Kala Pharmaceuticals (KALA) PRE 14APreliminary proxy

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(Amendment No.  )

Filed by the Registrant ☒

Filed by a Party other than the Registrant ☐

Check the appropriate box:

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KALA BIO, INC.

(Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if Other Than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check all boxes that apply):

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PRELIMINARY PROXY STATEMENT – SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED APRIL 19, 2024

KALA BIO, INC.

1167 Massachusetts Avenue

Arlington, Massachusetts 02476

(781) 996-5252

NOTICE OF 2024 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

To Be Held on June 11, 2024

Dear Stockholders:

You are cordially invited to attend the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders of KALA BIO, Inc., which will be a virtual meeting held via the Internet at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/KALA2024 on Tuesday, June 11, 2024 at 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time. At the annual meeting, stockholders will consider and vote on the following matters:

As noted above, our annual meeting will be a “virtual meeting” of stockholders, which will be conducted exclusively via the Internet at a virtual web conference. There will not be a physical meeting location, and stockholders will not be able to attend the annual meeting in person. This means you can attend the annual meeting online, vote your

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shares electronically during the annual meeting and submit questions online during the annual meeting by accessing www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/KALA2024 shortly prior to the scheduled start of the meeting and entering the 16-digit control number found on the proxy card, voting instruction form or notice of availability of proxy materials. We believe that hosting a “virtual meeting” will enable greater stockholder attendance and participation from any location around the world.

Stockholders of record at the close of business on April 17, 2024 will be entitled to notice of and to vote at the annual meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. A list of stockholders as of the close of business on the record date will be available for examination by our stockholders of record for any purpose germane to the meeting during the 10-day period ending on the day before the annual meeting. If you wish to view this list, please contact our Secretary at the address and phone number set forth above.

We have elected to provide access to our proxy materials over the Internet under the Securities and Exchange Commission’s “notice and access” rules. We are mailing the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 11, 2024 on or about April [●], 2024, and it contains instructions on how to access our proxy materials over the Internet. We believe that providing our proxy materials over the Internet expedites stockholders’ receipt of proxy materials, lowers costs and reduces the environmental impact of our annual meeting.

We encourage all stockholders to attend the virtual annual meeting. However, whether or not you plan to attend the virtual annual meeting, we encourage you to read this proxy statement and submit your proxy or voting instructions as soon as possible. Please review the instructions of each of your voting options described in the proxy statement. If you have any questions or require any assistance with voting your shares, please contact our proxy solicitor, Morrow Sodali, LLC at 800-662-5200 (toll-free in North America) or 1-203-658-9400 (outside of North America), or by email at KALA@info.morrowsodali.com.

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Thank you for your ongoing support and continued interest in Kala.

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By Order of the Board of Directors,

Mark Iwicki

Chief Executive Officer

Arlington, Massachusetts

April [●], 2024

Important Notice Regarding Internet Availability of Proxy Materials for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be Held on June 11, 2024: The proxy statement and our 2023 annual report to stockholders, which includes our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, are available at www.proxyvote.com. These documents are also available to any stockholder who wishes to receive a paper copy by calling 1-800-579-1639 by emailing sendmaterial@proxyvote.com or by submitting a request over the Internet at www.proxyvote.com.

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KALA BIO, INC.

1167 Massachusetts Avenue

Arlington, MA 02476

(781) 996-5252

PROXY STATEMENT

2024 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

To Be Held on June 11, 2024

INFORMATION CONCERNING SOLICITATION AND VOTING

This proxy statement and the accompanying proxy card are being furnished in connection with the solicitation of proxies by the board of directors of KALA BIO, Inc. for use at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on Tuesday, June 11, 2024 at 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, and at any adjournment thereof. The 2024 annual meeting of stockholders will be a virtual meeting held via the Internet at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/KALA2024. There will not be a physical meeting location, and stockholders will not be able to attend the annual meeting in person. As always, we encourage you to vote your shares prior to the annual meeting regardless of whether you intend to attend.

Except where the context otherwise requires, references to “Kala,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to KALA BIO, Inc.

This proxy statement summarizes information about the proposals to be considered at the meeting and other information you may find useful in determining how to vote. The proxy card is a means by which you actually authorize the proxies to vote your shares in accordance with your instructions. We are making this proxy statement, the accompanying proxy card and our annual report to stockholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 available to stockholders for the first time on or about April [●], 2024.

A copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, except for exhibits, will be furnished without charge to any stockholder upon written or oral request to KALA BIO, Inc., 1167 Massachusetts Avenue, Arlington, Massachusetts 02476 or by calling 1-800-579-1639, by emailing sendmaterial@proxyvote.com or by submitting a request over the Internet at www.proxyvote.com. This proxy statement and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this proxy statement, and any reference to our website address is intended to be inactive textual reference only.

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND VOTING

Q. Why did I receive these proxy materials?

A.Our board of directors has made the proxy materials available to you on the Internet in connection with the solicitation of proxies for use at our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders to be held virtually on Tuesday, June 11, 2024 at 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time. As a holder of common stock, you are invited to attend the annual meeting and are requested to vote on the items of business described in this proxy statement. This proxy statement includes information that we are required to provide to you under SEC rules and that is designed to assist you in voting your shares.

Q.Why did I receive a notice in the mail regarding the Internet availability of proxy materials instead of a full set of proxy materials?

A.In accordance with SEC rules, we may furnish proxy materials, including this proxy statement and our 2023 annual report, to our stockholders by providing access to such documents on the Internet instead of mailing printed copies. If you would like to receive a paper copy of our proxy materials, you should follow the instructions for requesting such materials in the notice.

Q.What is the purpose of the annual meeting?

A.At the annual meeting, stockholders will consider and vote on the following matters:

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Q.Why is the annual meeting a virtual, online meeting?

A.We believe that hosting a virtual meeting will facilitate stockholder attendance and participation at our annual meeting by enabling stockholders to participate remotely from any location around the world. Our virtual meeting will be governed by our Rules of Conduct and Procedures which will be posted at www.proxyvote.com in advance of the meeting and will available during the online meeting at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/KALA2024. We have designed the virtual annual meeting to provide the same rights and opportunities to participate as stockholders have at an in-person meeting, including the right to vote and ask questions through the virtual meeting platform.

Q.How do I virtually attend the annual meeting?

A.We will host the annual meeting live online. The webcast of the annual meeting will start at 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on June 11, 2024. Online access to the webcast will open fifteen (15) minutes prior to the start of the annual meeting to allow time for you to log-in and test your device’s audio system. To be admitted to the virtual annual meeting, you will need to log-in at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/KALA2024 using the 16-digit control number on the proxy card or voting instruction form.

Beginning fifteen (15) minutes prior to and during the annual meeting, we will have technicians standing by and ready to assist you with any technical difficulties you may have accessing or hearing the virtual meeting. If you encounter any difficulties accessing the virtual meeting or during the virtual meeting, please call the technical support team at the phone number available on www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/KALA2024.

Q.Who can vote at the annual meeting?

A.To be entitled to vote, you must have been a stockholder of record at the close of business on April 17, 2024, the record date for our annual meeting. There were 2,816,454 shares of our common stock outstanding and entitled to vote at the annual meeting as of the record date.

Q.How many votes do I have?

A.Each share of our common stock that you own as of the record date will entitle you to one vote on each matter considered at the annual meeting.

Q.How do I vote?

A.If you are the “record holder” of your shares, meaning that your shares are registered in your name in the records of our transfer agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, you may vote your shares during the annual meeting or by proxy prior to the annual meeting as follows:

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If your shares are held in “street name,” meaning they are held for your account by an intermediary, such as a bank, broker or other nominee, then you are deemed to be the beneficial owner of your shares and the broker that actually holds the shares for you is the record holder and is required to vote the shares it holds on your behalf according to your instructions. The proxy materials, as well as voting and revocation instructions, should have been forwarded to you by the bank, broker or other nominee that holds your shares. In order to vote your shares, you will need to follow the instructions that your bank, broker or other nominee provides you. The voting deadlines and availability of telephone and Internet voting for beneficial owners of shares held in “street name” will depend on the voting processes of the bank, broker or other nominee that holds your shares. Therefore, we urge you to carefully review and follow the voting instruction card and any other materials that you receive from that organization.

Banks, brokers and other nominees are permitted to vote shares for which they have received no voting instructions on “discretionary” matters, but they are not permitted to vote these shares on “non-discretionary” matters. A “broker non-vote” occurs when shares held by a bank, broker or other nominee are not voted with respect to a particular proposal because the bank, broker or other nominee does not have or did not exercise discretionary authority to vote on the matter and has not received voting instructions from its client.

The ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm (Proposal 3) is considered to be a discretionary item. Accordingly, we expect that your bank, broker or other nominee may vote your shares in its discretion with respect to that matter if you do not give voting instructions on Proposal 3. If banks, brokers and other nominees exercise this discretionary authority, no broker non-votes are expected to occur in connection with Proposal 3.

However, under applicable stock exchange rules that regulate voting by registered brokerage firms, the election of our nominees to serve as Class I directors (Proposal 1), the advisory vote on executive compensation (Proposal 2), the approval of the Nasdaq Proposal (Proposal 4), the approval of the Series E Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal (Proposal 5(a)), the approval of the Series F Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal (Proposal 5(b)) and the approval of the Series G Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal (Proposal 5(c)) are considered to be non-discretionary items. Accordingly, if you do not give your bank, broker or other nominee voting instructions on Proposal 1, Proposal 2, Proposal 4, Proposal 5(a), Proposal 5(b) and/or Proposal 5(c), they may not vote your shares with respect to these matters, and we expect your shares would be counted as broker non-votes in connection with these proposals.

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If your shares are held in “street name”, you will receive instructions from your bank, broker or other nominee explaining how you can attend the annual meeting online and vote your shares online during the annual meeting.

Even if you plan to attend the annual meeting online, we urge you to vote your shares by proxy in advance of the annual meeting so that if you should become unable to attend the annual meeting your shares will be voted.

Q.Can I change my vote?

A.If your shares are registered directly in your name, you may revoke your proxy and change your vote at any time before the vote is taken at the annual meeting. To do so, you must do one of the following:

2.Sign, date and return a new proxy card. Only your latest dated and timely received proxy card will be counted.

3.Attend the annual meeting virtually and vote online as instructed above under “Over the Internet during the Annual Meeting.” Your virtual attendance at the annual meeting, without voting online during the annual meeting, will not revoke your proxy.

4.Give our corporate secretary written notice before the annual meeting that you want to revoke your proxy.

If your shares are held in “street name,” you may submit new voting instructions by contacting your bank, broker or other nominee. You may also vote online during the annual meeting, which will have the effect of revoking any previously submitted voting instructions if you follow the procedures described under “How do I vote?” above.

Q.How many shares must be represented to have a quorum and hold the annual meeting?

A.The holders of one third of the voting power of the shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as of the record date must be present virtually or represented by proxy to hold the annual meeting. This is called a quorum. For purposes of determining whether a quorum exists, we count as present any shares that are voted over the Internet, by telephone, by completing and submitting a proxy card by mail or that are represented virtually at the meeting. Further, for purposes of establishing a quorum, we will count as present shares that a stockholder holds even if the stockholder votes to abstain or only votes on one of the proposals. In addition, we will count as present broker non-votes. If a quorum is not present, we expect to adjourn the annual meeting until we obtain a quorum.

Q.What vote is required to approve each matter and how are votes counted?

A.Proposal 1-Election of Class I Directors

The three nominees for director receiving the highest number of votes “for” election will be elected as Class I directors. This is called a plurality.

You may vote “for” all nominees; vote “for” one or more nominees and “withhold” your vote from the other nominees; or “withhold” your vote from all nominees. Votes that are withheld and broker non-votes will not be included in the vote tally for the election of directors and will not affect the results of the vote.

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For information about what happens if a director nominee receives more “withhold” votes than “for” votes in an uncontested election, see “What happens if a director nominee receives more “WITHHOLD” votes than “FOR” votes in an uncontested election?” below.

Proposal 2-Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation

The affirmative vote of the holders of shares of common stock representing a majority of the votes cast by holders of all shares of common stock present or represented at the meeting on Proposal 2 is required for approval of the advisory vote on executive compensation.

As described in more detail in Proposal 2, because this proposal is non-binding, our board of directors may decide that it is in our and our stockholders’ best interests to compensate our named executive officers in an amount or manner that differs from that which is approved by our stockholders.

Shares that abstain from voting and broker non-votes will not be counted as votes cast or voting on Proposal 2. Accordingly, abstentions and broker non-votes will have no effect on the voting on Proposal 2.

