Jupai Holdings Limited (JPPYY) 20-F2022 FY Annual report (foreign)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report __________

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number: 001-37485

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange and quoting on the OTC Market, as applicable, of American depositary shares.

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(1) On July 12, 2022, the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, applied to the Securities and Exchange Commission by filing a Form 25 to delist the American depositary shares of Jupai Holdings Limited, which became effective on July 22, 2022. Jupai Holdings Limited’s American depositary shares have been quoted on the OTC Market under the symbol “JPPYY” after the NYSE suspended the trading of Jupai Holdings Limited’s American depositary shares in June 2022.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2022, there were 191,052,818 ordinary shares outstanding (excluding 8,326,458 ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved under our share incentive plan), with a par value US$0.0005 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Note - Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officer during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ☐ Yes ☐ No

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Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated financial statements including the statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 and the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022.

Effective July 1, 2016, we changed our reporting currency from the U.S. dollars to Renminbi. The aligning of the reporting currency with the underlying operations better reflects our results of operations for each period, and reduces the impact that the increased volatility of the Renminbi to U.S. dollars exchange rate will have on our reported operating results. This annual report contains translations of certain Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars for convenience. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars in this annual report were made at RMB6.8972 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate for December 30, 2022 as set forth in the H. 10 statistical release of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. The PRC government restricts the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency and foreign currency into Renminbi for certain types of transactions.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that relate to our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the items entitled “Information on the Company,” “Risk Factors,” “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “Financial Information” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” Our forward-looking statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigations Reform Act of 1995. You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statement contain these words. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements relating to:

You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to herein with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and/or worse than what we expect. Other sections of this annual report, including the Risk Factors and Operating and Financial Review and Prospects, discuss factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

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PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with our VIEs and Their Shareholders

Jupai Holdings Limited is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in its variable interest entities. We conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries and (ii) our variable interest entities with which we have maintained contractual arrangements. PRC laws and regulations restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in direct sales of mutual fund and asset management plans, market surveys and asset management business. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in China through our variable interest entities, and rely on contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our variable interest entities and their shareholders to control the business operations of our variable interest entities. Revenues contributed by our variable interest entities accounted for approximately 61.2%, 58.8% and 36.6% of our total revenues in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” refer to Jupai Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, our VIEs in China, including Shanghai E-Cheng Asset Management Co., Ltd., or Shanghai E-Cheng, Shanghai Yedu Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Yedu, and, for periods prior to June 22, 2022, Shanghai Jupai Investment Group Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Jupai. Our VIEs and their subsidiaries are consolidated for accounting purposes. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in our VIEs in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

A series of contractual agreements, including operating agreement, call option agreement, equity pledge agreement, voting proxy agreement, consulting services agreement, exclusive support agreement, loan agreement, and exclusive call option agreement, have been entered into by and among our subsidiaries, our VIEs and their respective shareholders. Terms contained in each set of contractual arrangements with our variable interest entities and their respective shareholders are substantially similar. These agreements have not been tested in courts. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company-C. Organizational Structure-Contractual Arrangement with Shanghai Jupai” and “Item 4. Information on the Company-C. Organizational Structure-Contractual Arrangement with Shanghai E-Cheng.” We terminated the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders in June 2022, upon which we discontinued the operations of and ceased control over the business operated by Shanghai Jupai.

However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our VIEs and their subsidiaries and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure-We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs, and their respective shareholders for a portion of our China operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control” and “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure-The shareholders of our VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, and if any such conflicts of interest are not resolved in our favor, our business may be materially and adversely affected.”

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with

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respect to its contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of our VIEs is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure- If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating certain of our operations in China do not comply with PRC regulations relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.” and “-Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the 2019 PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementation Rules and how they may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and operations.”

Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our contractual arrangements with our VIEs. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with our VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, it would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of our ADSs, including that it could cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless, and we could also be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company, our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with our VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of our VIEs and our company as a whole. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. Our business operations are primarily conducted in China, and we are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States or other foreign exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3.D. Key Information-Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

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Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company and our VIEs in China, including, among others, private fund manager registrations with Asset Management Association of China by Shanghai Yidexin Equity Investment Management Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Yidexin. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

Furthermore, in connection with our issuance of securities to foreign investors, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs, (i) are not required to obtain permissions from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and (iii) have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any PRC authority.

However, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity structure. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-The approval of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval.”

Cash Flows through Our Organization

Jupai Holdings Limited is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs and their respective subsidiaries in China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, Jupai Holdings Limited’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to Jupai Holdings Limited. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to Jupai Holdings Limited only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Holding Company Structure.”

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries and the net assets of our VIEs, in which we have no legal ownership, totaling negative net assets of RMB252.8 million (US$36.6 million) in 2022, negative net assets of RMB91.4 million in 2021 and positive net assets of RMB298.6 million in 2020. Our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs and their subsidiaries generate their revenue primarily in Renminbi and the conversion of Renminbi to other currencies is subject to various restrictions. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiaries

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to pay dividends to us. For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-Our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.”

