Redfin 10Q 2024 Q1 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-38160


Redfin Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

74-3064240

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1099 Stewart Street

Suite 600

Seattle

98101

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)


(206)			576-8333
Registrant's telephone number, including area code



(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	RDFN	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒

Yes

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐

Yes

☒

The registrant had 119,470,881 shares of common stock outstanding as of May 2, 2024.

Redfin Corporation

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2024

Table of Contents

As used in this quarterly report, the terms "Redfin," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, unless otherwise noted or unless the context indicates otherwise. However, when referencing (i) the 2023 notes, the 2025 notes, and the 2027 notes, the terms “we,” “us,” and “our” refer only to Redfin Corporation and not to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, (ii) the Apollo term loan, the terms “we,” “us,” and “our” refer only to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries except for Bay Equity LLC, taken as a whole, and (ii) each warehouse credit facility, the terms "we," "us," and "our" refer to Bay Equity LLC.

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, our market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” "hope,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described under Item 1A of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2023, as supplemented by Part II, Item 1A of this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Note Regarding Industry and Market Data

This quarterly report contains information using industry publications that generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but such information may not be accurate or complete. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the information from these industry publications, we have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied on therein.

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	107,129	$	149,759
Restricted cash	1,274		1,241
Short-term investments	—		41,952
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $3,658 and $3,234	54,839		51,738
Loans held for sale	165,487		159,587
Prepaid expenses	37,695		33,296
Other current assets	11,867		7,472

Total current assets	378,291		445,045
Property and equipment, net	46,118		46,431
Right-of-use assets, net	29,476		31,763
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	32,328		32,171
Long-term investments	—		3,149
Goodwill	461,349		461,349
Intangible assets, net	113,537		123,284
Other assets, noncurrent	10,008		10,456

Total assets	$	1,071,107	$	1,153,648
Liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders' (deficit) equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	15,909	$	10,507
Accrued and other liabilities	97,331		90,360
Warehouse credit facilities	156,588		151,964

Lease liabilities	14,710		15,609

Total current liabilities	284,538		268,440
Lease liabilities, noncurrent	26,730		29,084
Convertible senior notes, net, noncurrent	641,209		688,737

Term loan	124,123		124,416
Deferred tax liabilities	287		264

Total liabilities	1,076,887		1,110,941
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Series A convertible preferred stock—par value $0.001 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 40,000 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	39,970		39,959
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity
Common stock—par value $0.001 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 119,440,241 and 117,372,171 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	119		117
Additional paid-in capital	844,383		826,146
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(145)		(182)
Accumulated deficit	(890,107)		(823,333)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity	(45,750)		2,748
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ (deficit) equity	$	1,071,107	$	1,153,648

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Revenue	$	225,479	$	214,083
Cost of revenue	154,667		155,945
Gross profit	70,812		58,138
Operating expenses
Technology and development	46,429		47,663
Marketing	24,878		40,403
General and administrative	67,873		69,439
Restructuring and reorganization	889		1,053
Total operating expenses	140,069		158,558
Loss from continuing operations	(69,257)		(100,420)
Interest income	1,832		3,406
Interest expense	(4,874)		(1,922)
Income tax benefit (expense)	172		(410)
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	5,686		42,270
Other expense, net	(333)		(234)
Net loss from continuing operations	(66,774)		(57,310)
Net loss from discontinued operations	—		(3,488)
Net loss	$	(66,774)	$	(60,798)

Dividends on convertible preferred stock	(233)		(226)


Net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	$	(67,007)	$	(57,536)
Net loss attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	$	(67,007)	$	(61,024)

Net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	$	(0.57)	$	(0.52)
Net loss attributable to common stock per share—basic and diluted	$	(0.57)	$	(0.55)

Weighted-average shares to compute net loss per share attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	118,364,267		110,103,598



Net loss	$	(66,774)	$	(60,798)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(3)		58
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities	40		(424)
Comprehensive loss	$	(66,737)	$	(61,164)

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands, unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(66,774)	$	(60,798)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	14,398		17,013
Stock-based compensation	17,409		19,028
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	709		1,087
Non-cash lease expense	3,154		4,816
Impairment costs	—		113
Net gain on IRLCs, forward sales commitments, and loans held for sale	(4,124)		(8,326)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net	(365)		1,208
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	(5,686)		(42,270)
Other	263		(1,174)
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(3,245)		6,738
Inventory	—		103,588
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(4,718)		1,110
Accounts payable	5,432		(1,675)
Accrued and other liabilities, deferred tax liabilities, and payroll tax liabilities, noncurrent	8,155		(16,813)
Lease liabilities	(4,089)		(4,619)
Origination of mortgage servicing rights	(61)		(347)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage servicing rights	269		339
Origination of loans held for sale	(828,421)		(854,085)
Proceeds from sale of loans originated as held for sale	821,714		861,771
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(45,980)		26,704
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(3,558)		(2,919)
Purchases of investments	—		(57,556)
Sales of investments	39,225		12,014
Maturities of investments	6,395		48,483

Net cash provided by investing activities	42,062		22
Financing activities


Proceeds from the issuance of common stock pursuant to employee equity plans	94		143
Tax payments related to net share settlements on restricted stock units	(529)		(3,161)
Borrowings from warehouse credit facilities	827,186		852,988
Repayments to warehouse credit facilities	(822,562)		(858,214)



Principal payments under finance lease obligations	(27)		(40)
Repurchases of convertible senior notes	(42,525)		(108,274)

Repayment of term loan principal	(313)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(38,676)		(116,558)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(3)		(58)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(42,597)		(89,890)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash:
Beginning of period(1)	151,000		242,246
End of period(2)	$	108,403	$	152,356

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	7,078	$	4,609
Non-cash transactions
Stock-based compensation capitalized in property and equipment	1,265		1,134
Property and equipment additions in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	11		32

(1) Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash consisted of the following (beginning of period):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Continuing operations
Cash and cash equivalents	$	149,759	$	232,200
Restricted cash	1,241		2,406
Total	151,000		234,606
Discontinued operations
Cash and cash equivalents	—		7,640
Restricted cash	—		—
Total	—		7,640
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	151,000	$	242,246

(2) Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash consisted of the following (end of period):


	As of March 31,
	2024		2023
Continuing operations
Cash and cash equivalents	$	107,129	$	148,500
Restricted cash	1,274		2,416
Total	108,403		150,916
Discontinued operations
Cash and cash equivalents	—		1,440
Restricted cash	—		—
Total	—		1,440
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	108,403	$	152,356

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts, unaudited)


	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, December 31, 2022	40,000	$	39,914	109,696,178	$	110	$	757,951	$	(693,307)	$	(801)	$	63,953
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net	—	11		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock	—	—		30,640	—		—		—		—		—

Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options	—	—		18,037	—		143		—		—		143
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		1,155,826	1		(1)		—		—		—
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		(373,797)	(1)		(3,161)		—		—		(3,162)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		20,162		—		—		20,162
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		—		366		366
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(60,798)		—		(60,798)
Balance, March 31, 2023	40,000	$	39,925	110,526,884	$	110	$	775,094	$	(754,105)	$	(435)	$	20,664

Balance, December 31, 2023	40,000	$	39,959	117,372,171	$	117	$	826,146	$	(823,333)	$	(182)	$	2,748
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net	—	11		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock	—	—		30,640	—		—		—		—		—

Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options	—	—		15,333	—		94		—		—		94
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		2,099,383	2		(2)		—		—		—
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units	—	—		(77,286)	—		(529)		—		—		(529)

Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		18,674		—		—		18,674
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		—		37		37
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(66,774)		—		(66,774)
Balance, March 31, 2024	40,000	$	39,970	119,440,241	$	119	$	844,383	$	(890,107)	$	(145)	$	(45,750)

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Index to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


Note 1:	Summary of Accounting Policies	6
Note 2:	Discontinued Operations	7
Note 3:	Segment Reporting and Revenue	8
Note 4:	Financial Instruments	9
Note 5:	Property and Equipment	13
Note 6:	Leases	14
Note 7:	Commitments and Contingencies	15
Note 8:	Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill	17
Note 9:	Accrued and Other Liabilities	17
Note 10:	Mezzanine Equity	18
Note 11:	Equity and Equity Compensation Plans	19
Note 12:	Net Loss From Continuing Operations per Share Attributable to Common Stock	21
Note 13:	Income Taxes	22
Note 14:	Debt	23
Note 15:	Subsequent Events	27

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)

Note 1: Summary of Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation—The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The financial information as of December 31, 2023 that is included in this quarterly report is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in Item 8 in our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such financial information should be read in conjunction with the notes and management’s discussion and analysis of the consolidated financial statements included in our annual report.

The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of March 31, 2024, our statements of comprehensive loss, and statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ (deficit) equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, as well as our statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or for any interim period or for any other future year.

Principles of Consolidation—The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of Redfin Corporation and our wholly owned subsidiaries, including those entities in which we have a variable interest and of which we are the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and results of operations during the respective periods. Our estimates include, but are not limited to, valuation of deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation, capitalization of website and software development costs, the incremental borrowing rate for the determination of the present value of lease payments, recoverability of intangible assets with finite lives, fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale (“LHFS”) and mortgage servicing rights, estimated useful life of intangible assets, fair value of reporting units for purposes of allocating and evaluating goodwill for impairment, and current expected credit losses on certain financial assets. The amounts ultimately realized from the affected assets or ultimately recognized as liabilities will depend on, among other factors, general business conditions and could differ materially in the near term from the carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements—In September 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued authoritative guidance under ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We early adopted this guidance in first quarter of 2024 and there was no impact on our financial statement disclosures.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements—In December 2023, the FASB issued authoritative guidance under ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU enhances annual income tax disclosures to address investor requests for more information about the tax risks and opportunities present in an entity’s worldwide operations. The two primary enhancements disaggregate existing income tax disclosures related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the guidance on our financial statement disclosures.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 2: Discontinued Operations

In November 2022, our management and board of directors made the decision to wind down RedfinNow. The financial results of RedfinNow have historically been included in our properties segment. Winding-down RedfinNow was a strategic decision we made in order to focus our resources on our core businesses in the face of the rising cost of capital. The wind-down of our properties segment was complete as of June 30, 2023, at which time it met the criteria for discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 there were no major classes of assets and liabilities of our discontinued operations remaining.

The major classes of line items of the discontinued operations included in our consolidated statement of comprehensive loss were as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2023:




Revenue	$	111,578
Cost of revenue	113,509
Gross profit	(1,931)
Operating expenses
Technology and development	529
Marketing	505
General and administrative	523
Restructuring and reorganization	—
Total operating expenses	1,557
Loss from discontinued operations	(3,488)
Interest income	—
Interest expense	—
Income tax expense	—
Other expense, net	—
Net loss from discontinued operations	$	(3,488)

Net loss from discontinued operations per share—basic and diluted	$	(0.03)

Significant non-cash items and capital expenditures of the discontinued operations were as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2023:





Stock-based compensation	$	203
Depreciation and amortization	85

Charges specifically relating to the wind-down of our properties segment were as follows:


Cost type	Financial statement line item	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023		Cumulative amount recognized as of March 31, 2023
Employee termination costs	Restructuring and reorganization	$	454	$	8,502
Asset write-offs	Restructuring and reorganization	—		493
Other	Restructuring and reorganization	(454)		(880)
Acceleration of debt issuance costs	Interest expense	—		481
Total		$	—	$	8,596

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 3: Segment Reporting and Revenue

In its operation of our business, our management, including our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), who is also our chief executive officer, evaluates the performance of our operating segments based on revenue, gross profit, operating income, and net income. We do not analyze discrete segment balance sheet information related to long-term assets, substantially all of which are located in the United States. We have five operating segments and three reportable segments, real estate services, rentals, and mortgage.