Proposal 3- Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The affirmative vote of the holders of shares of common stock representing a majority of the votes cast by holders of all shares of common stock present or represented at the meeting on Proposal 3 is required for the ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Shares that abstain from voting and broker non-votes (if any) will not be counted as votes cast or voting on Proposal 3. Accordingly, abstentions and broker non-votes will have no effect on the voting on Proposal 3.

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Proposal 4 – Approval of the Issuance of Shares of our Common Stock upon Conversion of our Series E Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock or Series G Preferred Stock in Accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(b)

The affirmative vote of the holders of shares of common stock representing a majority of the votes cast by holders of all shares of common stock present or represented at the meeting (other than Baker Brothers and its affiliates) is required for the approval of Proposal 4.

Shares that abstain from voting and broker non-votes (if any) will not be counted as votes cast or voting on Proposal 4. Accordingly, abstentions and broker non-votes will have no effect on the voting on Proposal 4.

Proposal 5(a) - Approval of an Amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation Amending the Series E Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series E Preferred Stock To Provide Discretion to our Board of Directors to Increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation

The affirmative vote of holders of shares of our common stock representing a majority of our issued and outstanding common stock entitled to vote on Proposal 5(a) is required for the approval of Proposal 5(a).

Shares that abstain from voting and broker non-votes (if any) will have the same effect as a vote against Proposal 5(a).

Proposal 5(b) - Approval of an Amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation Amending the Series F Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series F Preferred Stock To Provide Discretion to our Board of Directors to Increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation

The affirmative vote of holders of shares of our common stock representing a majority of our issued and outstanding common stock entitled to vote on Proposal 5(b) is required for the approval of Proposal 5(b).

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Shares that abstain from voting and broker non-votes (if any) will have the same effect as a vote against Proposal 5(b).

Proposal 5(c) - Approval of an Amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation Amending the Series G Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series G Preferred Stock To Provide Discretion to our Board of Directors to Increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation

The affirmative vote of holders of shares of our common stock representing a majority of our issued and outstanding common stock entitled to vote on Proposal 5(c) is required for the approval of Proposal 5(c).

Shares that abstain from voting and broker non-votes (if any) will have the same effect as a vote against Proposal 5(c).

Q.What happens if a director nominee receives more “WITHHOLD” votes than “FOR” votes in an uncontested election?

A.Our corporate governance guidelines set forth a process that takes effect if any director nominee receives more “withhold” votes than “for” votes in an uncontested election, or a “Majority Withhold Vote”. Upon such occurrence, the affected director would be expected, promptly following certification of the stockholder vote, to offer to the board of directors to tender his or her resignation as a director for consideration by the board of directors. The board of directors will follow the following procedures in deciding whether or not to accept such director’s offer to resign, all of which procedures are to be completed within 90 days following the certification of the stockholder vote.

The nominating and corporate governance committee will evaluate the best interests of the company and its stockholders and recommend to the board of directors the action to be taken with respect to such offer to resign. Such action may include requesting and accepting the resignation; retaining such director but addressing what the nominating and corporate governance committee believes to be the underlying cause of the Majority Withhold Vote; resolving that such director will not be re-nominated for election in the future; rejecting the offer to resign; or such other action that the nominating and corporate governance committee determines to be in the best interests of our company and our stockholders. In reaching its recommendation, the nominating and corporate governance committee will consider all factors it deems relevant, including, as it deems appropriate, any stated reasons of stockholders for the Majority Withhold Vote, any alternatives for curing the underlying cause of the Majority Withhold Vote, the total number of shares voted, how such shares were voted, the number of broker non-votes, the director’s tenure, the director’s qualifications, the criteria for nomination as a director set forth in the corporate governance guidelines, the director’s past and expected future contributions to the company and the overall composition of the board of directors, including whether the director’s resignation would cause the company to fail to meet any SEC or Nasdaq requirement.

The board of directors will then decide whether to accept, reject or modify the nominating and corporate governance committee’s recommendation, considering the factors considered by the nominating and corporate governance committee and such additional factors the board of directors believes to be relevant. After the board’s determination, we will promptly publicly disclose the board’s decision regarding the action to be taken with respect to such director’s resignation, and if such resignation is rejected by the board, such disclosure will include the rationale behind the decision. If the director’s resignation is accepted, then the board of directors may fill the resulting vacancy in accordance with our by-laws or may decrease the size of our board of directors.

Our corporate governance guidelines are available on the “Investors-Corporate Governance” section of our website, which is located at www.kalarx.com.

Q.How does the board of directors recommend that I vote on the proposals?

A.Our board of directors recommends that you vote:

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FOR the election of the three nominees to serve as Class I directors, each for a three-year term;

FOR the approval of the advisory vote on executive compensation;

FOR the ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024;

FOR the Nasdaq Proposal;

FOR the Series E Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal;

FOR the Series F Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal; and

FOR the Series G Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal.

Q.Are there other matters to be voted on at the annual meeting?

A.We do not know of any matters that may come before the annual meeting other than the election of our Class I directors, the advisory vote on executive compensation, the ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm, the Nasdaq Proposal, the Series E Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal, the Series F Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal and the Series G Certificate of Designations Amendment Proposal. If any other matters are properly presented at the annual meeting, the persons named in the accompanying proxy intend to vote, or otherwise act, in accordance with their judgment on the matter.

Q.Where can I find the voting results?

A.We plan to announce preliminary voting results at the annual meeting and will report final voting results in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC within four business days following the date of our annual meeting.

Q.What are the costs of soliciting these proxies?

A.We will bear the cost of soliciting proxies. We have retained Morrow Sodali, a proxy solicitation firm, or the proxy solicitor, to solicit proxies in connection with the annual meeting at a cost of approximately $12,000 plus expenses. We will also indemnify the proxy solicitor against losses arising out of its provisions of these services on our behalf. Proxies will be solicited by the proxy solicitor by mail, telephone, e-mail and in person. Proxies may also be solicited by our directors, officers and employees by mail, telephone, e-mail, facsimile, and in person without additional compensation. We may reimburse brokers or persons holding stock in their names, or in the names of their nominees, for their expenses in sending proxies and proxy material to beneficial owners.

Q.How do I submit a question at the annual meeting?

A.If you wish to submit a question, on the day of the annual meeting, beginning at 10:45 a.m., Eastern Time on June 11, 2024, you may log into the virtual meeting platform and follow the instructions there. Our virtual meeting will be governed by our Rules of Conduct and Procedures that will be posted at www.proxyvote.com in advance of the meeting. The Rules of Conduct and Procedures will address the ability of stockholders to ask questions during the meeting, including rules on permissible topics, and rules for how questions and comments will be recognized and disclosed to meeting participants. We will answer appropriate questions that are pertinent to the matters to be voted on by the stockholders at the annual meeting. Because time is limited at the annual meeting, we may not be able to answer all questions that are submitted. If there are any matters of individual concern to a stockholder and not of general concern to all stockholders, or if a question was not otherwise answered, such matters may be raised separately after the annual meeting by contacting Investor Relations at (781) 996-5252. To promote fairness and the efficient use of our resources and to address all

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stockholder questions, we will limit each stockholder to two questions, which should each be succinct and should cover only one topic. Questions from multiple stockholders on the same topic or that are otherwise related may be grouped, summarized and answered together.

Implications of Being a “Smaller Reporting Company”

We are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The SEC has adopted rules allowing smaller reporting companies to provide scaled disclosure, and we are permitted and plan to rely on these exemptions from certain disclosure requirements for as long as we remain a smaller reporting company. We are a smaller reporting company so long as we have a public float of less than $250 million, or have annual revenues of less than $100 million and a public float less than $700 million, determined on an annual basis. Under the scaled disclosure obligations available to smaller reporting companies, we are not required to provide, among other things, Compensation Discussion and Analysis and certain other tabular and narrative disclosures relating to executive compensation. We have taken advantage of certain reduced reporting obligations in this proxy statement. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Election of Directors

Our board of directors currently consists of seven members divided into three classes, with members of each class holding office for staggered three-year terms. There are currently three Class I directors (Marjan Farid, M.D., Andrew I. Koven and Gregory D. Perry), whose terms expire at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders; two Class II directors (Mark Iwicki and Mark S. Blumenkranz, M.D.), whose terms expire at the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders; and two Class III directors (C. Daniel Myers and Howard B. Rosen) whose terms expire at the 2026 annual meeting of stockholders (in all cases subject to the election and qualification of their successors or to their earlier death, resignation or removal).

Set forth below are the names of, and certain information for, each member of our board of directors, including the nominees for election as Class I directors, as of April 1, 2024. The information presented includes each director’s and nominee’s principal occupation and business experience for the past five years, and the names of other public companies of which he or she has served as a director during the past five years. The information presented below regarding the specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills of each director and nominee led our nominating and corporate governance committee and our board of directors to conclude that he or she should serve as a director. In addition, we believe that all of our directors and nominees possess the attributes or characteristics described in “Corporate Governance Matters-Director Nomination Process” that the nominating and corporate governance committee expects of each director. There are no family relationships among any of our directors, nominees for director or executive officers.

Class I Director Nominees

Marjan Farid, M.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2022. Since 2007, Dr. Farid has served as Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, Director of Cornea, Refractive & Cataract Surgery, and Vice Chair of Ophthalmic Faculty at the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine. Her clinical practice is divided between patient care, teaching, and research. Dr. Farid’s research interests focus on corneal surgery, specifically the use of the femtosecond laser for corneal transplantation. Dr. Farid is also the founder of the Severe Ocular Surface Disease Center at the University of California Irvine, where she performs limbal stem cell transplants, as well as artificial corneal transplantation, for the treatment of patients with severe ocular surface disease. Dr. Farid also serves as the Chair of the Corneal Clinic Committee of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Dr. Farid received a B.S. in Biology from the University of California - Los Angeles and M.D. from the University of California - San Diego. We

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believe that Dr. Farid’s experience in the ophthalmology field qualifies her to serve as a member of our board of directors.

Andrew I. Koven has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2017 and as our Lead Independent Director since December 2018. Mr. Koven was, until his retirement in January 2019, the President and Chief Business Officer of Aralez Pharmaceuticals Inc., or Aralez, a public specialty pharmaceutical company, and served in that role with the company’s predecessor, Pozen Inc., or Pozen, commencing in June 2015. Prior to joining Pozen, Mr. Koven served as Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel of Auxilium Pharmaceuticals Inc., a public specialty biopharmaceutical company, from February 2012 until January 2015, when it was acquired by Endo International plc. Mr. Koven served as President and Chief Administrative Officer and a member of the board of directors of Neurologix, Inc., a company focused on the development of multiple innovative gene therapy development programs, from September 2011 to November 2011. Before Neurologix, Mr. Koven served as Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative and Legal Officer of Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public specialty pharmaceutical company, from July 2010 until May 2011 when it was acquired by Merck & Co., Inc. Previously, Mr. Koven served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Sepracor Inc. (now Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Sunovion), a public specialty pharmaceutical company, from March 2007 until February 2010 when it was acquired by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. Prior to joining Sepracor Inc., Mr. Koven served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public specialty pharmaceutical company, from August 2003 until its acquisition by Abbott Laboratories (now AbbVie) in December 2006. Mr. Koven began his career in the pharmaceutical industry first as an Assistant General Counsel and then as Associate General Counsel at Warner-Lambert Company from 1993 to 2000, followed by his role as Senior Vice President and General Counsel at Lavipharm Corporation from 2000 to 2003. Mr. Koven also currently serves on the board of NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or NeuroBo, a publicly-traded company, and has served as its Chair since January 2022. Mr. Koven is also a member of NeuroBo’s Audit Committee and Chair of its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. From 1986 to 1992 he was a corporate associate at Cahill, Gordon & Reindel in New York. From 1992 to 1993 he served as Counsel, Corporate and Investment Division, at The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U.S. Mr. Koven holds a Master of Laws (LL.M.) Degree from Columbia University School of Law and a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) Degree and Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science from Dalhousie University. We believe that Mr. Koven’s extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.

