Otonomy 10Q 2022 Q3 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number: 001-36591

Otonomy, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

26-2590070

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

4796 Executive Drive

San Diego, California 92121

(619) 323-2200

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share	OTIC	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001, outstanding as of November 4, 2022 was 57,153,490.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


	Page

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	4

Item 1. Financial Statements	4

Condensed Balance Sheets	4

Condensed Statements of Operations	5

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss	6

Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	7

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows	9

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements	10

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29

Item 4. Controls and Procedures	29

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	30

Item 1. Legal Proceedings	30

Item 1A. Risk Factors	30

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	66

Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities	66

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	66

Item 5. Other Information	66

Item 6. Exhibits	67

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Otonomy, Inc.

Condensed Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	September 30,			December 31,
	2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	40,146		$	77,412
Prepaid and other current assets		3,766			3,056
Total current assets		43,912			80,468
Restricted cash		703			702
Property and equipment, net		1,431			1,771
Right-of-use assets		11,481			12,696
Total assets	$	57,527		$	95,637
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	616		$	1,090
Accrued expenses		2,643			4,338
Accrued compensation		2,330			3,450
Debt, current		16,130			—
Leases, current		3,532			3,455
Total current liabilities		25,251			12,333
Long-term debt, net of current		-			15,997
Leases, net of current		10,879			12,400
Total liabilities		36,130			40,730
Commitments and Contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; no shares issued or outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 57,062,447 and 56,732,474 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		57			57
Additional paid-in capital		615,826			610,655
Accumulated deficit		(594,486	)		(555,805	)
Total stockholders’ equity		21,397			54,907
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	57,527		$	95,637

See accompanying notes.

Otonomy, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Product sales, net	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	125
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of product sales		—			—			—			370
Research and development		8,410			8,978			27,048			24,995
Selling, general and administrative		3,431			3,501			10,702			11,213
Total costs and operating expenses		11,841			12,479			37,750			36,578
Loss from operations		(11,841	)		(12,479	)		(37,750	)		(36,453	)
Other income (expense)
Interest income		220			9			320			35
Interest expense		(427	)		(410	)		(1,251	)		(1,184	)
Net loss	$	(12,048	)	$	(12,880	)	$	(38,681	)	$	(37,602	)

Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.19	)	$	(0.57	)	$	(0.61	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted		68,128,113			67,792,425			68,008,741			61,969,780

See accompanying notes.

Otonomy, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Net loss	$	(12,048	)	$	(12,880	)	$	(38,681	)	$	(37,602	)
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		—			(1	)		—			(1	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(12,048	)	$	(12,881	)	$	(38,681	)	$	(37,603	)

See accompanying notes.

Otonomy, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit			Equity
Balance at June 30, 2022 (unaudited)		56,990,363	$	57	$	614,458	$	—	$	(582,438	)	$	32,077
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (unaudited)		72,084		—		—		—		—			—
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (unaudited)		—		—		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		1,368		—		—			1,368
Net loss (unaudited)		—		—		—		—		(12,048	)		(12,048	)
Balance at September 30, 2022 (unaudited)		57,062,447	$	57	$	615,826	$	—	$	(594,486	)	$	21,397


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income			Deficit			Equity
Balance at June 30, 2021 (unaudited)		56,681,315	$	57	$	606,941	$	1		$	(529,346	)	$	77,653
Stock-based compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		1,766		—			—			1,766
Net loss (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			(12,880	)		(12,880	)
Unrealized loss on available- for-sale securities (unaudited)		—		—		—		(1	)		—			(1	)
Balance at September 30, 2021 (unaudited)		56,681,315	$	57	$	608,707	$	—		$	(542,226	)	$	66,538

See accompanying notes.

Otonomy, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021		56,732,474	$	57	$	610,655	$	—	$	(555,805	)	$	54,907
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (unaudited)		284,680		—		41		—		—			41
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (unaudited)		45,293		—		74		—		—			74
Stock-based compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		5,056		—		—			5,056
Net loss (unaudited)		—		—		—		—		(38,681	)		(38,681	)
Balance at September 30, 2022 (unaudited)		57,062,447	$	57	$	615,826	$	—	$	(594,486	)	$	21,397


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020		48,318,970	$	48	$	570,841	$	1		$	(504,624	)	$	66,266
Issuance of common stock and pre- funded warrants, net of issuance costs (unaudited)		8,298,890		9		32,198		—			—			32,207
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options (unaudited)		2,836		—		6		—			—			6
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (unaudited)		60,619		—		122		—			—			122
Stock-based compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		5,540		—			—			5,540
Net loss (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			(37,602	)		(37,602	)
Unrealized loss on available- for-sale securities (unaudited)		—		—		—		(1	)		—			(1	)
Balance at September 30, 2021 (unaudited)		56,681,315	$	57	$	608,707	$	—		$	(542,226	)	$	66,538

See accompanying notes.

Otonomy, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(38,681	)	$	(37,602	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		668			648
Stock-based compensation		5,056			5,540
Amortization of premiums on short-term investments		—			77
Amortization of debt discount		133			130
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		—			727
Loss on disposal of equipment		7			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid and other assets		(710	)		(911	)
Accounts payable		(442	)		(315	)
Accrued expenses		(1,684	)		172
Accrued compensation		(1,120	)		(990	)
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, net		(229	)		(126	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(37,002	)		(32,650	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Maturities of short-term investments		—			50,245
Purchases of property and equipment		(378	)		(296	)
Proceeds from disposition of business		—			768
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(378	)		50,717
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs		—			32,207
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs		—			674
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		41			6
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		74			122
Net cash provided by financing activities		115			33,009
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(37,265	)		51,076
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		78,114			31,469
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	40,849		$	82,545

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	40,146		$	81,843
Restricted cash at end of period		703			702
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	40,849		$	82,545

Supplemental cash flow disclosures
Cash paid for interest	$	1,099		$	1,054

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	42		$	—

See accompanying notes.

Otonomy, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(unaudited)

1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Description of Business

Otonomy, Inc. (Otonomy or the Company) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on May 6, 2008. Otonomy is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the development of innovative therapeutics for neurotology. The Company pioneered the application of drug delivery technology to the ear and utilized this expertise and proprietary position to develop products that achieve sustained drug exposure from a single local administration.

Recent Developments

In August 2022, Otonomy announced that its OTO-313 product candidate for tinnitus demonstrated no clinically meaningful improvement versus placebo in a Phase 2 clinical trial. Based on these negative results, the Company announced its plan to discontinue development of OTO-313, shift its clinical focus to OTO-413 for hearing loss, and implement other measures to extend the cash runway. Subsequently, the Company announced its plan to reduce its workforce by approximately 55% and to sublease its facility. As of September 30, 2022, all activities related to the reduction in workforce were completed; however, the Company has not subleased its facility.

In October 2022, Otonomy announced that the clinical evaluation of higher doses for OTO-413 (0.75 mg and 1.50 mg) in patients with hearing loss demonstrated no clinically meaningful improvement for patients from baseline across multiple speech-in-noise hearing tests. These results are in contrast to the positive clinical signal observed with 0.3 mg OTO-413 versus placebo in the previous Phase 1/2 and Phase 2a trial cohorts using the same study design and endpoints.

In light of the challenging financing environment, the Company also announced in October 2022 its intention to explore strategic options to realize value from its pipeline including OTO-413 and OTO-825, a gene therapy for congenital hearing loss. Strategic options could include a possible merger, business combination, sale of assets, wind-down, liquidation and dissolution or other strategic transaction. Following this announcement, the Company has paused its product development activities and taken other steps to reduce costs in order to preserve its cash resources.

Liquidity and Financial Condition

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern, which requires that management perform a two-step analysis over its ability to continue as a going concern. Management must first evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern and to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (step 1). If management concludes that substantial doubt is raised, management is also required to consider whether its plans alleviate that doubt (step 2).

The Company has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since inception. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $40.1 million, outstanding debt of $16.1 million and an accumulated deficit of $594.5 million. In October 2022, the Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million. Management concluded that the balance of cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund the Company’s planned expenditures and meet its obligations for the twelve months following the financial statement issuance date without raising additional funding or making changes to operating plans or programs to reduce expenses. As a result, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months following the issuance date of the condensed financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Management believes that the Company’s liquidity position provides sufficient runway to operate as a public company and support the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from its pipeline. The condensed financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim condensed financial statements are unaudited. These unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and following the requirements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by GAAP can be condensed or omitted. In the Company’s opinion, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation

of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. These condensed financial statements do not include all disclosures required by GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022. The results presented in these unaudited condensed financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any other interim period or any future year or period.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of product sales and expense during the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and anticipated actions it may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately materially differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, we assess potential impairments to our long-lived assets, including property, equipment and our right-of-use assets, when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We recognize an impairment loss when the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by an asset (or group of assets) are less than the asset’s carrying value. Any required impairment loss would be measured as the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its fair value and would be recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset and charged to results of operations.

Assumptions and estimates used in evaluating our definite-lived assets future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy, internal forecasts and clinical trial results. For example, if we experience a sustained decline in our market capitalization determined to be indicative of a reduction in fair value of our enterprise, we may be required to record future impairment charges for our long-lived assets with finite lives. Impairment charges could materially decrease our future net income and result in lower asset values on the balance sheets.

In each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded an impairment to property and equipment, net of approximately $0.1 million. No impairment was recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2021. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded an impairment to property and equipment, net of $0.7 million, respectively. No impairments were recorded during the nine months ended September 31, 2022 or 2021 related to the Company’s right-of-use assets.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments include cash, cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued compensation and long-term debt. The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, other long-term assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and accrued compensation approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Based on Level 3 inputs and the borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms, the Company believes the fair value of long-term debt approximates its carrying value.

Risks and Uncertainties Related to COVID-19

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic could pose significant risks to the Company’s business; however, the ultimate impact of the pandemic is highly uncertain.

Given the unprecedented and evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the rise of new variants, there continues to be significant uncertainty about the progression and ultimate impact of the pandemic on the Company’s operations. The Company has taken steps to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its clinical trials, including developing processes to ensure the integrity of data collection from enrolled patients and supporting sites’ ability to enroll patients, among other activities. Nonetheless the Company does not know the full extent of potential future delays or impacts on its business operations, its preclinical programs and clinical trials, healthcare systems, its financial condition, or the global economy as a whole resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

In addition, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company has taken steps to protect the health and safety of its employees and community by following directives from the State of California and the applicable local governments, and guidance

from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Various safety protocols have been implemented and the Company is currently allowing employees who can remotely perform their essential functions to work from home.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Not Yet Adopted

In June 2016, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13) was issued, as amended. ASU 2016-13 introduces the current expected credit loss model, which will require an entity to measure credit losses for certain financial instruments and financial assets. ASU 2016-13 will also apply to receivables arising from revenue transactions such as accounts receivable. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-13 to have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

3. Available-for-Sale Securities

The Company invests in available-for-sale debt securities consisting of money market funds, certificates of deposit, U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. government sponsored enterprise securities. Available-for-sale debt securities are classified as part of cash and cash equivalents in the condensed balance sheets. Available-for-sale debt securities with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase have been classified as cash equivalents and were $35.7 million and $71.5 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company held no available-for-sale debt securities with maturities of more than three months from the date of purchase as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had no securities in a gross unrealized loss position. At each reporting date, the Company performs an evaluation of impairment to determine if any unrealized losses are other-than-temporary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is other-than-temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment until recovery of its amortized cost basis. The Company intends, and has the ability, to hold any investments in unrealized loss positions until their amortized cost basis has been recovered. The Company determined there were no other-than-temporary declines in the value of any available-for-sale securities as of September 30, 2022. The Company obtains the fair value of its available-for-sale debt securities from a professional pricing service.

4. Balance Sheet Details

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and are depreciated over the lesser of the remaining term of the related lease or the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Property and equipment, net is comprised of the following (in thousands):


	September 30,			December 31,
	2022			2021
Laboratory equipment	$	4,495		$	4,252
Manufacturing equipment	—				82
Computer equipment and software		1,503			1,488
Leasehold improvements		851			822
Office furniture		1,507			1,507
		8,356			8,151
Less: accumulated depreciation		(6,925	)		(6,380	)
Total	$	1,431		$	1,771

Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses are comprised of the following (in thousands):


	September 30,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Accrued clinical trial costs	$	847	$	1,279
Accrued other		1,796		3,059
Total	$	2,643	$	4,338

5. Commitments and Contingencies

Intellectual Property Licenses

The Company has acquired exclusive rights to develop patented rights, information rights and related know-how for OTO-313 and OTO-413 and potential future product candidates under licensing agreements with third parties. The licensing rights obligate the Company to make payments to the licensors for license fees, milestones and royalties. The Company is also responsible for patent prosecution costs, in the event such costs are incurred. In September and October 2022, the Company cancelled certain agreements related to the development of OTO-313. No fees were incurred as a result of the termination of these agreements. As a result, potential milestone payments due under those agreements have been excluded from the below table.

The Company may be obligated to make additional milestone payments under the Company’s intellectual property license agreements covering OTO-413 as follows (in thousands):


Development	$	500
Regulatory		1,925
Commercialization		-
Total	$	2,425

Other Royalty Arrangements

In October 2014, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Ipsen that enables the Company to use clinical and nonclinical gacyclidine data generated by Ipsen to support worldwide development and regulatory filings for OTO-313. Under this license agreement, the Company is obligated to pay Ipsen low single-digit royalties on annual net sales of OTO-313 by the Company or its affiliates or sublicensees, up to a maximum cumulative royalty totaling $10.0 million. In October 2022, the Company terminated its agreement with Ipsen. No fees were incurred as a result of the termination of this agreement and the Company has no further financial obligations under the license agreement.

6. Fair Value

The accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistency framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. These tiers are based on the source of the inputs and are as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company held no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The following fair value hierarchy table presents the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2022:
Assets
Money market funds	$	35,730	$	35,730	$	—	$	—
	$	35,730	$	35,730	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2021:
Assets
Money market funds	$	71,493	$	71,493	$	—	$	—
	$	71,493	$	71,493	$	—	$	—

7. Leases

Operating Leases

The Company has existing operating leases for certain office equipment and its facility with initial terms ranging from 36 months to 130 months. The facility lease has an option for the Company to extend the lease term for an additional five years; however, it is not reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option to renew when the lease term ends in 2027, and thus, the incremental term was excluded from the calculation of the lease liability. The Company has the right to terminate the lease at the end of the 94th month of the lease term if it is acquired by a third party and pays an early termination fee. The Company’s restricted cash consists of cash maintained in separate deposit accounts to secure a letter of credit issued by a bank to the landlord under the facility lease. In August 2022, the Company announced, as part of certain restructuring activities, that it was planning to sublease its facility lease. As of September 30, 2022, the facility had not been subleased. As of September 30, 2022, the Company evaluated its right-of-use assets in accordance with ASC 360 and determined the right-of-use assets were not impaired.

Finance Leases

In November 2021, the Company entered into a lease for certain computer equipment with an initial term of 48 months, which includes an option to purchase the equipment at the end of the lease term that is not reasonably certain to be exercised. The lease payment includes customary principal and interest as well as costs related to the installation and setup of the equipment. The associated right-of-use asset is recognized within property and equipment, net on the condensed balance sheets and is being amortized over four years in accordance with the Company’s standard depreciation and amortization policies.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Lease expenses:	2022		2021
Operating lease expenses		2,336		2,380
Variable lease expenses		697		704
Total lease expenses	$	3,033	$	3,084


Lease Maturities:	Operating Leases			Finance Leases			Total
Remaining in 2022		848			25			873
2023		3,464			91			3,555
2024		3,554			91			3,645
2025		3,642			83			3,725
2026		3,751			-			3,751
2027		2,891			-			2,891
Total minimum lease payments		18,150			290			18,440
Imputed interest		(3,991	)		(38	)		(4,029	)
Total		14,159			252			14,411
Less: leases, current		(3,439	)		(93	)		(3,532	)
Leases, net of current	$	10,720		$	159		$	10,879

8. Debt

On December 31, 2018 (the Closing Date), the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the Loan Agreement), among the Company, Oxford Finance LLC, as collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto from time to time. On June 2, 2021 (the

New Closing Date), the Company entered into the Third Amendment to the Loan Agreement (the Third Amendment and together with the Loan Agreement, the Loan Agreements), which amends the Loan Agreement. The Third Amendment was accounted for as a modification.