We generate revenue primarily from commissions and fees charged on each real estate services transaction closed by our lead agents or partner agents, from subscription-based product offerings for our rentals business, and from the origination, sales, and servicing of mortgages. Our key revenue components are brokerage revenue, partner revenue, rentals revenue, mortgage revenue, and other revenue.

Information on each of our reportable and other segments and reconciliation to net (loss) income from continuing operations is presented in the tables below. We have assigned certain previously reported expenses to each segment to conform to the way we internally manage and monitor our business. We allocated indirect costs to each segment based on a reasonable allocation methodology, when such costs are significant to the performance measures of the segments.


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Real estate services		Rentals		Mortgage		Other		Corporate overhead		Total
Revenue	$	131,180	$	49,518	$	33,819	$	10,962	$	—	$	225,479
Cost of revenue	110,914		11,457		25,904		6,392		—		154,667
Gross profit	20,266		38,061		7,915		4,570		—		70,812
Operating expenses
Technology and development	28,507		15,512		656		832		922		46,429
Marketing	11,177		12,788		906		7		—		24,878
General and administrative	19,775		22,478		6,683		1,154		17,783		67,873
Restructuring and reorganization	—		—		—		—		889		889
Total operating expenses	59,459		50,778		8,245		1,993		19,594		140,069
(Loss) income from continuing operations	(39,193)		(12,717)		(330)		2,577		(19,594)		(69,257)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes, and other expense, net	(46)		7		3		244		2,275		2,483
Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(39,239)	$	(12,710)	$	(327)	$	2,821	$	(17,319)	$	(66,774)

Index to Notes to Financial Statements


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Real estate services		Rentals		Mortgage		Other		Corporate overhead		Total
Revenue(1)	$	127,296	$	42,870	$	36,489	$	7,428	$	—	$	214,083
Cost of revenue	111,494		9,765		29,213		5,473		—		155,945
Gross profit	15,802		33,105		7,276		1,955		—		58,138
Operating expenses
Technology and development	28,895		15,964		643		1,224		937		47,663
Marketing	25,060		14,326		980		10		27		40,403
General and administrative	19,618		26,302		6,929		1,053		15,537		69,439
Restructuring and reorganization	—		—		—		—		1,053		1,053
Total operating expenses	73,573		56,592		8,552		2,287		17,554		158,558
Loss from continuing operations	(57,771)		(23,487)		(1,276)		(332)		(17,554)		(100,420)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes, and other expense, net	—		45		(60)		115		43,010		43,110
Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(57,771)	$	(23,442)	$	(1,336)	$	(217)	$	25,456	$	(57,310)

(1) Included in revenue is $1,149 from providing services to our discontinued properties segment.

Note 4: Financial Instruments

Derivatives

Our primary market exposure is to interest rate risk, specifically U.S. treasury and mortgage interest rates, due to their impact on mortgage-related assets and commitments. We use forward sales commitments on whole loans and mortgage-backed securities to manage and reduce this risk. We do not have any derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments.

Forward Sales Commitments—We are exposed to interest rate and price risk on loans held for sale from the funding date until the date the loan is sold. Forward sales commitments on whole loans and mortgage-backed securities are used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized at the sale of each loan.

Interest Rate Lock Commitments—Interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") represent an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage loan applicant. We commit (subject to loan approval) to fund the loan at the specified rate, regardless of changes in market interest rates between the commitment date and the funding date. Outstanding IRLCs are subject to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of commitment through the loan funding date or expiration date. Loan commitments generally range between 30 and 90 days and the borrower is not obligated to obtain the loan. Therefore, IRLCs are subject to fallout risk, which occurs when approved borrowers choose not to close on the underlying loans. We review our commitment-to-closing ratio ("pull-through rate") as part of an estimate of the number of mortgage loans that will fund according to the IRLCs.

The notional amounts of our forward sales commitments and IRLCs were as follows:


Instrument	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Forward sales commitments	$	463,110	$	274,400
IRLCs	358,903		188,554

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The locations and amounts of gains (losses) recognized in income related to our derivatives were as follows:


		Three Months Ended March 31,
Instrument	Classification	2024		2023
Forward sales commitments	Revenue	$	2,406	$	(253)
IRLCs	Revenue	2,525		7,874

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

A summary of assets and liabilities related to our financial instruments, measured at fair value on a recurring basis and as reflected in our consolidated balance sheets, is set forth below:


	Balance at March 31, 2024		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	81,927	$	81,927	$	—	$	—

Total cash equivalents	81,927		81,927		—		—




Loans held for sale	165,487		—		165,487		—
Other current assets
Forward sales commitments	1,169		—		1,169		—
IRLCs	7,200		—		—		7,200
Total other current assets	8,369		—		1,169		7,200
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	32,328		—		—		32,328




Total assets	$	288,111	$	81,927	$	166,656	$	39,528
Liabilities
Accrued liabilities
Forward sales commitments	$	1,192	$	—	$	1,192	$	—
IRLCs	223		—		—		223
Total liabilities	$	1,415	$	—	$	1,192	$	223

Index to Notes to Financial Statements


	Balance at December 31, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents
Money market funds	$	115,276	$	115,276	$	—	$	—

Total cash equivalents	115,276		115,276		—		—
Short-term investments
U.S. treasury securities	10,720		10,720		—		—
Agency bonds	31,232		31,232		—		—

Total short-term investments	41,952		41,952		—		—
Loans held for sale	159,587		—		159,587		—
Other current assets

IRLCs	4,600		—		—		4,600
Total other current assets	4,600		—		—		4,600
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	32,171		—		—		32,171
Long-term investments
U.S. treasury securities	3,149		3,149		—		—
Total assets	$	356,735	$	160,377	$	159,587	$	36,771
Liabilities
Accrued liabilities
Forward sales commitments	$	2,429	$	—	$	2,429	$	—
IRLCs	147		—		—		147
Total liabilities	$	2,576	$	—	$	2,429	$	147

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 financial instruments during the periods presented.

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of IRLCs is the pull-through rate. Significant changes in the input could result in a significant change in fair value measurement.

The following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs and Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”):


		March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Key Inputs	Valuation Technique	Range	Weighted-Average	Range	Weighted-Average
IRLCs
Pull-through rate	Market pricing	70.1% - 100.0%	89.2%	67.2% - 100.0%	87.7%
MSRs
Prepayment speed	Discounted cash flow	6.0% - 20.0%	6.8%	6.0% - 19.0%	6.8%
Default rates	Discounted cash flow	0.1% - 1.2%	0.2%	0.1% - 1.2%	0.2%
Discount rate	Discounted cash flow	10.0% - 17.0%	10.3%	10.0% - 17.0%	10.2%

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The following is a summary of changes in the fair value of IRLCs:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Balance, net—beginning of period	$	4,453	$	1,297

Issuances of IRLCs	16,062		15,963
Settlements of IRLCs	(14,739)		(10,238)
Fair value changes recognized in earnings	1,201		2,148
Balance, net—end of period	$	6,977	$	9,170

The following is a summary of changes in the fair value of MSRs:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Balance—beginning of period	$	32,171	$	36,261

MSRs originated	61		347
MSRs sales	(269)		(339)
Fair value changes recognized in earnings	365		(1,208)
Balance, net—end of period	$	32,328	$	35,061

The following table presents the estimated fair values of our convertible senior notes that are not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets:


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

2025 notes	$	125,007	$	164,113
2027 notes	278,967		325,927

The estimated fair value of our convertible senior notes is based on the closing trading price of the notes on the last day of trading for the period and is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy due to the limited trading activity of the notes. See Note 14 for additional details on our convertible senior notes.

See Note 10 for the carrying amount of our convertible preferred stock.

Assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include items such as property and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets, and other assets. These assets are remeasured at fair value if determined to be impaired.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of our cash, money market funds, restricted cash, and available-for-sale investments were as follows:


	March 31, 2024
	Fair Value Hierarchy	Cost or Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash		Short-term Investments		Long-term Investments
Cash	N/A	$	25,202	$	—	$	—	$	25,202	$	25,202	$	—	$	—
Money markets funds	Level 1	81,927		—		—		81,927		81,927		—		—
Restricted cash	N/A	1,274		—		—		1,274		1,274		—		—



Total		$	108,403	$	—	$	—	$	108,403	$	108,403	$	—	$	—


	December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Hierarchy	Cost or Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash		Short-term Investments		Long-term Investments
Cash	N/A	$	34,483	$	—	$	—	$	34,483	$	34,483	$	—	$	—
Money markets funds	Level 1	115,276		—		—		115,276		115,276		—		—
Restricted cash	N/A	1,241		—		—		1,241		1,241		—		—
U.S. treasury securities	Level 1	13,895		1		(27)		13,869		—		10,720		3,149
Agency bonds	Level 1	31,246		—		(14)		31,232		—		31,232		—

Total		$	196,141	$	1	$	(41)	$	196,101	$	151,000	$	41,952	$	3,149

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no accrued interest and accrued interest of $332, respectively, on our available-for-sale investments, of which we have recorded no expected credit losses. Accrued interest receivable is recorded in other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

Note 5: Property and Equipment

The components of property and equipment were as follows:


	Useful Lives (Years)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of lease term or economic life	$	28,328	$	28,789
Website and software development costs	3 - 5	79,135		75,573
Computer and office equipment	3 - 5	15,468		16,175
Software	3	1,869		1,869
Furniture	7	7,446		7,754
Property and equipment, gross		132,246		130,160
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(92,280)		(89,275)
Construction in progress		6,152		5,546
Property and equipment, net		$	46,118	$	46,431

The following table summarizes depreciation and amortization and capitalized software development costs:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Depreciation and amortization for property and equipment	$	4,651	$	7,181
Capitalized software development costs, including stock-based compensation	4,550		4,555

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 6: Leases

We lease office space under noncancelable operating leases with original terms ranging from one to 11 years and vehicles under noncancelable finance leases with terms of four years. Generally, the operating leases require a fixed minimum rent with contractual minimum rent increases over the lease term. The components of lease expense were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
Lease Cost	2024		2023
Operating lease cost:
Operating lease cost (cost of revenue)	$	2,377	$	2,909
Operating lease cost (operating expenses)	1,216		2,441
Short-term lease cost	686		832
Sublease income	(501)		(342)
Total operating lease cost	$	3,778	$	5,840

Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	25	$	15
Interest on lease liabilities	3		1
Total finance lease cost	$	28	$	16


	Lease Liabilities				Other Leases		Total Lease Obligations
Maturity of Lease Liabilities	Operating(2)		Financing		Operating
2024, excluding the three months ended March 31, 2024	$	12,657	$	58	$	1,402	$	14,117
2025	13,555		57		448		14,060
2026	10,735		35		243		11,013
2027	5,666		30		246		5,942
2028	1,280		—		253		1,533
Thereafter	178		—		163		341
Total lease payments	$	44,071	$	180	$	2,755	$	47,006
Less: Interest(1)	2,798		13
Present value of lease liabilities	$	41,273	$	167

(1) Includes interest on operating leases of $1,452 and financing lease of $7 within the next twelve months.

(2) Excludes sublease income. As of March 31, 2024, we expect sublease income of approximately $1,316 to be received for the remainder of fiscal year 2024.


Lease Term and Discount Rate	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining operating lease term (years)	3.1		3.2
Weighted-average remaining finance lease term (years)	2.9		2.5
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases	4.5	%	4.5	%
Weighted-average discount rate for finance leases	5.4	%	5.4	%


	Three Months Ended March 31,
Supplemental Cash Flow Information	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	4,637	$	5,253
Operating cash flows from finance leases	2		1
Financing cash flows from finance leases	20		13
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases	$	896	$	3,130
Finance leases	68		—

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 7: Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

Below is a discussion of our material, pending legal proceedings. Except as otherwise indicated, given the preliminary stage of these proceedings and the claims and issues presented, we cannot estimate a range of reasonably possible losses.