Gregory D. Perry has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2018. Since June 2023, Mr. Perry has served as the Chief Financial Officer for Merus N.V., or Merus, a public clinical-stage immuno-oncology company. Mr. Perry served as Chief Financial Officer for Finch Therapeutics Group, Inc., a public therapeutics company focused on the microbiome, from May 2018 to April 2022. Previously, he served as Chief Financial and Administrative Officer of Novelion Therapeutics Inc., or Novelion, a public biopharmaceutical company, from November 2016 to December 2017. Prior to this, Mr. Perry was Chief Financial Officer of Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company, from July 2015 until its merger with Novelion in November 2016. Prior to that, he served as Chief Financial and Business Officer of Eleven Biotherapeutics, Inc., a public company, from January 2014 to June 2015. Before joining Eleven Biotherapeutics, Mr. Perry served as the Interim Chief Financial Officer of InVivo Therapeutics, a public biotechnology company, from September 2013 to December 2013, and prior to that he served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of ImmunoGen, Inc., a public biotechnology company, from 2009 until he was promoted in 2011 to Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, a role he held until 2013. Before that, he was the Chief Financial Officer of Elixir Pharmaceuticals. Mr. Perry previously was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Transkaryotic Therapies. He has also held various financial leadership roles within PerkinElmer Inc., Domantis Ltd., Honeywell and General Electric. From May 2016 to June 2023, Mr. Perry served on the board of directors of Merus, including as Chair of its Audit Committee. From December 2011 to February 2016, Mr. Perry served on the board of directors of Ocata Therapeutics, a public biotechnology company, including as Chair of its Audit Committee and a member of its Compensation Committee, until it was acquired by Astellas Pharma Inc. Mr. Perry received a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from Amherst College. We believe that Mr. Perry’s experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, including his specific experience in financial leadership roles in biopharmaceutical companies, qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.

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Class II Directors

Mark Iwicki has served as our Chief Executive Officer and Chair of our board of directors since September 2015. Mr. Iwicki previously served as our President from August 2017 to December 2021 and as Executive Chair of our board of directors from April 2015 to September 2015. Prior to joining us, Mr. Iwicki served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Civitas Therapeutics, Inc., or Civitas, a biopharmaceutical company, from January 2014 to November 2014. Prior to Civitas, Mr. Iwicki served as President and Chief Executive Officer at Blend Therapeutics, Inc., or Blend, a biopharmaceutical company, from December 2012 to January 2014. Prior to Blend, Mr. Iwicki was President and Chief Executive Officer of Sunovion, a pharmaceutical company. Mr. Iwicki was at Sepracor Inc./Sunovion from October 2007 to June 2012. Prior to joining Sepracor Inc., Mr. Iwicki was Vice President and Business Unit Head at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company. He was at Novartis from March 1998 to October 2007. Prior to that, Mr. Iwicki held management positions at Astra Merck Inc. and Merck & Co., Inc. In addition to serving on our board of directors, Mr. Iwicki also currently serves on the boards of Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc., Merus, Akero Therapeutics, Inc., Third Harmonic Bio, Inc. and Q32 Bio Inc. and formerly served on the board of Aimmune Therapeutics, Inc. and Pulmatrix Inc., all publicly-traded companies. Mr. Iwicki holds a B.S. in Business Administration from Ball State University and an M.B.A. from Loyola University. We believe that Mr. Iwicki’s extensive experience as a pharmaceutical industry leader managing all stages of drug development and commercialization in multiple therapeutic areas qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.

Mark S. Blumenkranz, M.D., MMS, has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2021. Dr. Blumenkranz has served as the HJ Smead Professor Emeritus in the Department of Ophthalmology at Stanford University since March 2019, the Co-Director of its Ophthalmic Innovation Program since 2016, and he previously served as Department Chair from 1997 until 2015. Dr. Blumenkranz played a leading role in the planning, fundraising and construction of the Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University and served as its Director from its opening in September 2010 through June 2015. Dr. Blumenkranz previously served on the board of directors of Oculex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which was acquired by Allergan, Inc. in 2003, Macusight, an ophthalmic pharmaceutical company, acquired by Santen in 2010, Peak Surgical, Inc., an innovator in pulsed plasma mediated electro-surgery that was acquired by Medtronic, Inc. in 2011, and OptiMedica Corp. which was acquired by Abbott Medical Optics in 2013. In 2006, he co-founded Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., and served as chairman of its board of directors through 2016. In 2011, he co-founded Oculeve, Inc., and served on its board directors through its acquisition by Allergan in August 2015. He was a founder and served on the board of directors of Verana Health, Inc., a digital medicine and health analytics company, from 2009 until 2020. He was the founding Chairman of Kedalion Therapeutics, an ophthalmic drug delivery company and served as its chief executive officer from September 2019 until June 2022, when it was acquired by Novartis AG. He also served on the board of directors of One Medical from 2019 until its acquisition by Amazon in February 2023, and on the board of directors of Iveric Bio, Inc. from July 2020 until its acquisition by Astellas US Holding, Inc. in July 2023. He currently serves as director at BVI Visitec, a global ophthalmic surgical company. Since October 2015, Dr. Blumenkranz has served as Managing Partner of Lagunita Biosciences LLC, an early-stage medical investment company, that is our current 5% beneficial stockholder. Since May 2015, Dr. Blumenkranz has also served as the Managing Partner of Garland Investments, Inc. Dr. Blumenkranz holds an A.B. in Biology, Master’s Degree in Biochemical Pharmacology, and M.D. from Brown University. He completed his internship and ophthalmic residency at Stanford and subsequently the Executive Program at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business. We believe that Dr. Blumenkranz’s experience in the ophthalmology field qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.

Class III Directors

C. Daniel Myers has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2021. Mr. Myers served as the Chief Executive Officer of MediPrint Ophthalmics, Inc. (formerly Leo Lens Pharma), a private eye-care company, from April 2020 to April 2022. Previously, Mr. Myers co-founded Alimera Sciences, Inc., or Alimera, a publicly traded pharmaceutical company, and served as its Chief Executive Officer from 2003 until January 2019. Before co-founding Alimera, Mr. Myers was an initial employee of Novartis Ophthalmics (formerly CIBA Vision Ophthalmics), a pharmaceutical company, and served as its Vice President of sales and marketing from 1991 to 1997 and as President from 1997 to 2003. Mr. Myers served as a director of Alimera from 2003 to August 2023, and as chairman of its board of directors from January 2019 to August 2023. Mr. Myers currently serves as Chairman Emeritus of Alimera. In addition, Mr. Myers served on the board of directors of Ocular Therapeutix, Inc., a publicly traded biopharmaceutical

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company, from 2009 to 2012. Mr. Myers holds a B.S. in Industrial Management from the Georgia Institute of Technology. We believe that Mr. Myers’ experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, including his specific experience with ophthalmology pharmaceutical companies, qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.

Howard B. Rosen has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2014. Since 2008, Mr. Rosen has served as a consultant to several companies in the biotechnology industry. He has served at Stanford University as an adjunct professor in Chemical Engineering since 2021 and as a lecturer in Management since 2011, and he previously served as a lecturer in Chemical Engineering from 2009 until 2021. Mr. Rosen served as Chief Executive Officer of AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (now Talphera, Inc.), or Talphera, a public specialty pharmaceutical company developing products for pain relief, from April 2016 to March 2017, and Interim Chief Executive Officer from April 2015 to March 2016. Mr. Rosen also served as Interim President and Chief Executive Officer of Pearl Therapeutics, Inc. from June 2010 to March 2011. From 2004 to 2008, Mr. Rosen was Vice President of Commercial Strategy at Gilead Sciences, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. From 2003 until 2004, Mr. Rosen was President of ALZA Corporation, a pharmaceutical and medical systems company that merged in 2001 with Johnson & Johnson, a global healthcare company. Prior to that, from 1994 until 2003, Mr. Rosen held various positions at ALZA Corporation. Mr. Rosen served on the board of directors of Talphera until February 2024 and on the board of directors of Alcobra, Ltd., a public pharmaceutical company, until November 2017. Mr. Rosen is currently a member of the board of directors of private companies, including Firecycte Therapeutics, Inc., Hammerton, Inc., Hopewell Therapeutics, Inc. and Entrega, Inc., and was a member of the board of directors of Metera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2018 to 2020 and Aria Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2020 to 2023. Mr. Rosen holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University, an M.S. in Chemical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from the Stanford Graduate School of Business where he was an Arjay Miller Scholar and a Henry Ford II Scholar. We believe that Mr. Rosen’s experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, including his specific experience with the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.

Corporate Governance Matters

Our board of directors believes that good corporate governance is important to ensure that our company is managed for the long-term benefit of stockholders. This section describes key corporate governance guidelines and practices that our board of directors has adopted. Complete copies of our corporate governance guidelines, committee charters and code of conduct are available on the “Investors-Corporate Governance” section of our website, which is located at www.kalarx.com. Alternatively, you can request a copy of any of these documents by writing us at KALA BIO, Inc., 1167 Massachusetts Avenue, Arlington, Massachusetts 02476, Attention: Chief Financial Officer.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our board of directors has adopted corporate governance guidelines to assist in the exercise of its duties and responsibilities and to serve the best interests of our company and our stockholders. These guidelines, which provide a framework for the conduct of our board of directors’ business, provide that, among other things:

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Board Leadership Structure

Our corporate governance guidelines provide that the nominating and corporate governance committee shall periodically assess the board of directors’ leadership structure, including whether the offices of Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the board of directors should be separate, whether we should have a Lead Independent Director, and why the board of directors’ leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics or circumstances of our company. Our corporate governance guidelines provide the board of directors with flexibility to determine whether the two roles should be combined or separated based upon our needs and the board of directors’ assessment of its leadership from time to time.

Mr. Iwicki serves as Chair of our board and as our Chief Executive Officer. Our board believes that combining the Chair and Chief Executive Officer positions fosters clear accountability, effective decision-making and alignment of corporate strategy and is the appropriate leadership structure for us at this time. Our board believes that Mr. Iwicki’s combined role of Chair and Chief Executive Officer promotes effective execution of strategic goals and facilitates information flow between management and our board. Mr. Koven has served as our Lead Independent Director since December 2018. As our Lead Independent Director, Mr. Koven’s responsibilities include the following, among others:

We believe this structure represents an appropriate allocation of roles and responsibilities for our company at this time. Our nominating and corporate governance committee evaluates our board leadership structure from time to time and may recommend further alterations of this structure in the future.

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Board Diversity

In accordance with Nasdaq’s Board Diversity Rule, we have elected to include our board diversity matrix in this proxy statement as set forth below:

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Board Determination of Independence

Applicable Nasdaq rules require a majority of a listed company’s board of directors to be comprised of independent directors. In addition, the Nasdaq rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent. Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and compensation committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act. Under applicable Nasdaq rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of the listed company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries or otherwise be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10C-1, the board must consider, for each member of a compensation committee of a listed company, all factors specifically relevant to determining whether a director has a relationship to such company which is material to that director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member, including, but not limited to: (1) the source of compensation of the director, including any consulting advisory or other compensatory fee paid by such company to the director; and (2) whether the director is affiliated with the company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.

In April 2024, our board of directors undertook a review of the composition of our board of directors and its committees and the independence of each then-sitting director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors determined that each of our directors, with the exception of Mark Iwicki and Gregory D. Perry, is an “independent director” as defined under applicable Nasdaq rules. In May 2023, our board of directors also previously determined that Robert Paull, a former director who did not stand for re-election at our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, was an “independent director” as defined under applicable Nasdaq rules. In making such determinations, our board of directors considered the relationships that each such non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances that our board of directors deemed relevant in determining his or her independence,

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including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director. Mr. Iwicki is not an independent director under these rules because he is our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Perry ceased to be an independent director under applicable Nasdaq rules in June 2023, when he was appointed Chief Financial Officer of Merus. Mr. Iwicki serves as a member of the board of directors of Merus and on its compensation committee. Under Nasdaq rules, a director shall not be considered independent if they are employed as an executive officer of another entity where at any time during the past three years any of our current executive officers served on the compensation committee of such other entity.

Board of Director Meetings and Attendance

Our board of directors held five meetings during the year ended December 31, 2023, or fiscal 2023. During fiscal 2023, each of the directors then in office attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the number of board of director meetings and the number of meetings held by all committees of the board of directors on which such director then served.

Our corporate governance guidelines provide that directors are expected to attend the annual meeting of stockholders. Each then-serving member of the board of directors, other than Robert Paull, who did not stand for re-election at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, attended the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.

Communicating with the Independent Directors

Our board of directors will give appropriate attention to written communications that are submitted by stockholders and other interested parties, and will respond if and as appropriate. The Lead Independent Director, subject to advice and assistance from the company’s general counsel, if any, or an individual performing a similar function, if any, is primarily responsible for monitoring communications from stockholders and other interested parties and for providing copies or summaries of such communications to the other directors as he considers appropriate.