Under PRC laws and regulations, Jupai Holdings Limited may provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, and to our PRC variable interest entities only through loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, no loans was extended by Jupai Holdings Limited to our intermediate holding companies and subsidiaries, and our VIEs received no capital contribution or loan investment from our Cayman Islands holding company.

Our VIEs may transfer cash to our relevant PRC subsidiaries by paying service fees according to the consulting services agreement, exclusive support agreement and exclusive business operation agreement. Our VIEs agree to pay our PRC subsidiaries service fees, the amount of which are subject to adjustment at our PRC subsidiaries’ sole discretion taking into consideration of the actual operation of our VIEs, among others. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, no service fees were paid to our PRC subsidiaries by our VIEs in China.

Jupai Holdings Limited has no present plan to pay any cash dividends on its ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our available funds and any future earnings to operate our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information-A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information-Dividend Policy.” For PRC and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information-E. Taxation.”

In 2020, 2021 and 2022, no assets other than cash were transferred through our organization.

Condensed Consolidating Schedule Disaggregating Our Operations

We conduct our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs and their respective subsidiaries in China. For accounting purposes, we receive the economic benefits of our VIEs and their subsidiaries through the contractual arrangements, which enable us to consolidate the financial results of our VIEs and their subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. This structure involves unique risks to investors.

The following tables set forth selected condensed consolidated financial data of Jupai Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries and the VIEs and the subsidiaries of VIEs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and balance sheet data as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, which have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for those years.

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Selected condensed consolidated statements of income information

Selected condensed consolidated balance sheets

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Selected condensed consolidated statements of cash flows

A [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks and uncertainties relating to our business and industry include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Risks and uncertainties relating to our corporate structure include, without limitation, the following:

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We are also subject to risks and uncertainties relating to doing business in China in general, including, but are not limited to, the following:

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Risks Related to Our ADSs

In addition to the risks described above, we are subject to general risks related to the ADSs, including, without limitation, the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our operating history and track record may not be indicative of our future performance and prospects.

Our business model has evolved over our operating history. We commenced our wealth management services to distribute wealth management products in July 2010. We refer to “wealth management product” as an investment venture in which investors participate for wealth preservation or appreciation. We started from January 2013 to provide asset management services, including management of real estate or related funds and other fund products, to complement our wealth management product advisory services. After several years of growth prior to 2017, our net revenues decreased to RMB0.4 billion in 2020, RMB359.1 million in 2021 and RMB103.2 million (US$15.0 million) in 2022. Therefore, our historical performance may not be indicative of our future performance, especially if we are unable to maintain and further improve our wealth management product advisory and asset management capabilities to achieve our clients’ expectation of the investment returns.

Prior to 2015, substantially all of our revenue was attributable to one-time commissions and recurring service fees generated through our wealth management product related services. However, these revenues may not grow at the same rate as it had in the past and may further decrease in the future. For example, our revenues from one-time commissions were RMB27.9 million (US$4.0 million) in 2022, representing a decrease of 80.4% from 2021. In addition, we cannot assure you that businesses from asset management will not decrease. While the deleveraging-related policy-tightening and uncertainties related to the trade conflict between the United States and China and the COVID-19 outbreak contributed to the slow-down of economic growth, the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed decreased by 92.0% from RMB6.2 billion in 2021 to RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million) in 2022. Currently, we mainly focus on managing our existing products and protecting clients’ interest and have ceased our marketing efforts, which may result in further decrease of, among others, the amounts of our revenues and wealth management products distributed or managed.

You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties that companies with limited operating histories may encounter.

Uncertainties and risks accompany our termination of the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders.

We terminated the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders in June 2022, upon which we discontinued the operations of and ceased control over the business operated by Shanghai Jupai. The

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termination of our contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders will mitigate the risks associated with products distributed or managed by Shanghai Jupai or its subsidiaries or branches. We thus recorded gain from deconsolidation of subsidiary of RMB173.3 million (US$25.1 million) in 2022. However, we may also face uncertainties and risks in connection with the termination of our contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders, since revenues generated from the business of Shanghai Jupai and its subsidiaries and branches represented a significant portion of our total revenues. Currently, we mainly focus on managing our existing products and protecting clients’ interest.

In addition, although we believe we have effectively terminated all the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders, we cannot assure you that Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders hold the same view as to the termination. Upon the termination, we believe that we will not be materially affected by any results of any lawsuits against Shanghai Jupai or any products distributed or managed by Shanghai Jupai, its subsidiaries or branches. However, we cannot assure you that investors of relevant products will not bring lawsuits or claim against us, even if they are baseless. Please also see “-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” for uncertainties and risks in connection with VIE arrangements in China.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth or implement our future business strategies, in which case our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business growth and expansion has placed, and may continue to place, significant strain on our management and resources. Factors relating to our business that may impact our growth and cause fluctuations include:

We believe that it will depend on our ability to effectively implement our business strategies and address the above listed factors that may affect our operation. In addition, our reputation and brand are vulnerable to many threats that can be difficult or impossible to control and costly or impossible to remediate. Regulatory inquiries or investigations, lawsuits and other claims in the ordinary course of our business, employee misconduct, perceptions

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of conflicts of interest and rumors, among other things, could substantially damage our reputation, even if they are baseless or satisfactorily addressed, and, as a result, our business and revenues would be materially and adversely affected.