In addition, we are regularly subject to claims, litigation, and other proceedings, including potential regulatory proceedings, involving employment, intellectual property, privacy and data protection, consumer protection, competition and antitrust laws, and commercial or contractual disputes, and other matters. The outcomes of our legal proceedings and other contingencies are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular period. We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our legal proceedings and other contingencies that could affect the amount of liability, including amounts in excess of any previous accruals and reasonably possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments and changes to our accruals and disclosures as appropriate. For the matters we disclose that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible or is immaterial, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies. Until the final resolution of such matters, if any of our estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, we may experience losses in excess of the amounts recorded, which could have a material effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Except for the matters discussed below, we do not believe that any of our pending litigation, claims, and other proceedings are material to our business.

Lawsuit by David Eraker—On May 11, 2020, David Eraker, our co-founder and former chief executive officer who departed Redfin in 2006, filed a complaint through Appliance Computing III, Inc. (d/b/a Surefield) ("Surefield"), which is a company that Mr. Eraker founded and that we believe he controls, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, Waco Division. The complaint alleged that we were infringing four patents claimed to be owned by Surefield without its authorization or license. Surefield sought an unspecified amount of damages and an injunction against us offering products and services that allegedly infringe the patents at issue. On May 17, 2022, the jury returned a verdict in our favor, finding that we did not infringe any of the asserted claims of the patents claimed to be owned by Surefield, and accordingly, we do not owe any damages to Surefield. The jury also found that all asserted claims of Surefield’s claimed patents were invalid. The court entered final judgment on August 15, 2022. On September 12, 2022, Surefield filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law and a motion for a new trial. In the motions, Surefield asserts that no jury could have found non-infringement based on the trial record, among other things. We filed oppositions to the motions on October 3, 2022 and Surefield filed replies on October 21, 2022.

Lawsuits Alleging Misclassification—On August 28, 2019, Devin Cook, who was one of our former independent contractor licensed sales associates, whom we call associate agents, filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. The plaintiff initially pled the complaint as a class action and alleged that we misclassified her as an independent contractor instead of an employee. The plaintiff also sought unspecified penalties pursuant to representative claims under California’s Private Attorney General Act ("PAGA"). On January 30, 2020, the plaintiff filed a first amended complaint dismissing her class action claim and asserting only claims under PAGA.

On November 20, 2020, Jason Bell, who was one of our former lead agents as well as a former associate agent, filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. The complaint was pled as a class action and alleges that, (1) during the time he served as an associate agent, we misclassified him as an independent contractor instead of an employee and (2) during the time he served as a lead agent, we misclassified him as an employee who was exempt from minimum wage and overtime laws. The plaintiff also asserted representative claims under PAGA. The plaintiff sought unspecified amounts of unpaid overtime wages, regular wages, meal and rest period compensation, waiting time and other penalties, injunctive and other equitable relief, and plaintiff's attorneys' fees and costs.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

On May 23, 2022, pursuant to a combined mediation, we settled the lawsuits brought by Ms. Cook and Mr. Bell for an aggregate of $3,000. This amount is subject to adjustment if our actual number of associate agents, lead agents, or their respective workweeks differs from the number that we represented to the plaintiffs. This settlement is subject to court approval. On April 7, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the class settlements. The motion for preliminary approval of the class settlement was granted by the court on May 4, 2023. The motion for final approval of the class settlement was granted on November 28, 2023. The settlement funds have been paid and are being distributed to class members. A final compliance hearing is set for July 29, 2024.

Lawsuits Alleging Antitrust Violations—Since October 2023, a number of class action lawsuits have been filed on behalf of putative classes of home buyers and home sellers against the National Association of Realtors, local real estate associations, multiple listing services, and various residential real estate brokerages in various federal districts in the United States. Some of these lawsuits name Redfin as a defendant, including:

•Don Gibson, et al. v. National Association of Realtors, et al., Case no. 4:23-cv-00788-SRB, filed on October 31, 2023 in United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri (the “Gibson Action”).

•Mya Batton et al. v. Compass, Inc., et al., Case no. 1:23-cv-15618, filed on November 2, 2023 in United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

•1925 Hooper LLC, et al. v. The National Association of Realtors, et al., Case no. 1:23-cv-05392-SEG, filed on December 6, 2023 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

•Daniel Umpa v. The National Association of Realtors, et al., Case no. 4:23-cv-00945-FJG, filed on December 27, 2023 in the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri (the “Umpa Action”).

•Nathaniel Whaley v. National Association of Realtors, et al., Case no. 2:24-cv-00105-GMN-MDC, filed on January 25, 2024 in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

•Angela Boykin v. National Association of Realtors, et al., Case No. 2:24-cv-00340, filed on February 16, 2024 in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

•Freedlund v. Redfin Corporation, et al., Case No. 2:24-cv-01561, filed on February 26, 2024 in the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

•Rajninder (Raven) Jutla, et al. v. Redfin Corporation, et al., Case No. 2:24-cv-00464, filed on April 1, 2024 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California and transferred on April 5, 2024, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington.

These lawsuits variously allege a conspiracy to fix prices stemming from a National Association of Realtors rule, which allegedly requires brokers to make a blanket, non-negotiable offer of buyer broker compensation when listing a property on a multiple listing service. The plaintiffs generally seek injunctive relief, unspecified damages under federal antitrust law, and unspecified damages under various state laws. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation denied a motion to consolidate some of these cases as In re Real Estate Commission Antitrust Litigation, MDL No. 3100 on April 12, 2024. At this time, except as set forth below, we are unable to predict the potential outcome of these lawsuits.

On May 3, 2024 we entered into a settlement term sheet (the “Proposed Settlement”) to resolve, on a nationwide basis, all claims asserted in the Gibson Action and the Umpa Action, each pending in the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri. These two cases are collectively referred to as “The Lawsuits.” The Proposed Settlement resolves all claims in the Lawsuits and similar claims on behalf of home sellers on a nationwide basis against Redfin (the “Claims”) and releases Redfin, its subsidiaries and its employees and contractors from the Claims. The Proposed Settlement does not include an admission of liability.

Under the Proposed Settlement, Redfin will pay $9,250 (the “Settlement Amount”) into a qualified settlement fund within 30 business days after preliminary approval by the court of the Proposed Settlement. Redfin recorded $9,250 in accrued and other liabilities during the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

The Proposed Settlement remains subject to preliminary and final court approval and will become effective upon such final approval.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Other Commitments

Our title and settlement business and our mortgage business each hold cash in escrow at third-party financial institutions on behalf of homebuyers and home sellers. As of March 31, 2024, we held $48,383 in escrow and did not record this amount on our consolidated balance sheets. We may be held contingently liable for the disposition of the cash we hold in escrow.

Note 8: Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Acquired Intangible Assets—The following table presents the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets:


		March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Weighted-Average Useful Lives (Years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Trade names	9.3	$	82,690	$	(26,648)	$	56,042	$	82,690	$	(24,290)	$	58,400
Developed technology	3.3	66,340		(65,238)		1,102		66,340		(59,883)		6,457
Customer relationships	10	81,360		(24,967)		56,393		81,360		(22,933)		58,427
Total		$	230,390	$	(116,853)	$	113,537	$	230,390	$	(107,106)	$	123,284

Amortization expense amounted to $9,747 and $9,747 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table presents our estimate of remaining amortization expense for intangible assets that existed as of March 31, 2024:


2024, excluding the three months ended March 31, 2024	$	13,994
2025	17,618
2026	17,380
2027	15,633
2028	15,050
Thereafter	33,862
Estimated remaining amortization expense	$	113,537

Goodwill—The following table presents the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:


	Real Estate Services		Rentals		Mortgage		Total


Balance as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	$	250,231	$	159,151	$	51,967	$	461,349

Note 9: Accrued and Other Liabilities

The components of accrued and other liabilities were as follows:


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued compensation and benefits	$	58,537	$	58,836
Miscellaneous accrued liabilities	23,979		26,037
Legal contingencies	9,250		—
Customer contract liabilities	5,565		5,487
Total accrued and other liabilities	$	97,331	$	90,360

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Note 10: Mezzanine Equity

On April 1, 2020, we issued 4,484,305 shares of our common stock, at a price of $15.61 per share, and 40,000 shares of our preferred stock, at a price of $1,000 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $110,000. We designated this preferred stock as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (our "convertible preferred stock"). Our convertible preferred stock is classified as mezzanine equity in our consolidated financial statements as the substantive conversion features at the option of the holder precludes liability classification. We have determined there are no material embedded features that require recognition as a derivative asset or liability.

We allocated the gross proceeds of $110,000 to the common stock issuance and the convertible preferred stock issuance based on the standalone fair value of the issuances, resulting in a fair valuation of $40,000 for the preferred stock, which is also the stated value of the mandatory redemption amount.

As of March 31, 2024, the carrying value of our convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs, is $39,970, and holders have earned unpaid stock dividends in the amount of 30,640 shares of common stock. This stock dividend was issued on April 5, 2024. These shares are included in basic and diluted net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to common stock in Note 12. As of March 31, 2024, no shares of the preferred stock have been converted, and the preferred stock was not redeemable, nor probable to become redeemable in the future as there is a more than remote chance the shares will be automatically converted prior to the mandatory redemption date. The number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance resulting from dividends, conversion, or redemption with respect to the preferred stock was 2,622,177 as of the issuance date.

Dividends—The holders of our convertible preferred stock are entitled to dividends. Dividends accrue daily based on a 360-day fiscal year at a rate of 5.5% per annum based on the issue price and are payable quarterly in arrears on the first business day following the end of each calendar quarter. Assuming we satisfy certain conditions, we will pay dividends in shares of common stock at a rate of the dividend payable divided by $17.95. If we do not satisfy such conditions, we will pay dividends in a cash amount equal to (i) the dividend shares otherwise issuable on the dividends multiplied by (ii) the volume-weighted average closing price of our common stock for the ten trading days preceding the date the dividends are payable.

Participation Rights—Holders of our convertible preferred stock are entitled to dividends paid and distributions made to holders of our common stock to the same extent as if such preferred stockholders had converted their shares of preferred stock into common stock and held such shares on the record date for such dividends and distributions.

Conversion—Holders may convert their convertible preferred stock into common stock at any time at a rate per share of preferred stock equal to the issue price divided by $19.51 (the "conversion price"). A holder that converts will also receive any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Our convertible preferred stock may also be automatically converted to shares of our common stock. If the closing price of our common stock exceeds $27.32 per share until 30 trading days prior to November 30, 2024, for each day of any 30 consecutive trading days, then each outstanding share of preferred stock will automatically convert into a number of shares of our common stock at a rate per share of preferred stock equal to the issue price divided by the conversion price. Upon an automatic conversion, a holder will also receive any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Redemption—On November 30, 2024, we will be required to redeem any outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock, and each holder may elect to receive cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares. If a holder elects to receive cash, we will pay, for each share of preferred stock, an amount equal to the issue price plus any accrued dividends. If a holder elects to receive shares, we will issue, for each share of preferred stock, a number of shares of common stock at a rate of the issue price divided by the conversion price plus any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

A holder of our convertible preferred stock has the right to require us to redeem up to all shares of preferred stock it holds following certain events outlined in the document governing the preferred stock. If a holder redeems as the result of such events, such holder may elect to receive cash or shares of common stock, as calculated in the same manner as the mandatory redemption described above. Additionally, such holder will also receive, in cash or shares of common stock as elected by the holder, an amount equal to all scheduled dividend payments on the preferred stock for all remaining dividend periods from the date the holder gives its notice of redemption.

Liquidation Rights—Upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, holders of our convertible preferred stock will be entitled to receive cash out of our assets prior to holders of the common stock.