Communications are forwarded to all directors if they relate to important substantive matters and include suggestions or comments that the Lead Independent Director, or chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee, as applicable, considers to be important for the directors to know. In general, communications relating to corporate governance and corporate strategy are more likely to be forwarded than communications relating to ordinary business affairs, personal grievances and matters as to which we receive repetitive or duplicative communications.

Stockholders who wish to send communications on any topic to our board of directors should address such communications to Andrew I. Koven, Lead Independent Director, c/o KALA BIO, Inc., 1167 Massachusetts Avenue, Arlington, Massachusetts 02476.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. Each of these committees operates under a charter that has been approved by our board of directors. A copy of each committee’s charter can be found under the “Investors-Corporate Governance” section of our website, which is located at www.kalarx.com.

Audit Committee

The members of our audit committee are Dr. Blumenkranz, Mr. Myers and Mr. Rosen. Mr. Rosen is the chair of the audit committee. Prior to the reconstitution of our audit committee in June 2023, the members of our audit committee were Mr. Paull, Mr. Perry and Mr. Rosen, and Mr. Perry served as the chair of the audit committee. Our audit committee’s responsibilities include:

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All audit and non-audit services, other than de minimis non-audit services, to be provided to us by our independent registered public accounting firm must be approved in advance by our audit committee. In 2020, the audit committee delegated to its chair authority to pre-approve any audit or non-audit services to be provided to us by our independent registered public accounting firm. By the terms of the delegated authority, the chair must report on any such approval of services pursuant to such authority at the first regularly scheduled meeting of the audit committee following such approval.

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Rosen is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in applicable SEC rules. We believe that each member of our audit committee possesses the financial sophistication required for audit committee members under Nasdaq rules and that the composition of our audit committee meets the requirements for independence under current Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. The audit committee held six meetings during fiscal 2023.

Compensation Committee

The members of our compensation committee are Dr. Farid, Mr. Koven and Mr. Myers. Mr. Koven is the chair of the compensation committee. Prior to the reconstitution of our compensation committee in June 2023, the members of our compensation committee were Dr. Blumenkranz, Mr. Myers, Mr. Koven, and Mr. Rosen, and Mr. Koven served as the chair of the compensation committee. Our compensation committee’s responsibilities include:

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We believe that the composition of our compensation committee meets the requirements for independence under current Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. The compensation committee held six meetings during fiscal 2023.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The members of our nominating and corporate governance committee are Dr. Blumenkranz, Mr. Koven and Mr. Rosen. Dr. Blumenkranz is the chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee. Prior to the reconstitution of our nominating and corporate governance committee in June 2023, the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee were Dr. Farid, Mr. Paull, Mr. Myers and Mr. Koven, and Mr. Paull served as the chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee. Dr. Farid was appointed to our nominating and corporate governance committee in October 2022. Our nominating and corporate governance committee’s responsibilities include:

We believe that the composition of our nominating and corporate governance committee meets the requirements for independence under current Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. The nominating and corporate governance committee held three meetings during fiscal 2023.

Director Nomination Process

The process followed by our nominating and corporate governance committee to identify and evaluate director candidates includes requests to board members and others for recommendations, meetings from time to time to evaluate biographical information and background material relating to potential candidates and interviews of selected candidates by members of the nominating and corporate governance committee and our board of directors.

Criteria and Diversity

In considering whether to recommend to our board of directors any particular candidate for inclusion in our board of directors’ slate of recommended director nominees, including candidates recommended by stockholders, the nominating and corporate governance committee of our board of directors applies the criteria set forth in our corporate governance guidelines. These criteria include the candidate’s integrity, business acumen, knowledge of our business and industry, the ability to act in the interests of all stockholders and lack of conflicts of interest.

The director biographies on pages 11 to 14 of this proxy statement indicate each nominee’s experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that led our nominating and corporate governance committee and our board of directors to conclude that he or she should continue to serve as a director. Our nominating and corporate governance

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committee and our board of directors believe that each of the nominees has the individual attributes and characteristics required of each of our directors, and the nominees as a group possess the skill sets and specific experience desired of our board of directors as a whole.

Our nominating and corporate governance committee does not have a policy (formal or informal) with respect to diversity, but believes that our board, taken as a whole, should embody a diverse set of skills, experiences and backgrounds. In this regard, the nominating and corporate governance committee also takes into consideration the diversity (for example, with respect to gender, race and national origin) of our board members. While the nominating and corporate governance committee does not make any particular weighting of diversity or any other characteristic in evaluating nominees and directors, the committee deems diversity an important criteria to consider in evaluating future nominees and directors.

Stockholder Nominations

Stockholders may recommend individuals to our nominating and corporate governance committee for consideration as potential director candidates by submitting their names, together with appropriate biographical information and background materials, to KALA BIO, Inc., Attention: Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, 1167 Massachusetts Avenue, Arlington, Massachusetts 02476. Assuming that appropriate biographical and background material has been provided on or before the dates set forth in this proxy statement under the heading “Other Matters – Stockholder Proposals for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders”, the committee will evaluate stockholder-recommended candidates by following substantially the same process, and applying substantially the same criteria, as it follows for candidates submitted by others. If the board determines to nominate a stockholder-recommended candidate and recommends his or her election, then his or her name will be included in our proxy card for the next annual meeting.

Stockholders also have the right under our by-laws to directly nominate director candidates, without any action or recommendation on the part of the nominating and corporate governance committee or our board of directors, by following the procedures set forth under “Other Matters-Stockholder Proposals for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.”

Bankruptcies

Mr. Koven was, until his retirement on January 30, 2019, the President and Chief Business Officer of Aralez and served in that role with the company’s predecessor, Pozen, commencing on June 1, 2015. On August 10, 2018, Aralez and its affiliates each filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

Oversight of Risk

Our board of directors oversees our risk management processes directly and through its committees. Our board of directors encourages management to promote a culture that incorporates risk management into our corporate strategy and day-to-day business operations. Our management is responsible for risk management on a day-to-day basis. The role of our board of directors and its committees is to oversee the risk management activities of management. Our board of directors fulfills this duty by discussing with management the policies and practices utilized by management in assessing and managing risks and providing input on those policies and practices. In general, our board of directors oversees risk management activities relating to business strategy, acquisitions and divestitures, capital allocation, organizational structure and certain operational risks. Our audit committee oversees risk management activities related to financial controls and legal and compliance risks. Such oversight by our audit committee includes direct communication with our independent registered public accounting firm. Our audit committee also provides director oversight over cybersecurity risks. Our compensation committee oversees risk management activities relating to our compensation policies and practices and assesses whether any of our compensation policies or practices has the potential to encourage excess risk-taking. Oversight by the compensation committee includes direct communication with our independent compensation consultants. Our nominating and corporate governance committee oversees risk management activities relating to the composition of our board of directors and committees and management succession planning.

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Each committee reports to the full board of directors on a regular basis, including reports with respect to the committee’s risk oversight activities as appropriate. In addition, since risk issues often overlap, committees from time to time request that the full board of directors discuss particular risks. In addition, members of our senior management team regularly attend our board meetings and are available to address any questions or concerns raised by the board on major risk exposures, the potential impact of such risks, risk management and any other matters. Our board of directors believes that full and open communication between management and the board of directors is essential for effective risk management and oversight.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. A copy of the code is available on the “Investors-Corporate Governance” section of our website, which is located at www.kalarx.com. Our board of directors is responsible for overseeing the code of business conduct and ethics and must approve any waivers of the code for directors, officers and employees. If we make any substantive amendments to, or grant any waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K.

Policies and Procedures for Related Person Transactions

Our board of directors has adopted written policies and procedures for the review of any transaction, arrangement or relationship in which our company is a participant, the amount involved exceeds $120,000, and one of our executive officers, directors, director nominees or 5% stockholders, or their immediate family members, each of whom we refer to as a “related person,” has a direct or indirect material interest.

If a related person proposes to enter into such a transaction, arrangement or relationship, which we refer to as a “related person transaction,” the related person must report the proposed related person transaction to our general counsel or, if none, to our chief financial officer, or individual performing a similar function. The policy calls for the proposed related person transaction to be reviewed and, if deemed appropriate, approved by our audit committee. Whenever practicable, the reporting, review and approval will occur prior to entry into the transaction. If advance review and approval is not practicable, the committee will review, and, in its discretion, may ratify the related person transaction. The policy also permits the chair of the audit committee to review and, if deemed appropriate, approve proposed related person transactions that arise between committee meetings, subject to ratification by the committee at its next meeting. Any related person transactions that are ongoing in nature will be reviewed annually.

A related person transaction reviewed under the policy will be considered approved or ratified if it is authorized by the audit committee after full disclosure of the related person’s interest in the transaction. As appropriate for the circumstances, the audit committee will review and consider:

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Our audit committee may approve or ratify the transaction only if it determines that, under all of the circumstances, the transaction is in our best interests. Our audit committee may impose any conditions on the related person transaction that it deems appropriate.

In addition to the transactions that are excluded by the instructions to the SEC’s related person transaction disclosure rule, our board of directors has determined that the following transactions do not create a material direct or indirect interest on behalf of related persons and, therefore, are not related person transactions for purposes of this policy:

The policy provides that transactions involving compensation of executive officers shall be reviewed and approved by our compensation committee in the manner specified in the compensation committee’s charter.

With respect to related person transactions, it is the practice of our board of directors to consider the nature of and business reasons for such transactions, how the terms of such transactions compared to those which might be obtained from unaffiliated third parties and whether such transactions were otherwise fair to and in the best interests of, or not contrary to, our best interests.

Related Person Transactions

In addition to the compensation arrangements with directors and executive officers described elsewhere in this proxy statement, since January 1, 2022, we have engaged in the following transactions with our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, and affiliates of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities. These transactions were approved in accordance with our Related Person Transaction Policy to the extent required, and we believe that all of these transactions were on terms as favorable as could have been obtained from unrelated third parties.

Private Placements

2022 Private Placement

On November 28, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement, or the Series E Purchase Agreement, with 667, L.P. and Bakers Brothers Life Sciences, L.P., or the Purchasers, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, shares of our common stock and shares of our Series E Convertible Non-Redeemable Preferred Stock, or the Series E Preferred Stock, in two tranches for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $31.0 million, which we refer to collectively as the 2022 Private Placement. At the first closing of the 2022 Private Placement on December 1, 2022, we issued and sold to the Purchasers (i) 76,813 shares of common stock, at a price per share equal to $5.75 and (ii) 9,666 shares of Series E Preferred Stock, at a price per share equal to $575.00, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $6.0 million. On December 27, 2022, following the certification by our Chief Executive Officer that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration accepted our investigational new drug application for KPI-012, we issued and sold to the Purchasers at a second closing of the 2022 Private Placement a total of 43,478

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shares of Series E Preferred Stock, at a price per share equal to $575.00, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $25.0 million.

The Purchasers have certain participation rights under the Series E Purchase Agreement. If at any time during the four-year period following the date of the first tranche closing of the 2022 Private Placement, or the Participation Period, we propose to offer and sell new equity securities in an offering that is conducted pursuant to an exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or in an offering that is registered under the Securities Act that is not conducted as a firm-commitment underwritten offering, then, subject to compliance with securities laws and regulations, we have agreed to offer each Purchaser the right to purchase its pro rata share of the total amount of the new equity securities, subject to certain conditions and limitations. In addition, if during the Participation Period, we propose to offer and sell new equity securities in a firm-commitment underwritten offering registered under the Securities Act, then subject to compliance with securities laws and regulations, we have agreed to use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the managing underwriters of such offering to contact the Purchasers about potentially participating in such offering and to provide to each Purchaser the opportunity to purchase its pro rata share of such new equity securities, subject to certain conditions and limitations. The participation rights will terminate if the Purchasers are offered the opportunity to participate in an offering pursuant to the participation rights and do not purchase at least 50% of their aggregate pro rata share of the new equity securities offered for sale in such offering.

Under the Series E Purchase Agreement, the Purchasers also have the right to have up to two non-voting observers attend and participate in all Board and committee meetings and, subject to the Purchasers owning directly specified minimum amounts of our common stock, the right to have the Board nominate and recommend for election by the stockholders up to three Purchaser designees to the Board (one designee at 9.9%, two designees at 15.0% and three designees at 25.0%) designated by the Purchasers, provided that at such time as the Purchasers have designated three Board designees, at least one such designee must qualify as an “independent” director under Nasdaq rules and be acceptable to the members of the Board who are not Purchaser designees.