We may fail to obtain and maintain licenses and permits necessary to conduct our operations in China, and our business may be materially and adversely affected as a result of any changes in the laws and regulations governing the financial services industry in China.

The laws and regulations governing the financial services industry in China are still evolving. Substantial uncertainties exist regarding the regulatory system and the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC laws and regulations applicable to the financial services industry and companies that operate wealth management or asset management businesses. In the past, depending on the type of products and services being offered, our business operations may be subject to the supervision and scrutiny by different authorities. On April 27, 2018, the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CBIRC, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, jointly issued Guidance Opinions on Regulating the Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions, or the Asset Management Guidance. On October 22, 2018, the CSRC promulgated (i) the Administration Measures on Privately Offered Asset Management Business of Securities and Futures Operation Institutions, or the Asset Management Administration Measures, and (ii) the Administration Measures on Operation of Privately Offered Asset Management Plan of Securities and Futures Operation Institutions, or the Asset Management Plan Operation Measures. Both of those two regulations were amended on January 12, 2023 and came into effect on March 1, 2023. The Asset Management Guidance, the Asset Management Administration Measures and the Asset Management Plan Operation Measures, or collectively the New Asset Management Measures, constitute a unified regulatory framework governing the distribution and management of privately offered asset management products. The New Asset Management Measures prescribed the minimum investment ratio for different kinds of asset management products, set standards for qualified investors and minimum subscription amount, prohibiting “cash pooling” business, unified ratio for provision of risk reserves, the liability proportion of each asset management product, regulating graded products type and leverage, prohibiting the implicit guarantee of the minimum amount of return, the break-even return of principal or the minimum amount or rate of loss to investors, eliminating multilayer asset management products and “channel” service, and controlling the concentration of investment of the assets management products managed by financial institutions.

On November 8, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court released the Summaries of the National Conference for the Work of Courts in the Trial of Civil and Commercial Cases, or the Summaries, which, among others, imposes additional obligations on institutional sellers, including but not limited to additional suitability obligations and additional information disclosure and explanation obligations to financial customers. According to the Supreme Court’s Summaries, institutional sellers include issuers of financial products, sellers of financial products, and financial services providers. Each institutional seller has suitability obligations, which refer to the obligations to know the customers, know the products and sell or provide appropriate financial products or services to a suitable financial consumer, where the institutional sellers are obliged to perform their duties in the sale of, among others, high-risk financial products such as bank wealth management products, insurance investment products, trust wealth management products, brokerage collective wealth management plans, leveraged fund shares, options and other over-the-counter derivatives to financial consumers. Under certain circumstances, an issuer of financial product and a seller of financial product may be deemed jointly and severally liable for the losses suffered by the financial customers due to their purchase of such financial product, if either of the issuer or the seller of the financial product fails to perform its corresponding suitability obligations to the financial customers. If any financial customers suffer the losses in the purchase of any financial products, resulted from any financial services provider’s failure to perform the suitability obligations, the financial services providers are obliged to compensate the financial customers for their losses. When deciding if an institutional seller has fulfilled its information disclosure and explanation obligations to financial customers, the court may combine the objective standard, meaning that if a

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rational person could understand, together with a subjective standard, meaning that if a financial customer could understand, based on the risk of the financial products and investment activities and the actual condition of the financial consumer in question. The Supreme Court’s Summaries is the practical guidance for the courts when handling disputes relating to certain newly emerged issues in civil and commercial trials.

On December 28, 2019, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has enacted the amended Securities Law of the PRC, which came into effect on March 1, 2020. The amended Securities Law of the PRC provides that, among others, asset management products should be deemed as securities and the rules of issuance and trading of asset management products should be set out by the State Council. Therefore, the regulations relating to asset management plans and mutual funds are expected to be further changed in accordance with the amended Securities Law of the PRC in the future.

In addition, there are laws and regulations governing certain wealth management products that we distribute or manage, such as private equity products, private securities investment funds, trust products and insurance products. New laws and regulations may be adopted to require additional licenses and permits. Our business may be adversely affected if the relevant authorities enhance their scrutiny over the wealth management products we distribute or manage. For example, historically, a significant portion of the products that we distributed involve real estate or related assets. The success of such products depends significantly on conditions in China’s real estate industry. The PRC government has from time to time taken measures to cool down the real estate market and to curb the increase of housing prices by requiring more stringent implementation of housing price control measures. Such measures may depress the real estate market. We are also susceptible to the risks inherent in the operation of real estate-related businesses and assets. If significant fluctuations occur in China’s real estate industry, or the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate materialize, they may result in decreased value and increased default rates of the wealth management products linked to real estate or the construction and development of the real estate that we distributed or manage.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our existing licenses or permits or renew any of them when their current term expires. Furthermore, new laws and regulations may impose additional restrictions on our business operations. For example, on December 23, 2019, the Asset Management Association of China, or the AMAC, issued the Notice regarding Filing of Private Investment Funds, or the 2019 Filing Notice, which clarifies, among others, that the negative scope of financial products that are unable to be registered as private investment funds and the special filing or registration requirements on different types of private investment funds.

