent years, such as lighting retrofits and water consumption projects. Despite our mitigation efforts and with higher occupancy, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 our non-labor facility operating expense in our same community portfolio increased $15.7 million, or 9.7%, compared to the prior year period. For the remainder of 2023, we expect to continue to experience inflationary pressures.

As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $1.6 billion of long-term variable rate debt outstanding which is indexed to the London Interbank Offer Rate ("LIBOR") or Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), plus a weighted average margin of approximately 230 basis points. Accordingly, our annual interest expense related to long-term variable rate debt is directly affected by movements in LIBOR or SOFR. The LIBOR and SOFR steadily increased throughout 2022, ending the year more than 400 basis points higher than year-end 2021. Approximately 92% of our long-term variable rate debt is subject to interest rate cap or swap agreements, which had a weighted average fixed interest rate of 4.14% and a weighted average remaining term of 1.1 years as of March 31, 2023. Many of our long-term variable rate debt instruments include provisions that obligate us to obtain additional interest rate cap agreements upon the maturity of the existing interest rate cap agreements. The costs of obtaining additional interest rate cap agreements may offset the benefits of our existing interest rate cap agreements. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, our debt interest expense increased $17.2 million, or 51.7%, compared to the prior year, substantially all due to an increase in our interest expense associated with our long-term variable rate debt. Interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities partially offset such increased interest expense.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our occupancy and resident fee revenue beginning in March 2020. The health and wellbeing of our residents and associates has been and continues to be our highest priority.

We cannot predict with reasonable certainty the impacts that COVID-19 ultimately will have on our business, results of operations, cash flow, and liquidity, and our response efforts may delay or negatively impact our strategic initiatives, including plans for future growth. The ultimate impacts of COVID-19 will depend on many factors, some of which cannot be foreseen, including the duration, severity, and breadth of the pandemic and any resurgence or variants of the disease; the impact of COVID-19 on the nation's economy and debt and equity markets and the local economies in our markets; the development, availability, utilization, and efficacy of COVID-19 testing, therapeutic agents, and vaccines and the prioritization of such resources among businesses and demographic groups; government financial and regulatory relief efforts that may become available to business and individuals, including our ability to qualify for and satisfy the terms and conditions of financial relief; restrictions on visitors and move-ins at our communities as a result of infections at a community or as necessary to comply with regulatory requirements or at the direction of authorities having jurisdiction; perceptions regarding the safety of senior living communities during and after the pandemic; changes in demand for senior living communities and our ability to adapt our sales and marketing efforts to meet that demand; the impact of COVID-19 on our residents' and their families' ability to afford our resident fees, including due to changes in unemployment rates, consumer confidence, housing markets, and equity markets caused by COVID-19; changes in the acuity levels of our new residents; the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on seniors generally and those residing in our communities; the duration and costs of our response efforts, including increased equipment, supplies, labor, litigation, testing, vaccination clinic, health plan, and other expenses; greater use of contract labor and other premium labor due to COVID-19 and general labor market conditions; the impact of COVID-19 on our ability to complete financings and refinancings of various assets or other transactions or to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required debt, interest, and lease payments and to satisfy financial and other covenants in our debt and lease documents; increased regulatory requirements, including the costs of unfunded, mandatory testing of residents and associates and provision of test kits to our health plan participants; increased enforcement actions resulting from COVID-19; government action that may limit our collection or discharge efforts for delinquent accounts; and the frequency and magnitude of legal actions and liability claims that may arise due to COVID-19 or our response efforts.

We completed the sale of our one remaining entrance fee community (306 units) on May 1, 2023. We received cash proceeds of $12.3 million, net of $29.6 million in mortgage debt repaid and transaction costs, at closing. As of March 31, 2023, the community was classified as held for sale in the CCRCs segment, resulting in $23.6 million being recorded as assets held for sale and $19.5 million, representing primarily refundable fees and deferred revenue from entrance fee residency agreements, recorded as liabilities held for sale within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We elected not to exercise our lease renewal option under the current terms for a master lease which expires on December 31, 2023. Pursuant to the master lease, we currently continue to lease 35 communities (1,468 units, or 2.8% of our consolidated units) and we will be required to make approximately $15.4 million of cash lease payments for the twelve months ending December 31, 2023.

Subsequent to the three months ended March 31, 2023, we entered into amendments to our existing lease arrangements with Welltower Inc. ("Welltower") pursuant to which we continue to lease 74 communities. In connection with the amendments, we extended the maturity of one lease involving 39 communities from December 31, 2026 until June 30, 2032. As a result, our amended lease arrangements provide that the current term for 69 of the communities will expire on June 30, 2032 and the current term for five of the communities will expire on December 31, 2024. The amendments did not change the amount of required lease payments over the previous term of the leases or the annual lease escalators. In addition, Welltower agreed to make available a pool in the aggregate amount of up to $17.0 million to fund costs associated with certain capital expenditure projects for 69 of the communities. Upon reimbursement of such expenditures, the annual minimum rent under the lease will prospectively increase by the amount of the reimbursement multiplied by the sum of the then current SOFR (subject to a floor of 3.0%) and a margin of 4.0%, and such amount will escalate annually consistent with the minimum rent escalation provisions of the 39 community lease.

