Investments | Investments Investments consist of the following: As of December 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) Accrued performance allocations $ 3,855.6 $ 3,480.0 Principal equity method investments, excluding performance allocations 2,443.6 1,765.8 Principal investments in CLOs and other 505.2 451.7 Total investments $ 6,804.4 $ 5,697.5 Accrued Performance Allocations The components of accrued performance allocations are as follows: As of December 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) Corporate Private Equity $ 2,107.5 $ 1,990.2 Real Assets 764.4 654.2 Global Credit 136.9 99.3 Investment Solutions 846.8 736.3 Total $ 3,855.6 $ 3,480.0 Approximately 26% and 24% of accrued performance allocations at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , respectively, are related to Carlyle Partners VI, L.P., one of the Company’s Corporate Private Equity funds. Accrued performance allocations are shown gross of the Company’s accrued performance allocations and incentive fee-related compensation (see Note 8), and accrued giveback obligations, which are separately presented in the consolidated balance sheets. The components of the accrued giveback obligations are as follows: As of December 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) Corporate Private Equity $ (5.0 ) $ (5.0 ) Real Assets (17.2 ) (58.2 ) Total $ (22.2 ) $ (63.2 ) Principal Equity-Method Investments, Excluding Performance Allocations The Company’s equity method investments include its fund investments in Corporate Private Equity, Real Assets, Global Credit, and Investment Solutions typically as general partner interests, and its strategic investments in NGP (included within Real Assets) and Fortitude Re (included within Global Credit), which are not consolidated. Investments are related to the following segments: As of December 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) Corporate Private Equity $ 420.1 $ 374.7 Real Assets 601.7 770.0 Global Credit 1,299.6 545.0 Investment Solutions 122.2 76.1 Total $ 2,443.6 $ 1,765.8 The summarized financial information of the Company’s equity method investees from the date of initial investment is as follows (Dollars in millions): Corporate Real Assets Global Credit Investment Solutions Aggregate Totals For the Year Ended For the Year Ended For the Year Ended For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Statement of operations information Investment income $ 582.9 $ 561.7 $ 630.8 $ 715.8 $ 722.2 $ 230.4 $ 517.7 $ 319.5 $ 267.7 $ 33.4 $ 46.1 $ 78.6 $ 1,849.8 $ 1,649.5 $ 1,207.5 Expenses 1,092.3 865.1 553.3 645.3 582.4 572.4 171.0 145.5 118.8 771.3 672.6 665.5 2,679.9 2,265.6 1,910.0 Net investment income (loss) (509.4 ) (303.4 ) 77.5 70.5 139.8 (342.0 ) 346.7 174.0 148.9 (737.9 ) (626.5 ) (586.9 ) (830.1 ) (616.1 ) (702.5 ) Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) 3,639.3 4,395.5 9,587.4 (354.1 ) 1,873.6 2,605.6 (513.2 ) (116.7 ) (51.5 ) 4,177.8 3,243.2 2,676.3 6,949.8 9,395.6 14,817.8 Net income (loss) $ 3,129.9 $ 4,092.1 $ 9,664.9 $ (283.6 ) $ 2,013.4 $ 2,263.6 $ (166.5 ) $ 57.3 $ 97.4 $ 3,439.9 $ 2,616.7 $ 2,089.4 $ 6,119.7 $ 8,779.5 $ 14,115.3 Corporate Real Assets Global Credit Investment Solutions Aggregate Totals As of December 31, As of December 31, As of December 31, As of December 31, As of December 31, 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Balance sheet information Investments $ 53,473.6 $ 46,448.0 $ 27,236.0 $ 27,717.9 $ 5,931.9 $ 5,417.5 $ 20,575.4 $ 17,333.9 $ 107,216.9 $ 96,917.3 Total assets $ 55,944.8 $ 48,045.2 $ 28,596.1 $ 29,141.5 $ 6,404.6 $ 5,699.6 $ 20,393.0 $ 17,411.5 $ 111,338.5 $ 100,297.8 Debt $ 5,571.2 $ 5,444.1 $ 3,114.8 $ 3,093.1 $ 1,232.8 $ 738.4 $ 19.3 $ 252.8 $ 9,938.1 $ 9,528.4 Other liabilities $ 628.2 $ 490.2 $ 573.4 $ 278.0 $ 164.8 $ 103.0 $ 449.8 $ 317.0 $ 1,816.2 $ 1,188.2 Total liabilities $ 6,199.4 $ 5,934.3 $ 3,688.2 $ 3,371.1 $ 1,397.6 $ 841.4 $ 469.1 $ 569.8 $ 11,754.3 $ 10,716.6 Partners’ capital $ 49,745.4 $ 42,110.9 $ 24,907.9 $ 25,770.4 $ 5,007.0 $ 4,858.2 $ 19,923.9 $ 16,841.7 $ 99,584.2 $ 89,581.2 Strategic Investment in Fortitude Re (f/k/a DSA Re) On November 13, 2018, the Company acquired a 19.9% interest