On September 30, 2018, the AMAC issued the Notice on Strengthening Self-Regulatory Administration of Information Disclosure by Private Investment Fund, which emphasizes the information disclosure obligations of private fund manager. In December 2018, the AMAC updated Notice for Registration of Private Fund Manager. The notice, among others, further clarifies the requirements for new private fund manager applicant, including the authenticity and stability of shareholders and related parties, and the requirements of continuous operation and internal control for registered private fund manager.

In addition, according to the requirements of AMAC, if private fund managers encounter abnormal operation situations, special legal opinions shall be submitted within required time period. If the private fund managers fail to submit satisfied legal opinions, the registration of such private fund managers shall be de-registered. In the event that any of the special legal opinions is not accepted by the AMAC, such private fund manager registration may be cancelled.

In December 2022, Shanghai Yidexin received a Notice on Submission of Special Legal Opinion from AMAC, which requires Shanghai Yidexin to submit a special legal opinion before March 12, 2023. As of the date of this annual report, Shanghai Yidexin has not received any feedback from AMAC on the special legal opinion submitted by Shanghai Yidexin. If the legal opinion is not accepted by AMAC, Shanghai Yidexin’s registration as

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being private fund manager will be de-registered, and its legal representative, senior management or other practitioners may be subject to disciplinary sanctions such as cancellation of fund qualifications and being added to the “blacklist,” if the violation is deemed to be serious.

On December 30, 2020, the CSRC issued the Several Provisions on Strengthening Supervision of Private Investment Fund, or the Provisions, to further strengthen the supervision and administration of private investment funds. The Provisions optimized the supervision on group-based private investment fund managers, reiterated and refined the requirements on non-public offering and qualified investors, prohibited private investment fund managers from using the property of private investment fund in investing non-private fund investment activities such as loans, guarantee, debt in the name of equity, credit-like assets, or engaging in investments with unlimited liabilities, among others. The Provisions also require fund managers and private investment sales agencies to fulfill prudence and diligence obligations and reiterate forbidden acts such as mixing of fund properties, self-financing, transfer of benefits.

In the event that we are found to be not in full compliance with the changing regulatory requirements on private fund manager and private investment fund, we may incur significantly increased costs and expenses and may need to allocate additional resources to gain compliance. We cannot assure you that we will be able to make the required adjustment in a timely manner if needed, failure of which will materially affect our operations.

The overall regulatory conditions in China would also affect our business and financial condition. For example, in 2018, the PRC government authorities issued a series of banking policies to control the leverage ratio, which have adversely affected the liquidity of capital in the market. Under such circumstance, the investment demand of our clients and the financial performance of certain wealth management products we distributed may be adversely affected, which may in turn adversely affect our results of operations.

If any future PRC regulations require us to obtain additional licenses or permits, adjust our business strategies or change our products or services in order to continue to conduct our business operations, we cannot assure you that we would be able to do so in a timely manner, or at all. If any of these situations occur, our business, financial condition and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulation.”

Our business and operation depend on our continued efforts to retain our existing management team and other key management, and our business may be disrupted if we lose their services.

Our business and operation depend heavily on the continued services of our current executive officers. If any of our executive officers or other key management are unable or unwilling to stay in their present positions, we may not be able to find suitable replacements, which may disrupt our business operations. We do not have key personnel insurance in place. If any of our executive officers or other key management joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose clients, know-how, key professionals and staff members. Each executive officer has entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with us. However, if any dispute arises between our executive officers and us, we cannot assure you of the extent to which any of these agreements could be enforced in China, where these executive officers reside, because of the uncertainties of China’s legal system. See “-Risks Related to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

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Our acquisition of or investment in complementary businesses and assets as well as formation of strategic alliances involves significant risk and uncertainty that may prevent us from achieving our objectives and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

We from time to time consider opportunities for strategic acquisitions or investments in complementary businesses and assets and strategic alliances. Over the past years, we have made several acquisitions that are complementary to our business. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company-C. History and Development of the Company.” Our future strategic acquisitions and investments could subject us to uncertainties and risks, including:

Failure to address these uncertainties and risks may affect our ability in implementing our acquisition strategies, which may in turn have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. In the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded impairment loss from equity in affiliates of RMB28.7 million (US$4.2 million) in connection with our equity interest in a non-controlling investee. We cannot guarantee that we will not incur increased impairment loss from any acquisition or investment in the future, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may not be able to complete proposed acquisitions and the completed ones may not benefit our business as intended.

A drop in the investment performance for products distributed or managed by us, a decline in the value of the assets under our management could negatively impact our revenues and profitability.