Note 11: Equity and Equity Compensation Plans

Common Stock—As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized us to issue 500,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Preferred Stock—As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized us to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Amended and Restated 2004 Equity Incentive Plan—We granted options under our 2004 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (our "2004 Plan"), until July 26, 2017, when we terminated it in connection with our initial public offering. Accordingly, no shares are available for future issuance under our 2004 Plan. Our 2004 Plan continues to govern outstanding equity awards granted thereunder. The term of each stock option under the plan is no more than 10 years, and each stock option generally vests over a four-year period.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan—Our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (our "2017 EIP") became effective on July 26, 2017, and provides for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified common stock options and restricted stock units to employees, directors, and consultants. The number of shares of common stock initially reserved for issuance under our 2017 EIP was 7,898,159. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2017 EIP will increase automatically on January 1 of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2018, and continuing through January 1, 2028, by the number of shares equal to the lesser of 5% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 or an amount determined by our board of directors. The term of each stock option and restricted stock unit under the plan will not exceed 10 years, and each award generally vests between two and four years.

We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our 2017 EIP as follows:


	March 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Stock options issued and outstanding	2,372,110	2,406,453
Restricted stock units outstanding	13,456,113	15,947,173
Shares available for future equity grants	14,333,627	7,991,532
Total shares reserved for future issuance	30,161,850	26,345,158

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan—Our 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (our "ESPP") was approved by our board of directors on July 27, 2017 and enables eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount. Purchases will be accomplished through participation in discrete offering periods. We initially reserved 1,600,000 shares of common stock for issuance under our ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our ESPP will increase automatically on January 1 of each calendar year beginning after the first offering date and continuing through January 1, 2028, by the number of shares equal to the lesser of 1% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 or an amount determined by our board of directors. On each purchase date, eligible employees will purchase our common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value of our common stock on the first trading day of the offering period and (ii) the fair market value of our common stock on the purchase date.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our ESPP as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024	Year Ended December 31, 2023
Shares available for issuance at beginning of period	4,378,042	4,695,361
Shares issued during the period	—	(1,491,040)
Total shares available for future issuance at end of period	4,378,042	3,204,321

Stock Options—Option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:


	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2024	2,406,453	$	11.14	2.63	$	3,355

Options exercised	(15,333)	6.12

Options expired	(19,010)	8.61
Outstanding as of March 31, 2024	2,372,110	11.19		2.41	13,343
Options exercisable as of March 31, 2024	2,372,110	11.19		2.41	13,343

The grant date fair value of our stock options was recorded as stock-based compensation over the stock options' vesting period. All outstanding options were fully vested as of March 31, 2024. We did not recognize any option-related expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Restricted Stock Units—Restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:


	Restricted Stock Units	Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2024	15,947,173	$	9.64
Granted	595,740	7.00
Vested	(2,099,383)	9.13
Forfeited or canceled	(987,417)	13.04
Outstanding or deferred as of March 31, 2024(1)	13,456,113	9.35

(1) Starting with the restricted stock units granted to them in June 2019, our non-employee directors have the option to defer the issuance of common stock receivable upon vesting of such restricted stock units until 60 days following the day they are no longer providing services to us or, if earlier, upon a change in control transaction. The amount reported as vested excludes restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into shares has been deferred. The amount reported as outstanding or deferred as of March 31, 2024 includes these restricted stock units. As no further conditions exist to prevent the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying these restricted stock units, the shares are included in basic and diluted weighted shares outstanding used to calculate net loss per share attributable to common stock. The amount of shares whose issuance have been deferred is not considered material and is not reported separately from stock-based compensation in our consolidated statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ (deficit) equity.

The grant date fair value of restricted stock units is recorded as stock-based compensation over the vesting period. As of March 31, 2024, there was $98,831 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.93 years.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

As of March 31, 2024, there were 1,735,913 restricted stock units subject to performance and market conditions ("PSUs") at 100% of the target level. Depending on our achievement of the performance and market conditions, the actual number of shares of common stock issuable upon vesting of PSUs will range from 0% to 200% of the target amount. For each PSU recipient, the awards will vest only if the recipient is continuing to provide service to us upon our board of directors, or its compensation committee, certifying that we have achieved the PSU's related performance or market conditions. Stock-based compensation expense for PSUs with performance conditions is recognized when it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. For PSUs with market conditions, the market condition is reflected in the grant-date fair value of the award and the expense is recognized over the life of the award.

Stock-based compensation expense associated with the PSUs was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
PSU expense	$	773	$	1,844
Reassessment of achievement of performance conditions	(401)		—
Total expense	$	372	$	1,844

Compensation Cost—Stock-based compensation, net of forfeitures and the amount capitalized in website and software development costs were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of revenue	$	2,739	$	4,135
Technology and development(1)	8,239		8,127
Marketing	1,431		1,245
General and administrative	5,000		5,318
Stock-based compensation from continuing operations	17,409		18,825
Stock-based compensation from discontinued operations(1)	—		203
Total stock-based compensation	$	17,409	$	19,028

(1) Net of $1,265 and $1,134 of stock-based compensation that was capitalized in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 12: Net Loss from Continuing Operations per Share Attributable to Common Stock

Net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to common stock is computed by dividing the net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. We have outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, options to purchase shares under our ESPP, convertible preferred stock, and convertible senior notes, which are considered in the calculation of diluted net loss from continuing operations per share whenever doing so would be dilutive.

We calculate basic and diluted net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to common stock in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. We consider our convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. Under the two-class method, net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stock is not allocated to the preferred stock as its holders do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses, as discussed in Note 11.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

The calculation of basic and diluted net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to common stock was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Numerator:
Net loss from continuing operations	$	(66,774)	$	(57,310)
Dividends on convertible preferred stock	(233)		(226)

Net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	$	(67,007)	$	(57,536)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares—basic and diluted(1)	118,364,267		110,103,598



Net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to common stock—basic and diluted	$	(0.57)	$	(0.52)

(1) Basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding include (i) common stock earned but not yet issued related to share-based dividends on our convertible preferred stock, and (ii) restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into common stock were deferred at the option of certain non-employee directors.

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss from continuing operations per share for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024	2023
2023 notes as if converted	—	769,623
2025 notes as if converted(1)	1,998,654	5,054,851
2027 notes as if converted(1)	5,379,209	6,147,900
Convertible preferred stock as if converted	2,040,000	2,040,000
Stock options outstanding	2,372,110	3,235,085
Restricted stock units outstanding(2)(3)	13,417,675	15,026,404
Employee stock purchase plan	348,986	1,422,936
Total	25,556,634	33,696,799

(1) Based on the closing price of our common stock of $6.65 on March 31, 2024, the if-converted values of both convertible notes were less than the principal amounts.

(2) Excludes 1,735,913 incremental PSUs that could vest, assuming applicable performance criteria and market conditions are achieved at 200% of target, which is the maximum achievement level. See Note 11 for additional information regarding PSUs.

(3) Excludes 38,438 restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into common stock were deferred at the option of certain non-employee directors as of March 31, 2024.

Note 13: Income Taxes

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded an income tax benefit of $172 resulting in an effective tax rate of 0.26%, which is primarily a result of current state income taxes. Our current income tax benefit was partially offset by deferred tax expenses associated with increases to indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities created through the Company’s April 2, 2021 acquisition of Rent., and April 1, 2022 acquisition of Bay Equity. Our March 31, 2023 effective tax rate of (0.72)% is primarily a result of current state taxes which are supplemented by deferred tax expenses associated with increases to indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities created through the Company’s April 2, 2021 acquisition of Rent., and April 1, 2022 acquisition of Bay Equity.

In determining the realizability of the net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, we consider numerous factors including historical profitability, estimated future taxable income, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, and the industry in which we operate. Management reassesses the realization of the deferred tax assets each reporting period, which resulted in a valuation allowance against the full amount of our U.S. deferred tax assets for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. To the extent that the financial results of our U.S. operations improve in the future and the deferred tax assets become realizable, we will reduce the valuation allowance through earnings.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, substantial changes in our ownership may limit the amount of net operating loss ("NOL") and income tax credit carryforwards that could be utilized annually in the future to offset taxable income and income tax liabilities. Any such annual limitation may significantly reduce the utilization of the NOLs and income tax credits before they expire. A Section 382 limitation study performed as of March 31, 2017 determined that we experienced an ownership change in 2006 with $1,506 of the 2006 NOL and $32 of the 2006 research and development tax credit unavailable for future use. Furthermore, in connection with our acquisition of Rent., Rent. experienced an ownership change that triggered Section 382. As of September 30, 2021, Rent. completed a Section 382 limitation study and, based on this analysis, we do not expect a reduction in the availability of Rent.'s pre-change NOLs.

As of December 31, 2023, we had accumulated approximately $642,212 of federal net operating losses, approximately $32,234 (tax effected) of state net operating losses, and approximately $5,363 of foreign net operating losses. Federal net operating losses are available to offset federal taxable income and begin to expire in 2024, with net operating loss carryforwards of $449,434 generated after 2017 available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period.

Net research and development credit carryforwards of $23,968 and $23,240 are available as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to reduce future liabilities. The research and development credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2026.

Deductible but limited federal business interest expense carryforwards of $149,464 and $145,296 are available as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period.

Our material income tax jurisdiction is the United States (federal) and Canada (foreign). As a result of NOL carryforwards, we are subject to audit for all tax years for federal and foreign purposes. All tax years remain subject to examination in various other jurisdictions that are not material to our consolidated financial statements.

Note 14: Debt

As of March 31, 2024, outstanding borrowings of our debt are as follows:


	Maturity of Debt
Lender	2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		Thereafter
Warehouse Credit Facilities
City National Bank	$	21,828	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Origin Bank	22,366		—		—		—		—		—
M&T Bank	19,951		—		—		—		—		—
Prosperity Bank	36,294		—		—		—		—		—
Republic Bank & Trust Company	33,091		—		—		—		—		—
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.	23,058		—		—		—		—		—

Term Loan	—		—		—		—		124,123		—

Convertible Senior Notes
2025 notes	—		143,988		—		—		—		—
2027 notes	—		—		—		497,221		—		—
Total borrowings	$	156,588	$	143,988	$	—	$	497,221	$	124,123	$	—

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Warehouse Credit Facilities—To provide capital for the mortgage loans that it originates, our mortgage segment utilizes warehouse credit facilities that are classified as current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Borrowings under each warehouse credit facility are secured by the related mortgage loan, and rights and income related to the loans.

Each warehouse credit facility contains various restrictive and financial covenants and provides that a breach or failure to satisfy these covenants constitutes an event of default. As of March 31, 2024, we received a waiver of our financial covenants pursuant to the Republic Bank & Trust Company credit facility.

The following table summarizes borrowings under these facilities as of the periods presented:


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Lender	Borrowing Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Weighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings		Borrowing Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Weighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings
City National Bank	$	50,000	$	21,828	7.25	%	$	50,000	$	20,046	7.24	%
Origin Bank	75,000		22,366		7.30	%	75,000		30,110		7.25	%
M&T Bank	50,000		19,951		7.32	%	50,000		18,870		7.39	%
Prosperity Bank	75,000		36,294		7.20	%	75,000		29,358		7.23	%
Republic Bank & Trust Company	45,000		33,091		7.26	%	45,000		23,415		7.28	%
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.	100,000		23,058		7.35	%	100,000		30,165		7.36	%
Total	$	395,000	$	156,588			$	395,000	$	151,964

Term Loan—On October 20, 2023, we entered into a definitive agreement with Apollo Capital Management, L.P. and its affiliates (“Apollo”) whereby Apollo agreed to commit up to $250,000 of financing for us in the form of a first lien term loan facility (the “facility”). We borrowed half of the loan on October 20, 2023 and the remainder will be available as a delayed draw during the following 12 months.

The facility is pre-payable at par, after 12 months of call protection (during which prepayment would be at 101% of par), or with respect to prepayments made with respect to a change of control, at 101% of par, and carries a five-year term, maturing October 20, 2028. Interest will be charged at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) +575 basis points for the first five full fiscal quarters after closing, with step-downs to SOFR +550 basis points and SOFR +525 basis points thereafter upon achieving agreed performance metrics. The facility requires that we maintain cash and cash equivalents of $75,000 which is tested on a quarterly basis. The negative covenants include restrictions on the incurrence of liens and indebtedness, investments, certain merger transactions, and other matters, all subject to certain exceptions. The effective interest rate for our term loan is 11.97%.