The Loan Agreement provides for a $15.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the Original Term Loan) and the Third Amendment provides for an additional $1.0 million term loan (the New Term Loan and together with the Original Term Loan, the Term Loans). The proceeds of the Term Loans may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Company had the right to prepay the Original Term Loan in whole or in part at any time, subject to a prepayment fee of 1.00%. Under the Third Amendment, the Company has the right to prepay the Term Loans in whole or in part at any time, subject to a prepayment fee of 3.00% if prepaid on or prior to the first anniversary of the New Closing Date, 2.00% if prepaid after the first anniversary of the New Closing Date and on or prior to the second anniversary of the New Closing Date, and 1.00% thereafter. Amounts prepaid or repaid under the Term Loans may not be reborrowed. The Original Term Loan was fully funded on the Closing Date and the New Term Loan was fully funded on the New Closing Date. The Original Term Loan’s maturity was extended under the Third Amendment from December 1, 2023 to April 1, 2026 (the Maturity Date), and the New Term Loan matures on the Maturity Date. The Company paid a facility fee of 0.75% of the Original Term Loan and customary closing fees on the Closing Date and customary closing fees in respect of the Third Amendment on the New Closing Date.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to the greater of 5.25% and the prime rate as reported in the Wall Street Journal from time to time, plus 3.75% (10.0% as of September 30, 2022, 9.0% is the minimum interest rate). Interest on the Term Loans is payable monthly in arrears. The Company was permitted to make interest-only payments on the Original Term Loan until February 1, 2022, followed by consecutive equal monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears through original maturity on December 1, 2023. Under the Third Amendment, the Company is permitted to make interest-only payments on the Term Loans until June 1, 2023, followed by consecutive equal monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears through the Maturity Date. The Third Amendment also permits the interest-only period to be extended by an additional twelve months subject to the achievement of certain milestones. The outstanding principal amount of the Term Loans, together with accrued and unpaid interest, is due on the Maturity Date.

Upon repayment or acceleration of the Term Loans, a final payment fee equal to 4.00% of the aggregate original principal amount of the Term Loans is payable (the Final Payment Fee). The Final Payment Fee of $0.6 million, as well as the initial facility fee and all other direct fees and costs associated with the Loan Agreements, was recognized as a debt discount. The debt discount is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreements using the effective interest method.

The Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreements are secured by substantially all its assets, excluding intellectual property and subject to certain other exceptions and limitations.

The Loan Agreements contain customary affirmative covenants, including covenants regarding compliance with applicable laws and regulations, reporting requirements, payment of taxes and other obligations, and maintenance of insurance. Further, subject to certain exceptions, the Loan Agreements contain customary negative covenants limiting the ability of the Company to, among other things, sell assets, allow a change of control to occur (if the Term Loans are not repaid), make acquisitions, incur debt, grant liens, make investments, pay dividends or repurchase stock. The Company has maintained compliance with all such covenants to date. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the lenders may declare all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Loan Agreements immediately due and payable, increase the applicable rate of interest by 5.00%, and exercise the other rights and remedies provided for under the Loan Agreements and related loan documents. The events of default under the Loan Agreements include payment defaults, breaches of covenants or representations and warranties, material adverse changes, certain bankruptcy events, cross defaults with certain other indebtedness, and judgment defaults.

Interest expense, including amortization of the debt discount, related to the Loan Agreements totaled $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Accrued interest, included in accounts payable, was $0.1 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The outstanding balance of the Term Loans was $16.1 million and $16.0 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, inclusive of accretion of the final payment and net unamortized debt discount. In October 2022, the Loan Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million. Due to the October 2022 repayment of the Term Loans balance, as of September 30, 2022, the Term Loans balance was reclassified to Debt, current in the condensed balance sheets.

9. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance are as follows:


	September 30,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Common stock options issued and outstanding		12,051,820		11,707,568
Pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock		11,111,110		11,111,110
Common stock reserved and available for future grant under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan		3,727,194		1,500,062
Common stock reserved for issuance under ESPP		3,669,417		2,914,710
Unvested restricted stock units		1,341,436		1,650,250
Total common stock reserved for future issuance		31,900,977		28,883,700

Net Loss Per Share

As of September 30, 2022, potentially dilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share consist of outstanding options to purchase 12,051,820 shares of the Company’s common stock and 1,341,436 unvested restricted stock units. As of September 30, 2021, potentially dilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share consist of outstanding options to purchase 11,493,059 shares of the Company’s common stock and 793,500 unvested restricted stock units.

July 2020 Pre-funded Warrants

In July 2020, the Company sold pre-funded warrants to purchase 4,000,000 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $0.001 per pre-funded warrant, that do not contain an expiration date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, none of the July 2020 pre-funded warrants were exercised; as of September 30, 2022, all of the July 2020 pre-funded warrants remained issued and outstanding.

April 2021 Pre-funded Warrants

In April 2021, the Company sold pre-funded warrants to purchase 7,111,110 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $0.001 per pre-funded warrant, that do not contain an expiration date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, none of the April 2021 pre-funded warrants were exercised; as of September 30, 2022, all of the April 2021 pre-funded warrants remained issued and outstanding.

10. Stock-Based Compensation

The 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2014 Plan) permits the grant of incentive stock options to the Company’s employees and the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units and performance shares to the Company’s employees, directors and consultants. Options granted under the 2014 Plan are generally scheduled to vest over four years, subject to continued service, and subject to certain acceleration of vesting provisions, expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. Options granted under the 2014 Plan must have a per share exercise price equal to at least 100% of the fair market value of a share of the common stock as of the date of grant. Restricted stock units granted under the 2014 Plan are generally scheduled to vest over two to three years. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) rights by estimating the fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, while market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock unit awards. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred. For awards subject to time-based vesting conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the straight-line method.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (share amounts in thousands):


	Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021		11,708		$	4.15
Granted		1,327		$	2.02
Exercised		(23	)	$	1.76
Forfeited		(960	)	$	3.87
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022		12,052		$	3.94

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (share amounts in thousands):


	Restricted Stock Units			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021		1,650		$	2.16
Granted		390		$	2.03
Vested		(261	)	$	2.19
Forfeited		(438	)	$	2.12
Unvested as of September 30, 2022		1,341		$	2.13

Total non-cash stock-based compensation expense recognized in the accompanying condensed statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Cost of product sales	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3
Research and development		463		823		2,241		2,440
Selling, general and administrative		905		943		2,815		3,097
Total stock-based compensation	$	1,368	$	1,766	$	5,056	$	5,540

11. Collaboration Agreements

AGTC collaboration

In October 2019, the Company announced a strategic collaboration with Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) to co-develop and co-commercialize an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy to restore hearing in patients with sensorineural hearing loss caused by a mutation in the gap junction beta-2 (GJB2) gene. Under the collaboration agreement, the Company and AGTC equally shared the program costs and any revenue or other proceeds related to the program through December 31, 2021. Effective January 1, 2022, the collaboration agreement was amended to increase the Company’s responsibility for the overall development and commercialization of the program, which resulted in: (i) an increase in the Company’s share of future product development costs and (ii) the Company’s obligation to make potential future payments including royalties on any product sales in lieu of equal sharing of any profits or proceeds related to the program.

Co-Promotion Agreement

The Company entered into a co-promotion agreement with ALK-Abelló, Inc. (ALK) in June 2020, (the Co-Promotion Agreement) to support the promotion of OTIPRIO for the treatment of acute otitis externa (AOE) in physician offices. During the term of the Co-Promotion Agreement, ALK reimbursed the Company for certain expenses, including a proportion of product support expenses; such payments were accounted for as reductions to selling, general and administrative expense. ALK was entitled to a share of gross profits totaling more than 50% from the sale of OTIPRIO to its accounts. The Company’s payments to ALK for its portion of the gross profit were recognized as selling, general and administrative expense. The Company was the principal in the product sale of OTIPRIO and recognized all revenue and related cost of product sales. The Company recognized reductions in selling, general and administrative expenses related to the Co-Promotion Agreement of $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. In May 2021, the Company sold the assets related to its OTIPRIO business to ALK.

12. Disposition of a Business

On May 28, 2021, the Company sold the assets related to OTIPRIO to ALK for an upfront payment of $0.8 million and additional potential amounts based on net sales of OTIPRIO for a specified period of time. The transaction was treated as a sale of a business. The contingent value of the remaining sale price will be measured and recognized in accordance with the gain contingency guidance which results in recognition when the gain is realized or realizable. The Company determined that the disposition of the business did not constitute a strategic shift and that it did not and will not have a major effect on its operations and financial results. Accordingly, the operations associated with the disposition are not reported in discontinued operations. The gain on sale of approximately $23,000 after accounting for liabilities transferred upon sale and the carrying amount of assets sold is recorded to selling, general and administrative expenses.

13. Restructuring Charges

In August 2022, the Company announced a reduction in workforce and recorded total severance costs of $1.4 million in the condensed statements of operations, of which $1.3 million and $0.1 million was recognized in research and development expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, $0.2 million unpaid severance costs associated with the Company’s reduction in workforce are included in accrued compensation in the condensed balance sheets. Remaining severance costs were paid during the fourth quarter of 2022. To preserve cash resources during its evaluation of strategic options, the Company made additional reductions in its workforce during October 2022 and incurred related expenses.


ITEM 2.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These statements generally relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

•

our expectations regarding the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our pipeline including OTO-413 and OTO-825;

•

the size of the market opportunity and the number of patients who suffer from the diseases and disorders we are targeting;

•

our expectations regarding the future development of OTO-413 in hearing loss patients;

•

our expectations regarding the future development of OTO-825 for congenital hearing loss and our collaboration with AGTC;

•

our expectations regarding the potential impacts on our business, preclinical programs and clinical trials due to the COVID-19 pandemic;

•

the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals;

•

our plans regarding the use of contract manufacturers for the production of our product candidates for clinical trials and, if approved, commercial use;

•

our plans and ability to effectively establish and manage our own sales and marketing capabilities, or seek and establish collaborative partners, to commercialize our products;

•

our ability to advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;

•

the implementation of our business model, strategic plans for our business, product candidates and technology;

•

the initiation, timing, progress and results of future nonclinical studies and clinical trials;

•

the scope of protection we are able to obtain and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates and technology;

•

estimates of our expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and our needs for, and intention to seek, additional financing;

•

our financial performance;

•

our expectations and statements regarding the benefits, pricing, market size, opportunity and growth potential for OTO-413 and OTO-825, if approved for commercial use;

•

our expectations and statements regarding the adoption and use of OTO-413 and OTO-825, if approved;

•

our expectations regarding potential coverage and reimbursement relating to OTO-413 and OTO-825, if approved, or any other approved product candidates;

•

accounting principles, policies and estimates;

•

developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry; and

•

the sufficiency of our existing cash and cash equivalents to fund our operations.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including but not limited to: delays and disruption resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and governmental responses to the pandemic, including current and future impacts to our operations, our limited operating history and our expectation that we will incur significant losses for the foreseeable future; our ability to obtain additional financing; the advancement of our product candidates, such as OTO-413 and

OTO-825 through clinical development to regulatory approval and commercialization, the uncertainties inherent in the clinical drug development process, including, without limitation, our ability to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, the nonclinical and clinical results for our product candidates, which may not support further development, and challenges related to patient enrollment in clinical trials; our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates; side effects or adverse events associated with our product candidates; competition in the biopharmaceutical industry; our dependence on third parties to conduct nonclinical studies and clinical trials; our dependence on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates; our ability to protect our intellectual property related to our product candidates in the United States and throughout the world; expectations regarding potential market size, opportunity and growth; our ability to manage operating expenses; implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business, product candidates and technology; the risk of the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the termination of promotional or collaboration agreements and other risks. These forward-looking statements reflect our beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates and assumptions as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are subject to risks and uncertainties.

We discuss many of these risks in greater detail in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Part II, Item 1A and elsewhere in this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make.

Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We qualify all the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q by these cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Otonomy, the Otonomy logo, OTIVIDEX and other trademarks or service marks of Otonomy appearing in this report are the property of Otonomy. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders. We have generally omitted the ®, ™ and other designations, as applicable, for the trademarks used in this report.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance, and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the development of innovative therapeutics for neurotology. We pioneered the application of drug delivery technology to the ear and have utilized that expertise and proprietary position to develop products that achieve sustained drug exposure from a single local administration.

In August 2022, we announced that our OTO-313 product candidate for tinnitus demonstrated no clinically meaningful improvement versus placebo in a Phase 2 clinical trial. Based on these negative results, we announced our plan to discontinue development of OTO-313, shift our clinical focus to OTO-413 for hearing loss, and implement other measures to extend our cash runway. Subsequently, we announced our plan to reduce our workforce by approximately 55% and to sublease our facility. As of September 30, 2022, all activities related to our reduction in workforce were completed; however, we have not subleased our facility.

In October 2022, we announced that the clinical evaluation of higher doses for OTO-413 (0.75 mg and 1.50 mg) in patients with hearing loss demonstrated no clinically meaningful improvement for patients from baseline across multiple speech-in-noise hearing tests. These results are in contrast to the positive clinical signal observed with 0.3 mg OTO-413 versus placebo in the previous Phase 1/2 and Phase 2a trial cohorts using the same study design and endpoints.

In light of the challenging financing environment, we also announced our intention to explore strategic options to realize value from our pipeline including both OTO-413 and OTO-825, a gene therapy for congenital hearing loss. Strategic options could include a possible merger, business combination, sale of assets, wind-down, liquidation and dissolution or other strategic transaction. Following

this announcement, the Company has paused its product development activities and taken other steps to reduce costs in order to preserve its cash resources.

We have a limited operating history. Since our inception in 2008, we have devoted substantially all our efforts to developing and commercializing OTIPRIO, developing OTIVIDEX, OTO-313 and our current product candidates, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $40.1 million and an outstanding principal debt balance of $16.1 million. In October 2022, the Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million.

We have never been profitable, and as of September 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $594.5 million. Our net losses were $38.7 million and $37.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Substantially all our net losses have resulted from research and development expenses related to our clinical trials and product development activities, commercialization expenses to launch OTIPRIO in the U.S. market, and other general and administrative expenses.

In November 2008, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Regents of the University of California (UC). Under the license agreement, UC granted us an exclusive license under their rights to patents and applications that are co-developed and co-owned with us for the treatment of human otic diseases. Our financial obligations under the license agreement include development and regulatory milestone payments of up to $2.7 million per licensed product, of which $1.9 million has been paid for OTIPRIO, $0.8 million has been paid for OTIVIDEX, $0.4 million has been paid for OTO-413, and $0.1 million has been paid for OTO-311, and a low single-digit royalty on net sales by us or our affiliates of licensed products. In addition, for each sublicense we grant we are obligated to pay UC a fixed percentage of all royalties as well as a sliding-scale percentage of non-royalty sublicense fees received by us under such sublicense, with such percentage depending on the licensed product’s stage of development when sublicensed to such third party. We have the right to offset a certain amount of third-party royalties, milestone fees or sublicense fees against the foregoing financial obligations, provided such third-party royalties or fees are paid by us in consideration for intellectual property rights necessary to commercialize a licensed product.

In October 2019, we announced a strategic collaboration with Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) to co-develop and co-commercialize an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy to restore hearing in patients with sensorineural hearing loss caused by a mutation in the GJB2 gene. Under the collaboration agreement, the Company and AGTC equally shared the program costs and any revenue or other proceeds related to the program through December 31, 2021. Effective January 1, 2022, the collaboration agreement was amended to increase the Company’s responsibility for the overall development and commercialization of the program, which resulted in: (i) an increase in the Company’s share of future product development costs and (ii) the Company’s obligation to make potential future payments including royalties on any product sales in lieu of equal sharing of any profits or proceeds related to the program.