Investment performance is a key competitive factor for products distributed or managed by us. There can be no assurance as to how future investment performance will compare to our competitors or that historical performance will be indicative of future returns. Any drop or perceived drop in investment performance as compared to our competitors could cause a decline in sales of our investment products and services. These impacts may also reduce our aggregate amount of assets under management and management fees.

In addition, the profitability of our asset management services depends on fees charged based on the value of assets under management. Any impairment on the value of the assets we manage, whether caused by fluctuations or downturns in the underlying markets or otherwise, will reduce our revenues generated from asset management business, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our overall financial performance and results of operations.

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If we breach the contractual obligations under the fund management documents or fiduciary duties we owe to the fund counterparties in connection with our asset management services, our results of operations will be adversely impacted.

Our assets under management has experienced decrease since 2019, due to the uncertainty of macro-economic conditions and rapid changes in regulatory regime of the industry. Our asset management business involves inherent risks. For some of the funds that we self-develop or manage, such as contractual funds, we may be exposed to indemnity or other legal liabilities if we are deemed to have breached our legal obligations as fund managers under the fund management documents or fund subscription agreements, and are therefore susceptible to legal disputes and potentially significant damages. In cases where we serve as the general partner or co-general partner for the funds that are in the form of limited partnership, we are required to manage the funds for the limited partners or the investors. We may be removed by the limited partners without cause by their exercising their kick-out rights if they are not satisfied with our services in the roles of general partner or co-general partner of the funds. If we are deemed to have breached our fiduciary duty, we may be exposed to risks and losses related to legal disputes. We could also experience losses on our principal for funds invested by us and the entity as the general partner shall bear unlimited joint and several liabilities for the debts of any fund managed by it out of all its assets. We cannot assure you that our efforts to further develop the fund management business will be successful. If our asset management business fails, our future growth may be materially and adversely affected and our reputation and credibility may be damaged among high-net-worth individuals, which in turn may affect our wealth management product advisory services business.

Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk, including employee and financial advisor misconduct.

We have devoted significant resources to developing our risk management policies and procedures. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures to identify, monitor and manage risks may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk. Many of our risk management policies are based upon observed historical market behavior or statistics based on historical models. During periods of market volatility or due to unforeseen events, the historically derived correlations upon which these methods are based may not be valid. As a result, these methods may not predict future exposures accurately, which could be significantly greater than what our models indicate. This could cause us to incur investment losses or cause our hedging and other risk management strategies to be ineffective. Other risk management methods depend upon the evaluation of information regarding markets, clients, catastrophe occurrence or other matters that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us, which may not always be accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated.

Moreover, we are subject to the risks of errors and misconduct by our employees and advisors, which include:

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Although we have established an internal compliance system to supervise service quality and regulation compliance, these risks may be difficult to detect in advance and deter, and could harm our business, results of operations or financial performance.

In addition, although we perform due diligence on potential clients, we cannot assure you that we will be able to identify all the possible issues based on the information available to us. If certain investors do not meet the relevant qualification requirements for products we distribute or under applicable laws, we may also be deemed in default of the obligations required in our contract with the product providers. Management of operational, legal and regulatory risks requires, among other things, policies and procedures to properly record and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies and procedures may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk.

Non-compliance on the part of third parties with which we conduct business could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operation.

Our third-party wealth management product providers or other business counterparties may be subject to regulatory penalties or punishments because of their regulatory compliance failures, which may affect our business activities and reputation and in turn, our results of operations. Although the product providers or corporate borrowers of the wealth management products we distributed are typically directly liable to our clients in the event of a product default or otherwise, these incidences may negatively impact the performance of the applicable products that we distribute and adversely affect our reputation. Although we conduct due diligence on our business counterparties, we cannot be certain whether any such counterparty has infringed or will infringe any third parties’ legal rights or violate any regulatory requirements. We require the business counterparties in the financial services industry to provide their licenses, permits or filing documents in respect of the wealth management products before we distribute their products, but we cannot assure you that these counterparties will continue to maintain all applicable permits and approvals, and any noncompliance on the part of these counterparties may cause potential liabilities to us and in turn disrupt our operations. If we fail to identify and effectively control the risks associated with the products that we distribute or manage, or fail to disclose such risks to our clients in a sufficiently clear manner, and as a result our clients suffer financial loss or other damages resulting from their purchase of the wealth management products following our recommendations, our reputation, client relationship, business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

The impairment or negative performance of other financial services companies could adversely affect us.

We routinely work with counterparties in the financial services industry, including asset management companies, trust companies, insurers and other institutions, when providing our services. A decline in the financial condition of one or more financial services institutions may expose us to credit losses or defaults, limit our access to liquidity or otherwise disrupt the operations of our businesses. While we regularly assess our exposure to different industries and counterparties, the performance and financial strength of specific institutions are subject to rapid change, the timing and extent of which cannot be known.