in Fortitude Group Holdings, LLC (“Fortitude Holdings”), a wholly owned subsidiary of American International Group, Inc. (“AIG”) (the “Transaction”). Fortitude Holdings owns 100% of the outstanding common shares of Fortitude Reinsurance Company Ltd., a Bermuda domiciled reinsurer (“Fortitude Re”, f/k/a “DSA Re”) established to reinsure a portfolio of AIG’s legacy life, annuity and property and casualty liabilities. Pursuant to the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into a strategic asset management relationship with Fortitude Re pursuant to which Fortitude Re, together with certain AIG-affiliated ceding companies it has reinsured, committed to allocate assets in asset management strategies and vehicles of the Company and its affiliates. If Fortitude Re, together with AIG and its affiliates, fails to allocate an agreed upon amount of assets to the Company’s asset management strategies and vehicles within 30 to 36 months of the closing of the transaction, the Company may be entitled to certain payments from AIG based on the commitment shortfall and assumed customary fee rates. The Company paid $381 million in cash at closing (the “Initial Purchase Price”) and expects to pay up to $95 million in additional deferred consideration following December 31, 2023. If Fortitude Holdings is unable to distribute a planned non-pro rata dividend to AIG by May 2020, then the Initial Purchase Price may be adjusted upward by up to $100 million (of which $80 million would be payable in May 2020 and the remaining $20 million would be payable following December 31, 2023) to account for the increased value of Fortitude Holdings’ equity. AIG has also agreed to a post-closing purchase price adjustment pursuant to which AIG will pay affiliates of the Company in respect of certain adverse reserve developments in Fortitude Re’s property and casualty insurance business, based on an agreed methodology, that occur on or prior to December 31, 2023, up to the value of the Company’s investment. The Company incurred approximately $17.9 million in transaction costs, which are included in the carrying value of the investment. In connection with the Transaction, the Company also entered into an operating agreement that governs its rights and obligations as an equity holder of Fortitude Holdings and entitles the Company to customary minority protections contingent upon the Company maintaining agreed ownership percentages of Fortitude Holdings. The Company’s investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting and the investment is included in the Global Credit segment. Separately, income from the assets to be managed by the Company is included in the segment of the relevant investment fund. The Company’s net investment earnings (loss) from its investment are included in principal investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. On November 25, 2019, the Company signed an agreement for a new Carlyle-affiliated investment fund to acquire a 51.6% ownership interest in Fortitude Holdings from AIG, which is expected to close in mid-2020. At closing, the Company will transfer its existing 19.9% stake in Fortitude Holdings to the investment fund, and the Company’s investment will become an ownership interest in the fund. Taken together, upon closing, the Company and its fund investors will have a 71.5% ownership interest in Fortitude Holdings. Subsequent to closing, the Company will record its investment at the net asset value of its interest in the fund. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , the Company’s investment in Fortitude Holdings is $1,200.9 million and $460.2 million respectively. The Company’s earnings from its investment for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $722.9 million and $57.9 million , respectively, which represents 19.9% of Fortitude Holdings’ estimated net income for the respective periods. These amounts are inclusive of $582.0 million and $46.2 million , respectively, of unrealized gains related to the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives related to certain reinsurance contracts included in Fortitude Re’s U.S. GAAP financial statements. Modified coinsurance is subject to the