The facility includes customary events of default that, include among other things, non-payment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, violation of certain covenants, cross default to certain other indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency events, material judgments, change of control, and certain material ERISA events. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the facility. In addition, the facility prohibits us from making any cash payments on the conversion or repurchase of our notes if an event of default exists under our term loan facility, or if, after giving effect to such conversion or repurchase, we would not be in compliance with the financial covenants under our term loan facility.

As security for our obligations under the facility, we granted Apollo a first priority security interest on substantially all of our assets and the assets of our material subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions. Therefore, in a bankruptcy, Apollo first, and the holders of our convertible senior notes second, would have a claim to our assets senior to the claims of holders of our common stock.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

As part of the transaction, we repurchased $5,000 principal amount of our 2025 convertible notes held by Apollo and $71,894 principal amount of 2027 convertible notes held by Apollo for an aggregate repurchase price of $57,075 using cash on our balance sheet. Additionally, we paid $2,471 in debt issuance costs in connection with the Apollo term loan, which is currently recorded in prepaid expenses on our consolidated balance sheet.

The components of the term loan were as follows:


March 31, 2024
Aggregate Principal Amount		Unamortized Debt Discount		Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Net Carrying Amount
$	124,375	$	—	$	252	$	124,123

Convertible Senior Notes—We have issued convertible senior notes with the following characteristics:


Issuance	Maturity Date	Stated Cash Interest Rate		Effective Interest Rate		First Interest Payment Date	Semi-Annual Interest Payment Dates	Conversion Rate
2025 notes	October 15, 2025	—	%	0.42	%	—	—	13.7920
2027 notes	April 1, 2027	0.50	%	0.90	%	October 1, 2021	April 1; October 1	10.6920

We issued our 2025 notes on October 20, 2020, with an aggregate principal amount of $661,250. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired approximately $48,531 in aggregate principal amount of our 2025 notes at a price of $42,525 using available cash. In connection with these repurchases, we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $5,686 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

We issued our 2027 notes on March 25, 2021 and April 5, 2021, with an aggregate principal amount of $575,000.

The components of our convertible senior notes were as follows:


	March 31, 2024
Issuance	Aggregate Principal Amount		Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Net Carrying Amount

2025 notes	$	144,914	$	926	$	143,988
2027 notes	503,106		5,885		497,221


	December 31, 2023
Issuance	Aggregate Principal Amount		Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Net Carrying Amount

2025 notes	$	193,445	$	1,443	$	192,002
2027 notes	503,106		6,371		496,735

Index to Notes to Financial Statements


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
2023 notes
Contractual interest expense	$	—	$	103

Amortization of debt issuance costs	—		38
Total interest expense	$	—	$	141

2025 notes
Contractual interest expense	—		—

Amortization of debt issuance costs	513		2,156
Total interest expense	$	513	$	2,156

2027 notes
Contractual interest expense	629		719

Amortization of debt issuance costs	490		560
Total interest expense	$	1,119	$	1,279

Total
Contractual interest expense	629		822

Amortization of debt issuance costs	1,003		2,754
Total interest expense	$	1,632	$	3,576

Conversion of Our Convertible Senior Notes

Prior to the free conversion date, a holder of each tranche of our convertible senior notes may convert its notes in multiples of $1,000 principal amount only if one or more of the conditions described below is satisfied. On or after the free conversion date, a holder may convert its notes in such multiples without any conditions. The free conversion date is July 15, 2025 for our 2025 notes and January 1, 2027 for our 2027 notes.

The conditions are:

•during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the applicable conversion price on each applicable trading day;

•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the applicable notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the applicable conversion rate on each such trading day;

•if we call any or all of the applicable notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day prior to the redemption date; or

•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

We intend to settle any future conversions of our convertible senior notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. We apply the if-converted method to calculate diluted earnings per share when applicable. Under the if-converted method, the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation is adjusted to reflect the full number of common shares issuable upon conversion, while the numerator is adjusted to add back interest expense for the period. None of the above conditions were satisfied during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Index to Notes to Financial Statements

Classification of Our Convertible Senior Notes

All of our convertible senior notes are accounted for as liabilities. The difference between the principal amount of the notes and the net carrying amount represents the unamortized debt discount, which we record as a deduction from the debt liability in our consolidated balance sheets. This discount is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the notes.

See Note 4 for fair value information related to our convertible senior notes.

Cross-acceleration and Cross-default Provisions of our Convertible Senior Notes, Term Loan, and Warehouse Credit Facilities—The indentures governing our 2025 and 2027 convertible senior notes contain cross-acceleration and cross-default provisions. These provisions could have the effect of creating an event of default under the indenture for either our 2025 or 2027 convertible senior notes, despite our compliance with that agreement, due solely to an event of default or failure to pay amounts owed under the indenture for the other tranche of convertible senior notes. Accordingly, all or a significant portion of our outstanding convertible senior notes could become immediately payable due solely to our failure to comply with the terms of a single agreement governing either our 2025 or 2027 convertible senior notes. In addition, each of our warehouse credit facilities and term loan facility contain cross-acceleration and cross-default provisions. These provisions could have the effect of creating an event of default under the agreement for any such facility, despite our compliance with that agreement, due solely to an event of default or failure to pay amounts owed under the agreement for another facility. Accordingly, all or a significant portion of our outstanding warehouse indebtedness or outstanding term loan indebtedness could become immediately payable due solely to our failure to comply with the terms of a single agreement governing one of our facilities. While the cross-default provisions in our existing warehouse credit facilities do not pick up defaults under our convertible senior notes and our existing warehouse credit facilities are carved out of the cross-payment default provisions in our 2025 and 2027 senior notes given that they constitute non-recourse debt, any default under our convertible senior notes would trigger an event of default under our term loan facility and, similarly, any default under our term loan facility would trigger the cross-payment default provisions in our 2025 and 2027 senior notes.

2027 Capped Calls—In 2021, and in connection with the pricing of our 2027 notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties (the “2027 capped calls”). The 2027 capped calls have initial strike prices of $93.53 per share and initial cap prices of $138.56 per share, in each case subject to certain adjustments. Conditions that cause adjustments to the initial strike price and initial cap price of the 2027 capped calls are similar to the conditions that result in corresponding adjustments to the conversion rate for our 2027 notes. The 2027 capped calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, 6,147,900 shares of our common stock and are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the 2027 notes, with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. The 2027 capped calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of our 2027 notes. As these instruments meet certain accounting criteria, the 2027 capped calls are recorded in stockholders’ (deficit) equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $62,647 incurred in connection with the 2027 capped calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

Note 15: Subsequent Events

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Credit Facility—In April 2024, we terminated our credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. after repaying all borrowings and accrued interest.

Table of Contents

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes, and other information included in this quarterly report and our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2023. In particular, the disclosure contained in Item 1A in our annual report, as updated by Part II, Item 1A in this quarterly report, may reflect trends, demands, commitments, events, or uncertainties that could materially impact our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources.

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, our market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations. Please see "Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for more information about relying on these forward-looking statements. The following discussion also contains information using industry publications. Please see "Note Regarding Industry and Market Data" for more information about relying on these industry publications.

When we use the term "basis points" in the following discussion, we refer to units of one-hundredth of one percent.

Overview

We help people buy and sell homes. Representing customers in over 100 markets in the United States and Canada, we are a residential real estate brokerage. We pair our own agents with our own technology to create a service that is faster, better, and costs less. We meet customers through our listings-search website and mobile application.

We use the same combination of technology and local service to originate and service mortgage loans and offer title and settlement services. We use digital platforms to connect consumers with available apartments and houses for rent.

Our mission is to redefine real estate in the consumer’s favor.

Adverse Macroeconomic Conditions and Our Associated Actions

Beginning in the second quarter of 2022 and continuing through the first quarter of 2024, a number of economic factors adversely impacted the residential real estate market, including higher mortgage interest rates, lower consumer sentiment, and increased inflation. This shift in the macroeconomic backdrop adversely impacted consumer demand for our services, as consumers weighed the financial implications of selling or purchasing a home and taking out a mortgage.

In response to these macroeconomic and consumer demand developments, we took action to adjust our operations and manage our business towards longer-term profitability despite these adverse macroeconomic factors.

From April 2022, after completing the acquisition of Bay Equity, through December 2023, through involuntary reductions and attrition, we reduced our total number of employees by 40%, including a reduction in lead agents of 40%. These workforce reductions were intended to align the size of our operations with the level of consumer demand for our services at that time.

In November of 2022, we decided to wind-down our properties segment, which included RedfinNow. This was a strategic decision we made in order to focus our resources on our core business in the face of the rising cost of capital. We completed the wind-down of our properties segment in the second quarter of 2023. Results for the properties segment are now reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations include our continued operations for all periods presented.

Table of Contents

Numerous lawsuits have been filed on behalf of putative classes of homebuyers and home sellers against the National Association of Realtors, local real estate associations, multiple listing services, and various residential real estate brokerages in various federal districts in the United States. Some of these lawsuits name Redfin as a defendant. On May 3, 2024, we entered into a Proposed Settlement for a total of $9.25 million to resolve the Gibson Action and the Umpa Action and similar claims on behalf of home sellers against Redfin on a nationwide basis. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements and Item 1A. Risk Factors for descriptions of these cases and their potential impact.

Key Business Metrics

In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key metrics to evaluate our business, develop financial forecasts, and make strategic decisions.


	Three Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024			Dec. 31, 2023			Sep. 30, 2023			Jun. 30, 2023			Mar. 31, 2023			Dec. 31, 2022			Sep. 30, 2022			Jun. 30, 2022
Monthly average visitors (in thousands)	48,803			43,861			51,309			52,308			50,440			43,847			50,785			52,698
Real estate services transactions
Brokerage	10,039			10,152			13,075			13,716			10,301			12,743			18,245			20,565
Partner	2,691			3,186			4,351			3,952			3,187			2,742			3,507			3,983
Total	12,730			13,338			17,426			17,668			13,488			15,485			21,752			24,548
Real estate services revenue per transaction
Brokerage	$	12,433		$	12,248		$	12,704		$	12,376		$	11,556		$	10,914		$	11,103		$	11,692
Partner	2,367			2,684			2,677			2,756			2,592			2,611			2,556			2,851
Aggregate	10,305			9,963			10,200			10,224			9,438			9,444			9,725			10,258
U.S. market share by units	0.77		%	0.72		%	0.78		%	0.75		%	0.79		%	0.76		%	0.80		%	0.83		%
Revenue from top-10 Redfin markets as a percentage of real estate services revenue	55		%	55		%	56		%	55		%	53		%	57		%	58		%	59		%
Average number of lead agents	1,658			1,692			1,744			1,792			1,876			2,022			2,293			2,640
Mortgage originations by dollars (in millions)	$	969		$	885		$	1,110		$	1,282		$	991		$	1,036		$	1,557		$	1,565
Mortgage originations by units (in ones)	2,365			2,293			2,786			3,131			2,444			2,631			3,720			3,860

Monthly Average Visitors

The number of, and growth in, visitors to our website and mobile application are important leading indicators of our business activity because these channels are the primary ways we meet customers. The number of visitors is influenced by, among other things, market conditions that affect interest in buying or selling homes, the level and success of our marketing programs, seasonality, and how our website appears in search results. We believe we can continue to increase visitors, which helps our growth.

Given the lengthy process to buy or sell a home, a visitor during one month may not convert to a revenue-generating customer until many months later, if at all.