Moreover, any negative media publicity about any of the products that we distributed, the financial services industry or wealth management service industry in general, or product or service quality problems at other firms in the industry, including our competitors, may also negatively impact our reputation and brand. Negative perceptions of certain financial products and services, or the financial industry in general, may increase the number of withdrawals and redemptions or reduce purchases made by our clients, which would adversely impact our revenues and liquidity position.

Downgrades in the credit or financial strength ratings assigned to the counterparties with whom we transact or other adverse reputational impacts to such counterparties could create the perception that our financial condition

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will be adversely impacted as a result of potential future defaults by such counterparties. As a result, our operations and financial performances may be adversely impacted.

Any material decrease in the commission and fee rates for our services may have an adverse effect on our revenues, cash flow and results of operations.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from commissions and recurring fees paid by wealth management product providers and corporate borrowers. The commission and recurring fee rates are set by such product providers and corporate borrowers or negotiated between such parties and us, and vary from product to product. Although the fee rates within any given category of the products we distribute remained relatively stable during the applicable periods referenced in this annual report, future commission and recurring fee rates may be subject to change based on the prevailing political, economic, regulatory, taxation and competitive factors that affect product providers or corporate borrowers. In addition, the historical volume of wealth management products that we distributed or managed may have a significant impact on our bargaining power with third-party wealth management product providers in relation to the commission and fee rates for future products. Because we do not determine, and cannot predict, the timing or extent of commission and fee rate changes with respect to the wealth management products, it is difficult for us to assess the effect of any of these changes on our operations. In order to maintain our relationships with the product providers and to enter into contracts for new products, we may have to accept lower commission rates or other less favorable terms, which could reduce our revenues.

We may face increased competition and if we are unable to compete successfully, we could lose our market share and our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

As the wealth management market in China is at an early stage of development and is highly fragmented, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain the number of our clients or our existing clients will maintain the same level of investment in the wealth management products that we distributed to them. As the industry develops, we may face increased competition. In addition, the evolving regulatory landscape of China’s financial service industry may not affect us and our competitors proportionately with respect to the ability to maintain our client base. A decrease in the number of our clients or a decrease in their spending on the products that we distribute may reduce revenues derived from commissions and recurring service fees and monetization opportunities for our asset management services. In distributing wealth management products, we face direct competition primarily from other third-party wealth management service providers, such as Noah Holdings Limited (NYSE: NOAH). We also compete with many local PRC commercial banks and insurance companies that have their own wealth management teams and sales forces to distribute their products.

In addition, there is a risk that we may not successfully identify new product and service opportunities or develop and introduce these opportunities in a timely and cost-effective manner. New competitors that are better adapted to the wealth management service industry may emerge, which could cause us to lose market share in key market segments.

Our competitors may have better brand recognition, stronger market influence, greater financial and/or marketing resources. For example, the commercial banks we compete with tend to enjoy distribution advantages due to their nationwide distribution networks, longer operating histories, broader client bases and settlement capabilities. A number of commercial banks have established subsidiaries to distribute wealth management products. Moreover, many wealth management product providers with whom we currently have relationships, such as commercial banks and trust companies, are also engaged in, or may in the future engage in, the distribution of wealth management products and may benefit from the integration of wealth management products with their other product offerings.

In addition, in the asset management service sector, we may face competition from mutual fund management companies and securities firms that have emerged or will emerge in the asset management business in China in the foreseeable future. With an increasing portion of wealth management products being distributed

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through online or mobile platforms, we expect we may potentially compete with an increasing number of internet finance enterprises.

Any failure to protect our clients’ privacy and confidential information could lead to legal liability, adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our services involve the exchange, storage and analysis of highly confidential information, including detailed personal and financial information regarding our high-net-worth clients, through a variety of electronic and non-electronic means, and our reputation and business operations are highly dependent on our ability to safeguard the confidential personal data and information of our clients. We rely on a network of process and software controls to protect the confidentiality of data provided to us or stored on our systems. We face various security threats on a regular basis, including cybersecurity threats to and attacks on our technology systems that are intended to gain access to our confidential information, destroy data or disable our systems.

If we do not take adequate measures to prevent security breaches, maintain adequate internal controls or fail to implement new or improved controls, this data, including personal information, could be misappropriated or confidentiality could otherwise be breached. We could be subject to liability if we fail to prevent security breaches, improper access to, or inappropriate disclosure of, any client’s personal information, or if third parties are able to illegally gain access to any client’s name, address, portfolio holdings, or other personal and confidential information. Although we have developed systems and internal control processes that are designed to prevent or detect security breaches and protect our clients’ data, we cannot assure you that such measures will provide absolute security. Any such failure could subject us to claims for identity theft or other similar fraud claims or claims for other misuses of personal information, such as unauthorized marketing or unauthorized access to personal information. In addition, such events would cause our clients to lose their trust and confidence in us, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business is subject to various evolving PRC laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Failure of cybersecurity and data privacy concerns could subject us to penalties, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and results of operations.

We face significant challenges with respect to cybersecurity and data privacy, including the storage, transmission, and sharing of confidential information. We transmit and store confidential and private information of our clients, such as personal information, including names, address and portfolio holdings.