general accounting principles for hedging, specifically the guidance originally issued as Derivatives Implementation Group Issue No. B36: Embedded Derivatives: Modified Coinsurance Agreements and Debt Instruments That Incorporate Credit Risk Exposures That Are Unrelated or Only Partially Related to the Creditworthiness of the Obligor under Those Instruments (“DIG B36”). Estimated summarized financial information of Fortitude Holdings is presented below: As of December 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) Investments $ 44,351.0 $ 40,595.0 Total assets $ 44,521.0 $ 41,183.0 Insurance liabilities $ 37,215.0 $ 38,341.0 Other liabilities $ 1,450.0 $ 717.0 Total liabilities $ 38,665.0 $ 39,058.0 Shareholders' equity $ 5,856.0 $ 2,125.0 For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 (Dollars in millions) Revenues $ 2,358.0 Expenses 1,899.0 Operating income 459.0 Investment gains (losses) 246.0 Change in value of funds withheld embedded derivative 3,703.0 Change in value of other investments 204.0 Income tax expense 970.0 Net income $ 3,642.0 Fortitude Holdings’ revenues, expenses and net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2018 were $583.0 million , $484.0 million and $(211.0) million , respectively. The Company’s period of ownership in Fortitude Re during 2018 was November 13, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Fortitude Holdings’ estimated net income for this period was $291.0 million . Strategic Investment in NGP The Company has equity interests in NGP Management Company, L.L.C. (“NGP Management”), the general partners of certain carry funds advised by NGP, and principal investments in certain NGP funds. The Company accounts for its investments in NGP under the equity method of accounting, and includes these investments in the Real Assets segment. These interests entitle the Company to an allocation of income equal to 55.0% of the management fee-related revenues of NGP Management which serves as the investment advisor to certain NGP funds as well as 47.5% of the performance allocations received by certain current and future NGP fund general partners. The Company’s investments in NGP as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows: As of December 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) Investment in NGP Management $ 383.6 $ 394.6 Investments in NGP general partners - accrued performance allocations — 151.0 Principal investments in NGP funds 67.9 77.6 Total investments in NGP $ 451.5 $ 623.2 Investment in NGP Management. The Company’s equity interests in NGP Management entitle the Company to an allocation of income equal to 55.0% of the management fee-related revenues of NGP Management, which serves as the investment advisor to the NGP Energy Funds. Management fees are generally calculated as 1.0% to 2.0% of the limited partners’ commitments during the fund’s investment period, and 0.6% to 2.0% based on the lower of cost or fair market value of invested capital following the expiration or termination of the investment period. Management fee-related revenues from NGP Management are primarily driven by NGP XI, NGP XII and NGP X during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 , and NGP XI and NGP X during the year ended December 31, 2017 . The Company records investment income (loss) for its equity income allocation from NGP management fee-related revenues and also records its share of any allocated expenses from NGP Management, expenses associated with the compensatory elements of the strategic investment, and the amortization of the basis differences related to the definite-lived identifiable intangible assets of NGP Management. The net investment income (loss) recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Management fee-related revenues from NGP Management $ 97.8 $ 96.0 $ 80.5 Expenses related to the investment in NGP Management (10.5 ) (13.1 ) (54.0 ) Amortization of basis differences from the investment in NGP Management (5.7 ) (7.1 ) (8.5 ) Net investment income from NGP Management $ 81.6 $ 75.8 $ 18.0 The difference between the Company’s remaining carrying value of its investment and its share of the underlying net assets of the investee was $8.5 million , $14.2 million and $21.3 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 , respectively; these differences are amortized over a period of 10 years from the initial investment date. Investment in the General Partners of NGP Carry Funds. The Company’s investment in the general partners of the NGP Carry Funds entitle it to 47.5% of the performance allocations received by certain current and future NGP fund general partners. The Company records its equity income allocation from NGP performance allocations in principal investment income from equity method investments rather than performance allocations. The Company recognized net investment earnings (losses) related to these performance allocations in its consolidated statements of operations of $(151.0) million , $7.9 million and $98.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Principal Investments in NGP Funds. The Company also holds principal investments in the NGP Carry Funds. The Company recognized net investment earnings (losses) related to principal investment income in its consolidated statements of operations of $(9.0) million and $12.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2017 , respectively. The net investment loss related to principal investment income for the year ended December 31, 2018 was no t significant. Principal Investments in CLOs and Other Investments Principal investments in CLOs and other investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 primarily consisted of $505.2 million and $451.7 million , respectively, of investments in CLO senior and subordinated notes and derivative instruments. Investment Income (Loss) The components of investment income (loss) are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Performance allocations Realized $ 354.8 $ 693.8 $ 1,062.8 Unrealized 444.3 (70.9 ) 995.8 799.1 622.9 2,058.6 Principal investment income from equity method investments (excluding performance allocations) Realized 189.5 122.9 68.1 Unrealized 585.4 66.4 158.3 774.9 189.3 226.4 Principal investment income (loss) from investments in CLOs and other investments Realized 1.0 1.5 2.3 Unrealized (6.6 ) (4.5 ) 3.3 (5.6 ) (3.0 ) 5.6 Total $ 1,568.4 $ 809.2 $ 2,290.6 The performance allocations included in revenues are derived from the following segments: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Corporate Private Equity $ 248.8 $ 291.4 $ 1,629.6 Real Assets 301.6 148.4 265.2 Global Credit 38.5 9.1 21.3 Investment Solutions 210.2 174.0 142.5 Total $ 799.1 $ 622.9 $ 2,058.6 Approximately 34% , or $273.6 million , of performance allocations for the year ended December 31, 2019 are related to the following funds along with total revenue recognized (total revenue includes performance allocations, fund management fees, and principal investment income): • Carlyle Partners VI, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $239.0 million , • Carlyle Realty Partners V, L.P. (Real Assets segment) – $158.5 million , • AlpInvest Co- & Secondary Investments 2006-2008 (Investment Solutions segment) – $83.5 million , and • Carlyle Europe Partners IV, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $(82.9) million . Additionally, $(110.9) million in total revenue was recognized in our investment in NGP XI for the year ended December 31, 2019 . Approximately 32% , or $201.7 million , of performance allocations for the year ended December 31, 2018 are related to the following funds along with total revenue recognized (total revenue includes performance allocations, fund management fees, and principal investment income): • Carlyle Partners VI, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $277.0 million , • Carlyle Asia Partners IV, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $(208.0) million , • Carlyle Realty Partners VII, L.P. (Real Assets segment) – $173.9 million , • Carlyle Europe Partners IV, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $140.4 million , • Carlyle International Energy Partners, L.P. (Real Assets segment) – $122.7 million , • Carlyle Partners V, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $87.2 million , and • Carlyle Realty Partners V, L.P. (Real Assets segment) – $(58.0) million . Approximately 62% , or $1,273.2 million , of performance allocations for the year ended December 31, 2017 are related to the following funds along with total revenue recognized (total revenue includes performance allocations, fund management fees, and principal investment income): • Carlyle Partners V, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $335.1 million , • Carlyle Partners VI, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $844.5 million , and • Carlyle Asia Partners IV, L.P. (Corporate Private Equity segment) – $381.8 million . Carlyle’s principal investment income (loss) from its equity-method investments consists of: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Corporate Private Equity $ 25.7 $ 22.9 $ 64.8 Real Assets 19.5 102.1 151.7 Global Credit (inclusive of earnings from Fortitude Re) 718.2 55.8 1.7 Investment Solutions 11.5 8.5 8.2 Total $ 774.9 $ 189.3 $ 226.4 Investments of Consolidated Funds The Company consolidates the financial positions and results of operations of certain CLOs in which it is the primary beneficiary, as well as the newly formed renewable energy fund. During the year ended December 31, 2019 , the Company formed five new CLOs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Furthermore, during the year ended December 31, 2019 , the Company consolidated one CLO and deconsolidated two CLOs as a result of a change in the Company’s direct interest in the CLOs. The following table presents a summary of the investments held by the Consolidated Funds. Investments held by the Consolidated Funds do not represent the investments of all Carlyle sponsored funds. Fair Value Percentage of Investments of Geographic Region/Instrument Type/ Industry December 31, December 31, Description or Investment Strategy 2019 2018 2019 2018 (Dollars in millions) United States Equity securities: Renewable Energy $ 17.8 $ — 0.36 % — % Total equity securities (cost of $19.1 and $0 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) 17.8 — 0.36 % — % Assets of the CLOs: Bonds 37.0 75.3 0.74 % 1.42 % Equity 1.1 — 0.02 % — % Loans 1,510.6 1,621.3 30.17 % 30.67 % Total assets of the CLOs (cost of $1,585.3 and $1,720.4 at 1,548.7 1,696.6 30.93 % 32.09 % Total United States $ 1,566.5 $ 1,696.6 31.29 % 32.09 % Europe Assets of the CLOs: Bonds $ 532.5 $ 610.3 10.63 % 11.54 % Equity 0.5 — 0.01 % — % Loans 2,671.9 2,804.1 53.36 % 53.04 % Total assets of the CLOs (cost of $3,277.3 and $3,483.2 at 3,204.9 3,414.4 64.00 % 64.58 % Total Europe $ 3,204.9 $ 3,414.4 64.00 % 64.58 % Global Assets of the CLOs: Bonds $ 4.5 $ 4.5 0.09 % 0.09 % Loans 231.4 171.1 4.62 % 3.24 % Total assets of the CLOs (cost of $237.0 and $176.4 at 235.9 175.6 4.71 % 3.33 % Total Global $ 235.9 $ 175.6 4.71 % 3.33 % Total investments of Consolidated Funds (cost of $5,118.7 and $5,380.1 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) $ 5,007.3 $ 5,286.6 100.00 % 100.00 % There were no individual investments with a fair value greater than five percent of the Company’s total assets for any period presented. Interest and Other Income of Consolidated Funds The components of interest and other income of Consolidated Funds are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Interest income from investments $ 192.3 $ 207.2 $ 167.3 Other income 6.9 7.3 10.4 Total $ 199.2 $ 214.5 $ 177.7 Net Investment Gains (Losses) of Consolidated Funds Net investment gains (losses) of Consolidated Funds include net realized gains (losses) from sales of investments and unrealized gains (losses) resulting from changes in fair value of the Consolidated Funds’ investments. The components of net investment gains (losses) of Consolidated Funds are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Gains (losses) from investments of Consolidated Funds $ (18.9 ) $ (108.8 ) $ 27.0 (Losses) gains from liabilities of CLOs (5.0 ) 113.3 61.4 Total $ (23.9 ) $ 4.5 $ 88.4 The following table presents realized and unrealized gains (losses) earned from investments of the Consolidated Funds: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Realized losses $ (14.2 ) $ (4.9 ) $ (54.0 ) Net change in unrealized gains (losses) (4.7 ) (103.9 ) 81.0 Total $ (18.9 ) $ (108.8 ) $ 27.0 |