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When we refer to "monthly average visitors" for a particular period, we are referring to the average number of unique visitors to our website and our mobile applications for each of the months in that period, as measured by Google Analytics, a product that provides digital marketing intelligence. Google Analytics tracks visitors using cookies, with a unique cookie being assigned to each browser or mobile application on a device. For any given month, Google Analytics counts all of the unique cookies that visited our website and mobile applications during that month. Google Analytics considers each unique cookie as a unique visitor. Due to third-party technological limitations, user software settings, or user behavior, it is possible that Google Analytics may assign a unique cookie to different visits by the same person to our website or mobile application. In such instances, Google Analytics would count different visits by the same person as separate visits by unique visitors. Accordingly, reliance on the number of unique cookies counted by Google Analytics may overstate the actual number of unique persons who visit our website or our mobile applications for a given month.

Our monthly average visitors exclude visitors to Rent.'s websites and mobile applications.

Real Estate Services Transactions

We record a brokerage real estate services transaction when one of our lead agents represented the homebuyer or home seller in the purchase or sale, respectively, of a home. We record a partner real estate services transaction (i) when one of our partner agents represented the homebuyer or home seller in the purchase or sale, respectively, of a home or (ii) when a Redfin customer sold his or her home to a third-party institutional buyer following our introduction of that customer to the buyer. We include a single transaction twice when our lead agents or our partner agents serve both the homebuyer and the home seller of the transaction. Additionally, when one of our lead agents represents RedfinNow in its sale of a home, we include that transaction as a brokerage real estate services transaction. We completed the wind-down of our RedfinNow business in the second quarter of 2023.

Increasing the number of real estate services transactions is critical to increasing our revenue and, in turn, to achieving profitability. Real estate services transaction volume is influenced by, among other things, the pricing and quality of our services as well as market conditions that affect home sales, such as local inventory levels and mortgage interest rates. Real estate services transaction volume is also affected by seasonality and macroeconomic factors.

Real Estate Services Revenue per Transaction

Real estate services revenue per transaction, together with the number of real estate services transactions, is a factor in evaluating revenue growth. We also use this metric to evaluate pricing changes. Changes in real estate services revenue per transaction can be affected by, among other things, our pricing, the mix of transactions from homebuyers and home sellers, changes in the value of homes in the markets we serve, the geographic mix of our transactions, and the transactions we refer to partner agents and any third-party institutional buyer. We calculate real estate services revenue per transaction by dividing brokerage, partner, or aggregate revenue, as applicable, by the corresponding number of real estate services transactions in any period.

We generally generate more real estate services revenue per transaction from representing homebuyers than home sellers. However, we believe that representing home sellers has unique strategic value, including the marketing power of yard signs and other campaigns, and the market effect of controlling listing inventory.

Prior to July 2022, homebuyers who purchased their home using our brokerage services would receive a commission refund in a substantial majority of our markets. In July 2022, we began a pilot program in certain of those markets to eliminate our commission refund. Since this pilot was successful, we eliminated the standard commission refund we had historically provided in all markets in December 2022. The average refund per transaction for a homebuyer was $1,336 in 2022. The elimination of this commission refund increased our real estate services revenue per transaction in 2023, although this metric is also impacted by the factors discussed above. In September 2023, we began a pilot program in certain markets to provide a refund to homebuyers who sign a buyer agency agreement with us before their second home tour. We expanded this pilot program to more markets in the first quarter of 2024.

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U.S. Market Share by Units

Increasing our U.S. market share by units is critical to our ability to grow our business and achieve profitability over the long term. We believe there is a significant opportunity to increase our share in the markets we currently serve.

We calculate our market share by aggregating the number of brokerage and partner real estate services transactions. We then divide that number by two times the aggregate number of U.S. home sales, in order to account for both the sell- and buy-side components of each home sale. We obtain the aggregate number of U.S. home sales from the National Association of REALTORS® ("NAR"). NAR data for the most recent period is preliminary and may subsequently be updated.

Revenue from Top-10 Markets as a Percentage of Real Estate Services Revenue

Our top-10 markets by real estate services revenue are the metropolitan areas of Chicago, Dallas, Denver (including Boulder and Colorado Springs), Los Angeles (including Santa Barbara), Maryland, Northern Virginia, Portland (including Bend), San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle. This metric is an indicator of the geographic concentration of our real estate services segment. We expect our revenue from top-10 markets to decline as a percentage of our total real estate services revenue over time.

Average Number of Lead Agents

The average number of lead agents, in combination with our other key metrics such as the number of brokerage transactions, is a basis for calculating agent productivity and is one indicator of the potential future growth of our business. We systematically evaluate traffic to our website and mobile application and customer activity to anticipate changes in customer demand, helping determine when and where to hire lead agents.

We calculate the average number of lead agents by taking the average of the number of lead agents at the end of each month included in the period.

Mortgage Originations

Mortgage originations is the volume of mortgage loans originated by our mortgage business, measured by both dollar value of loans and number of loans. This volume is an indicator for the growth of our mortgage business. Mortgage originations, including refinancings, are affected by mortgage interest rates, the ability of our mortgage loan officers to close loans, and the number of our homebuyer customers who use our mortgage business for a mortgage loan, among other factors.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

Real Estate Services Revenue

Brokerage Revenue—Brokerage revenue includes our offer and listing services, where our lead agents represent homebuyers and home sellers. We recognize commission-based brokerage revenue upon closing of a brokerage transaction, less the amount of any commission refunds, closing-cost reductions, or promotional offers that may result in a material right. Brokerage revenue is affected by the number of brokerage transactions we close, the mix of brokerage transactions, home-sale prices, commission rates, and the amount we give to customers.

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Partner Revenue—Partner revenue consists of fees paid to us from partner agents or under other referral agreements, less the amount of any payments we make to homebuyers and home sellers. We recognize these fees as revenue on the closing of a transaction. Partner revenue is affected by the number of partner transactions closed, home-sale prices, commission rates, and the amount we refund to customers. If the portion of customers we introduce to our own lead agents increases, we expect the portion of revenue closed by partner agents to decrease.

Rentals Revenue

Rentals Revenue—Rentals revenue is primarily composed of subscription-based product offerings for internet listing services, as well as lead management and digital marketing solutions. Rentals revenue is affected by the number of product offerings sold, pricing for each product, customer retention, and the mix of product offerings sold to our customers.

Mortgage Revenue

Mortgage Revenue—Mortgage revenue includes fees from the origination and subsequent sale of loans, loan servicing income, interest income on loans held for sale, origination of IRLCs, and the changes in fair value of our IRLCs, forward sales commitments, loans held for sale, and MSRs. Mortgage revenue is affected by loan volume, loan pricing, and market factors that impact the fair value of our MSRs and loans held for sale.

Other Revenue

Other Revenue—Other services revenue includes fees earned from title settlement services, Walk Score data services, and advertising. Substantially all fees and revenue from other services are recognized when the service is provided.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue consists primarily of personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation), transaction bonuses, home-touring and field expenses, listing expenses, customer fulfillment costs related to our rentals segment, office and occupancy expenses, interest expense on our mortgage related warehouse facilities, and depreciation and amortization related to fixed assets and acquired intangible assets.

Gross profit is revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross margin has and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, but the most important are the mix of revenue from our segments, real estate services revenue per transaction, agent and support-staff productivity, and personnel costs and transaction bonuses.

Operating Expenses

Technology and Development

Our primary technology and development expenses are building software for our customers, lead agents, and support staff to work together on a transaction, and building a website and mobile application to meet customers looking to move. These expenses primarily include personnel costs (including base pay, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation), data licenses, software and equipment, and infrastructure such as for data centers and hosted services. The expenses also include amortization of capitalized internal-use software and website and mobile application development costs as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets. We expense research and development costs as incurred and record them in technology and development expenses.

Marketing

Marketing expenses consist primarily of media costs for online and offline advertising, as well as personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation).

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General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation), facilities costs and related expenses for our executive, finance, human resources, and legal organizations, depreciation related to our fixed assets, and fees for outside services. Outside services are principally composed of external legal, audit, and tax services. For our rentals business, personnel costs include employees in the sales department. These employees are responsible for attracting potential rental properties and agreeing to contract terms, but they are not responsible for delivering a service to the rental property.

Restructuring and Reorganization

Restructuring and reorganization expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs associated with employee terminations, furloughs, or retention payments associated with wind-down activities.

Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax Expense, Gain on Extinguishment of Convertible Senior Notes, and Other Expense, Net

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments, and interest income related to originated mortgage loans.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest payable and the amortization of debt discounts and issuance costs related to our convertible senior notes and term loan. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding interest on our convertible senior notes.

Interest expense also includes interest on borrowings and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to our warehouse credit facilities. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding interest for the facility.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Income tax benefit (expense) primarily relates to federal, state, and local taxes recorded.

Gain on Extinguishment of Convertible Senior Notes

Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes relates to gains recognized on the repurchase of our convertible senior notes. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding our convertible senior notes.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net consists primarily of realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments and other assets, including impairment costs on our subleases. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding unrealized gains and losses on our investments.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our revenue for those periods.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

	(in thousands)

Revenue	$	225,479	$	214,083
Cost of revenue(1)	154,667		155,945
Gross profit	70,812		58,138
Operating expenses
Technology and development(1)	46,429		47,663
Marketing(1)	24,878		40,403
General and administrative(1)	67,873		69,439
Restructuring and reorganization	889		1,053
Total operating expenses	140,069		158,558
Loss from continuing operations	(69,257)		(100,420)
Interest income	1,832		3,406
Interest expense	(4,874)		(1,922)
Income tax benefit (expense)	172		(410)
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	5,686		42,270
Other expense, net	(333)		(234)
Net loss from continuing operations	$	(66,774)	$	(57,310)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

	(in thousands)

Cost of revenue	$	2,739	$	4,135
Technology and development	8,239		8,127
Marketing	1,431		1,245
General and administrative	5,000		5,318
Total stock-based compensation from continuing operations	$	17,409	$	18,825


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

	(as a percentage of revenue)

Revenue	100.0	%	100.0	%
Cost of revenue(1)	68.6		72.8
Gross profit	31.4		27.2
Operating expenses
Technology and development(1)	20.6		22.3
Marketing(1)	11.0		18.9
General and administrative(1)	30.1		32.4
Restructuring	0.4		0.5
Total operating expenses	62.1		74.1
Loss from continuing operations	(30.7)		(46.9)
Interest income	0.8		1.6
Interest expense	(2.2)		(0.9)
Income tax benefit (expense)	0.1		(0.2)
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	2.5		19.7
Other expense, net	(0.1)		(0.1)
Net loss from continuing operations	(29.6)	%	(26.8)	%

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(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

	(as a percentage of revenue)

Cost of revenue	1.2	%	1.9	%
Technology and development	3.7		3.8
Marketing	0.6		0.6
General and administrative	2.2		2.5
Total	7.7	%	8.8	%

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenue


	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Real estate services
Brokerage	$	124,810		$	119,034		$	5,776	5	%
Partner	6,370			8,262			(1,892)		(23)
Total real estate services	131,180			127,296			3,884		3
Rentals	49,518			42,870			6,648		16
Mortgage	33,819			36,489			(2,670)		(7)
Other	10,962			7,428			3,534		48
Total revenue	$	225,479		$	214,083		$	11,396	5
Percentage of revenue
Real estate services
Brokerage	55.4		%	55.6		%
Partner	2.8			3.9
Total real estate services	58.2			59.5
Rentals	22.0			20.0
Mortgage	15.0			17.0
Other	4.8			3.5
Total revenue	100.0		%	100.0		%

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, revenue increased by $11.4 million, or 5%, as compared with the same period in 2023. This increase in revenue was primarily attributable to a $6.6 million increase in rentals revenue, and a $3.9 million increase in real estate services revenue. Brokerage revenue increased by $5.8 million, and partner revenue decreased by $1.9 million. Brokerage revenue increased 5% during the period, driven by a 3% decrease in brokerage transactions and a 8% increase in brokerage revenue per transaction.