We are subject to various regulatory requirements relating to cybersecurity and data privacy, including, without limitation, the PRC Civil Code and the PRC Cybersecurity Law. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulations-Regulations on Privacy Protection and Cybersecurity.” We are required by these laws and regulations to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity of the information of our users and distributors, which is also essential to maintaining their confidence in our vehicles and services. We have adopted strict information security policies and deployed advanced measures to implement the policies, including, among others, advanced encryption technologies. If we are unable to protect our systems, and hence the information stored in our systems, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction, such problems or security breaches could cause a loss, give rise to our liabilities to the owners of confidential information, or subject us to fines and other penalties. In addition, complying with various laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, including our data practices, in a manner adverse to our business.

In addition, regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data privacy are constantly evolving and can be subject to varying interpretations or significant changes, resulting in uncertainties about the scope of our responsibilities in that regard. For example, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s

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Congress promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, effective from September 1, 2021. The PRC Data Security Law, among other things, provides for a security review procedure for the data activities that may affect national security. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, effective from November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law requires, among others, that (i) the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose which should be directly related to the processing purpose, in a method that has the least impact on personal rights and interests, and (ii) the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum scope necessary to achieve the processing purpose to avoid the excessive collection of personal information. Entities handling personal information must bear responsibilities for their personal information handling activities and adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they handle. If entities that handle personal information intend to transmit the personal information to outside the PRC, they shall complete security review conducted by the CAC, and shall obtain personal information protection certification from professional institutions as prescribed by the CAC. Otherwise, the entities handling personal information could be ordered to correct, or suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulations-Regulations on Privacy Protection and Cybersecurity.” We cannot assure you that relevant regulators will not interpret or implement the laws or regulations in ways that negatively affect us. In addition, it is possible that we may become subject to additional or new laws and regulations in this regard, particularly to data security and protection laws in other jurisdiction if we extend our business outside of China in the future, which may result in additional expenses to us and subject us to potential liability and negative publicity. We expect that these areas will receive greater attention and focus from regulators and attract continued or greater public scrutiny and attention going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investments in China-based issuers. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, and several other PRC governmental authorities jointly issued the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which further restates and expands the applicable scope of the cybersecurity review in effect. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, critical information infrastructure operators that procure internet products and services and network platform operators engaging in data processing activities must be subject to the cybersecurity review if their activities affect or may affect national security. The Cybersecurity Review Measures further stipulate that network platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. Given the Cybersecurity Review Measures were recently promulgated, there are substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation, application, and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures. On August 17, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, effective from September 1, 2021, which defined critical information infrastructure as any important network facilities or information systems of the important industry or field such as public communication and information service, energy, communications, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs, and national defense science, which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood, and public interest in case of damage, function loss, or data leakage. In addition, according to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, relevant administration departments of each critical industry and sector should be responsible to formulate eligibility criteria and determine the scope of critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or sector. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation has been issued by any government authorities and we have not been informed as a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore,

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the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under PRC law. If so, we will be subject to more scrutiny from the relevant governmental authorities, which may increase our compliance costs and affect our ability to conduct offshore offerings.

Furthermore, on November 14, 2021, the CAC published the Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), which reiterates the circumstances under which data processors must apply for cybersecurity review, including, among others, (i) the data processors who process personal information of at least one million users apply for foreign listing; and (ii) the data processors’ proposed listing in Hong Kong affects or may possibly affect national security. However, there remain uncertainties whether we would be subject to the cybersecurity review for our future offshore offering pursuant to such measures. As of the date of this annual report, there is no schedule as to when it will be enacted. Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, final content, interpretation, and implementation.

It also remains uncertain whether the future regulatory changes would impose additional restrictions on companies like us. We cannot predict the impact of these future regulatory changes, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If future regulatory updates mandate clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be completed by China-based companies listed on a foreign stock exchange, such as us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. As of the date of this annual report, there had been no material incident of data or personal information leakage, infringement of data protection and privacy laws and regulations, or investigation or other legal proceeding, pending or threatened against us initiated by relevant government authorities or third parties, that will materially and adversely affect our business and operations. We have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis. However, if we are not able to comply with the cybersecurity and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, or removal of our app from the relevant application stores, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could reduce demand for the products that we distribute and our services, adversely affect our revenues and harm our competitive position.

We rely primarily on a combination of copyright, trade secret, trademark and anti-unfair competition laws and contractual rights to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that the steps we have taken or will take in the future to protect our intellectual property or piracy will prove to be sufficient. For example, although we require our employees, wealth management product providers and others to enter into confidentiality agreements in order to protect our trade secrets, other proprietary information and, most importantly, our client information, these agreements might not effectively prevent disclosure of our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and might not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of such confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties. Implementation of intellectual property-related laws in China has historically been lacking, primarily due to ambiguity in the PRC laws and enforcement difficulties. Accordingly, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protection in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Current or potential competitors may use our intellectual property without our authorization in the development of products and services that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours, which could reduce demand for our solutions and services, adversely affect our revenues and harm our competitive position. Even if we were to discover evidence of infringement or misappropriation, our recourse against such competitors may be limited or could require us to pursue litigation, which could involve substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention from the operation of our business.