Given the unprecedented and evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the rise of new variants, there continues to be significant uncertainty about the progression and ultimate impact of the pandemic on our business operations. We have taken steps to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our clinical trials, including developing processes to ensure the integrity of data collection from enrolled patients and supporting sites’ ability to enroll patients, among other activities. Nonetheless, we do not know the full extent of potential future delays or impacts on our business operations, our preclinical programs and clinical trials, healthcare systems, our financial condition, or the global economy as a whole resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

In addition, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have taken steps to protect the health and safety of our employees and community by generally adopting policies in line with directives from the State of California and the applicable local governments, and guidance from the CDC. Various safety protocols have been implemented and we are currently allowing employees who can remotely perform their essential functions to work from home as this was determined to be in the best interest of our employees and the communities in which we operate.

Financial Operations Overview

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses

Our research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the nonclinical and clinical development of our product candidates.

Our research and development expenses include:

•

employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense;

•

external development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as fees paid to contract research organizations (CROs) in connection with nonclinical studies and clinical trials, costs of acquiring and evaluating clinical trial data such as investigator grants, patient screening fees, laboratory work and statistical compilation and analysis, and fees paid to consultants;

•

costs to acquire, develop and manufacture clinical trial materials, including fees paid to contract manufacturers;

•

payments related to licensed product candidates and technologies with no alternative future use;

•

costs related to compliance with drug development regulatory requirements; and

•

facilities expenses which include allocated expenses for amortization of right-of-use assets, depreciation and other overhead expenses, and direct costs for laboratory and other supplies.

We expense our internal and third-party research and development expenses as incurred.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Third-party development costs:
OTO-313	$	1,129	$	3,586	$	6,580	$	7,640
OTO-413		999		487		2,189		1,352
OTO-825		1,223		—		2,629		—
OTIVIDEX		13		24		14		407
Total third-party development costs		3,364		4,097		11,412		9,399
Other unallocated internal research and development costs		5,046		4,881		15,636		15,596
Total research and development costs	$	8,410	$	8,978	$	27,048	$	24,995

Completion dates and completion costs can vary significantly for each of our clinical development programs and are difficult to predict. We therefore cannot estimate with any degree of certainty the costs we will incur. We anticipate that we will make determinations as to which programs and product candidates to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program and product candidate on an ongoing basis in response to the results of ongoing and future clinical trials, regulatory developments, and our ongoing assessments as to each current or future product candidate’s commercial potential. We are currently focused on the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our product candidates. To this end, we may enter into agreements in the future in order to conduct clinical trials and gain regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot forecast which programs or product candidates may be subject to future collaborations, if any, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and overall capital requirements.

The costs of clinical trials may vary significantly over the life of a program owing to the following:

•

per patient trial costs;

•

the number of sites included in the trials;

•

the countries in which the trials are conducted;

•

changes in regulatory and legal requirements for clinical trials;

•

the length of time required to enroll eligible patients;

•

the number of patients that participate in the trials;

•

the number of doses that patients receive;

•

the drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;

•

potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested by regulatory agencies;

•

the duration of patient follow-up;

•

the phase of development of the product candidate;

•

the manufacturing process and complexity of, expiration of, and amount of the drug product required for the clinical trials;

•

the efficacy and safety profile of the product candidate; and

•

the impacts of COVID-19.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense, as well as other related costs for our employees and consultants in executive, administrative, finance and human resource functions. Other selling, general and administrative expenses include facility-related costs not otherwise included in research and development, costs associated with prosecuting and maintaining our patent portfolio and corporate legal expenses, costs required for public company activities and infrastructure necessary for the general conduct of our business, and OTIPRIO product support expenses and profit-sharing fees payable to our co-promotion partners, which are reduced by payments received from them.

We expect to incur ongoing expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with stock exchange listing and SEC requirements, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums, and investor relations-related expenses required to support operations as a public company.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) primarily consists of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and interest expense related to our long-term debt and finance leases.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed financial statements. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to net product sales, accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on our historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in the accounting policies described in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022, have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements, so we consider them to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Clinical Trial Expense Accruals

We estimate expenses resulting from our obligations under contracts with vendors, CROs and consultants and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts vary and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided.

We record clinical trial expenses in the period in which services are performed and efforts are expended. We accrue for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by patient progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. We

estimate accruals through financial models taking into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress of trials. During the course of a clinical trial, we may adjust our clinical accruals if actual results differ from our estimates. We estimate accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. Our clinical trial accruals are dependent upon accurate reporting by CROs and other third-party vendors. Although we do not expect our estimates to differ materially from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no material adjustments to our prior period estimates of accrued expenses for clinical trials.

Stock-based Compensation

We recognize non-cash expense for the fair value of all stock options and other share-based awards. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model to calculate the fair value of stock options, using the single-option award approach and straight-line attribution method. For stock option and restricted stock unit grants, we recognize the fair value as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each respective stock option or restricted stock unit, generally between two and four years.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth the significant components of our results of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		Change
Research and development	$	8,410	$	8,978	$	(568	)
Selling, general and administrative		3,431		3,501		(70	)

Research and development expenses. The decrease of $0.6 million resulted from a number of activities including: (i) a $1.3 million increase in OTO-825 development costs; (ii) a $0.5 million increase in OTO-413 development costs, (iii) a $0.4 million increase in personnel costs due to severance benefits; offset by (iv) a $2.4 million decrease in OTO-313 clinical trial and development costs, and (v) a $0.4 million decrease in stock compensation costs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses were consistent for the periods presented above.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth the significant components of our results of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		Change
Research and development	$	27,048	$	24,995	$	2,053
Selling, general and administrative		10,702		11,213		(511	)

Research and development expenses. The increase of $2.1 million resulted from a number of activities including: (i) a $2.7 million net increase in OTO-825 development costs,; (ii) a $0.9 million net increase in OTO-413 clinical trial costs, (iii) a $0.9 million net increase in personnel costs due to severance benefits; offset by (iv) a $1.0 million net decrease in facilities and other operating expenses mainly due to the impairment of OTIVIDEX manufacturing equipment in early 2021, (v) a $1.1 million net decrease in OTO-313 clinical and development costs, and (vi) a $0.3 million decrease in OTIVIDEX clinical trial and development costs primarily due to discontinuation of development activities following completion of the Phase 3 clinical trial in 2021.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. The decrease of $0.5 million is due primarily to lower corporate and patent legal fees.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. As of September 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $594.5 million and we expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses to continue to be substantial for the foreseeable future and, as a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain through one or more public or private equity or debt financings, or other sources such as potential collaboration arrangements. However, additional capital may not be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms, if at all.

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $40.1 million. In October 2022, the Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million. We believe that the balance of cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund our planned expenditures and meet our obligations for the twelve months following the financial statement issuance date without raising additional funding or making changes to operating plans or programs to reduce expenses. As a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months following the issuance date of the condensed financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. However, we believe that our liquidity position provides sufficient runway to operate as a public company and support the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our pipeline. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those described in “Risk Factors”.

The following table sets forth a summary of the primary sources and uses of cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	2022			2021
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(37,002	)	$	(32,650	)
Investing activities		(378	)		50,717
Financing activities		115			33,009
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(37,265	)	$	51,076

Operating activities. The primary uses of cash were to fund increased levels of development activities for our product candidates. We expect to continue the use of cash for development of our product candidates for the foreseeable future.

Net cash used in operating activities was $37.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $32.7 million, for the prior year period. The $4.3 million increase in the utilization of cash was primarily due to an increase in operating losses compared to the prior year period.

Investing activities. The primary source of cash from investing activities was from maturities of short-term investments and the primary use of cash from investing activities was for capital expenditures.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $50.7 million during the prior year period. The decrease in net cash provided by investing activities was primarily due to net maturities of short-term investments in the prior year period.

Financing activities. The primary sources of net cash provided by financing activities were net proceeds from the sale of our equity securities.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $33.0 million during the prior year period. The decrease was related to proceeds from the issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants and proceeds from the debt modification during the prior year period.

At-the-Market Offering Program

In August 2019, we entered into a sales agreement (Sales Agreement) with Cowen and Company, LLC (Cowen) to sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $40.0 million, from time to time, through an “at-the-market” equity

offering program under which Cowen will act as sales agent or principal. Under the Sales Agreement, we set the parameters for the sale of shares, including the number or dollar value of shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, limitation on the number of shares that may be sold in any one trading day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. The Sales Agreement provides that Cowen will be entitled to compensation for its services that will equal 3.0% of the gross sales price per share of all shares sold through Cowen under the Sales Agreement. The Sales Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale of placement shares equaling sales proceeds of $40.0 million and may be terminated earlier by either us or Cowen upon five days’ notice. We have no obligation to sell any shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitation and offers under the Sales Agreement. In August 2021, we filed a prospectus supplement in connection with an “at-the-market” offering under which we may sell shares of common stock for up to an aggregate of $40.0 million, and entered into a superseding sales agreement with Cowen on terms substantially similar to the Sales Agreement. Through September 30, 2022, we have not sold any shares under the Sales Agreement.

Term Loans

Oxford Loans

On December 31, 2018 (the Closing Date), we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC (the Loan Agreement). On June 2, 2021 (the New Closing Date), we entered into the Third Amendment to the Loan Agreement (the Third Amendment and together with the Loan Agreement, the Loan Agreements), which amends the Loan Agreement. The Third Amendment was accounted for as a modification. The Loan Agreement provides for a $15.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the Original Term Loan) and the Third Amendment provides for an additional $1.0 million term loan (the New Term Loan and together with the Original Term Loan, the Term Loans). The proceeds of the Term Loans may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. We had the right to prepay the Original Term Loan in whole or in part at any time, subject to a prepayment fee of 1.00%. Under the Third Amendment, we have the right to prepay the Term Loans in whole or in part at any time, subject to a prepayment fee of 3.00% if prepaid on or prior to the first anniversary of the New Closing Date, 2.00% if prepaid after the first anniversary of the New Closing Date and on or prior to the second anniversary of the New Closing Date, and 1.00% thereafter. Amounts prepaid or repaid under the Term Loans may not be reborrowed. The Original Term Loan was fully funded on the Closing Date and the New Term Loan was fully funded on the New Closing Date. The Original Term Loan’s maturity was extended under the Third Amendment from December 1, 2023 to April 1, 2026 (the Maturity Date), and the New Term Loan matures on the Maturity Date. We paid a facility fee of 0.75% of the Original Term Loan and customary closing fees on the Closing Date and customary closing fees in respect of the Third Amendment on the New Closing Date.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to the greater of 5.25% and the prime rate as reported in the Wall Street Journal from time to time, plus 3.75% (10.0% as of September 30, 2022, 9.0% is the minimum interest rate). Interest on the Term Loans is payable monthly in arrears. We were permitted to make interest-only payments on the Original Term Loan until February 1, 2022, followed by consecutive equal monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears through original maturity on December 1, 2023. Under the Third Amendment, we are permitted to make interest-only payments on the Term Loans until June 1, 2023, followed by consecutive equal monthly payments of principal and interest in arrears through the Maturity Date. The Third Amendment also permits the interest-only period to be extended by an additional twelve months subject to the achievement of certain milestones. The outstanding principal amount of the Term Loans, together with accrued and unpaid interest, is due on the Maturity Date. The net outstanding balance of the Term Loans was $16.1 million as of September 30, 2022.

Upon repayment or acceleration of the Term Loans, a final payment fee equal to 4.00% of the aggregate original principal amount of the Term Loans is payable (the Final Payment Fee). The Final Payment Fee of $0.6 million, as well as the initial facility fee and all other direct fees and costs associated with the Loan Agreements, was recognized as a debt discount. The debt discount is amortized to interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreements using the effective interest method.

Our obligations under the Loan Agreements are secured by substantially all of our assets, excluding intellectual property and subject to certain other exceptions and limitations.

The Loan Agreements contain customary affirmative covenants, including covenants regarding compliance with applicable laws and regulations, reporting requirements, payment of taxes and other obligations, and maintenance of insurance. Further, subject to certain exceptions, the Loan Agreements contain customary negative covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, sell assets, allow a change of control to occur (if the Term Loans are not repaid), make acquisitions, incur debt, grant liens, make investments, pay dividends or repurchase stock. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the lenders may declare all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Loan Agreements immediately due and payable, increase the applicable rate of interest by 5.00%, and exercise the other rights and remedies provided for under the Loan Agreements and related loan documents. The events of default under the Loan Agreements include payment defaults, breaches of covenants or representations and warranties, material adverse changes, certain bankruptcy events, cross defaults with certain other indebtedness, and judgment defaults. In October 2022, the Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million.

Funding Requirements

We expect to continue to incur expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future in order to operate as a public company and support the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our pipeline. We are subject to all the risks incident in the development of new therapeutic products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund our operations for a period of at least twelve months from the date of this report without raising additional funding or making changes to operating plans or programs to reduce expenses. In August 2021, we filed with the SEC a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may offer debt securities, preferred stock, common stock and certain other securities from time to time up to a maximum aggregate amount of $150,000,000. In August 2021, we filed a prospectus supplement under such shelf registration statement in connection with an “at-the-market” offering under which we may sell shares of common stock for up to an aggregate of $40.0 million. Additional capital may not be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms, if at all, and our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, it could result in dilution to our existing stockholders, increased fixed payment obligations and the existence of securities with rights that may be senior to those of our common stock. If we incur indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any collaboration agreements we enter into may provide capital in the near-term but limit our potential cash flow and revenue in the future. Any of the foregoing could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. The amount and timing of future funding requirements, both near- and long-term, will depend on many factors, including:

•

the design, initiation, progress, size, timing, costs and results of nonclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates, including OTO-413 and OTO-825;

•

the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory approvals by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to require that we perform more studies than, or evaluate clinical endpoints other than, those that we currently expect;

•

the revenue generated by our product candidates, if approved;

•

the timing and costs associated with manufacturing our product candidates for clinical trials, nonclinical studies and for commercial sale;

•

the cost of building and maintaining sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any products for which we may receive regulatory approval and commercialize, including related facilities expansion costs;

•

the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue;

•

the potential acquisition and in-licensing of other technologies, products or assets;

•

the extent to which we are required to pay milestone or other payments under our in-license agreements and the timing of such payments;

•

the cost of obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation;

•

the cost associated with legal and regulatory compliance;

•

our need to expand our development activities, including our need and ability to hire and adequately compensate additional employees;

•

the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•

the costs associated with being a public company;

•

the effect of competing technological and market developments; and

•

the cost of litigation, including potential patent litigation.

If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.


ITEM 3.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), we are not required to provide the information required by this item.


ITEM 4.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial and Business Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2022. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial and Business Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations of Disclosure Controls and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Because of their inherent limitations, our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent material errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to risks, including that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with our policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION


ITEM 1.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal proceedings relating to claims arising out of our operations. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.


ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the specific factors discussed below, as well as all other information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our financial statements, the notes thereto and the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, operating results, prospects and ability to accomplish our strategic objectives could be materially harmed. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our operations. The occurrence of any of these known or unknown risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our securities.

Risk Factors Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those outside of our control, that could cause our actual results to be harmed, as fully described below. The principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in our company risky include, among others:

•

We may not be successful in identifying, evaluating and implementing any strategic options and any strategic transaction that we may consummate in the future may not be successful.

•

Our Board may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation as well as the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities.

•

We have a limited operating history and have incurred significant losses since our inception, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, which makes it difficult to assess our future viability. Our condensed financial statements contain a statement regarding a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

•

We have not yet generated significant product revenue and may never become profitable.

•

We will require additional financing to obtain regulatory approval for OTO-413, OTO-825 and any other product candidates, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and development programs, future commercialization efforts, or other operations.

•

A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, or the perception of its effects, could materially and adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

•

We are dependent upon the advancement of our product candidates, such as OTO-413 and OTO-825, through clinical development to regulatory approval and commercialization.

•

Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results, and our clinical trials may fail to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates.

•

We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization and have a material adverse effect on our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.

•

Use of our product or product candidates could be associated with undesirable side effects or adverse events that could halt their clinical development, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

•

Our product candidates, such as OTO-413, and OTO-825, that obtain regulatory approval, may fail to achieve the broad degree of market acceptance and use necessary for commercial success, and market opportunity for these products may be smaller than we estimate.