The Purchasers’ participation rights, observer rights and Board designation rights also will terminate at such time as the Purchasers and their affiliates cease to own, in the aggregate, specified minimum amounts of the shares purchased in the 2022 Private Placement.

We also agreed that we will not without the prior approval of the requisite Purchasers (i) issue or authorize the issuance of any equity security that is senior or pari passu to the Series E Preferred Stock with respect to liquidation preference, (ii) incur any additional indebtedness for borrowed money in excess of $1,000,000, in the aggregate, outside the ordinary course of business, subject to specified exceptions, including the refinancing of our existing indebtedness or (iii) pay or declare any dividend or make any distribution on, any shares of our capital stock, subject to specified exceptions.

2023 Private Placement

On December 21, 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with the Purchasers, pursuant to which we issued and sold to the Purchasers, in a private placement priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, 2,928 shares of our Series F Convertible Non-Redeemable Preferred Stock, or the Series F Preferred Stock, at a price per share equal to $683.00 for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $2.0 million, which we refer to collectively as the 2023 Private Placement.

We agreed that we will not without the prior approval of the requisite Purchasers (i) issue or authorize the issuance of any equity security that is senior or pari passu to the Series F Preferred Stock with respect to liquidation preference, (ii) incur any additional indebtedness for borrowed money in excess of $1,000,000, in the aggregate, outside the ordinary course of business, subject to specified exceptions, including the refinancing of our existing indebtedness or (iii) pay or declare any dividend or make any distribution on, any shares of our capital stock, subject to specified exceptions.

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2024 Private Placement

On March 25, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with the Purchasers, pursuant to which we issued and sold to the Purchasers, in a private placement priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, 10,901 shares of our Series G Convertible Non-Redeemable Preferred Stock, or the Series G Preferred Stock, at a price per share equal to $788.90 for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $8.6 million, which we refer to collectively as the 2024 Private Placement, and together with the 2022 Private Placement and 2023 Private Placement, as the Private Placements.

We agreed that we will not without the prior approval of the requisite Purchasers (i) issue or authorize the issuance of any equity security that is senior or pari passu to the Series G Preferred Stock with respect to liquidation preference, (ii) incur any additional indebtedness for borrowed money in excess of $1,000,000, in the aggregate, outside the ordinary course of business, subject to specified exceptions, including the refinancing of our existing indebtedness or (iii) pay or declare any dividend or make any distribution on, any shares of our capital stock, subject to specified exceptions.

Option Exchange Program

In May 2023, we commenced a one-time stock option exchange program, or Option Exchange Program, under which our eligible executive officers, other employees and non-employee directors exchanged outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock held by them for an equal number of restricted stock units that are subject to vesting conditions. For more information about the Option Exchange Program and the participation by our named executive officers and non-employee directors in such Option Exchange Program, see sections entitled “—Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table-Option Exchange Program”, “— Narrative Disclosure to Director Compensation Table — Director Compensation Policy” and “— Narrative Disclosure to Director Compensation Table — Additional Equity Awards to Non-Employee Directors”.

Modification of Equity Awards

Mr. Paull, our former director who did not stand for re-election in June 2023, did not participate in the Option Exchange Program. In August 2023, our board of directors approved the extension of the exercise period of his vested options for 1,738 shares of common stock to June 22, 2025.

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Combangio Acquisition

On November 15, 2021, we and our newly formed, direct wholly owned subsidiary, Ceres Merger Sub, Inc., or the Merger Subsidiary, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Combangio and Fortis Advisors LLC, solely in its capacity as Combangio Equityholder Representative in connection with the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which on November 15, 2021, the Merger Subsidiary merged with and into Combangio with Combangio surviving such merger and becoming a direct wholly owned subsidiary of ours, or the Combangio Acquisition. In connection with the closing of the Combangio Acquisition, we made an upfront payment of an aggregate of $5.0 million in cash to former Combangio equityholders, subject to customary adjustments, and agreed to issue an aggregate of 155,664 shares of our common stock to the Combangio equityholders with an aggregate value of approximately $16.1 million, consisting of (i) an aggregate of 136,314 shares of common stock which were issued on January 3, 2022, or the Initial Shares, and (ii) an aggregate of 19,350 shares of common stock that were held back as partial security for the satisfaction of indemnification obligations and other payment obligations of the former Combangio equityholders and that were issued on March 10, 2023, or the Holdback Shares. The Combangio equityholders included Dr. Blumenkranz, Mr. Kharabi, Lagunita Biosciences, LLC, of which Dr. Blumenkranz is a managing member and Mr. Kharabi is the Chief Operating Officer, and Garland Investments, L.P., of which Dr. Blumenkranz is a managing member.

In connection with the closing of the Combangio Acquisition, we appointed Dr. Blumenkranz, a then-member of the board of directors of Combangio, to our board of directors, and we appointed Mr. Kharabi, the then-President and Chief Executive Officer of Combangio, as our Chief Business Officer.

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The following table sets forth the consideration paid by us to Dr. Blumenkranz, Mr. Kharabi, Lagunita Biosciences, LLC and Garland Investments, L.P. pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

In addition, as a result of the dosing of the first patient in our CHASE Phase 2b clinical trial of KPI-012 for the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defect in the United States in February 2023, or the Dosing Milestone, we paid to the former Combangio equityholders on March 10, 2023 an aggregate of $2.5 million in cash and $2.4 million in shares of our common stock (representing an aggregate of 105,038 shares of our common stock). We paid in cash the remaining amount of $0.1 million due in connection with the Dosing Milestone to the former Combangio equityholders in January 2024.

The following table sets forth the consideration paid by us as a result of the achievement of the Dosing Milestone to Dr. Blumenkranz, Mr. Kharabi, Lagunita Biosciences, LLC and Garland Investments, L.P. pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

In addition to the foregoing consideration, former equityholders of Combangio are entitled to receive from us contingent consideration in the form of cash upon the achievement of various milestones in the future.

Registration Rights

We are a party to a registration rights agreement, as amended, with Mr. Iwicki. This registration rights agreement, as amended, provides Mr. Iwicki the right, subject to certain conditions, beginning after January 16, 2018, to request that his shares be covered by a registration statement that we are otherwise filing.

We are a party to a registration rights agreement with the Purchasers in our Private Placements, who are beneficial owners of more than 5% of our common stock. This registration rights agreement provides the Purchasers with certain

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resale registration rights with respect to the shares of common stock issued in the 2022 Private Placement, the shares of common stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Series E Preferred Stock issued in the 2022 Private Placement, the shares of common stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Series F Preferred Stock issued in the 2023 Private Placement, the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series G Preferred Stock issued in the 2024 Private Placement, and any other shares of our common stock held by the Purchasers. On March 3, 2023, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 relating to the resale of the shares of common stock issued in the 2022 Private Placement and the shares of common stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Series E Preferred Stock issued in the 2022 Private Placement. The registration statement was declared effective on March 14, 2023.

Indemnification Agreements

Our certificate of incorporation provides that we will indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with all of our directors and officers.

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EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

Executive Officers

Certain information regarding our executive officers as of April 1, 2024 is set forth below.

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Mark Iwicki is our Chief Executive Officer and Chair of our board of directors. Please see “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance - Election of Directors” above for biographical information regarding Mr. Iwicki.

Todd Bazemore has served as our President since December 2021 and as our Chief Operating Officer since November 2017. Previously, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Santhera Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., or Santhera, a pharmaceutical company and subsidiary of Santhera Pharmaceuticals Holdings AG, from September 2016 until November 2017. Prior to joining Santhera, Mr. Bazemore served as Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Dyax Corp., or Dyax, a biopharmaceutical company focused on orphan diseases, between April 2014 and January 2016, when Dyax was acquired by Shire plc. At Dyax, Mr. Bazemore oversaw all aspects of Dyax’s commercial department including sales, marketing, commercial analytics, market access and patient services. Between April 2012 and September 2013, he served as Vice President, Managed Markets at Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Sunovion (a subsidiary of Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd.), a global biopharmaceutical company focused on serious medical conditions. Prior to that, Mr. Bazemore held several roles of increasing responsibility at Sunovion, including Vice President of Sales and Vice President of Respiratory Business Unit. Since October 2020, Mr. Bazemore has served on the board of directors of Pulmatrix Inc., a clinical stage publicly traded biopharmaceutical company. He received his Bachelor of Science from the University of Massachusetts, Lowell.

Kim Brazzell, Ph.D. has served as our Chief Medical Officer since February 2013 and as our Head of Research and Development since December 2021. Dr. Brazzell served as Chief Medical Officer of Mimetogen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Mimetogen, a clinical stage biotechnology company, from January 2012 until December 2015 and has served on the board of directors of Mimetogen since January 2024. Dr. Brazzell also held several executive positions at Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Inspire, a specialty pharmaceutical company focusing on ophthalmic and respiratory products, including Executive Vice President of Medical and Scientific Affairs from 2010 to 2011, Executive Vice President and Head of Ophthalmology Business from 2009 to 2010, and Senior Vice President of Ophthalmic Research and Development from 2004 to 2008. Prior to joining Inspire, Dr. Brazzell served as Global Head of Clinical R&D and Senior Vice President, U.S. R&D, of Novartis Ophthalmics AG from 2000 to 2004. Dr. Brazzell also served as Vice President, R&D at Ciba Vision Ophthalmics, Inc. and as Associate Director, R&D, at Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Dr. Brazzell received a B.S. in Pharmacy and a Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Kentucky.

Darius Kharabi has served as our Chief Business Officer since November 2021. From August 2018 to November 2021, Mr. Kharabi was co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Combangio Inc., a clinical stage ophthalmology mesenchymal stem cell secretome company that we acquired in November 2021. He is the co-founder of Lagunita Biosciences, LLC, an early-stage medical investment company. Since 2015, Mr. Kharabi has served as the Chief Operating Officer of Lagunita Biosciences, LLC. From October 2015 to August 2018 he helped create and manage multiple Lagunita portfolio life-science companies, including xCella Biosciences, acquired by Ligand, Kedalion Therapeutics, acquired by Novartis AG, and Combangio. From October 2015 through August 2019 he served as the Chief Operating Officer of xCella Biosciences and from October 2015 through November 2017 he served as the President of Kedalion. Prior to Lagunita, he served as Vice President, Corporate Development and International Sales at OrthAlign, a commercial stage orthopedic surgery navigation company, where his responsibilities included the launch of the KneeAlign® total knee arthroplasty navigation product line in the United States and global markets. Mr. Kharabi

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started his career as a biotechnology licensing attorney at Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati, PC. He received his B.S. in Biochemistry from Georgetown University and his J.D. and M.B.A. degrees from Stanford University.

Mary Reumuth, C.P.A. has served as our Chief Financial Officer since July 2017, Senior Vice President, Finance from February 2017 to July 2017, our Vice President, Finance from December 2014 to February 2017, our Senior Director, Finance from February 2014 to December 2014, our Corporate Controller from February 2014 to July 2017 and as our Treasurer since February 2014. Prior to joining us, Ms. Reumuth acted as an independent financial consultant from November 2012 to January 2014 and, prior to that, served as Corporate Controller for Enobia Pharma Corp., or Enobia, a global biopharmaceutical company acquired by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., from May 2011 to June 2012. Prior to Enobia, Ms. Reumuth served as Director of Finance at Verenium Corporation, or Verenium, a biotechnology company, from December 2007 to March 2011. From 2001 to 2007, Ms. Reumuth held a variety of finance and accounting positions at Genzyme Corporation, or Genzyme, (now a Sanofi Company), and ILEX Oncology, Inc., or ILEX (acquired by Genzyme). Prior to ILEX, Ms. Reumuth was an auditor at Ernst & Young LLP. Since April 2022, Ms. Reumuth has served on the board of directors of Olink Holding AB, a publicly traded company. Ms. Reumuth earned her Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, and is a Certified Public Accountant.

Executive Compensation

The following discussion relates to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer, Mark Iwicki, our President and Chief Operating Officer, Todd Bazemore, and our Head of Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer, Kim Brazzell, Ph.D. for the periods presented. These three individuals are collectively referred to in this proxy statement as our named executive officers. Each year, our compensation committee and board of directors review and determine the compensation of our named executive officers.

Executive and Director Compensation Processes

Our executive compensation program is administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors, subject to the oversight and approval of our board of directors. Our compensation committee reviews our executive compensation practices on an annual basis and based on this review approves, or, as appropriate, makes recommendations to our board of directors for approval of our executive compensation program. In designing our executive compensation program, our compensation committee considers publicly available compensation data for national and regional companies in the biotechnology/pharmaceutical industry to help guide its executive compensation decisions at the time of hiring and for subsequent adjustments in compensation. Our director compensation program is administered by our board of directors with the assistance of the compensation committee. The compensation committee conducts an annual review of director compensation and makes recommendations to the board of directors with respect thereto.