We expect the amended leases for 35 of such communities to be prospectively reclassified as operating leases subsequent to the amendment. We expect the reclassification of such lease costs to operating lease classification will result in an approximately $19.0 million increase in cash paid for operating leases for the remainder of 2023 and an offsetting decrease in cash paid for financing leases. Based upon our preliminary estimates, we expect the amendment to the lease arrangements will increase the right-of-use assets and lease obligations recognized on our condensed consolidated balance sheet each by approximately $125.0 million.

The amendments replaced the net worth covenant provisions requiring us to maintain at least $400.0 million of stockholders' equity with a consolidated tangible net worth covenant requiring us to maintain at least $2.0 billion of tangible net worth, generally calculated as stockholders' equity plus accumulated depreciation and amortization less intangible assets and further adjusted for certain other items. Such calculation is generally similar to the tangible net worth covenants within certain of our long-term debt documents. So long as we maintain tangible net worth as defined in the leases of at least $1.5 billion, we will also be able to cure any breach by posting collateral with Welltower. As of March 31, 2023, we had tangible net worth of approximately $4.4 billion using the definition in the leases.

As of March 31, 2023, our total operations included 673 communities with a capacity to serve over 60,000 residents. As of that date, we owned 346 communities (31,598 units), leased 295 communities (20,584 units), and managed 32 communities (4,725 units). The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which are included in "Item 1. Financial Statements" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.

We use the operating measures described below in connection with operating and managing our business and reporting our results of operations.

This section includes the non-GAAP performance measure Adjusted EBITDA. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for our definition of the measure and other important information regarding such measure, including reconciliations to the most comparable measure in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP").

The following table summarizes our overall operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The increase in total resident fees and management fees revenue was primarily attributable to a 13.1% increase in same community RevPAR, comprised of an 8.5% increase in same community RevPOR and a 310 basis point increase in same community weighted average occupancy.

The increase in facility operating expense was primarily attributable to a 4.0% increase in same community facility operating expense primarily resulting from broad inflationary pressure, partially offset by a decrease in the use of premium labor, primarily contract labor.

The decrease in net loss was primarily attributable to the net impact of the revenue and facility operating expense factors previously discussed and a decrease in asset impairment expense compared to the prior year. These changes were partially offset by an increase in debt interest expense compared to the prior year.

The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily attributable to the net impact of the revenue and facility operating expense factors previously discussed, partially offset by an increase in cash facility operating lease payments primarily due to the reclassification of lease costs for 16 communities from financing leases to operating leases as a result of a lease amendment subsequent to the prior year period.

The following table summarizes the operating results and data of our three senior housing segments (Independent Living, Assisted Living and Memory Care, and CCRCs) on a combined basis for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, including operating results and data on a same community basis. See management's discussion and analysis of the operating results on an individual segment basis on the following pages.

The following table summarizes the operating results and data for our Independent Living segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. All 68 of the communities in our Independent Living segment are included within our same community portfolio.

The increase in the segment's resident fees was primarily attributable to an increase in the segment's RevPAR, comprised of a 7.2% increase in RevPOR and a 400 basis point increase in weighted average occupancy. The increase in the segment's RevPOR was primarily the result of in-place rate increases. The increase in the segment's weighted average occupancy primarily reflects the impact of our execution on key initiatives to rebuild occupancy lost due to the pandemic.

The increase in the segment's facility operating expense was primarily attributable to a $3.1 million, or 6.1%, increase in the segment's labor expense primarily resulting from wage rate adjustments and more hours worked with higher occupancy during the period, partially offset by a decrease in the use of premium labor, primarily contract labor. Additionally, broad inflationary pressure contributed to the increase in the segment's facility operating expense.

The following table summarizes the operating results and data for our Assisted Living and Memory Care segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, including operating results and data on a same community basis.

The increase in the segment's resident fees was primarily attributable to an increase in the segment's same community RevPAR, comprised of a 9.2% increase in same community RevPOR and a 300 basis point increase in same community weighted average occupancy. The increase in the segment's same community RevPOR was primarily the result of in-place rate increases. The increase in the segment's same community weighted average occupancy primarily reflects the impact of our execution on key initiatives to rebuild occupancy lost due to the pandemic. The increase in the segment's resident fees was partially offset by the disposition of five communities (402 units) since the beginning of the prior year period.

The increase in the segment's facility operating expense was primarily attributable to an increase in the segment's same community facility operating expense primarily resulting from broad inflationary pressure, partially offset by a decrease in the use of premium labor, primarily contract labor. The increase in the segment's facility operating expense was partially offset by the disposition of communities since the beginning of the prior year period.

The following table summarizes the operating results and data for our CCRCs segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, including operating results and data on a same community basis.