•

Our product candidates, if approved, may face significant competition in the biopharmaceutical industry, and our failure to effectively compete with competitor drugs, including off-label drug use, and future competitors may prevent us from achieving significant market penetration and expansion.

•

We rely on third parties to conduct many of our nonclinical studies and all our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for, or commercialize, our product candidates.

•

If our efforts to protect the intellectual property related to our product and product candidates are not adequate, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.

•

Our business and products are subject to extensive government regulation.

•

Our common stock may be delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market if we do not maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continue listing requirements.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We may not be successful in identifying, evaluating and implementing any strategic options and any strategic transaction

that we may consummate in the future may not be successful.

In October 2022, we announced our intention to explore strategic options to realize value from our pipeline including OTO-413 and OTO-825. Strategic options could include a possible merger, business combination, sale of assets, wind-down, liquidation and dissolution or other strategic transaction. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully consummate any particular strategic transaction. The process of continuing to evaluate these strategic options may be very costly, time-consuming and complex and we may incur significant costs related to this continued evaluation. We may also incur additional unanticipated expenses in connection with this process. A considerable portion of these costs will be incurred regardless of whether any such course of action is implemented or transaction is completed. Any such expenses will decrease the remaining cash available for use in our business and may diminish or delay any future distributions to our stockholders.

In addition, there can be no assurances that any particular course of action, business arrangement or transaction, or series of transactions, will be pursued, successfully consummated, lead to increased stockholder value, or achieve the anticipated results. Any failure of such potential transaction to achieve the anticipated results could significantly impair our ability to enter into any future strategic transactions and may significantly reduce or delay any future distributions to our stockholders.

There can be no assurance that a strategic transaction will be completed and our Board may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such decision and, as with the passage of time the amount of cash available for distribution will be reduced as we continue to fund our operations. In addition, if our Board were to approve and recommend, and our stockholders were to approve, a dissolution and liquidation, we would be required under Delaware corporate law to pay our outstanding obligations, as well as to make reasonable provision for contingent and unknown obligations, prior to making any distributions in liquidation to our stockholders. As a result of this requirement, a portion of our assets may need to be reserved pending the resolution of such obligations and the timing of any such resolution is uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to litigation or other claims related to a dissolution and liquidation. If a dissolution and liquidation were pursued, our Board, in consultation with our advisors, would need to evaluate these matters and make a determination about a reasonable amount to reserve. Accordingly, holders of our common stock could lose all or a significant portion of their investment in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up.

We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. We are not profitable and have incurred losses in each year since we commenced operations in 2008. In addition, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry. Drug development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. To date, we have obtained U.S. regulatory approval and launched a single product, OTIPRIO, but did not generate significant revenue, and we have decided not to pursue further development of our product candidate OTIVIDEX and OTO-313 following clinical trials that failed to achieve the primary endpoint. Our primary focus is currently on the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our pipeline including OTO-413, for general hearing loss, and OTO-825, for congenital hearing loss.

We have recorded net losses of $38.7 million and $37.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $594.5 million. We continue to incur losses and research and development expenses related to our clinical trials and product development activities and other selling, general and administrative expenses. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance, particularly since we expect our expenses to increase if and when our product candidates progress through clinical development as product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our working capital, our ability to fund the development of our product candidates and our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and the performance of our stock.

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $40.1 million. In October 2022, the Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million. We believe that the balance of cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund our planned expenditures and meet our obligations for the twelve months following the financial statement issuance date without raising additional funding or making changes to operating plans or programs to reduce expenses. As a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months following the issuance date of the condensed financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to obtain additional funding or adjust operating plans or programs and associated spending. If we are not able to secure adequate additional funding, we may be forced to make reductions in spending, extend payment terms with suppliers, liquidate assets where possible, and/or suspend or curtail planned programs. Any of these actions could materially harm our business, results of operations, and future prospects.

We have not generated significant product revenue and may never become profitable.

We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. Our ability to achieve significant revenue and profitability is dependent on our ability to complete the development of our product candidates, obtain necessary regulatory approvals and successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved. We may never succeed in these activities and may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. We launched OTIPRIO in March 2016, but we did not generate significant revenue. In June 2020, we entered into a co-promotion agreement for OTIPRIO with ALK and, in May 2021, we sold our assets related to OTIPRIO to ALK. We have decided not to pursue further development of our product candidate OTIVIDEX and OTO-313 following clinical trials that failed to achieve the primary endpoint. Our primary focus is currently on the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our pipeline including OTO-413, for general hearing loss, and OTO-825, for congenital hearing loss.

We currently have no sales and marketing capabilities. Any failure or delay in developing our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or entering promotional partnerships could adversely impact the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, if approved, either on our own or through partnering with one or more third parties, our future product revenue may suffer and we could incur significant additional losses. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital and any failure to become and remain profitable may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, our ability to raise capital, and our viability.

Since our inception, most of our resources have been dedicated to the development of OTIPRIO and our product candidates, OTIVIDEX, OTO-313 and OTO-413. In particular, conducting clinical trials for OTO-413 and conducting further development of OTO-825 will require substantial funds. We have funded our operations primarily through the sale and issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants, convertible preferred stock and convertible notes. As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $40.1 million and an outstanding debt balance of $16.1 million, net of debt discounts. In October 2022, the Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance LLC was terminated in connection with our payment of all amounts due and owing thereunder of approximately $17.0 million. Development of OTO-413, OTO-825 and any other product candidates we may choose to pursue will require us to expend substantial resources. These expenditures will include costs associated with manufacturing, preparing regulatory submissions, conducting nonclinical studies and clinical trials and marketing and selling any products approved for sale. We cannot estimate with reasonable certainty the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

•

the timing of, and the costs involved in, nonclinical and clinical development and obtaining regulatory approvals for OTO-413, OTO-825 or any other product candidates;

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the cost of manufacturing our product candidates, if approved;

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the revenue generated by our product candidates, if approved;

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the cost of commercialization activities for any of our product candidates that may be approved for sale, if any, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

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the number and characteristics of any other product candidates we develop or acquire;

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our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing, development or commercialization arrangements and the terms and timing of such arrangements;

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the degree and rate of market acceptance of any approved products;

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the emergence, approval, availability, perceived advantages, relative cost, relative safety and relative efficacy of other products or treatments;

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the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel;

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the costs associated with being a public company;

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the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation;

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the costs associated with legal and regulatory compliance;

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the extent to which we are required to pay milestone or other payments under our in-license agreements and the timing of such payments; and

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the cost of litigation, including any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products.

Additional capital may not be available when we need it, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In addition, our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed or on acceptable terms would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy, and we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and drug development programs, clinical trials, future commercialization efforts, or other development activities or operations.

If we raise additional capital through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product or product candidates, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. In addition, we have a sales agreement in place with Cowen to sell up to $40.0 million worth of shares of our common stock, from time to time, through an “at-the-market” equity offering program under which Cowen will act as sales agent or principal. As of September 30, 2022, $40.0 million worth of shares of our common stock remained available for sale under the “at-the-market” equity offering program. If we raise additional capital through our “at-the-market” equity offering program, or other public or private equity offerings,

the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted and the terms of any new equity securities may have preferential rights over our common stock. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt or making capital expenditures or specified financial ratios, any of which could restrict our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates or operate as a business. Any collaboration agreements we enter into may provide capital in the near-term but limit our potential cash flow and revenue in the future. Any of the foregoing could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, or the perception of its effects, could materially and adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

Outbreaks of epidemic, pandemic or contagious diseases, such as COVID-19, could significantly disrupt our business. Such outbreaks pose the risk that we or our employees, contractors, suppliers, and other partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time due to spread of the disease, or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by federal, state and local governmental authorities. Business disruptions could include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to travel, as well as temporary closures of our facility, the facilities of our partners, clinical trial sites, service providers, suppliers or contract manufacturers. While it is not possible at this time to estimate the overall impact that the COVID-19 pandemic could have on our business, the continued rapid spread of COVID-19, both across the United States and through much of the world, and the measures taken by the governments of countries and local authorities affected has disrupted and could delay our ongoing clinical trials, and could disrupt and delay our preclinical activities, the manufacture or shipment of both drug substance and finished drug product for preclinical testing and clinical trials and adversely impact our business, financial condition or operating results.

For example, the state of California, where our corporate offices are located, issued orders in March 2020 for all residents to remain at home, except as needed for essential activities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to these safety protocols, we implemented work from home policies, and we are currently allowing employees who can remotely perform their essential functions to work from home. We have taken steps to protect the health and safety of our employees and community, while working to ensure the sustainability of our business operations as this unprecedented situation continues to evolve. We continue to evaluate the impact COVID-19 may have on our ability to effectively conduct our business operations as planned, and work with healthcare providers supporting our clinical studies to mitigate risk to patients while taking into account regulatory, institutional, and government guidance and policies, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to avoid part or all of any impact from the spread of COVID-19 or its consequences.

We have had clinical trial sites in the United States and Europe, which were affected by travel or quarantine restrictions imposed by federal, state or local governments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the pandemic, enrollment of new patients in our OTIVIDEX trial was being managed on a site by site basis according to local conditions for a time and we temporarily paused new patient enrollment in our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of OTO-413 for a short period and then resumed enrollment on a site by site basis. In light of the significant uncertainty regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we had suspended and subsequently updated our guidance regarding timing of trial results. We may in the future need to further update or suspend such guidance as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we, our CROs, and/or clinical trial sites may need to make certain adjustments to the operation of clinical trials in an effort to ensure the monitoring and safety of patients and minimize risks to trial data integrity during the pandemic in accordance with the guidance issued by the FDA which describes a number of considerations for sponsors of clinical trials impacted by the pandemic, including, among other requirements, the requirements to include in the clinical trial report contingency measures implemented to manage the clinical trial, any disruption of the clinical trial as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and analyses and corresponding discussions that address the impact of implemented contingency measures on the safety and efficacy results reported for the clinical trial. To the extent we (or our third party suppliers and manufacturers, CROs, clinical trial sites and vendors) are required to implement additional or to modify existing policies and procedures for our clinical studies and/or manufacturing functions, or if the pandemic significantly impacts recruitment of patients or the conduct of our clinical studies, our anticipated timelines for initiating or completing clinical studies and seeking regulatory approval may be substantially delayed, and we may incur additional costs. Also, to the extent FDA and other regulatory authorities experience any delays or limited resources in reviewing our regulatory applications or requests for meetings and/or guidance, and inspection of manufacturing facilities prior to regulatory approval due to the COVID-19 pandemic or other reasons, we may experience significant delays in our anticipated timelines for our clinical studies and/or seeking regulatory approvals, which could adversely affect our business.

Third-party manufacturers which we use for the supply of materials for our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials are located in countries affected by COVID-19. Should our third-party manufacturers experience extended disruptions, we could experience delays in future trials. We have experienced and may continue to experience longer lead times for certain raw materials and other supplies. Our third-party manufacturers may encounter disruptions in production and supply chain shortages may limit our access to raw materials and other supplies. If our third-party manufacturers or we encounter any such difficulties, our ability to manufacture or supply our product candidates for preclinical studies or clinical trials or, if approved, for commercial sale, could be delayed or halted entirely.

Furthermore, the spread of the virus may affect the operations of key governmental agencies, such as the FDA and similar organizations outside the United States, as well as local regulatory agencies and health officials, which may delay our clinical timelines, the development of our product candidates, and regulatory approval for our product candidates. For example, due to the COVID-19 pandemic various foreign and domestic inspections of facilities were largely placed on hold, although the FDA has been working to resume routine surveillance, bioresearch monitoring and pre-approval inspections on a prioritized basis. The FDA has developed a rating system to assist in determining when and where it is safest to conduct prioritized domestic inspections. In 2020 and 2021, a number of companies announced receipt of complete response letters due to the FDA’s inability to complete required inspections for their applications. In February 2022, the FDA announced that it plans to resume routine domestic surveillance inspections. Although the FDA continues to ensure timely review of applications for medical products during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in line with its user fee performance goals and conducting mission critical domestic and foreign inspections to ensure compliance of manufacturing facilities with FDA Good Manufacturing Practices, the FDA may not be able to continue its current inspection pace, and review timelines could be extended if the FDA is unable to complete the required inspections during the review period. Regulatory authorities outside the U.S. may adopt similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and may experience delays in their regulatory activities. If a prolonged government shutdown or disruption occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions and provide feedback on our clinical development plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our anticipated timelines.

We may be required to develop and implement additional clinical trial policies and procedures designed to help protect subjects from COVID-19. For example, in March 2020, the FDA issued a guidance, which the FDA subsequently updated, on conducting clinical trials during the pandemic, which describes a number of considerations for sponsors of clinical trials impacted by the pandemic, including the requirement to include in the clinical trial report contingency measures implemented to manage the clinical trial, and any disruption of the clinical trial as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, among others. Additional COVID-19 related guidance released by FDA include guidance addressing resuming normal drug and biologics manufacturing operations; manufacturing, supply chain, and inspections; and statistical considerations for clinical trials during the COVID-19 public health emergency. The FDA may issue additional guidance and policies that may materially impact our business and clinical development timelines. Changes to existing policies and regulations can increase our compliance costs or delay our clinical plans, including delays associated with complying with new requirements, impact on the operations of our contract manufacturers, our business, and our ability to obtain sufficient supplies for our clinical development on a timely basis.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease and to address its impact, including on financial markets or otherwise. While the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results is uncertain, a continued and prolonged public health crisis could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. To the extent that COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business in any way, it may also have the effect of heightening the impact of the risk factors outlined in this section.

Risks Related to Our Product Candidates, Business and Strategy

We are dependent upon the clinical, regulatory and commercial success of our product candidates.

Our business depends entirely on the successful discovery, development, regulatory approval and commercialization of product candidates. To date, we have obtained U.S. regulatory approval and launched a single product, OTIPRIO, but did not generate significant revenue, have no other products approved for commercial sale and do not anticipate generating any revenue from product sales of our current product candidates for the next several years, if ever. Our primary focus is currently on the evaluation of strategic options to realize value from our pipeline including OTO-413 for general hearing loss, and OTO-825, for congenital hearing loss. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our ability to achieve several objectives, including:

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successful and timely completion of nonclinical and clinical development of OTO-413 and OTO-825;

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obtaining regulatory approval to commence clinical trials of our product candidates;

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establishing and maintaining relationships with CROs and clinical sites for the clinical development of OTO-413 and OTO-825;

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the initiation and successful patient enrollment and completion of clinical trials on a timely basis;

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the use of, integrity of, patient compliance with, and adequacy of patient reported outcomes in our clinical trials;

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the efficacy and safety profiles that are satisfactory to the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority for marketing approval;

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acceptable frequency and severity of adverse events in the clinical trials;

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timely receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities for any product candidates for which we successfully complete clinical development;

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complying with any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities;

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developing an efficient and scalable manufacturing process for our product candidates;

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establishing and maintaining commercially viable supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide adequate, in both amount and quality, products and services to support clinical development and meet the market demand for our product candidates, if approved;

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successful commercial launch following any marketing approval, including the development of a commercial infrastructure, whether in-house or with one or more collaborators;

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a continued acceptable safety profile following any marketing approval of our product candidates;

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commercial acceptance of our product candidates by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

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identifying, assessing and developing new product candidates;

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obtaining, maintaining and expanding patent protection, trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity, both in the United States and internationally;

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protecting our rights in our intellectual property portfolio;

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defending against third-party infringement claims, if any;

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entering into, on favorable terms, any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements that may be necessary or desirable to develop, manufacture or commercialize our product candidates;

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obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors for our products and patients’ willingness to pay in the absence of such coverage and adequate reimbursement;

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obtaining additional funding to develop and potentially manufacture and commercialize our product candidates;

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addressing any competing therapies and technological and market developments;

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managing costs, including any unforeseen costs, that we may incur as a result of nonclinical study or clinical trial delays due to COVID-19 or other causes; and

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attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel including clinical, scientific, management and administrative personnel.