From 2018 to 2022, our compensation committee retained Aon’s Human Capital Solutions practice, a division of Aon plc (formerly Radford), as its independent compensation consultant, to provide comparative data on executive compensation practices in our industry and to advise on our executive and director compensation programs generally. In January 2023, our compensation committee retained Pearl Meyer & Partners, LLC, or Pearl Meyer, as our independent compensation consultant for 2023 year-end compensation matters. Pearl Meyer has also been retained as our independent compensation consultant for 2024 compensation matters. Although our compensation committee considers the advice and guidelines of Pearl Meyer, our compensation committee ultimately makes its own decisions about these matters and recommendations to our board about these matters.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the compensation committee directly engaged Pearl Meyer to advise on the Option Exchange Program that was approved at a special meeting of our stockholders in April 2023, to advise on our Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan that was approved at our annual meeting of stockholders in June 2023 and to advise on our executive and director compensation programs generally. Pearl Meyer ultimately developed recommendations that were reviewed by the compensation committee. Our Option Exchange Program is more fully described below in the section entitled “— Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table —Option Exchange Program.”

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In the future, we expect that our compensation committee will continue to engage independent compensation consultants to provide additional guidance on our executive compensation programs, our director compensation programs and to conduct further competitive industry benchmarking against a peer group of publicly traded companies.

The compensation committee reviewed information regarding the independence and potential conflicts of interest of Pearl Meyer, taking into account, among other things, the factors set forth in the Nasdaq listing standards. Based on such review, the compensation committee concluded that the engagement of Pearl Meyer did not raise any conflict of interest.

Under its charter, the compensation committee may form, and delegate authority to, subcommittees, consisting of independent directors, as it deems appropriate. During fiscal year 2023, the compensation committee did not form or delegate authority to such subcommittees. In addition, under its charter, the compensation committee may delegate to one or more executive officers the power to grant options, restricted stock units, or RSUs, or other stock awards pursuant to our Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan to employees who are not directors or executive officers. During fiscal year 2023, the compensation committee delegated authority to our Chief Executive Officer to grant certain RSUs to non-executive employees with respect to annual equity awards.

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information regarding compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to each of our named executive officers for the periods presented.

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Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Base Salary. We use base salaries to recognize the experience, skills, knowledge and responsibilities required of all our employees, including our named executive officers. None of our named executive officers is currently party to an employment agreement or other agreement or arrangement that provides for automatic or scheduled increases in base salary.

Mr. Iwicki’s, Mr. Bazemore’s and Dr. Brazzell’s annual base salaries were $709,394, $535,600 and $520,000, respectively, for 2023 and for 2024.

Annual Bonus. Performance-based bonuses, which are calculated as a percentage of base salary, are designed to motivate our employees to achieve annual goals based on our strategic, financial and operating performance objectives. Historically, our board of directors or our compensation committee has approved discretionary annual cash bonuses to our named executive officers with respect to their prior year performance.

With respect to 2023 performance, our compensation committee awarded bonuses of $297,945, $187,460 and $163,800 to Mr. Iwicki, Mr. Bazemore and Dr. Brazzell, respectively, which represented payments at 70% of each individual’s target bonus opportunity (which target bonus opportunities, expressed as a percentage of 2023 annual base salary, were 60%, 50% and 45%, respectively). Mr. Iwicki’s individual performance-based target bonus amount for 2024, expressed as a percentage of his 2024 base salary, is 60%. Mr. Bazemore’s individual performance-based target bonus amount for 2024, expressed as a percentage of his 2024 base salary, is 50%. Dr. Brazzell’s individual performance-based target bonus amount for 2024, expressed as a percentage of his 2024 base salary, is 45%.

Equity Incentives. Although we do not have a formal policy with respect to the grant of equity incentive awards to our executive officers, or any formal equity ownership guidelines applicable to them, we believe that equity grants provide our executives with a strong link to our long-term performance, create an ownership culture and help to align the interests of our executives and our stockholders. In addition, we believe that equity grants with time-based or performance-based vesting features promote executive retention because this feature incentivizes our executive officers to remain in our employment during the vesting period. Accordingly, our compensation committee annually reviews the

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equity incentive compensation of our named executive officers and from time to time may grant equity incentive awards to them in the form of stock options and/or RSUs with time-based and/or performance-based vesting conditions.

In January 2023, we granted RSUs with respect to 41,700, 12,800, and 12,800 shares of our common stock to Mr. Iwicki, Mr. Bazemore and Dr. Brazzell, respectively. Such awards vest as to 1/3 of the shares on each of January 4, 2024, January 4, 2025 and January 4, 2026, subject to continued service.

In May 2023, we commenced a one-time stock option exchange program, or the Option Exchange Program, under which our eligible executive officers, other employees and non-employee directors were given the opportunity to exchange outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock held by them for an equal number of RSUs that are subject to vesting conditions. The Option Exchange Program expired on May 30, 2023. Pursuant to the terms of the Option Exchange Program, we accepted for exchange options to purchase a total of 182,251 shares of our common stock from 36 eligible holders, including our named executive officers. All surrendered options were cancelled effective as of the expiration of the Option Exchange Program, and immediately thereafter on May 31, 2023, or the Option Exchange Date, in exchange therefor, we granted a total of 182,251 replacement RSUs pursuant to the terms of the Option Exchange Program and under the 2017 Plan. For options that were vested when surrendered, the replacement RSUs vest over two years, with 50% of the replacement RSUs vesting on the first anniversary of the Option Exchange Date, and 50% vesting on the second anniversary of the Option Exchange Date. Unvested options that were surrendered for replacement RSUs are subject to a revised vesting schedule whereby no such replacement RSUs will vest until the second anniversary of the Option Exchange Date, at which time (i) a number of replacement RSUs will vest that are equal to the surrendered unvested option that would have vested during such two-year period following the Option Exchange Date and (ii) the remaining replacement RSUs will vest on the original vesting schedule of the unvested option that was surrendered, provided that the applicable vesting schedule will vest in annual installments rather than monthly installments.

Our named executive officers surrendered all of their then-outstanding options in exchange for replacement RSUs in the Option Exchange Program, as follows:

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*For more information on the vesting schedule of these replacement RSUs, see “— Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2023.”

In June 2023, we granted RSUs with respect to 158,873, 48,698, and 49,356 shares of our common stock to Mr. Iwicki, Mr. Bazemore and Dr. Brazzell, respectively. Such awards vest as to 1/3 of the shares on each of June 22, 2024, June 22, 2025 and June 22, 2026, subject to continued service. In June 2023, we also granted options to purchase 211,831, 64,931 and 65,808 shares of our common stock to Mr. Iwicki, Mr. Bazemore and Dr. Brazzell, respectively. Such options vest as to 25% of the shares underlying the option on June 22, 2024, and 1/48th of the shares vesting monthly thereafter, subject to continued service.

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In January 2024, we granted options to purchase 64,500, 29,300 and 29,300 shares of our common stock to Mr. Iwicki, Mr. Bazemore and Dr. Brazzell, respectively. Such options vest as to 1/48th of the shares underlying the option at the end of each successive one-month period over a four-year period following January 4, 2024, subject to continued

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service. In January 2024, we granted RSUs with respect to 14,300, 6,500 and 6,500 shares of our common stock to Mr. Iwicki, Mr. Bazemore and Dr. Brazzell, respectively. Such awards vest as to 1/3 of the shares on each of January 4, 2025, January 4, 2026 and January 4, 2027, subject to continued service.

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Prior to our initial public offering, or IPO, our executives were eligible to participate in our 2009 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended to date, or the 2009 Plan. Following the closing of our IPO, our employees and executives are eligible to receive stock options and other stock-based awards pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. For a description of our 2009 Plan and our Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, see “— Stock Option and Other Compensation Plans”.

Historically, we have used stock options to compensate our executive officers in the form of initial grants in connection with the commencement of employment and also at various times, often but not necessarily annually. The award of stock options to our executive officers, including our Chief Executive Officer, generally have been and going forward are expected to be made by our board of directors. Such options have been granted with time-based and/or performance-based vesting conditions. Vesting and exercise rights cease shortly after termination of employment except in the case of death or disability and, in certain circumstances, including, upon a change in control. Prior to the exercise of an option, the holder has no rights as a stockholder with respect to the shares subject to such option, including no voting rights and no right to receive dividends or dividend equivalents. In addition, prior to our IPO, we have granted stock options with exercise prices equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant as determined by our board of directors or compensation committee, based on a number of objective and subjective factors. The exercise price of all stock options granted after our IPO has been and will be equal to the fair market value of shares of our common stock on the date of grant, which will be determined by reference to the closing market price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on the date of grant.

At times, we have also used RSUs to compensate our executive officers, including in connection with our Option Exchange Program. We have granted RSUs to our executive officers with time-based and/or performance-based vesting conditions. RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions were all fully vested as of December 31, 2022. Prior to settlement of the RSUs, the holder has no rights as a stockholder with respect to the shares subject to such RSUs, including no voting rights and no right to receive dividends or dividend equivalents.

None of our executive officers is currently party to an employment agreement that provides for guaranteed equity awards.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2023

The following table sets forth information regarding all outstanding equity awards held by each of our named executive officers as of December 31, 2023.

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Employment Agreements with Named Executive Officers

Letter Agreement with Mr. Iwicki

Mr. Iwicki was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer and Chair of our board of directors pursuant to a letter agreement with us dated September 10, 2015, which amended and restated a prior letter agreement. Mr. Iwicki is an at-will employee, and his employment with us can be terminated by him or us at any time and for any reason.

Mr. Iwicki’s base salary is subject to annual review and adjustment by our compensation committee. Mr. Iwicki’s annual base salary was $709,394, effective January 1, 2024. In addition, Mr. Iwicki is eligible to receive a discretionary bonus in a target amount of 60% of his annual base salary, as determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion.

On March 11, 2019, Mr. Iwicki’s employment letter agreement was amended to revise the severance benefits he is entitled to receive upon termination in connection with the following events. Subject to his execution and nonrevocation of a release of claims in our favor, in the event of the termination of Mr. Iwicki’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason, each as defined in his employment letter agreement, and such termination is not within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, as defined in his employment letter agreement, Mr. Iwicki will be entitled to a lump sum payment in an amount equal to (i) twenty-four months of his then-current annual base salary, (ii) any bonus earned for the year prior to the year of termination that has not yet been paid, (iii) an amount equal to 200% of his target bonus attributable to the year of termination and (iv) a pro-rated portion of any bonus attributable to the year of termination based upon performance against company but not individual objectives. In addition, Mr. Iwicki will be entitled to twenty-four months of COBRA premiums for continued health benefit coverage on the same terms as were applicable to him prior to his termination and outplacement services for the twenty-four month period.

Further, in the event of the termination of Mr. Iwicki’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, Mr. Iwicki will be entitled to a lump sum payment in an amount equal to (i) thirty months of his then-current annual base salary, (ii) any bonus earned for the year prior to the year of termination that has not yet been paid, (iii) a pro-rated portion of any bonus attributable to the year of termination based upon performance against company but not individual objectives and (iv) 250% of the greater of (A) the average bonus Mr. Iwicki received during the two years prior to termination or resignation, or (B) the target bonus for the year of termination or resignation. In addition, Mr. Iwicki will be entitled thirty months of COBRA premiums for continued health benefit coverage on the same terms as were applicable to him prior to his termination and outplacement services for thirty months.

In addition, in the event we terminate his employment or other service relationship with us without cause, he terminates his employment or other service relationship with us for good reason, or his employment or other service relationship with us terminates by reason of his death or disability, Mr. Iwicki is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of any unvested options that would have vested if Mr. Iwicki’s employment or other service relationship with us had continued for twenty-four months following such termination. In addition, provided Mr. Iwicki is an employee, member of our board of directors or is otherwise providing services to us at the time of a change of control, as defined in the letter agreement, or in the event of the termination of Mr. Iwicki’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason in contemplation of a change of control, as defined in the letter agreement, Mr. Iwicki’s time-based equity awards will vest in full upon consummation of such change in control. Options granted to Mr. Iwicki will be exercisable for up to eighteen months following the termination of his employment or other relationship with us other than a termination for cause. Mr. Iwicki also is entitled to piggyback registration rights with respect to options granted pursuant to his employment letter agreement.