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Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin


	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Cost of revenue
Real estate services	$	110,914		$	111,494		$	(580)	(1)	%
Rentals	11,457			9,765			1,692		17
Mortgage	25,904			29,213			(3,309)		(11)
Other	6,392			5,473			919		17
Total cost of revenue	$	154,667		$	155,945		$	(1,278)	(1)

Gross profit
Real estate services	$	20,266		$	15,802		$	4,464	28	%
Rentals	38,061			33,105			4,956		15
Mortgage	7,915			7,276			639		9
Other	4,570			1,955			2,615		134
Total gross profit	$	70,812		$	58,138		$	12,674	22

Gross margin (percentage of revenue)
Real estate services	15.4		%	12.4		%
Rentals	76.9			77.2
Mortgage	23.4			19.9
Other	41.7			26.3
Total gross margin	31.4			27.2

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, total cost of revenue decreased by $1.3 million, or 1%, as compared with the same period in 2023. This decrease in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a $3.1 million decrease in home-touring and field costs.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, total gross margin increased 420 basis points as compared with the same period in 2023, driven primarily by increases in real estate services, mortgage, and other gross margins, and the relative growth of our rentals business compared to our other businesses. This was partially offset by decreases in rentals gross margin.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, real estate services gross margin increased 300 basis points as compared with the same period in 2023. This was primarily attributable to a 280 basis point decrease in home-touring and field expenses, a 220 basis point decrease in costs from our annual, in-person company event, which we did not conduct in 2024, and an 80 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, each as a percentage of revenue. This was partially offset by a 220 basis point increase in home improvement costs incurred on behalf of home sellers as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, rentals gross margin decreased 30 basis points as compared with the same period in 2023. This was primarily attributable to a 140 basis point increase in marketing expense as a percentage of revenue and due to expanded services. This was partially offset by a 40 basis point decrease in personnel costs as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, mortgage gross margin increased 350 basis points as compared with the same period in 2023. This was primarily attributable to a 160 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, and a 120 basis point decrease in office and occupancy expenses, each as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, other gross margin increased 1,540 basis points as compared with the same period in 2023. This was primarily attributable to an 850 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, and a 210 basis point decrease in production costs, each as a percentage of revenue.

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Operating Expenses


	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Technology and development	$	46,429		$	47,663		$	(1,234)	(3)	%
Marketing	24,878			40,403			(15,525)		(38)
General and administrative	67,873			69,439			(1,566)		(2)
Restructuring	889			1,053			(164)		(16)
Total operating expenses	$	140,069		$	158,558		$	(18,489)	(12)
Percentage of revenue
Technology and development	20.6		%	22.3		%
Marketing	11.0			18.9
General and administrative	30.1			32.4
Restructuring and reorganization	0.4			0.5
Total operating expenses	62.1		%	74.1		%

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, technology and development expenses decreased by $1.2 million, or 3%, as compared with the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $2.2 million decrease in personnel costs. This was partially offset by a $1.8 million increase in cloud-based infrastructure costs.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, marketing expenses decreased by $15.5 million, or 38%, as compared with the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $12.7 million decrease in marketing media costs as we reduced advertising.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.6 million, or 2%, as compared with the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $5.9 million decrease in costs from our annual, in-person company event, which we did not conduct in 2024, a $3.3 million decrease in personnel costs, and a $1.5 million decrease in office and occupancy expenses. This was partially offset by a $9.0 million increase in legal settlements. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for information on these matters.

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, restructuring and reorganization expenses decreased by $0.2 million, or 16%, as compared with the same period in 2023.

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Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax Benefit (Expense), Gain on Extinguishment of Convertible Senior Notes, and Other Expense, Net


	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			Dollars		Percentage

	(in thousands, except percentages)

Interest income	$	1,832		$	3,406		$	(1,574)	(46)	%
Interest expense	(4,874)			(1,922)			(2,952)		(154)
Income tax benefit (expense)	172			(410)			582		142
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	5,686			42,270			(36,584)		(87)
Other expense, net	(333)			(234)			(99)		(42)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), gain on extinguishment of convertible notes, and other expense, net	$	2,483		$	43,110		$	(40,627)	(94)
Percentage of revenue
Interest income	0.8		%	1.6		%
Interest expense	(2.2)			(0.9)
Income tax benefit (expense)	0.1			(0.2)
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	2.5			19.7
Other expense, net	(0.1)			(0.1)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), gain on extinguishment of convertible notes, and other expense, net	1.1		%	20.1		%

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes, and other expense, net decreased by $40.6 million as compared to the same period in 2023.

Interest expense increased by $3.0 million due primarily to interest on our term loan, which we did not have in the same period in 2023. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.

Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes decreased by $36.6 million, due to our paying down a smaller portion of our 2025 notes at a discount as compared to the same period in 2023. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for further information on these transactions.

Segment Financial Information

The following tables present, for each of our reportable and other segments, financial information on a GAAP basis and adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our GAAP segment reporting.

To supplement our consolidated financial statements that are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we also compute and present adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe adjusted EBITDA is useful for investors because it enhances period-to-period comparability of our financial statements on a consistent basis and provides investors with useful insight into the underlying trends of the business. The presentation of this financial measure is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute of, or superior to, our financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from adjusted EBITDA or similar non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, limiting its usefulness for comparison purposes. Our adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is presented below, along with a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income from continuing operations.

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	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Real estate services		Rentals		Mortgage		Other		Corporate overhead		Total

	(in thousands)

Revenue	$	131,180	$	49,518	$	33,819	$	10,962	$	—	$	225,479
Cost of revenue	110,914		11,457		25,904		6,392		—		154,667
Gross profit	20,266		38,061		7,915		4,570		—		70,812
Operating expenses
Technology and development	28,507		15,512		656		832		922		46,429
Marketing	11,177		12,788		906		7		—		24,878
General and administrative	19,775		22,478		6,683		1,154		17,783		67,873
Restructuring and reorganization	—		—		—		—		889		889
Total operating expenses	59,459		50,778		8,245		1,993		19,594		140,069
(Loss) income from continuing operations	(39,193)		(12,717)		(330)		2,577		(19,594)		(69,257)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes, and other expense, net	(46)		7		3		244		2,275		2,483
Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(39,239)	$	(12,710)	$	(327)	$	2,821	$	(17,319)	$	(66,774)


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Real estate services		Rentals		Mortgage		Other		Corporate overhead		Total

	(in thousands)

Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(39,239)	$	(12,710)	$	(327)	$	2,821	$	(17,319)	$	(66,774)
Interest income(1)	(16)		(71)		(2,034)		(244)		(1,501)		(3,866)
Interest expense(2)	—		—		2,085		—		4,873		6,958
Income tax expense	—		60		—		—		(232)		(172)
Depreciation and amortization	3,184		9,839		964		198		213		14,398
Stock-based compensation(3)	11,388		3,338		276		500		1,907		17,409

Restructuring and reorganization(4)	—		—		—		—		889		889

Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	—		—		—		—		(5,686)		(5,686)
Legal contingencies(5)	—		—		—		—		9,250		9,250
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(24,683)	$	456	$	964	$	3,275	$	(7,606)	$	(27,594)

(1) Interest income includes $2.0 million of interest income related to originated mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

(2) Interest expense includes $2.1 million of interest expense related to our warehouse credit facilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

(3) Stock-based compensation consists of expenses related to stock options, restricted stock units, and our employee stock purchase program. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(4) Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs associated with employee terminations, furloughs, or retention due to the restructuring and reorganization activities.

(5) Legal contingencies includes expenses related to material contingent liabilities resulting from litigation or other legal proceedings.

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	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Real estate services		Rentals		Mortgage		Other		Corporate overhead		Total

	(in thousands)

Revenue(1)	$	127,296	$	42,870	$	36,489	$	7,428	$	—	$	214,083
Cost of revenue	111,494		9,765		29,213		5,473		—		155,945
Gross profit	15,802		33,105		7,276		1,955		—		58,138
Operating expenses
Technology and development	28,895		15,964		643		1,224		937		47,663
Marketing	25,060		14,326		980		10		27		40,403
General and administrative	19,618		26,302		6,929		1,053		15,537		69,439
Restructuring and reorganization	—		—		—		—		1,053		1,053
Total operating expenses	73,573		56,592		8,552		2,287		17,554		158,558
Loss from continuing operations	(57,771)		(23,487)		(1,276)		(332)		(17,554)		(100,420)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes, and other expense, net	—		45		(60)		115		43,010		43,110
Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(57,771)	$	(23,442)	$	(1,336)	$	(217)	$	25,456	$	(57,310)

(1) Included in revenue is $1.1 million from providing services to our discontinued properties segment.


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Real estate services		Rentals		Mortgage		Other		Corporate overhead		Total

	(in thousands)

Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(57,771)	$	(23,442)	$	(1,336)	$	(217)	$	25,456	$	(57,310)
Interest income(1)	—		(80)		(2,490)		(115)		(3,201)		(5,886)
Interest expense(2)	—		—		2,615		—		1,921		4,536
Income tax expense	—		43		68		—		299		410
Depreciation and amortization	4,432		10,152		988		216		1,140		16,928
Stock-based compensation(3)	9,593		3,616		1,258		561		3,797		18,825

Restructuring and reorganization(4)	—		—		—		—		1,053		1,053
Impairment(5)	—		—		—		—		113		113
Gain on extinguishment of convertible senior notes	—		—		—		—		(42,270)		(42,270)
Legal contingencies(6)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(43,746)	$	(9,711)	$	1,103	$	445	$	(11,692)	$	(63,601)

(1) Interest income includes $2.5 million of interest income related to originated mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(2) Interest expense includes $2.6 million of interest expense related to our warehouse credit facilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(5) Impairment consists of an impairment loss due to subleasing one of our operating leases.

(6) Legal contingencies includes expenses related to material contingent liabilities resulting from litigation or other legal proceedings.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $107.1 million. In addition, as of March 31, 2024, we had $125.0 million in available borrowings related to the delayed draw on our term loan.

As of March 31, 2024, we had $648.0 million of convertible senior notes outstanding across two issuances, maturing between October 15, 2025 and April 1, 2027. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for our obligations to pay semi-annual interest and to repay any outstanding amounts at the notes’ maturity. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired $48.5 million of our 2025 convertible senior notes pursuant to the repurchase program authorized by our board of directors on October 17, 2022, using $42.5 million in cash. As of March 31, 2024, we have repurchased a total of $511.3 million of our 2025 convertible senior notes, using $367.9 million in cash. As of March 31, 2024, we have $82.1 million remaining under the repurchase program for future repurchases.

In addition, as of March 31, 2024 we had $124.4 million principal amount of our term loan, maturing on October 20, 2028.

As of March 31, 2024, we had 40,000 shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for our obligations to pay quarterly interest and to redeem any outstanding shares on November 30, 2024.

Our mortgage business has significant cash requirements due to the period of time between its origination of a mortgage loan and the sale of that loan. We have relied on warehouse credit facilities with different lenders to fund substantially the entire portion of the mortgage loans that our mortgage business originates. Once our mortgage business sells a loan in the secondary mortgage market, we use the proceeds to reduce the outstanding balance under the related facility. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our warehouse credit facilities.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and investments, together with cash we expect to generate from future operations, and borrowings from our mortgage warehouse credit facilities and term loan, will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our operational needs and our growth, and fulfill our payment obligations with respect to our convertible senior notes and convertible preferred stock. However, our liquidity assumptions may change or prove to be incorrect, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. As a result, we may seek new sources of credit financing or elect to raise additional funds through equity, equity-linked, or debt financing arrangements. We cannot assure you that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Our title and settlement business holds cash in escrow that we do not record on our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding these amounts.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

	(in thousands)

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	$	(45,980)	$	26,704
Net cash provided by investing activities	42,062		22
Net cash used in financing activities	(38,676)		(116,558)

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Net Cash (Used In) Provided by Operating Activities

Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash generated by commissions paid to us from our real estate services business, sales of homes from our properties business, and subscription-based product offerings from our rentals business. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include payments for personnel-related costs, including employee benefits and bonus programs, marketing and advertising activities, purchases of homes for our properties business, office and occupancy costs, and outside services costs. Additionally, our mortgage business generates a significant amount operating cash flow activity from the origination and sale of loans held for sale.