We may never be successful in achieving our objectives and, even if we do, may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to maintain or further our research and development efforts, raise additional necessary capital, grow our business and continue our operations.

We may also experience delays in developing a sustainable, reproducible and scalable manufacturing process or transferring that process to commercial partners, which may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our product candidates on a timely or profitable basis, if at all. Changes in the manufacturing process or facilities will require further comparability analysis and approval by the FDA before implementation, which could delay our clinical trials and product candidate development, and could require additional clinical trials, including bridging studies, to demonstrate consistent and continued safety and efficacy.

Even if we successfully advance OTO-413 through clinical development, or advance OTO-825 into clinical development, their success will be subject to all the clinical, regulatory and commercial risks described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will ever be able to develop, obtain regulatory approval of, commercialize or generate significant revenue from OTO-413 or OTO-825.

Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy

Clinical testing is expensive, can take many years to complete and its outcome is inherently uncertain. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of nonclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. There is a high failure rate for drugs proceeding through clinical trials, and product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the required safety and efficacy despite having progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials. For instance, our AVERTS-2 Phase 3 clinical trial for OTIVIDEX in Ménière’s disease patients achieved its primary endpoint, while our AVERTS-1 Phase 3 clinical trial and third Phase 3 clinical trial did not, and we have since decided not to pursue any further development of this product candidate. In addition, we recently announced negative clinical results for a Phase 2 trial of OTO-313 in tinnitus patients and have decided not to pursue any further development of this product candidate. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier clinical trials, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. Even if our clinical trials are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates or support the indications which we are pursuing.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary, interim or top-line data from our clinical trials. These interim updates are based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the top-line results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously disclosed. As a result, top-line data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. In addition, we may report interim analyses of only certain endpoints rather than all endpoints. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences between interim data and final data could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. If the preliminary or top-line data that we report differ from late, final or actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize our product candidates may be harmed, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We have in the past experienced delays in our clinical trials and we may in the future. We do not know whether future clinical trials, if any, will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll an adequate number of patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed, suspended or terminated for a variety of reasons, including failure to:

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generate sufficient nonclinical, toxicology, or other in vivo or in vitro data to support the initiation or continuation of clinical trials;

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obtain regulatory approval, or feedback on trial design, to commence a clinical trial;

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identify, recruit and train suitable clinical investigators;

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reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs, and clinical trial sites;

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obtain and maintain institutional review board (IRB) approval at each clinical trial site;

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identify, recruit and enroll suitable patients to participate in a clinical trial;

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have a sufficient number of patients complete a clinical trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;

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ensure clinical investigators observe trial protocol and comply with Good Clinical Practices (GCP) or continue to participate in a clinical trial;

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address any patient safety concerns that arise during the course of a clinical trial;

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address any conflicts and ensure compliance with new or existing laws or regulations;

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add a sufficient number of clinical trial sites;

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timely manufacture sufficient quantities of product candidate for use in clinical trials; or

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have sufficient capital to fund a clinical trial.

Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates on a timely basis if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials. Patient enrollment is affected by many factors, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of and access by patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials, clinicians’ and patients’ or caregivers’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or treatments that may be approved for the indications we are investigating, and factors, including quarantine restrictions, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the data safety monitoring board for such clinical trial or by the FDA or any other regulatory authority, or if the IRBs of the institutions in which such clinical trials are being conducted suspend or terminate the participation of their clinical investigators and sites subject to their review. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

Our product candidates have previously been subject to clinical holds in the past, and we cannot assure you that our product candidates will not be subject to new clinical holds or significant delay in the future.

If we experience delays in the initiation or completion of any clinical trial of our product candidates for any reason, or if any clinical trial is terminated, the commercial prospects of our product candidates may be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The research, development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, approval, promotion, advertising, storage, recordkeeping, marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, and export and import of drug products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and by foreign regulatory authorities in other countries. These regulations differ from country to country. To gain approval to market our product candidates, we must provide clinical data that demonstrates with substantial evidence the safety and efficacy of the product for the intended indication. Other than OTIPRIO in the United States, we have not yet obtained regulatory approval to market any of our other product candidates in the United States or any other country. Our business depends upon obtaining these regulatory approvals.

The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates for many reasons, including:

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our inability to satisfactorily demonstrate that the product candidates are safe and effective for the requested indication;

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the FDA’s disagreement with our trial protocol or the interpretation and analysis of data from nonclinical studies or clinical trials;

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the population studied in the clinical trial may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assess safety in the full population for which we seek approval;

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our inability to demonstrate that clinical or other benefits of our product candidates outweigh any safety or other perceived risks;

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the FDA’s determination that additional nonclinical or clinical trials are required;

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the FDA’s non-approval of the formulation, labeling or the specifications of our product candidates;

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the FDA’s failure to accept the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract, or our inability to manufacture our product candidates pursuant to cGMP; or

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the potential for approval policies or regulations of the FDA to significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval of any regulatory filing for our product candidates, the FDA may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly additional post-approval clinical trials. The FDA may also approve our product candidates for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than we originally requested, and the FDA may not approve the labeling that we believe is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. To the extent we seek regulatory approval in foreign countries, we may face challenges similar to those described above with regulatory authorities in applicable jurisdictions. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approval for any of our product candidates would delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates and would materially adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects.

Use of our product candidates could be associated with undesirable side effects or adverse events that could halt their clinical development, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

Our product candidates could be associated with side effects or adverse events which can vary in severity and frequency. Side effects or adverse events associated with the use of our product candidates may be observed at any time, including in clinical trials or once a product is commercialized, and any such side effects or adverse events may negatively affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates or market our product candidates, if approved. Side effects such as toxicity or other safety issues associated with the use of our product candidates could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the trial, require us to perform additional studies, or halt development or sale of our product candidates or expose us to product liability lawsuits which will harm our business. We may be required by regulatory agencies to conduct additional nonclinical or clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy of our product candidates which we have not planned or anticipated. We cannot assure you that we will resolve any issues related to any product-related adverse events to the satisfaction of the FDA or any regulatory agency in a timely manner or ever, which could harm our business, prospects and financial condition. Any of these occurrences may prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Some patients in our clinical trials have reported adverse events after being treated with OTIPRIO, OTIVIDEX, OTO-313, and OTO-413. For example, in the Phase 1/2 clinical trial for OTO-313, one patient reported symptoms associated with Grade 2 (moderate) stress cardiomyopathy, a serious adverse event, which was determined not to be treatment related, and six other patients reported Grade 1 (mild) or Grade 2 (moderate) adverse events. If we are successful in commercializing our product candidates, the FDA and other foreign regulatory agency regulations will require that we promptly report certain information about adverse medical events if those products may have caused or contributed to those adverse events. The timing of our obligation to report would be triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report adverse events we become aware of within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to appreciate that we have become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of our product candidates. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, the FDA or other foreign regulatory agencies could take action including criminal prosecution, the imposition of civil monetary penalties, seizure of our products, or delay in approval or clearance of future products.

Our product candidates, OTO-413 and OTO-825 or any future product candidates that obtain regulatory approval, may fail to achieve the broad degree of market acceptance and use necessary for commercial success, and market opportunity for these products may be smaller than we estimate.

Our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve market acceptance among physicians and patients, and may not be commercially successful. For example, we launched OTIPRIO in March 2016, but we did not generate significant revenue from sales of OTIPRIO. Since then, we entered into co-promotion agreements with certain partners to support the promotion of OTIPRIO, including most recently with ALK in June 2020 for the promotion of OTIPRIO for the treatment of AOE, which was amended in October 2020 to include promotion of OTIPRIO for use during tympanostomy tube placement (TTP) surgery. In May 2021, we sold our assets related to OTIPRIO to ALK.

There are currently no FDA-approved drug treatments for the indications we are pursuing for our product candidates. Our target indication for OTO-413 is the treatment of speech-in-noise hearing difficulties. A subset of patients with this condition are currently treated with hearing aids. Our target indication for OTO-825 is the treatment of congenital hearing loss due to GJB2 mutation. A subset of patients with this condition are treated with cochlear implants. The commercial success of our product candidates, if approved, will depend significantly on the adoption and use of the resulting products by physicians for approved indications. The decision to elect treatment with any of our product candidates for its intended indication, rather than other products or treatments, may be influenced by a number of factors, including:

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the cost, safety and effectiveness of our products as compared to other products or treatments;

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physician willingness to adopt our product in lieu of other products or treatments;

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ability to gain utilization in facilities responsible for purchasing our products;

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the extent to which physicians recommend our products to their patients;

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patient or caregiver sentiment about the benefits and risks of our products;

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proper training and administration of our products by physicians and medical staff, such that their patients do not experience excessive discomfort during treatment or adverse side effects;

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the procedural risks of injecting the product;

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overcoming any biases physicians or patients may have in favor of other products or treatments;

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patient preference for non-injectable treatments;

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patient or caregiver satisfaction with the results and administration of our product and overall treatment experience, including relative convenience and ease of administration;

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the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts;

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demand for the treatment of the relevant diseases or disorders;

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product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

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the prevalence and severity of any adverse events;

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the revenue and profitability that our products will offer a physician as compared to other products or treatments;

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the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors and government authorities and perceptions regarding such availability; and

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general patient or caregiver confidence, which may be impacted by economic and political conditions.

Our assessment of the potential market opportunity for our product candidates is based on industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties, some of which we commissioned. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe these industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies are reliable, we have not independently verified such data. Similarly, although the studies we have commissioned are based on information that we believe to be complete and reliable, we cannot guarantee that such information is accurate or complete. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities for our product candidates include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. Further, we have commissioned a number of market studies that are specific to us and to our product candidates and used the results of these studies to help assess our market opportunity. While we believe that our internal assumptions and the bases of our commissioned studies are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions or bases. If any of our assumptions or estimates, or these publications, research, surveys or studies prove to be inaccurate, then the actual market for our product candidates may be smaller than we expect, and as a result our product revenue may be limited and it may be more difficult for us to achieve or maintain profitability.

If our product candidates, if approved for use, fail to achieve the broad degree of market acceptance necessary for commercial success, our operating results and financial condition will be adversely affected. In addition, even if any of our products gain acceptance, the markets for treatment of patients with our target indications may not be as significant as we estimate.

Our product candidates, if approved, will face significant competition in the biopharmaceutical industry, and our failure to effectively compete with competitor drugs, including off-label drug use, and future competitors may prevent us from achieving significant market penetration and expansion.

The biopharmaceutical industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. If approved, our products must compete with competitor drugs including off-label drug use by physicians to treat the indications for which we seek approval. We are aware that other companies, such as Acousia Therapeutics GmbH, Akouos, Inc., Altamira Therapeutics Ltd. (formerly Auris Medical Holding AG), AudioCure Pharma GmbH, Audion Therapeutics, Autifony Therapeutics Ltd., BridgeBio Pharma, Inc., Decibel Therapeutics, Inc., Fennec Pharmaceuticals Inc., Frequency Therapeutics, Gateway Biotechnology, Otologic Pharmaceutics Inc., Pipeline Therapeutics, Sensorion SA, Sound Pharmaceuticals Inc., Spiral Therapeutics, and Strekin AG are developing potential products for the treatment of various otic indications, including hearing loss. Many companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have greater resources to discover, obtain patents, develop, test and obtain regulatory approvals for

products, as well as commercialize, market and promote approved products, including communicating the effectiveness, safety and value of products to actual and prospective customers and medical staff. These companies may develop new drugs to treat the diseases and disorders we target or seek to have existing drugs approved for use for new indications that treat the diseases and disorders we target. Mergers and acquisitions in the biopharmaceutical industry may result in even more resources being concentrated in potential competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in this industry. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective, easier to administer or less costly than our product or product candidates.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct many of our nonclinical studies or any of our clinical trials. We rely on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract laboratories, and other third parties, such as CROs, to conduct clinical trials on our product candidates. Third parties play a significant role in the conduct of our clinical trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. These third parties are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that any such third party will devote to our clinical trials. If our CROs or any other third parties upon which we rely for administration and conduct of our clinical trials do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, comply with applicable laws, including with respect to data privacy, or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised or access to such data is impaired due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements, unauthorized system or data access, or for other reasons, or if they otherwise perform in a substandard manner, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to complete development of, obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize our product candidates.

We and the third parties upon whom we rely are required to comply with GCP, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by regulatory authorities around the world for products in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our third parties fail to comply with applicable GCP regulations, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and our submission of marketing applications may be delayed, or the regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before reviewing or approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, a regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply or complied with applicable GCP regulations.

In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with drug supply produced under cGMP regulations, which are enforced by regulatory authorities. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be impacted if our CROs, clinical investigators or other third parties violate federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws. In order for our clinical trials to be carried out effectively and efficiently, it is imperative that our CROs and other third parties communicate and coordinate with one another. Moreover, our CROs and other third parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. Our CROs and other third parties may terminate their agreements with us upon as few as 30 days’ notice under certain circumstances. If our CROs or other third parties conducting our clinical trials do not perform their contractual duties or obligations, experience work stoppages, do not meet expected deadlines, terminate their agreements with us or need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical trial protocols or GCPs, or for any other reason, we may need to conduct additional clinical trials or enter into new arrangements with alternative CROs, clinical investigators or other third parties. We may be unable to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs, clinical investigators or other third parties on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Switching or adding CROs, clinical investigators or other third parties can involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Although we carefully manage our relationship with our CROs, clinical investigators and other third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter such challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely completely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates.

We outsource the manufacture of our product candidates. We do not currently have the infrastructure or internal capability to manufacture supplies of our product candidates for use in development and commercialization. If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of our product candidates for any reason, whether as a result of manufacturing, supply or storage issues or otherwise, our business would be harmed, and we could experience delays, disruptions, suspensions or terminations of, or be required to restart or repeat, any pending or ongoing clinical trials. Although we generally do not begin a clinical trial unless we believe we have a sufficient supply of a product candidate to complete the clinical trial, we may be required to manufacture additional supplies of our product candidates to the extent our estimates of the amounts required prove inaccurate, we suffer unexpected losses of product

candidate supplies, or to the extent that we are required to have fresh product candidate supplies manufactured to satisfy regulatory requirements or specifications. Any significant delay or discontinuation in the supply of a product candidate, or the raw material components thereof, due to the need to replace a contract manufacturer or other third-party manufacturer, could considerably harm our business and delay completion of our clinical trials, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance (including compliance with cGMPs), the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party, and the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us. The facilities used by our third-party manufacturers must be accepted by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted before approval and after we submit our NDA or Biologics License Application (BLA) to the FDA. We do not control the implementation of the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our third-party manufacturers for compliance with the regulatory requirements, for manufacture of both active drug substances and finished drug products. If our third-party manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to applicable specifications in our regulatory applications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, we will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory acceptance of our contract manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract manufacturers or other third-party manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. The failure of our third-party manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates or any other product candidates or products that we may develop. In addition, if the FDA does not accept these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such acceptance in the future, we will need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved. Any failure or refusal to supply the components for our product candidates could delay, prevent or impair our clinical development or commercialization efforts. If our contract manufacturers were to breach or terminate their manufacturing arrangements with us, the development or commercialization of the affected product or product candidates could be delayed, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any change in our manufacturers could be costly because the commercial terms of any new arrangement could be less favorable and because the expenses relating to the transfer of necessary technology and processes could be significant.

We may encounter issues with manufacturing as we commercialize our product candidates, if approved.

Our product candidates have never been manufactured for commercial use. There are risks associated with manufacturing for commercial use including, among others, potential problems with forecasting and cost overruns, process reproducibility, storage availability, stability issues, lot consistency and timely availability of materials. We cannot assure you that our contract manufacturers will be able to manufacture any approved product to specifications acceptable to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, or to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the market demand. For example, we have in the past manufactured batches of OTIPRIO that did not meet the appropriate specifications and could not be used. We may also manufacture an approved product that remains unused due to obsolescence, expiry or quantities in excess of expected demand. If our contract manufacturers are unable to successfully produce sufficient quantities of any approved product for commercialization, our commercial efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We depend on a small number of suppliers for the raw materials necessary to produce our product candidates. The loss of these suppliers, or their failure to supply us with these raw materials, would materially and adversely affect our business.