In addition, in the event we terminate his employment without cause or he terminates his employment for good reason within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, Mr. Iwicki is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of any options and other equity awards granted to him following a change of control that vest solely based on his continued employment and have not vested.

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Letter Agreement with Mr. Bazemore

Mr. Bazemore was appointed as our Chief Operating Officer pursuant to a letter agreement with us dated November 6, 2017 and was appointed as our President commencing December 16, 2021. Mr. Bazemore is an at-will employee, and his employment with us can be terminated by him or us at any time and for any reason.

Mr. Bazemore’s base salary is subject to annual review and adjustment by our compensation committee. Mr. Bazemore’s annual base salary was $535,600, effective January 1, 2024. In addition, Mr. Bazemore is eligible to receive a discretionary bonus in a target amount of 50% of his annual base salary, as determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion.

On March 11, 2019, Mr. Bazemore’s employment letter agreement was amended to revise the severance benefits he is entitled to receive upon termination in connection with the following events. Subject to his execution and nonrevocation of a release of claims in our favor, in the event of the termination of Mr. Bazemore’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason, each as defined in his employment letter agreement, and such termination is not within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, as defined in his employment letter agreement, Mr. Bazemore will be entitled to a lump sum payment in an amount equal to (i) twelve months of his then-current annual base salary, (ii) any bonus earned for the year prior to the year of termination that has not yet been paid, (iii) a pro-rated portion of any bonus attributable to the year of termination based upon performance against company but not individual objectives and (iv) an amount equal to 100% of his target bonus for the year of termination. In addition, Mr. Bazemore is entitled to twelve months of COBRA premiums for continued health benefit coverage on the same terms as were applicable to him prior to his termination and outplacement services for the twelve-month period.

Further, in the event of the termination of Mr. Bazemore’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, Mr. Bazemore will be entitled to a lump sum payment in an amount equal to (i) eighteen months of his then-current annual base salary, (ii) any bonus earned for the year prior to the year of termination that has not yet been paid, (iii) a pro-rated portion of any bonus attributable to the year of termination based upon performance against company but not individual objectives and (iv) 150% of the greater of (A) the average bonus Mr. Bazemore received during the two years prior to termination or resignation, or (B) the target bonus for the year of termination or resignation. In addition, Mr. Bazemore is entitled to eighteen months of COBRA premiums for continued health benefit coverage on the same terms as were applicable to him prior to his termination and outplacement services for the eighteen-month period.

In addition, in the event we terminate his employment without cause or he terminates his employment for good reason, Mr. Bazemore is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of any options and other equity awards granted to him that vest solely based on his continued employment that would have vested if his employment had continued for twelve months following such termination, and any performance-based grants with the performance period ending within one year after the termination shall be treated as having satisfied any service requirement with respect thereto and shall vest subject to, and only to the extent of, the satisfaction of the applicable performance goals at the end of the applicable performance period.

In the event we terminate his employment without cause or he terminates his employment for good reason in contemplation of a change of control, as defined in the letter agreement, or within the twenty-four-month period following a change of control, Mr. Bazemore is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of 100% of any options and other equity awards granted to him that vest solely based on his continued employment, and any performance based grants with a performance period ending within one year after the termination will be treated as having satisfied any service requirement with respect such grant, and will vest subject to, and only to the extent of, the satisfaction of the applicable performance goals at the end of the applicable performance period.

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Letter Agreement with Dr. Brazzell

Dr. Brazzell was appointed to serve on a full-time basis as our Chief Medical Officer pursuant to a letter agreement with us dated May 10, 2016, which amended and restated a prior letter agreement. Dr. Brazzell is an at-will employee, and his employment with us can be terminated by him or us at any time and for any reason.

Brazzell’s base salary is subject to annual review and adjustment by our compensation committee. Dr. Brazzell’s annual base salary was $520,000, effective January 1, 2024. In addition, Dr. Brazzell is eligible to receive a discretionary bonus in a target amount of 45% of his annual base salary, as determined by our compensation committee in its sole discretion.

On March 11, 2019, Dr. Brazzell’s employment letter agreement was amended to revise the severance benefits he is entitled to receive upon termination in connection with the following events. Subject to his execution and nonrevocation of a release of claims in our favor, in the event of the termination of Dr. Brazzell’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason, each as defined in his employment letter agreement, and such termination is not within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, as defined in his employment letter agreement, Dr. Brazzell will be entitled to a lump sum payment in an amount equal to (i) twelve months of his then-current annual base salary, (ii) any bonus earned for the year prior to the year of termination that has not yet been paid, (iii) a pro-rated portion of any bonus attributable to the year of termination based upon performance against company but not individual objectives and (iv) an amount equal to 100% of his target bonus for the year of termination. In addition, Dr. Brazzell is entitled to twelve months of COBRA premiums for continued health benefit coverage on the same terms as were applicable to him prior to his termination and outplacement services for the twelve-month period.

Further, in the event of the termination of Dr. Brazzell’s employment by us without cause or by him for good reason within the twenty-four month period following a change of control, Dr. Brazzell will be entitled to a lump sum payment in an amount equal to (i) eighteen months of his then-current annual base salary, (ii) any bonus earned for the year prior to the year of termination that has not yet been paid, (iii) a pro-rated portion of any bonus attributable to the year of termination based upon performance against company but not individual objectives and (iv) 150% of the greater of (A) the average bonus Dr. Brazzell received during the two years prior to termination or resignation, or (B) the target bonus for the year of termination or resignation. In addition, Dr. Brazzell is entitled to eighteen months of COBRA premiums for continued health benefit coverage on the same terms as were applicable to him prior to his termination and outplacement services for the eighteen-month period.

In addition, in the event we terminate his employment without cause or he terminates his employment for good reason, Dr. Brazzell is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of any options and shares granted to him that vest solely based on his continued employment that would have vested if his employment had continued for twelve months following such termination. In the event of a change of control, as defined in his employment letter agreement, during his employment, Dr. Brazzell is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of 100% of any options and restricted shares granted to him that vest solely based on his continued employment, and certain options are exercisable for a period of up to six months following his termination date.

In addition, in the event we terminate his employment without cause or he terminates his employment for good reason within the twenty-four-month period following a change of control, Dr. Brazzell is entitled to the automatic vesting and exercisability of any options and shares granted to him following a change of control that vest solely based on his continued employment and have not vested.

Employee Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Confidentiality, and Assignment of Inventions Agreements

Each of our named executive officers has entered into a standard form agreement with respect to non-competition, non-solicitation, confidential information and assignment of inventions. Under this agreement, each executive officer has agreed not to compete with us during his or her employment and for a period of one year after the termination of his or her employment and to protect our confidential and proprietary information indefinitely. Under this agreement, each of Mr. Iwicki and Dr. Brazzell has agreed not to solicit our employees or consultants during his employment and for a period of twelve months after the termination of his employment, and Mr. Bazemore has agreed not to solicit our

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employees or consultants during his employment and for a period of eighteen months after the termination of his employment, and each executive officer has agreed to protect our confidential and proprietary information indefinitely. In addition, under this agreement, each executive officer has agreed that we own all inventions, as defined in the agreement, that are developed during such executive officer’s employment and for a period of one year after the termination of his or her employment, to the extent such invention is our field of interest, as defined in the agreement. Each executive officer also agreed to assign to us any inventions which were not prepared or originated in the performance of employment but that were provided to us or incorporated into any of our products or systems.

Stock Option and Other Compensation Plans

In this section we describe our 2009 Plan, our Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan and our Amended and Restated 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2017 ESPP. Prior to our IPO, which closed on July 25, 2017, we granted awards to eligible participants under the 2009 Plan. Following the closing of our IPO, we ceased granting awards under the 2009 Plan and started granting awards to eligible participants under the 2017 Plan.

2009 Plan

Our 2009 Plan was adopted by our board of directors and approved by our stockholders on December 11, 2009 and subsequently amended by our board in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The 2009 Plan provided for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified options, shares, restricted or otherwise, of our common stock, and other stock-based awards. We refer to awards granted under our 2009 Plan as stock rights. Our employees, directors and consultants were eligible to receive stock rights under our 2009 Plan; however incentive stock options could only be granted to our employees who are deemed to be residents of the United States.

The type of stock right granted under our 2009 Plan and the terms of such stock right are set forth in the applicable stock right award agreement. Our board of directors (or a committee to which our board delegates its authority) administers the 2009 Plan. Subject to the provisions of the 2009 Plan, our board of directors is authorized to:

Effect of certain changes in capitalization

If our shares of common stock are subdivided or combined into a greater or smaller number of shares, if we issue shares of common stock as a stock dividend, or if we make any distribution of additional, new or different shares or securities of ours or any distribution of non-cash assets with respect to our shares of common stock, then, subject to the terms of the 2009 Plan, our board of directors shall proportionately and appropriately adjust:

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Effect of certain corporate transactions

In the event that we are consolidated with or acquired by another entity in a merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets (other than a transaction to merely change the state of incorporation), which we refer to as corporate transactions, our board of directors, or the board of directors of any entity assuming our obligations under the 2009 Plan, must take one of the following actions pursuant to the 2009 Plan as to outstanding options, subject to the terms of the 2009 Plan:

If there is a corporate transaction, our board of directors, or the board of directors of any entity assuming our obligations under the 2009 Plan, must take one of the following actions pursuant to the 2009 Plan as to outstanding stock grants, restricted or otherwise, subject to the terms of the 2009 plan:

In taking any of the above actions with respect to stock rights, our board of directors will not be obligated to treat all stock rights, all stock rights held by a participant, or all stock rights of the same type, identically.

As of April 1, 2024, options to purchase 26 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2009 Plan at a weighted average exercise price of $193.00 per share.

We no longer grant awards under our 2009 Plan; however, awards outstanding under our 2009 Plan continue to be governed by their existing terms.

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Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan

Our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, which became effective on July 19, 2017, was adopted by our board of directors and approved by our stockholders in July 2017, and an amendment to our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan was adopted by our board of directors in April 2020 and approved by our stockholders at the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders. Our Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan, which became effective on June 22, 2023, was adopted by our board of directors in May 2023 and by our stockholder June 2023, and amends and restates our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended.

The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan is the sum of: (1) 1,569,136; plus (2) such additional number of shares (up to 70,675) that remained available for grant under the 2009 Plan at the time of our IPO and the number of shares of our common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2009 Plan that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, cancelled, forfeited or repurchased by us at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right; plus (3) an annual increase, to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and continuing until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2033, equal to the lower of (i) 4% of the sum of (I) the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the first day of such fiscal year and (II) the number of shares of common stock issuable upon any conversion of any outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock (without giving effect to any restrictions or limitations on conversion) on such date and (ii) an amount determined by our board of directors. The number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2017 Plan further increased, pursuant to the terms of the 2017 Plan, by an additional 327,070 shares, effective as of January 1, 2024.

Our employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2017 Plan. Incentive stock options, however, may only be granted to our employees. Subject to certain adjustments, awards with respect to no more than 7,738,761 shares of common stock may be granted in the form of incentive stock options during the term of the 2017 Plan. For a description of the limitations on non-employee director compensation under our 2017 Plan, see “Director Compensation” below.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2017 Plan, our board of directors (or a committee delegated by our board of directors or, subject to certain limitations, officers delegated by our board of directors) administers the plan and, subject to any limitations in the plan, selects the recipients of awards and determines:

If our board of directors delegates authority to an executive officer to grant awards under the 2017 Plan, the executive officer will have the power to make awards to all of our employees, except executive officers. Our board of directors will fix the terms of the awards to be granted by such executive officer, including the exercise price of such awards (which may include a formula by which the exercise price will be determined), and the maximum number of shares subject to awards that such executive officer may make.

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Effect of certain changes in capitalization

Upon the occurrence of any stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, combination of shares, reclassification of shares, spin-off or other similar change in capitalization or event, or any dividend or distribution to holders of our common stock other than an ordinary cash dividend, our board of directors shall equitably adjust:

Effect of certain corporate transactions

Upon a merger or other reorganization event (as defined in our 2017 Plan), our board of directors may, on such terms as our board determines (except to the extent specifically provided otherwise in an applicable award agreement or other agreement between the participant and us), take any one or more of, or a combination of, the following actions pursuant to the 2017 Plan as to some or all outstanding awards, other than restricted stock awards:

Our board of directors does not need to take the same action with respect to all awards, all awards held by a participant or all awards of the same type.

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In the case of certain restricted stock units, no assumption or substitution is permitted, and the restricted stock units will instead be settled in accordance with the terms of the applicable restricted stock unit agreement.