Net cash used in operating activities was $46.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily attributable to our net loss of $66.8 million. This decrease was partially offset by a net increase of $25.8 million from non-cash items related to stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of debt discounts and issuances costs, lease expense related to right-of-use assets, changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, gain on extinguishment of our convertible senior notes, and other non-cash items. The primary use of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities was $6.7 million in net originations of loans held for sale.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $26.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily attributable to changes in assets and liabilities, which increased cash provided by operating activities by $96.0 million. This was offset by a net decrease of $8.5 million from non-cash items related to stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of debt discounts and issuances costs, lease expense related to right-of-use assets, changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, gain on extinguishment of our convertible senior notes, and other non-cash items. The primary source of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities was a $103.6 million decrease in inventory related to our properties business. This increase was partially offset by our net loss of $60.8 million.

Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities include the purchase, sale, and maturity of investments and purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to capitalized software development expenses and computer equipment and software.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $42.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily attributable to $45.6 million in net sales and maturities of our investments in U.S. government securities, partially offset by $3.6 million in purchases of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $0.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily attributable to $2.9 million in net investments in U.S. government securities, offset nearly in full by $2.9 million in purchases of property and equipment.

Net Cash Used In Financing Activities

Our primary financing activities have come from (i) our initial public offering in August 2017, (ii) our common stock and convertible preferred stock in April 2020, our 2025 notes in October 2020, and our 2027 notes in March 2021, (iii) our term loan entered into in October 2023, and (iv) the sale of our common stock pursuant to stock option exercises and our ESPP. Additionally, we generate a significant amount of financing cash flow activity due to borrowings from and repayments to our warehouse credit facilities and our secured revolving credit facility.

Net cash used in financing activities was $38.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, attributable to $42.5 million used in connection with repurchases of our 2025 notes. This was partially offset by a $4.6 million increase in net borrowings under our warehouse credit facilities.

Net cash used in financing activities was $116.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, attributable to $108.3 million used in connection with repurchases of our 2025 notes and a $5.2 million decrease in net borrowings under our warehouse credit facilities.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, revenue, and expenses at the date of the financial statements. Generally, we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions in accordance with GAAP that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and estimates addressed below. In addition, we have other key accounting policies and estimates that are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our key revenue components are brokerage revenue, partner revenue, rentals revenue, mortgage revenue, and other revenue. Of these, we consider the most critical of our revenue recognition policies to be those related to commissions and fees charged on brokerage transactions closed by our lead agents, and from the sale of homes. We recognize commission-based brokerage revenue upon closing of a brokerage transaction, less the amount of any commission refunds, closing-cost reductions, or promotional offers that may result in a material right. We determined that brokerage revenue primarily contains a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon the closing of a transaction, at which point the entire transaction price is earned. We evaluate our brokerage contracts and promotional pricing to determine if there are any additional material rights and allocate the transaction price based on standalone selling prices.

Rentals revenue is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract, which is generally less than one year. Revenue is presented net of sales allowances, which are not material.

Mortgage revenue is recognized (1) when an interest rate lock commitment is made to a customer, adjusted for a pull-through percentage, (2) for origination fees, when the purchase or refinance of a loan is complete, and (3) when the fair value of our interest rate lock commitments, forward sale commitments, and loans held for sale are recorded at current market quotes.

We have utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and elected not to capitalize contract costs for contracts with customers with durations less than one year. We do not have significant remaining performance obligations or contract balances.

Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

We recognize separately identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Determining the fair value of the intangible assets acquired requires management’s judgment, often utilizes third-party valuation specialists, and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of future cash flows, discount rates, replacement costs, and asset lives, among other estimates.

The judgments made in the determination of the estimated fair value assigned to the intangible assets acquired and the estimated useful life of each asset could significantly impact our consolidated financial statements in periods after the acquisition, such as through depreciation and amortization expense, as well as impairment charges, if applicable.

We evaluate intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that they may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated with such asset group.

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Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment testing. We assess the impairment of goodwill on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. Based on our annual goodwill impairment test performed in the fourth quarter of 2022, the estimated fair values of all reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying values. No goodwill impairment charges were recorded in the third quarter of 2023 or 2022.

We assess goodwill for possible impairment by performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we qualitatively determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, then no additional impairment steps are necessary. When utilizing a quantitative assessment, we determine fair value at the reporting unit level based on a combination of an income approach and market approach. The income approach is based on estimated future cash flows, discounted at a rate that approximates the cost of capital of a similar market participant, while the market approach is based on guideline public company multiples and adjusted for the specific size and risk profile of each reporting units.

Debt Issuances

On October 20, 2023, we entered into a definitive agreement with Apollo Capital Management, L.P. and its affiliates (“Apollo”) whereby Apollo agreed to commit up to $250 million of financing for us in the form of a first lien term loan facility. We borrowed half of the loan on October 20, 2023 and the remainder will be available as a delayed draw during the following 12 months. As part of the transaction, we repurchased $5 million principal amount of our 2025 convertible notes held by Apollo and $71.9 million principal amount of 2027 convertible notes held by Apollo for an aggregate repurchase price of $57.1 million using cash on our balance sheet. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for a further description of this transaction.

We considered the nature of this debt issuance, the associated fees, and the associated gains or losses on the repurchases of convertible notes as part of our recording of this transaction.

Recent Accounting Standards

For information on recent accounting standards, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our primary operations are within the United States and Canada. We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily consist of fluctuations in interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Our investment policy allows us to maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities, including U.S. treasury and agency issues, bank certificates of deposit that are 100% insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and SEC-registered money market funds that consist of a minimum of $1 billion in assets and meet the above requirements. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $107.1 million. Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future investment income. Assuming no change in our outstanding cash and cash equivalents, during the fourth quarter of 2023, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates, occurring during and sustained throughout that quarter, would not have a material impact on our financial results for that quarter.

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We are exposed to interest rate risk on our mortgage loans held for sale and IRLCs associated with our mortgage loan origination services. We manage this interest rate risk through the use of forward sales commitments on both a best effort whole loans basis and on a mandatory basis. Forward sales commitments entered into on a mandatory basis are done through the use of commitments to sell mortgage-backed securities. We do not enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The fair value of our IRLCs and forward sales commitments are reflected in other current assets and accrued liabilities, as applicable, with changes in the fair value of these commitments recognized as revenue. The net fair value change for the periods presented were not material. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of the fair value of our forward sales commitments and our IRLCs as of March 31, 2024.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As our operations in Canada have been limited, and we do not maintain a significant balance of foreign currency, we do not currently face significant foreign currency exchange rate risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and principal financial officers, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level described below.

Changes in Internal Control

In connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See "Legal Proceedings" under Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our material, pending legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Except as discussed below, there have not been any material changes from the risk factors included in Item 1A of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2023. You should carefully consider the risks described below and in our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2023, together with all other information in this quarterly report, before investing in any of our securities. The occurrence of any single risk or any combination of risks could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or competitive position, and consequently, the value of our securities. The material adverse effects include, but are not limited to, not growing our revenue or market share at the pace that they have grown historically or at all, our revenue and market share fluctuating on a quarterly and annual basis, an extension of our history of losses and a failure to become profitable, not achieving the revenue and net income (loss) guidance that we provide, and harm to our reputation and brand.

The real estate market may be severely impacted by industry changes as the result of certain class action lawsuits, settlements, or government investigations.

The real estate industry faces significant pressure from private lawsuits and investigations by the Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) into antitrust issues.

In April 2019, the National Association of REALTORS® (“NAR”) and certain brokerages and franchisors (including Realogy Holdings Corp., HomeServices of America, Inc. RE/MAX, and Keller Williams Realty, Inc.) were named as defendants in a class action complaint alleging a conspiracy to violate federal antitrust laws by, among other things, requiring residential property sellers in Missouri to pay inflated commission fees to buyer brokers (the “NAR Class Action”). On October 31, 2023, a jury found NAR and various of its co-defendants liable and awarded plaintiffs nearly $1.8 billion in damages (an award that is subject to trebling). Class action suits raising similar claims are already pending in this and other jurisdictions and the outcome of the NAR Class Action may result in additional such actions being filed. Redfin has been named as one of several defendants in similar class action suits as described under the caption “Lawsuits Alleging Antitrust Violations” above under Item 1., Note 7: Commitments and Contingencies.

Defending against class action litigation is costly, may divert time and money away from our operations, and imposes a significant burden on management and employees. Also, the results of any such litigation or investigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and any negative outcome could result in payments of substantial monetary damages or fines, and/or undesirable changes to our operations or business practices, and accordingly, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

On March 15, 2024, NAR entered a settlement agreement to resolve on a class wide basis the claims against NAR in the NAR Class Action. In addition to a monetary payment of $418 million, NAR agreed to change certain business practices, including changes to cooperative compensation and buyer agreements. The NAR settlement agreement: (1) prohibits NAR and REALTOR® MLSs from requiring that listing brokers or sellers make offers of compensation to buyer brokers or other buyer representatives; (2) prohibits NAR, REALTOR® MLSs and MLS participants from making an offer of compensation on the MLS; and (3) requires all REALTOR® MLS participants to enter into a written buyer agreement specifying compensation before taking a buyer on tour. The NAR settlement received preliminary court approval on April 23, 2024.

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These revised NAR rules and practices may require changes to our business model, including changes to agent and broker compensation and how we meet home buyers. Without mandated commission sharing, for example, we may see the introduction of hourly or a la carte services. Or, if buyers now compensate brokers, they may be more likely to contact listing agents directly, which could drive down dual agent broker commissions. Home lending rules and norms do not currently allow buyers to include buyer’s agent compensation in the balance of a home loan, which may impair the ability of homebuyers to pay their agent fees when purchasing a home. The amended rules and regulations may also require us to get a buyer agreement signed before we take a home buyer on a first tour. This requirement may dissuade buyers from hiring Redfin, thereby reducing the fees we receive from our agents. These and other shifts in the model for agent and broker compensation could significantly change the brokerage landscape overall and may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to the NAR Class Action and various similar private actions already pending, beginning in 2018, the DOJ began investigating NAR for violations of the federal antitrust laws. The DOJ and NAR appeared to reach a resolution in November 2020, resulting in the filing of a Complaint and Proposed Consent Judgment pursuant to which NAR agreed to adopt certain rule changes, such as increased disclosure of commission offers. The DOJ has since sought to continue its investigation of NAR, and on April 5, 2024 a federal appeals court decided that the DOJ could reopen its investigation. It is uncertain what effect, if any, the resumption of the DOJ’s investigation could have on the larger real estate industry, including any further settlement that may result therefrom.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits required to be filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report are listed below. Notwithstanding any language to the contrary, exhibits 32.1, 32.2, 101, and 104 shall not be deemed to be filed as part of this Quarterly Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit Number

Exhibit Description

Form

Exhibit

Filing Date

Filed or Furnished Herewith

31.1

Certification of principal executive officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)

31.2

Certification of principal financial officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)

32.1

Certification of chief executive officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

32.2

Certification of chief financial officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

101

Interactive data files

104

Cover page interactive data file, submitted using inline XBRL (contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Redfin Corporation

(Registrant)

May 7, 2024

/s/ Glenn Kelman

(Date)

Glenn Kelman

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Duly Authorized Officer)

May 7, 2024

/s/ Chris Nielsen

(Date)

Chris Nielsen

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Positive
Negative
Uncertain
Constraining
Legalese
Litigous
Readability	H.S. freshman Good

Redfin (RDFN) 10-Q2024 Q1 Quarterly report

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