We depend on the availability of key raw materials for our product candidates including poloxamer and BDNF for OTO-413 and an AAV-based gene therapy for OTO-825, from a small number of third-party suppliers. Because there are a limited number of suppliers for the raw materials that we use to manufacture our product candidates, we may need to engage alternate suppliers to prevent a possible disruption of the manufacture of the materials necessary to produce our product candidates for clinical trials. Our third-party manufacturers may encounter disruptions in production and supply chain shortages may limit our access to raw materials and other supplies. We do not have any control over the availability of raw materials. If we or our manufacturers are unable to purchase these raw materials on acceptable terms, at sufficient quality levels, or in adequate quantities, if at all, the development of OTO-413 and OTO-825, would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would impair our ability to meet our development objectives and timelines for our product candidates or generate revenues from the sale of any approved products.

Our ability to market our product candidates, if approved, will be limited to certain indications. If we want to expand the indications for which we may market our products, we will need to obtain additional regulatory approvals, which may not be granted.

We are developing OTO-413 for the treatment of hearing loss, and OTO-825 for the treatment of congenital hearing loss due to GJB2 mutation. The FDA and other applicable regulatory agencies will restrict our ability to market and advertise our products to the scope of the approved label for the applicable product and for no other indications, which could limit physician and patient adoption. We may attempt to develop new treatment indications for our product candidates in the future, but we cannot predict when or if we will receive the regulatory approvals required to promote our product candidates for new treatment indications. Failure to receive such approvals prevents us from promoting and commercializing the new treatment indications. In addition, we would be required to conduct additional clinical trials or studies to support approvals for additional indications, which would be time consuming and expensive, and may produce results that do not support regulatory approvals. If we do not obtain additional regulatory approvals, our ability to expand our business will be limited.

If our product candidates are approved for marketing, and we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses, or if physicians misuse our products, we may become subject to prohibitions on the sale or marketing of our products, significant sanctions and product liability claims, and our image and reputation within the industry and marketplace could be harmed.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the marketing and promotional claims that are made about drug products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses or indications that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. For example, OTIPRIO was approved for the treatment of pediatric patients with bilateral otitis media with effusion undergoing TTP surgery and for the treatment of AOE, and we could not promote its use in a manner that was inconsistent with the approved label. Although physicians are able to, in their independent medical judgment, use OTIPRIO for their patients in an off-label manner, such as for the treatment of other otic indications, if we had been found to have promoted such off-label uses, then we could have received warning letters and become subject to significant liability, which would have materially harmed our business. The federal government has levied large administrative, civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The federal government and regulatory authorities have also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed.

Physicians may also misuse our products or use improper techniques, potentially leading to adverse results, side effects or injury, which may lead to product liability claims and costly litigation. Product liability claims could divert management’s attention from our core business, be expensive to defend, and result in sizable damage awards against us that may not be covered by insurance. We currently carry product liability insurance with policy limits that we believe are customary for similarly situated companies and adequate to provide us with coverage for foreseeable risks. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage.

We have limited sales and marketing experience and may be unable to successfully commercialize our products or generate product revenue.

We have limited experience in the marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products, and there are significant risks involved in managing a sales and marketing organization, including our ability to hire, retain, adequately compensate and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. For example, we discontinued promotional support for OTIPRIO and, as a result, no longer have a sales force. If we decide not to promote our product candidates ourselves, if approved, we may consider promotional partnership arrangements, as we did in the past for OTIPRIO.

There are no assurances that any future partnerships for our product candidates will be successful. Such partnerships may not generate significant revenue, may not be successful, and may be terminated. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements on acceptable terms or at all, or if such arrangements are not successful, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products or generate product revenue. Any failure or delay in entering promotional partnerships or developing our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of our products. If we are not successful in commercializing our products, either on our own or through partnering with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we would incur significant additional losses.

Coverage and reimbursement decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance. Recent legislative and regulatory activity may exert downward pressure on potential pricing and reimbursement for our products, if approved, that could materially affect the opportunity to commercialize.

There is significant uncertainty related to the third-party coverage and reimbursement of newly approved drugs. Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Therefore, market acceptance and sales of our products, if approved, in both domestic and international markets will depend significantly on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party or government payors for any of our products and may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will cover and establish payment levels. We intend to apply for a unique J Code for OTO-413 and OTO-825. We cannot assure you that J Codes will be issued for these product candidates, if approved. We also cannot assure you that third-party payors will provide reimbursement according to a J Code. If a J Code is not issued or a J Code is issued but not reimbursed by third-party payors, then the cost of these drugs may be absorbed by healthcare providers or charged to patients. If this is the case, our expectations of the pricing we expect to achieve for OTO-413 and OTO-825, if approved, and the related potential revenue, may be significantly diminished. We cannot be certain that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any of our product candidates, if approved, or that such coverage and reimbursement will be authorized in a timely fashion, even if a unique J Code is assigned for such products. Also, we cannot be certain that reimbursement policies will not reduce the demand for, or the price paid for, any of our product candidates, if approved. If reimbursement is not available or is available on a limited basis for any of our products, if approved, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any such products. Reimbursement by a third-party or government payor may depend upon a number of factors, including, without limitation, the third-party or government payor’s determination that use of a product is:

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a covered benefit under its health plan;

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safe, effective and medically necessary;

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appropriate for the specific patient;

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cost-effective; and

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neither experimental nor investigational.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to the payor. There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the medicine is approved by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and reimbursement or to have pricing set at a satisfactory level. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels such as may result where alternative or generic treatments are available, we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.

Assuming we obtain coverage for a given product, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products.

In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. In some foreign countries, particularly in Europe, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. If reimbursement of any of our products, if approved, is unavailable or limited in scope or amount in a particular country, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability of our products in such country.

The United States and several other jurisdictions are considering, or have already enacted, a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell any of our products profitably, if approved. Among policy-makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there has been significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access to healthcare. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives. There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We cannot predict if or how these or future initiatives may be adopted in the future. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may adversely affect:

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the demand for any of our products, if approved;

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the ability to set a price that we believe is fair for any of our products, if approved;

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our ability to generate revenues and achieve or maintain profitability;

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the level of taxes that we are required to pay; and

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the availability of capital.

In March 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) became law in the United States. One goal of ACA is to reduce the cost of healthcare and substantially change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. While we cannot fully predict what impact on federal reimbursement policies this legislation will continue to have in general or on our business specifically, ACA may result in downward pressure on pharmaceutical reimbursement, which could negatively affect our ability to generate revenue, achieve market acceptance of our product or future approved products, attain profitability, or commercialize our product or any future approved products. Provisions of ACA relevant to the pharmaceutical industry include the following:

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an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs, not including orphan drug sales;

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an increase in the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for most branded and generic drugs, respectively;

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a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% (increased pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discounts on negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

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extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

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expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals and by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level, thereby potentially increasing manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

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expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

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new requirements to report annually certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, as defined in the ACA and its implementing regulations, including reporting any payment or “transfer of value” provided to physicians, as defined by such law, and teaching hospitals and any ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members during the preceding calendar year (effective January 1, 2022, these reporting obligations were extended to include payments and transfers of value made during the previous year to certain non-physician providers such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners, among others);

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expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the federal False Claims Act and the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers and enhanced penalties for noncompliance; and

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a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

There have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the constitutionality of the ACA in November 2020 following a series of federal cases that began with a district court ruling that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” provisions of the ACA were repealed by Congress. In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court held that Texas and other challengers had no legal standing to challenge the ACA, dismissing the case without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. It is unclear how this Supreme Court decision, future litigation, or other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA, and healthcare measures of the current administration will impact the ACA and our business. Complying with any new legislation or reversing changes implemented under the ACA could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

Recently, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation. Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, effective January 1, 2024, the statutory cap on Medicaid Drug Rebate Program rebates that manufacturers pay to state Medicaid programs will be eliminated. Elimination of this cap may require pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay more in rebates than it receives on the sale of products, which could have a material impact on our business. In addition, Congress is considering legislation that, if passed, could have significant impact on prices of prescription drugs covered by Medicare, including limitations on drug price increases and allowing Medicare to negotiate pricing for certain covered drug products. The impact of these regulations and any future healthcare measures and agency rules implemented by the Biden administration on us and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is currently unknown. Healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for our product or future approved products. Any such reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, achieve market acceptance of our product or future approved products, attain profitability, or commercialize future approved products.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products.

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of our product candidates and face an even greater risk as our product candidates get approved, if at all. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes or is perceived to cause injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for our products;

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injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants or cancellation of clinical trials;

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costs to defend the related litigation;

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a diversion of management’s time and our resources;

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substantial monetary awards to clinical trial participants or patients;

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regulatory investigations, product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

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exhaustion of any available insurance and our capital resources;

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loss of revenue; and

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the inability to commercialize any products we develop.

Our inability to obtain and maintain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost and scope of coverage to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our products. We currently carry product liability insurance with policy limits that we believe are customary for similarly situated companies and adequate to provide us with coverage for foreseeable risks. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. If we determine that it is prudent to increase our product liability coverage in the future, we may be unable to obtain such increased coverage on acceptable terms, or at all. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions and deductibles, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We will have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or

negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts. Moreover, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses.

Our internal computer systems, or those of any of our CROs, manufacturers, other contractors or consultants or potential future collaborators, may fail or suffer security or data privacy breaches or incidents or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of, or destruction of our proprietary or confidential data, employee data, or personal data, which could result in additional costs, loss of revenue, significant liabilities, harm to our brand and material disruption of our operations.

Despite the implementation of security measures in an effort to protect systems that store our information, given their size and complexity and the increasing amounts of information maintained and otherwise processed on our internal information technology systems, and those of our third-party CROs, other contractors (including sites performing our clinical trials) and consultants, these systems are potentially vulnerable to breakdown or other damage or interruption from service interruptions, system malfunction, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures, as well as security breaches and incidents from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, contractors, consultants, business partners, and/or other third parties, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties (including the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information), which may compromise our system infrastructure or lead to the loss, destruction, alteration, disclosure, or dissemination of, or damage or unauthorized access to, our data or data that is processed or maintained on our behalf, or other assets. For example, we have received phishing attacks, and companies have experienced an increase in phishing and social engineering attacks from third parties in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the increase in remote working further increases security threats. If any disruption or security breach or incident were to result in any loss, destruction, unavailability, alteration, disclosure, or dissemination of, or damage to or unauthorized access, our applications, any other data processed or maintained on our behalf, or other assets, or for it to be believed or reported that any of these occurred, we could incur liability, financial harm and reputational damage and the development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed. We cannot assure you that our data protection efforts and our investment in information technology, or the efforts or investments of CROs, consultants or other third parties, will prevent significant breakdowns or breaches in systems or have prevented or will prevent other cyber incidents that cause loss, destruction, unavailability, alteration or dissemination of, or damage or unauthorized access to, our data or other data processed or maintained on our behalf or other assets that could have a material adverse effect upon our reputation, business, operations or financial condition. For example, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs and the development of our product candidates could be delayed. In addition, the loss of clinical trial data for our product candidates could result in delays in our marketing approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Furthermore, significant disruptions of our internal information technology systems or security breaches could result in the loss, misappropriation, and/or unauthorized access, use, or disclosure or dissemination of, or the prevention of access to, data (including trade secrets or other confidential information, intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information), which could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us. For example, any such event or any other security breach or incident that leads to loss, damage, or unauthorized access to, or use, alteration, or disclosure or dissemination of, personal information, including personal information regarding our clinical trial subjects or employees, could harm our reputation directly, compel us to comply with federal and/or state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents, subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business. To our knowledge, we have not experienced a material system failure, accident or security breach to date, nor are we aware of our CROs or other contractors experiencing any such material event negatively impacting ongoing trial data, but if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our commercialization activities or drug development programs.

Notifications and follow-up actions related to a security breach or incident could impact our reputation and cause us to incur significant costs, including legal expenses and remediation costs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the lost data. We expect to incur significant costs in an effort to detect and prevent security incidents, and we may face increased costs and requirements to expend substantial resources in the event of an actual or perceived security breach. We also rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. If any disruption or security incident were to result in any disruption of our operations or loss, destruction, or alteration of, or damage or unauthorized access to, our data or other information that is processed or maintained on our behalf, or inappropriate disclosure or dissemination of any such information, we could be exposed to litigation and governmental investigations, the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines or penalties for any noncompliance with certain state, federal and/or international privacy and security laws.

Our insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate us for the potential losses arising from any such disruption in or, failure or security breach or incident of our systems or third-party systems where information important to our business operations or commercial development is stored or otherwise processed. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and could have high deductibles in any event, and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management attention.

Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported operating results.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. For example, in February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which aims to increase lease transparency and comparability among organizations. Further, we early adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, effective January 1, 2020, which removes the exception to the incremental approach of intra-period tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or gain from other items. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

Our employees, independent contractors, clinical investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, clinical investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) FDA regulations, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, (ii) manufacturing standards, (iii) federal, state and foreign healthcare fraud and abuse laws, (iv) privacy and data protection laws, and any laws regulating data security, or (v) laws that require the reporting of financial information or data accurately. Specifically, research, sales, marketing, education and other business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, education, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, as well as various compliance policies and procedures, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws. If any such actions are instituted against us, even if we are successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business. Violations of such laws subject us to numerous penalties, including, but not limited to, the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by earthquakes, wildfires or other natural disasters, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Our corporate headquarters are located in San Diego, which in the past has experienced earthquakes. We do not carry earthquake insurance. The San Diego area has also experienced serious wildfires. If a natural disaster or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as product development and research efforts for our current product candidates and finance records, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and may not be adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which, particularly when taken together with our lack of earthquake insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Furthermore, integral parties in our supply chain and distribution chain are geographically concentrated and operating from single sites, increasing their vulnerability to natural disasters or other sudden, unforeseen and severe adverse events. If such an event were to affect our supply chain, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn may cause extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets and could result in a variety of risks to our business and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers and third-party payors to delay making payments for our services.

Geopolitical developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may lead to worldwide economic and legal uncertainty, including significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rates, and increasingly divergent laws and regulations.

In February 2022, armed conflict escalated between Russia and Ukraine. The sanctions announced by the U.S. and other countries against Russia since February 2022 include restrictions on selling or importing goods, services, or technology in or from affected regions and travel bans and asset freezes impacting connected individuals and political, military, business, and financial organizations in Russia. The U.S. and other countries could impose wider sanctions and take other actions should the conflict further escalate. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of this conflict, which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, prolonged periods of higher inflation, geopolitical shifts, and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, currency exchange rates, and financial markets, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any of the foregoing could harm our business, and we cannot anticipate all the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Our business is subject to economic, political, regulatory, operational and other risks associated with international operations.

Our business is subject to risks associated with conducting business internationally. Some of our suppliers and collaborative relationships are located outside the United States, and we conduct some of our clinical trials outside the United States. Accordingly, our ability to operate our business and our future results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including:

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economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in non-U.S. economies and markets;

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differing and changing regulatory or legal requirements in non-U.S. countries;

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challenges enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in non-U.S. countries that may not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States;

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difficulties in compliance with non-U.S. laws and regulations;

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changes in non-U.S. laws, regulations and customs, tariffs and trade barriers;

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changes in currency exchange rates and non-U.S. currency controls;

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changes in a country’s or region’s political or economic environment;

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trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements or other restrictive actions by U.S. or non-U.S. governments;

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negative consequences from changes in tax laws;

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compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

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workforce uncertainty and labor unrest;

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difficulties associated with staffing and managing international operations;

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potential liability under the FCPA, UK Bribery Act, GDPR or comparable non-U.S. laws; and

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business interruptions resulting from (i) geopolitical actions, including annexation, war and terrorism, (ii) natural disasters, including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires or (iii) outbreaks of health epidemics and pandemics.

Inflation may adversely affect us by increasing our costs.