Upon the occurrence of a reorganization event other than a liquidation or dissolution, the repurchase and other rights with respect to outstanding restricted stock awards will continue for the benefit of the successor company and will, unless our board of directors may otherwise determine, apply to the cash, securities or other property into which shares of our common stock are converted or exchanged pursuant to the reorganization event. Upon the occurrence of a reorganization event involving a liquidation or dissolution, all restrictions and conditions on each outstanding restricted stock award will automatically be deemed terminated or satisfied, unless otherwise provided in the agreement evidencing the restricted stock award or any other agreement between the participant and us.

At any time, our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, provide that any award under the 2017 Plan will become immediately exercisable in full or in part, free of some or all restrictions or conditions, or otherwise realizable in whole or in part as the case may be.

No award may be granted under the 2017 Plan on or after June 22, 2033. Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the 2017 Plan at any time, except that stockholder approval may be required to comply with applicable law or stock market requirements.

As of April 1, 2024, options to purchase 951,103 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2017 Plan at a weighted average exercise price of $13.27 per share, and 1,521 options to purchase shares of our common stock had been exercised. As of April 1, 2024, restricted stock units with respect to 830,515 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2017 Plan.

As of April 1, 2024, 92,062 shares of common stock were available for future issuance under our 2017 Plan.

Amended and Restated 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Our 2017 ESPP, which became effective on July 19, 2017, was adopted by our board of directors and approved by our stockholders in July 2017 and amended and restated by our board of directors in December 2018. The 2017 ESPP is administered by our board of directors or by a committee appointed by our board of directors. The 2017 ESPP initially provides participating employees with the opportunity to purchase an aggregate of 4,466 shares of our common stock. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 ESPP will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and ending on December 31, 2029, in an amount equal to the lowest of: (1) 17,868 shares of our common stock; (2) 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable fiscal year; and (3) an amount determined by our board of directors. The number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2017 ESPP has increased each year, pursuant to the foregoing evergreen provision, on the first of January beginning in 2019.

All of our employees and employees of any of our designated subsidiaries, as defined in the 2017 ESPP, are eligible to participate in the 2017 ESPP, provided that:

We retain the discretion to determine which eligible employees may participate in an offering under applicable Treasury regulations.

We may make one or more offerings to our eligible employees to purchase stock under the 2017 ESPP beginning at such time and on such dates as our board of directors may determine, or the first business day thereafter. Each offering

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will consist of a six-month offering period during which payroll deductions will be made and held for the purchase of our common stock at the end of the offering period. Our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board, may, at its discretion, choose a different period of not more than 12 months for offerings. Offering periods under our 2017 ESPP commenced on each January 1 and July beginning with January 1, 2019.

On each offering commencement date, each participant will be granted the right to purchase, on the last business day of the offering period, up to 500 shares of our common stock. No employee may be granted an option under the 2017 ESPP that permits the employee’s rights to purchase shares under the 2017 ESPP and any other employee stock purchase plan of ours or of any of our subsidiaries to accrue at a rate that exceeds $25,000 of the fair market value of our common stock (determined as of the first day of each offering period) for each calendar year in which the option is outstanding. In addition, no employee may purchase shares of our common stock under the 2017 ESPP that would result in the employee owning 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our stock or the stock of any of our subsidiaries.

On the commencement date of each offering period, each eligible employee may authorize up to a maximum of 15% of his or her compensation to be deducted by us during the offering period. Each employee who continues to be a participant in the 2017 ESPP on the last business day of the offering period will be deemed to have exercised an option to purchase from us the number of whole shares of our common stock that his or her accumulated payroll deductions on such date will buy, not in excess of the maximum numbers set forth above. Under the terms of the 2017 ESPP, the purchase price shall be determined by our board of directors for each offering period and will be at least 85% of the applicable closing price of our common stock. If our board of directors does not make a determination of the purchase price, the purchase price will be 85% of the lesser of the closing price of our common stock on the first business day of the offering period or on the last business day of the offering period.

An employee may at any time prior to the close of business on the fifteenth business day prior to the end of an offering period, and for any reason, permanently withdraw from participation in an offering prior to the end of an offering period and permanently withdraw the balance accumulated in the employee’s account. Any balance remaining in an employee’s payroll deduction account at the end of an offering period will be automatically refunded to the employee. If a participating employee’s employment ends before the last business day of an offering period, no additional payroll deductions will be taken and the balance in the employee’s account will be paid to the employee.

We are required to make equitable adjustments to the extent determined by our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors to the number and class of securities available under the 2017 ESPP, the share limitations under the 2017 ESPP and the purchase price for an offering period under the 2017 ESPP to reflect stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations, combinations of shares, reclassifications of shares, spin-offs and other similar changes in capitalization or events or any dividends or distributions to holders of our common stock other than ordinary cash dividends.

In connection with a merger or other reorganization event (as defined in the 2017 ESPP), our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors may take any one or more of the following actions as to outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock under the 2017 ESPP on such terms as our board of directors or committee determines:

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Our board of directors may at any time, and from time to time, amend or suspend the 2017 ESPP, or any portion of the 2017 ESPP. We will obtain stockholder approval for any amendment if such approval is required by Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. Further, our board of directors may not make any amendment that would cause the 2017 ESPP to fail to comply with Section 423 of the Code. The 2017 ESPP may be terminated at any time by our board of directors. Upon termination, we will refund all amounts in the accounts of participating employees.

401(k) Plan

We maintain a defined contribution employee retirement plan for our employees. Our 401(k) plan is intended to qualify as a tax-qualified plan under Section 401 of the Code so that contributions to our 401(k) plan, and income earned on such contributions, are not taxable to participants until withdrawn or distributed from the 401(k) plan. Our 401(k) plan provides that each participant may contribute up to 90% of his or her pre-tax compensation, up to a statutory limit, which was $22,500 for 2023 and is $23,000 for 2024. Participants who are at least 50 years old can also make “catch-up” contributions, which in 2023 was up to an additional $7,500 above the statutory limit and in 2024 is up to an additional $7,500 above the statutory limit. We also make discretionary matching contributions to our 401(k) plan equal to 50% of the employee contributions up to 4% of the employee’s salary, subject to the statutorily prescribed limit, which was equal to $22,500 in 2023 and $23,000 in 2024. The discretionary matching contributions were capped at $6,600 in 2023 and will be capped at $6,900 in 2024. Under our 401(k) plan, each employee is fully vested in his or her deferred salary contributions and our discretionary match. Employee contributions are held and invested by the plan’s trustee, subject to participants’ ability to give investment directions by following certain procedures.

Pay Versus Performance Disclosure

The following tables and related disclosures provide information about (i) the “total compensation” of our CEO, and our other named executive officers (the “Other NEOs” or the “Non-CEO NEOs”) as presented in the Summary Compensation Table on page 29 of this proxy statement, (ii) the “compensation actually paid” to our CEO and our Other NEOs, as calculated pursuant to the SEC’s pay-versus-performance rules, (iii) certain financial performance measures, and (iv) the relationship of the “compensation actually paid” to those financial performance measures.

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This disclosure has been prepared in accordance with Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and does not necessarily reflect value actually realized by the executives or how our compensation committee evaluates compensation decisions in light of company or individual performance.

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For the equity values included in the above tables, the valuation assumptions used to calculate fair values of stock options were materially different from those disclosed at the time of the grant of the stock options. The assumptions used in determining fair value of the stock options that vested during 2021, 2022 and 2023, or that were outstanding as of December 31, 2021, December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2023, as applicable, are as follows:

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Description of Relationship Between NEO Compensation Actually Paid and Company Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”)

The following chart sets forth the relationship between Compensation Actually Paid to our CEO, the average of Compensation Actually Paid to our Non-CEO NEOs, and the Company’s TSR over the fiscal three year period from 2021 through 2023.

Description of Relationship Between NEO Compensation Actually Paid and Net Income/(Loss)

The following chart sets forth the relationship between Compensation Actually Paid to our CEO, the average of Compensation Actually Paid to our Non-CEO NEOs, and the Company’s Net Income (Loss) over the fiscal three year period from 2021 through 2023.

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Rule 10b5-1 Sales Plans

Our directors and executive officers have adopted and may in the future adopt written plans, known as Rule 10b5-1 plans, in which they will contract with a broker to buy or sell shares of our common stock on a periodic basis. Under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the director or officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from the director or officer. It also is possible that the director or officer could amend or terminate the plan when not in possession of material, nonpublic information. In addition, our directors and executive officers may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 plan when they are not in possession of material, nonpublic information.

Anti-Hedging Policies

Our insider trading policy expressly prohibits all of our employees, including our executive officers, and our directors from engaging in any purchases of financial instruments (including prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds) or other transactions that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, any decrease in the market value of our securities.

Dodd-Frank Compensation Recovery Policy or “Clawback” Policy

Effective October 2, 2023, we adopted a compensation recovery policy in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5608, which implements Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act. The policy provides that, in the event that we are required to prepare an accounting restatement due to our material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under U.S. federal securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period, we will attempt to recover, reasonably promptly from each covered executive, any erroneously awarded incentive-based compensation received by our covered executives during the recovery period under the policy. The policy is administered by our compensation committee.

For purposes of this policy, covered executives means any person who served as an executive officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) at any time during the performance period for the applicable incentive-based compensation. Incentive-based compensation means any compensation that is granted, earned or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of (i) measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing our financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures, (ii) stock price and (iii) total shareholder return. Erroneously awarded incentive-based compensation means the amount of incentive-based compensation that was received that exceeds the amount of incentive-based compensation that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated amounts, computed without regard to any taxes paid by the covered executives (or by us on their behalf). If the incentive-based compensation is based on our stock price or total shareholder return and the amount of the erroneously awarded incentive-based compensation is not subject to recalculation directly from the information in an accounting restatement, the amount to be recovered shall be based on a reasonable estimate by the compensation committee of the effect of the accounting restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the incentive-based compensation was received. The policy does not apply to incentive-based compensation received prior to October 2, 2023 or to incentive-based compensation that was received by a covered executive before beginning service as an executive officer.

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Director Compensation

The table below shows all compensation to our non-employee directors during 2023.

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Mr. Iwicki, one of our directors who also serves as our Chief Executive Officer, does not receive any additional compensation for his service as a director. The compensation that we pay to our Chief Executive Officer is discussed under “-Summary Compensation Table” and “-Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table.”

Narrative Disclosure to Director Compensation Table

Option Exchange Program

The following non-employee directors surrendered all of their then-outstanding options for replacement RSUs in the Option Exchange Program, as follows:

Modification to Equity Awards

Mr. Paull did not participate in the Option Exchange Program. In August 2023, our board of directors approved the extension of the exercise period of his vested options for 1,738 shares of common stock to June 22, 2025.

Director Compensation Policy

During the year ended December 31, 2023, our non-employee directors were entitled to compensation for their services on our board of directors as follows:

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Each member of our board of directors also is entitled to be reimbursed for reasonable travel and other expenses incurred in connection with attending meetings of our board of directors and any committee of our board of directors on which he or she serves.

Effective June 2023, pursuant to the terms of the 2017 Plan, the maximum aggregate amount of cash and value of awards (calculated based on grant date fair value for financial reporting purposes) granted in any calendar year to any individual non-employee director for services as a director shall not exceed $750,000 in the case of an incumbent director; provided, however, that such maximum aggregate amount shall not exceed $1 million in any calendar year for any individual non-employee director for services as a director in such non-employee director’s initial year of election or appointment. Fees paid by us on behalf of any non-employee director in connection with regulatory compliance, amounts paid and the value of equity awards granted pursuant to a bona fide consulting agreement for services other than as a director and any amounts paid to a non-employee director as reimbursement of an expense will not count against the foregoing limit. Our board of directors may make exceptions to this limit for individual non-employee directors in extraordinary circumstances, as our board of directors may determine in its discretion, provided that the non-employee director receiving such additional compensation may not participate in the decision to award such compensation.

Our board of directors has made the following modifications to the director compensation policy in effect for directors serving during the year ending December 31, 2024:

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Additional Equity Awards to Non-Employee Directors

In addition to the annual equity awards under our director compensation policy, our board of directors also granted the following equity awards to our non-employee directors in June 2023:

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Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table contains information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had three equity compensation plans, our 2009 Plan, our 2017 Plan and our 2017 ESPP, each of which was approved by our stockholders. We have also made inducement awards to certain new hires, which awards were not approved by our stockholders.

Equity Compensation Plan Information