Recently, inflation has increased throughout the U.S. economy. Inflation can adversely affect us by increasing the costs of clinical trials and research, the development of our product candidates, administration and other costs of doing business. We may experience increases in the prices of labor and other costs of doing business. In an inflationary environment, cost increases may

outpace our expectations, causing us to use our cash and other liquid assets faster than forecasted. If this happens, we may need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, which may not be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms, if at all, sooner than expected.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If our efforts to protect the intellectual property related to our product and product candidates are not adequate, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our product, product candidates and technology. Any disclosure to or misappropriation by third parties of our confidential proprietary information could enable competitors to quickly duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, eroding our competitive position in the market.

The patent application process, also known as patent prosecution, is expensive and time-consuming, and we and our current or future licensors and licensees may not be able to prepare, file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we or our current licensors, or any future licensors or licensees, will fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions made in the course of development and commercialization activities before it is too late to obtain patent protection on them. Therefore, it is possible that certain patentable aspects of our inventions may not be protected in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Defects of form in the preparation or filing of our patents or patent applications may exist, or may arise in the future, for example with respect to proper priority claims, inventorship, etc., although we are unaware of any such defects that we believe are of material import. If there are material defects in the form or preparation of our patents or patent applications, such patents or applications may be invalid and unenforceable. If we or our current licensors, or any future licensors or licensees, fail to file patent applications, or maintain, enforce or protect our patents, such patent rights may be reduced or eliminated. If our current licensors, or any future licensors or licensees, are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of any patent rights, such patent rights could be compromised. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

The strength of patents in the pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. This uncertainty includes changes to the patent laws through either legislative action to change statutory patent law or court action that may reinterpret existing law or rules in ways affecting the scope or validity of issued patents. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents in the United States or foreign countries with claims that cover our product or product candidates. Even if patents do successfully issue from the patent applications that we own or in-license, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of such patents, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. For example, patents granted by the European Patent Office may be challenged, also known as opposed, by any person within nine months from the publication of their grant. Any successful challenge to our patents could deprive us of exclusive rights necessary for the successful commercialization of our product or product candidates. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents may not adequately protect our product or product candidates, provide exclusivity for our product or product candidates, or prevent others from designing around our patents. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents we hold or pursue with respect to our product or product candidates is challenged, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, or threaten our ability to commercialize our product or product candidates.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after its effective filing date. Various extensions may be available; however, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Without patent protection for our product or product candidates, we may be open to competition from generic versions of our product or product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in our development efforts, including our clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market our product or product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.

Some of our patents and patent applications are entitled to effective filing dates prior to March 16, 2013. For U.S. patent applications for which patent claims are entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, an interference proceeding can be provoked by a third party, for example a competitor, or instituted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by those patent claims. An unfavorable outcome could require us either to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our participation in an interference proceeding may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we also rely on trade secret protection to protect proprietary know-how that may not be patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents may be difficult to obtain or enforce, and any other elements of our product and product candidates, and our product development processes (such as manufacturing and formulation

technologies) that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. If the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating any trade secrets. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could significantly affect our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, trade secret protection does not prevent competitors from independently developing substantially equivalent information and techniques, and we cannot guarantee that our competitors will not independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. The FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is currently considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information that we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear at the present time how the FDA’s disclosure policies may change in the future, if at all.

In an effort to protect our trade secrets and other confidential information, we require our employees, consultants, advisors, and any other third parties that have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology, for example, third parties involved in the formulation and manufacture of our product and product candidates, and third parties involved in our clinical trials, to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of their relationships with us. These agreements require that all confidential information developed by such employees, consultants, advisors, etc., or made known to them by us during the course of our relationship with them be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. However, we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed despite having such confidentiality agreements. Adequate remedies may not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets. In addition, in some situations, these confidentiality agreements may conflict with, or be subject to, the rights of third parties with whom our employees, consultants, or advisors have previous employment or consulting relationships. To the extent that our employees, consultants or advisors use any intellectual property owned by third parties in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in any related or resulting know-how and inventions. If we are unable to prevent unauthorized material disclosure of our trade secrets to third parties, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly on obtaining and enforcing patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the pharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity, and therefore is costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, the United States has recently enacted and is currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Further, recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have either narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained.

For our U.S. patent and patent applications containing a claim not entitled to priority before March 16, 2013, there is a greater level of uncertainty in the patent law. In September 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act (AIA), was signed into law. The AIA includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. It is not clear what other, if any, impact the AIA will have on the operation of our business. Moreover, the AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

An important change introduced by the AIA is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned to a “first-to-file” system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties claiming the same invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 16, 2013 but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by the third party. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Furthermore, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our technology and the prior art allow our technology to be patentable over the prior art. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our product or product candidates or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our patents or patent applications.

Among some of the other changes introduced by the AIA are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and provided opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. This applies to all our U.S. patents, even those issued before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal court necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to

invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party in a district court action.

Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and any patents that we might obtain in the future.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent prosecution process. Periodic maintenance fees and various other governmental fees on any issued patent and/or pending patent applications are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of a patent or patent application. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees. While an inadvertent lapse may sometimes be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are many situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications directed to our product or product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than should otherwise have been the case, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing and prosecuting patent applications and defending patents on our product and product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing countries. For example, China has a heightened requirement for patentability, and specifically requires a detailed description of medical uses of a claimed drug. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement on infringing activities is inadequate. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to pharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally in those countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. In addition, certain countries in Europe and certain other countries, including India and China, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we may have limited remedies if our patents are infringed or if we are compelled to grant a license to our patents to a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we own or license. Finally, our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights may be adversely affected by unforeseen changes in foreign intellectual property laws.

Third-party claims alleging intellectual property infringement may adversely affect our business.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties, for example, patents and proprietary rights of competitors. Our research, development and commercialization activities may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents owned or controlled by third parties, including our competitors. There are also patent applications, owned by third parties including competitors, that have been filed but not issued that, if issued as patents, may be asserted against us. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, exist in the otic field in which we are developing our product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our activities related to our product or product candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that our product candidates will not infringe existing or future patents owned by third parties. We may not be aware of patents that have already issued and that a third party, for example a competitor in the otic market, might assert are infringed by our product candidates. It is also possible that patents owned by third parties of which we are aware, but which we do not believe are relevant to our product candidates, could be found to be infringed by our product candidates.

Third parties making claims against us for infringement or misappropriation of their intellectual property rights may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop our product candidates and commercialize our product candidates, if approved. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay research, development, manufacturing or sales of the product candidate that is the subject of the suit. Regardless of the merits of any third-party claims, our defense against such claims, or other related actions we may take, could cause us to incur substantial expenses, and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us by a third party, we may have to (i) pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed the third party’s patents; (ii) obtain one or more licenses from the third party; (iii) pay royalties to the third party; and/or (iv) redesign any infringing products. Redesigning any infringing products may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Further, we cannot predict whether any required license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. In the event that we could not obtain a license, we may be unable to further develop our product candidates and commercialize our product candidates, if approved, which could harm our business significantly. Even if we are able to obtain a license, the license would likely obligate us to pay license fees or royalties or both, and the rights granted to us might be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms.

Engaging in litigation is very expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation or administrative proceedings more effectively than we can because of greater financial resources. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could impair our ability to compete in the marketplace. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive and time consuming.

Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property, including our existing patents, patents that may issue to us in the future, or the patents of our licensors to which we have a license. As a result, we may be required to file infringement claims to stop third-party infringement or unauthorized use. Further, we may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Generic drug manufacturers may develop, seek approval for, and launch generic versions of our products. If we file an infringement action against such a generic drug manufacturer, that company may challenge the scope, validity or enforceability of our or our licensors’ patents, requiring us and/or our licensors to engage in complex, lengthy and costly litigation or other proceedings. For example, if we or one of our licensors initiated legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering our product candidate, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, and there are numerous grounds upon which a third party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent.

In addition, within and outside of the United States, there has been a substantial amount of litigation and administrative proceedings, including interference and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in various foreign jurisdictions, regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry. The AIA introduced procedures including inter partes review and post grant review. The implementation of these procedures brings uncertainty to the possibility of challenges to our patents in the future, including challenges to those patents perceived by our competitors as blocking entry into the market for their products, and the outcome of such challenges.

Such litigation and administrative proceedings could result in revocation of our patents or amendment of our patents such that they do not cover our product candidates. They may also put our pending patent applications at risk of not issuing or issuing with limited and potentially inadequate scope to cover our product candidates. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. Additionally, it is also possible that prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim, may, nonetheless, ultimately be found by a court of law or an administrative panel to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim, for example if a priority claim is found to be improper. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Enforcing our or our licensors’ intellectual property rights through litigation is very expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation more effectively than we can because of greater financial resources. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could impair our ability to compete in the marketplace. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, during the course of litigation or administrative proceedings, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments or public access to related documents. If investors perceive these results to be negative, the market price for our common stock could be significantly harmed.

Although not involving issued U.S. patents covering OTIPRIO or any of our product candidates, on April 17, 2015, we filed a request for interference between one of our U.S. pending applications and a U.S. pending application controlled by Auris Medical Holding AG (Auris). On July 20, 2015, we received notice from the USPTO that the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) declared an interference between our pending application and the Auris patent (issued as U.S. Patent No. 9,066,865 on June 30, 2015). On January 26, 2017, the PTAB determined that all of the Otonomy patent claims and all but one of the Auris patent claims were not patentable. We filed a Notice of Appeal on March 27, 2017, in which we asked the Federal Circuit to reverse PTAB’s decision that our claims are not patentable and that Auris’s single claim is. On August 1, 2018, the Federal Circuit agreed with us that the PTAB had erred in its rulings for Auris. The court reversed the PTAB’s decision against Otonomy and remanded the case for the PTAB to enter judgment for Otonomy. On March 11, 2019, the PTAB entered the judgment for Otonomy and cancelled the Auris patent. On April 24, 2020, the USPTO issued a Notice of Allowance for our pending application, indicating that all of our claims are allowed. On September 15, 2020, the pending application was issued as U.S. Patent No. 10,772,828, which was assigned to ALK in connection with the sale of assets related to OTIPRIO.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in any of the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We are a party to a number of license agreements under which we are granted intellectual property rights that are crucial to our business. A portion of our patent portfolio for certain product candidates was co-developed and is co-owned with UC which licensed its rights to us through an exclusive worldwide license agreement. Under our existing license agreement with UC, we are subject to various obligations, including development and commercialization diligence obligations, and patent prosecution and maintenance obligations, as well as financial obligations such as potential development milestone payments, sublicensing income payments, and royalty payments. If we fail to comply with any of these obligations or otherwise breach other terms of our license agreement, and fail to cure such breach, UC may have the right to terminate the license or, in the instance where we fail to meet our diligence obligations, UC may instead elect to change our exclusive license to a non-exclusive license. The loss of the license from UC would affect a portion of the patent portfolio for OTO-413. While we could still proceed with development and, if approved, commercialization of OTO-413 and other product candidates as co-owner of the licensed patents, third parties, such as our competitors, could enter into the market by obtaining a license from UC under UC’s rights to such patents.

Licensing of intellectual property rights is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. Disputes may arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property rights subject to a license agreement, including:

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the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

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our right to sublicense intellectual property rights to third parties under collaborative development relationships; and

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our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations.

While we would expect to exercise all rights and remedies available to us, including seeking to cure any breach by us, and otherwise seek to preserve our rights under the patents licensed to us, we may not be able to do so in a timely manner, at an acceptable cost or at all. Generally, the loss of any one of our current licenses, or any other license we may acquire in the future, could materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We have received confidential and proprietary information from third parties. In addition, we employ individuals, consultants and independent contractors who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we require all employees to enter into confidentiality and proprietary information agreements, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise improperly used or disclosed confidential or proprietary information of these third parties or their former employers. Further, we may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants, independent contractors or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. We may also be subject to claims that former employees, consultants, independent contractors, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging our right to and use of confidential and proprietary information. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose our rights therein. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Our business and products are subject to extensive government regulation.

We are subject to extensive, complex, costly and evolving regulation by federal and state governmental authorities in the United States, principally by the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the CDC, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and its various agencies, and also from state and foreign regulatory authorities. Failure to comply with all applicable regulatory requirements, including those promulgated under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the Public Health Service Act, and the Controlled Substances Act, among others, may subject us to operating restrictions and criminal prosecution, monetary penalties and other disciplinary actions, including, sanctions, warning letters, product seizures, recalls, fines, injunctions, suspension, revocation of approvals, disgorgement, contractual damages, and/or exclusion from future participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. After our products receive regulatory approval or clearance, we, and our direct and indirect suppliers, remain subject to the periodic inspection of our plants and facilities, review of production processes, and testing of our products to confirm that we are in compliance with all applicable regulations. Adverse findings during regulatory inspections may result in the implementation of Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS), programs, completion of government mandated clinical trials, and government enforcement action relating to labeling, advertising, marketing and promotion, as well as regulations governing cGMPs.

The regulatory approval process is highly uncertain and we may not obtain regulatory approval for the commercialization of OTO-413 or OTO-825.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing and distribution of drug products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, which regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA or BLA, as appropriate, from the FDA. Obtaining regulatory approval of a product can be a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. In addition, failure to comply with FDA and other applicable United States and foreign regulatory requirements may subject us to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions or other actions, including:

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warning letters and adverse publicity;

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civil and criminal penalties;

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injunctions;

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withdrawal of approved products;

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product seizure or detention;

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product recalls;

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total or partial suspension of production; and

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refusal to approve pending NDAs or BLAs, or supplements to approved NDAs or BLAs.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize a product candidate in the United States or abroad, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled nonclinical studies and clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or other foreign regulatory agencies, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses. Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways, and insufficient or adverse results from nonclinical studies can affect the ability to conduct clinical trials. Our product candidates have previously been subject to clinical holds in the past, and we cannot assure you that our product candidates will not be subject to new clinical holds or significant delay in the future.

Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Administering product candidates to humans may produce undesirable side effects, which could interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities denying approval of a product candidate for any or all targeted indications.

Regulatory approval is not guaranteed, and the approval process is expensive and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. Despite the time and expense expended, failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials, or perform additional nonclinical studies and clinical trials. The number of nonclinical studies and clinical trials that will be required for FDA approval varies depending on the product candidate, the disease or condition that the product candidate is designed to address and the regulations applicable to any particular product candidate. The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including the following:

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a product candidate may not be deemed safe, effective, pure or potent;

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FDA officials may not find the data from nonclinical studies and clinical trials sufficient;

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the FDA might not accept or approve our third-party manufacturers’ processes or facilities; or

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the FDA may change its approval policies or adopt new regulations.

If OTO-413 or OTO-825 fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials or do not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.

If we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense, or the limiting or withdrawal of regulatory approval and subject us to penalties if we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

If and when regulatory approval has been granted, our product candidates or any approved product will be subject to continual regulatory review by the FDA and/or non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Additionally, our product candidates, if approved, will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements, including labeling and other restrictions and market withdrawal, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products. Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indications for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product. In addition, if any of our product candidates is approved, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include prompt submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMP and GCP for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our product candidates, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with our third-party manufacturers’ processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

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restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

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fines, warning letters or holds on clinical trials;

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refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us, or suspension or revocation of product approvals;

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product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Our ongoing regulatory requirements may also change from time to time, potentially harming or making costlier our commercialization efforts. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or other countries. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

Our relationships with healthcare professionals, clinical investigators, CROs and third-party payors in connection with our current and future business activities may be subject to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, transparency laws, government price reporting, and information privacy and security laws regulating health, personal and other information. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face penalties.

We are subject to various U.S. federal and state health care laws, including those intended to prevent healthcare fraud and abuse.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare, and Medicaid Remuneration has been broadly defined to include anything of value, including, but not limited to, cash, improper discounts, and free or reduced price items and services. Many states have similar laws that apply to their state health care programs as well as private payors.

Federal false claims laws, including the federal False Claims Act (FCA), and civil monetary penalties law impose penalties against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent or making a false record or statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. The FCA has been used to, among other things, prosecute persons and entities submitting claims for payment that are inaccurate or fraudulent, that are for services not provided as claimed, or for services that are not medically necessary. The FCA includes a whistleblower provision that allows individuals to bring actions on behalf of the federal government and share a portion of the recovery of successful claims. Many states also have similar laws that apply to their state health care programs as well as private payors.

Additionally, state and federal authorities have aggressively targeted medical technology and pharmaceutical companies for, among other things, alleged violations of these healthcare fraud and abuse statutes, based on, for example, improper research or consulting contracts and other services agreements with doctors, certain marketing arrangements that rely on volume-based pricing, off-label marketing schemes, and other improper promotional practices.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act), and their implementing regulations, among other things, imposes criminal liability for knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

Additionally, U.S. and international laws and regulations could impact our ability to store and process personal data, use certain vendors or service providers, and utilize personal data from certain jurisdictions. Because the global privacy and data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, we may be affected by or subject to new, amended or existing laws and regulations in the future, including as our operations continue to expand or if we operate in foreign jurisdictions.

For example, in the United States, HIPAA imposes certain obligations, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without proper written authorization. Similarly, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA) took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents the right to access and require deletion of their personal information, the right to opt out of certain personal information sharing, and the right to detailed information about how their personal information is collected, used and shared. The CCPA provides civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Although the CCPA includes exemptions for certain clinical trials data, the law may increase our compliance costs and potential liability with respect to other personal information we collect about California residents. In November 2020, California passed the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), which amends and expands the CCPA. The CCPA and the CPRA may impact our business activities and exemplifies the vulnerability of our business to the evolving regulatory environment related to personal data and protected health information. The CCPA has prompted a wave of proposals for new federal and state privacy legislation that, if passed, could increase our potential liability, increase our compliance costs and adversely affect our business.

Several foreign jurisdictions, including the EU, its member states, the UK, Japan and Australia, among others, have adopted legislation and regulations that increase or change the requirements governing the collection, use, disclosure and transfer of the personal information of individuals in these jurisdictions. Additionally, certain countries have passed or are considering passing laws that require local data residency and/or restrict the international transfer of data. These laws have the potential to increase costs of compliance, risks of noncompliance and penalties for noncompliance.

For example, the collection and use of health data in the EU is governed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR extends the geographical scope of EU data protection law to non-EU entities under certain conditions, tightens existing EU data protection principles and creates new obligations for companies and new rights for individuals. Guidance, interpretation and application under the GDPR are still developing and may change over time. Failure to comply with the GDPR and the applicable national data protection laws of the EU member states may result in substantial fines and other administrative penalties. The GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we control and/or process and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the GDPR. This may be onerous and if our efforts to comply with GDPR or other applicable EU laws and regulations are not successful, it could adversely affect our business in the EU.

The GDPR introduces obligations around the transfer of personal data outside of the European Economic Area (EEA). There are several ways a company can compliantly transfer such information. On July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) invalidated the U.S.-EU Privacy Shield framework that had been in place since 2016, which allowed companies like us to meet certain European legal requirements for the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the United States, and imposed additional obligations on companies when relying on the model clauses approved by the EU Commission. This CJEU decision may result in different EEA data protection regulators applying differing standards for, and require ad hoc verification of measures taken with respect to, certain personal data flows from the EEA to the U.S. The invalidation of the U.S.-EU Privacy Shield framework will require us to take additional steps to legitimize any personal data transfers that are impacted by this decision. This could result in increased costs of compliance and limitations on our business in the EU.

From the approval of OTIPRIO in 2015 until its sale to ALK in May of 2021, our operations were subject to the federal transparency requirements under the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, created under the ACA, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to annually report to CMS information related to payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain non-physician healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners, among others) and teaching hospitals, as well as information regarding certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

If any of our business activities, including but not limited to our relationships with healthcare providers or payors, violate any of the aforementioned laws and analogous state and foreign laws and regulations that may apply to pharmaceutical business practices, we may be subject to significant administrative, civil and/or criminal penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

In addition, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We cannot assure you that our internal control policies and procedures will protect us from reckless or negligent acts committed by our employees, distributors, partners, collaborators or agents. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could result in fines, penalties or prosecution and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation.

Legislative or regulatory healthcare reforms in the United States or abroad may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory clearance or approval of our product candidates or any future product candidates and to produce, market, and distribute our products after clearance or approval is obtained.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress in the United States or by governments in foreign jurisdictions that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory clearance or approval, manufacture, and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. In addition, FDA or foreign regulatory agency regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our product candidates. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of our product candidates or any future product candidates. We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require:

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changes to manufacturing methods;

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recall, replacement, or discontinuance of one or more of our products; and

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additional recordkeeping.

Each of these would likely entail substantial time and cost and could materially harm our business and our financial results. In addition, delays in receipt of or failure to receive regulatory clearances or approvals for any future products would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

We maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries with policy limits that we believe are customary for

similarly situated companies and adequate to provide us with coverage for foreseeable risks. Although we maintain such insurance, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations which can harm our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the UK Bribery Act 2010, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. U.S. economic sanctions and export control laws and regulations prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector.

We may engage third parties for clinical trials outside of the United States, to sell our products abroad once we enter a commercialization phase, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We also have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We can be held liable for any unauthorized exports and reexports of our products and for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violation of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

The price of our common stock has been, is, and may continue to be highly volatile, which may make it difficult for stockholders to sell our common stock when desired or at attractive prices.

Our stock is currently traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, but we can provide no assurance that we will be able to maintain an active trading market on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or any other exchange in the future. Moreover, the trading price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially. These price fluctuations may be rapid and severe and may leave investors little time to react. Broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Sharp drops in the market price of our common stock may also expose us to securities class-action litigation.

The stock market in general and the market for pharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

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regulatory or legal developments;

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results from or delays in clinical trials of our product candidates or product candidates of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

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announcements of regulatory approval or disapproval of our product candidates;

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commercialization of our products, if approved;

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FDA or other regulatory actions affecting us or our industry;

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introductions and announcements of new products or product candidates by us, any commercialization partners or our competitors, and the timing of these introductions and announcements;

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our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, licenses, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

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market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical sectors and issuance of securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;

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actual or anticipated quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors;

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changes in financial estimates or guidance, including our ability to meet our revenue, operating profit or loss and cash balance estimates or guidance;

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sales of substantial amounts of our stock by insiders and large stockholders, or the expectation that such sales might occur;

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general economic, industry and market conditions;

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the impact of any natural disasters or public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

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additions or departures of key personnel;

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intellectual property, product liability or other litigation against us;

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expiration or termination of our potential relationships with strategic partners;

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limited trading volume of our common stock; and

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the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

Our common stock may be delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market if we do not maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements.

Nasdaq maintains several requirements for continued listing of our common stock, one of which is the maintenance of a minimum closing bid price of one dollar. As our closing bid price was less than one dollar for thirty consecutive trading days, Nasdaq issued a notice of delisting to us on September 14, 2022. Pursuant to the Nasdaq listing rules, we were provided a period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance with the minimum closing bid price requirement. If we do not regain compliance during the compliance period, we may be afforded a second 180 calendar day period to regain compliance. To qualify, we must meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly-held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market (with the exception of the minimum bid price requirement) and notify Nasdaq of our intent to cure the deficiency by effecting a reverse stock split if necessary. If we do not regain compliance within the allotted compliance periods, including any extensions that may be granted by Nasdaq, our stock will be subject to delisting.

If our common stock is delisted in the future, it is unlikely that we will be able to list our common stock on another national securities exchange and, as a result, we expect our securities would be quoted on an over-the-counter market; however, if this were to occur, our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including limited availability of market quotations for our common stock and reduced liquidity for the trading of our securities. In addition, in the event of such delisting, we could experience a decreased ability to issue additional securities and obtain additional financing in the future.

If securities or industry analysts do not continue to publish research or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. Although certain equity research analysts currently cover us, we do not have any control of the analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports or whether any such analysts will continue to, or whether new analysts will, cover us for any given period of time. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or issue other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analyst ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

If we sell shares of our common stock in future financings, stockholders may experience immediate dilution and, as a result, the market price of our common stock may decline.

From time to time, we may issue additional shares of common stock at a discount from the current trading price of our common stock. As a result, our stockholders would experience immediate dilution upon the purchase of any shares of our common stock sold at such discount. In addition, as opportunities present themselves, we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt securities, preferred stock or common stock. In September 2018, our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 was declared effective by the SEC. Additionally, in August 2021, we filed with the SEC a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3 to replace the shelf registration statement filed in September 2018, pursuant to which we may offer debt securities, preferred stock, common stock and certain other securities from time to time up to a maximum aggregate amount of $150,000,000. In July 2020, we sold in a public offering 17,275,000 shares of our common stock, which includes the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional shares, and we sold pre-funded warrants to purchase 4,000,000 shares of our common stock. In April 2021, we sold in a public offering 8,298,890 shares of our common stock, which includes the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional shares, and we sold pre-funded warrants to purchase 7,111,110 shares of our common stock.

In August 2021, we filed a prospectus supplement in connection with an “at-the-market” offering pursuant to the terms of a sales agreement with Cowen, under which we may sell shares of common stock for up to an aggregate of $40.0 million. If in the future we issue additional shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock, our common stockholders would experience additional dilution and, as a result, the market price of our common stock may decline. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our common stock would have on the market price of our common stock. Additionally, investors may experience further dilution by the exercise of the pre-funded warrants we have sold.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated bylaws and our indemnification agreements that we have entered into with our directors and officers provide that:

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We will indemnify our directors and officers for serving us in those capacities, or for serving other business enterprises at our request, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law provides that a corporation may indemnify such person if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the registrant and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful.

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We may, in our discretion, indemnify employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law.

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We are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification.

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We are not obligated pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws to indemnify a person with respect to proceedings initiated by that person against us or our other indemnitees, except with respect to proceedings authorized by our board of directors or brought to enforce a right to indemnification.

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The rights conferred in our amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons.

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We may not retroactively amend our amended and restated bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.

To the extent that a claim for indemnification is brought by any of our directors or officers, it would reduce the amount of funds available for use in our business.

Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our existing principal stockholders may effectively limit the voting power of other stockholders.

As of September 30, 2022, our executive officers, directors and current beneficial owners of 5% or more of our common stock, in aggregate, beneficially owned more than 56% of our outstanding common stock. Accordingly, these stockholders, acting together, may significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger or other significant corporate transactions. These stockholders may therefore delay or prevent a change of control, even if such a change of control would benefit our other stockholders. The significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the market price of our common stock due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise.

Anti-takeover provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, which could discourage takeover attempts and lead to management entrenchment, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.

Certain provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of our company, even if a change in control was considered favorable by you and other stockholders. For example, our board of directors has the authority to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Our board of directors can fix the price, rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of the preferred stock without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control transaction. As a result, the market price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of our stockholders may be adversely affected. An issuance of shares of preferred stock may result in the loss of voting control to other stockholders.

Our charter documents contain other provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect, including provisions that:

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establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving staggered three-year terms;

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provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;

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provide that our directors may only be removed for cause;

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eliminate cumulative voting in the election of directors;

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authorize our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval;

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provide our board of directors with the exclusive right to elect a director to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship;

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permit stockholders to only take actions at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;

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prohibit stockholders from calling a special meeting of stockholders;

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require that stockholders give advance notice to nominate directors or submit proposals for consideration at stockholder meetings;

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authorize our board of directors, by a majority vote, to amend the bylaws; and

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require the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock to amend many of the provisions described above.

In addition, we are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us. These provisions may also prevent changes in our management or limit the price that certain investors are willing to pay for our stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for the following:

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any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

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any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of ours to us or our stockholders;

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any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws; and

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any action or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal-affairs doctrine.

This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

These exclusive-forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings.

It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile, and in the past companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years and we may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains.

We have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock to date and we do not intend to pay dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on various factors, including our operating results, financial condition, future prospects and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. You should not rely on an investment in our company if you require dividend income from your investment in our company. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. There is no guarantee that our capital stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased your shares.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or taxes may be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2021, we had U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) of approximately $436.7 million and $127.1 million, respectively. Of our federal NOLs, approximately $196.1 million were generated in a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and therefore do not expire. Our remaining U.S. federal and state NOLs will expire in various years beginning in 2030, if not utilized. Under the legislation enacted in 2017, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act), as modified by the CARES Act, the deductibility of our federal NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 will be limited to 80% of taxable income in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, we had federal and California research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $13.4 million and $6.5 million, respectively. The federal research and development tax credit carryforwards expire in various years beginning in 2030, if not utilized. The California research credit will carry forward indefinitely. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change federal NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited or eliminated. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5% shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating loss carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or

permanently increase state taxes owed. For example, California imposed limits on the usability of California state net operating losses to offset taxable income in tax years beginning after 2019 and before 2023. We believe we have experienced ownership changes in the past and have reduced our deferred tax assets related to NOLs and research and development tax credit carryforwards accordingly. We are in the process of completing an analysis of ownership changes through December 31, 2021 which could result in substantial limitations in, or the elimination of, our ability to use our NOLs and other tax assets to reduce taxes owed on the net taxable income that we earn in the event that we attain profitability. In the event that it is determined that we have in the past experienced additional ownership changes, or if we experience one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, then we may be further limited in our ability to use our NOLs and other tax assets to reduce taxes owed on the net taxable income that we earn in the event that we attain profitability. Any such limitations on the ability to use our NOLs and other tax assets could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results in the event that we attain profitability.

The enactment of tax reform policies could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. For example, the Tax Act enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to the Tax Act may affect us, and certain aspects of the Tax Act could be repealed or modified in future legislation. For example, the CARES Act modified certain provisions of the Tax Act. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act or any newly enacted federal tax legislation. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, and the deductibility of expenses under the Tax Act or future reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.

We have incurred and will continue to incur costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been and will continue to be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices, including maintaining an effective system of internal control over financial reporting.

As a public company listed in the United States, we incur and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) and regulations implemented by the SEC, and The Nasdaq Stock Market (Nasdaq) may increase legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.

As a public company in the United States, we are required, pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are also required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting. We need to disclose any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting, and at any time when we are not a non-accelerated filer, we will need to provide a statement that our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an opinion on our internal control over financial reporting. The controls and other procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC, is disclosed accurately and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms.

Our current controls, and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business or the degree of compliance with these policies or procedures may deteriorate and significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting may be discovered. We may err in the design or operation of our controls, and all internal control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, may provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, there can be no absolute assurance that all control issues have been or will be detected. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that are required to be included in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose

confidence in our reported financial information and operating results, which could result in a negative market reaction and effect on the trading price of our common stock.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. For as long as we remain a “smaller reporting company,” we are permitted and intend to continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “smaller reporting companies.” We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the market price of our common stock may be reduced or more volatile.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our public offerings, including our “at-the-market” offering, and may not use them effectively.

We have broad discretion as to how to spend and invest the proceeds from our public offerings, including our “at-the-market” offering with Cowen, and we may spend or invest these proceeds in a way with which our stockholders disagree. Accordingly, investors will need to rely on our judgment with respect to the use of these proceeds and these uses may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. In addition, until the net proceeds are used, they may be placed in investments that do not produce significant income or that may lose value.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULT UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:


Exhibit Number	Description of Document	Incorporated by Reference Herein
		Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date

3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended, as currently in effect.	S-1/A	333-197365	3.2	August 1, 2014

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant.	8-K	001-36591	3.1	July 9, 2020

31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.	The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.

101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104	Cover page interactive data file (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101).


+	Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
*	In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release Nos. 33-8238 and 34-47986, Final Rule; Management’s Reports on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, the certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-Q and will not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	OTONOMY, INC.

Date: November 10, 2022	By:	/s/ David A. Weber
		David A. Weber, Ph.D.
		President and Chief Executive Officer

	OTONOMY, INC.

Date: November 10, 2022	By:	/s/ Paul E. Cayer
		Paul E. Cayer
		Chief Financial and Business Officer

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Otonomy (OTIC) 10-Q2022 Q3 Quarterly report

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