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We may face intellectual property infringement claims, which could be time-consuming and costly to defend and may result in the loss of significant rights by us.

Although we have not been subject to any material litigation, pending or threatened, alleging infringement of third parties’ intellectual property rights, we cannot assure you that such infringement claims will not be asserted against us in the future. Some third parties may own technology patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and Internet content, which they may use to assert claims against us. We require our advisors, managers and relevant staff to sign agreements upon joining our company, to undertake to follow certain procedures designed to reduce the likelihood that we may use, develop or make available any content or applications without the proper licenses or necessary third party consents. However, these procedures may not be effective in completely preventing the unauthorized posting or use of copyrighted material or the infringement of other rights of third parties.

Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert resources and management attention from the operation of our business. If there is a successful claim of infringement, we may be required to alter our services, cease certain activities, pay substantial royalties and damages to, and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. We may not be able to obtain those licenses on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Any of those consequences could cause us to lose revenues, impair our client relationships and harm our reputation.

Legal or administrative proceedings or allegations against us or our management could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We may face legal proceedings, claims and investigations arising in the ordinary course of our business. Any lawsuit or allegation against us, with or without merit, or any perceived unfair, unethical, fraudulent or inappropriate business practice by us or perceived wrongdoing by any key member of our management team could harm our reputation, distract our management from day-to-day operations and cause us to incur significant expenses in the defense of such matters. A substantial judgment, award, settlement, fine, or penalty may generate negative publicity against us and could be materially adverse to our operating results or cash flows for a particular future period, depending on our results for that period. This risk may be heightened during periods when credit, equity or other financial markets are volatile, or when clients or investors are experiencing losses.

If we fail to maintain our relationship with E-House and SINA, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Both E-House (China) Holdings Limited, or E-House, and SINA Corporation (Nasdaq: SINA), or SINA, are our existing principal shareholders and are strategically significant for our business and they may help us grow our real estate or real estate-related wealth management products and expand our presence online. By leveraging our partnerships with E-House and SINA, we seek to capture new business opportunities and increase our addressable markets by exploring and entering into the online third-party wealth management and asset management markets. To a certain extent, we rely on continued cooperation with them to develop, innovate and diversify our products offerings. Either of E-House and SINA could, at any time, reduce its support for our business. In addition, their dual role as our substantial shareholders and contractual counterparty could result in conflicts of interest. If for any reason E-House or SINA reduces its support for our real estate or related wealth management products and our online services, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Our principal shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

As of March 31, 2023, Mr. Jianda Ni, our chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer, and Mr. Xin Zhou, a director of our company, beneficially own an aggregate of approximately 36.8% of our total outstanding shares. As a result, Mr. Ni and Mr. Zhou have substantial influence over our business, including

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decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Also, Mr. Tianxiang Hu and SINA hold 16.8% and 11.4% of our total outstanding shares as of March 31, 2023, respectively. Our principal shareholders may take actions that are not in the best interests of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders, including those who hold ADSs. For more information regarding our principal shareholders and their affiliated entities, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees-E. Share Ownership.”

We have granted, and may continue to grant, share options and other share-based compensation in the future, which may materially impact our future results of operations.

As of March 31, 2023, options to purchase 15,642,600 ordinary shares and 9,937,100 restricted shares have been granted, and options to purchase 7,747,325 ordinary shares and 317,124 restricted shares are outstanding under our currently effective incentive share plan. As a result of these grants and potential future grants under the plans, we have incurred, and will incur in future periods, significant share-based compensation expenses. We account for compensation costs for all stock options using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statement of income in accordance with the relevant rules in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which may have a material adverse effect on our net income. Any additional securities issued under share-based compensation schemes will dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees-B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers.”

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring a public company to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report on Form 20-F. As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules promulgated by the SEC, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment for our financial reporting, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may therefore need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward. Moreover, effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. As a result, any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

We have limited insurance coverage.

Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Other than casualty insurance on some of our assets, we do not

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have commercial insurance coverage on our other assets and we do not have insurance to cover our business or interruption of our business, litigation or product liability. Moreover, the low coverage limits of our property insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate us for all losses, particularly with respect to any loss of business and reputation that may occur. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured occurrence of loss or damage to property, litigation or business disruption may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We face risks related to outbreaks of health epidemics, natural disasters, and other extraordinary events, which could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the outbreak of Zika, Ebola, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, the influenza A (H1N1), H7N9, COVID-19 or other epidemics. Any of such occurrences could cause severe disruption to our daily operations, and may even require a temporary closure of our offices. Such closures may disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations. Our operation could also be disrupted if any of our employees were affected by such health epidemics.

In the first quarter of 2020, outbreaks of COVID-19 resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities across China. Normal economic life throughout China was sharply curtailed. The population in most of the major cities was locked down to a greater or lesser extent and opportunities for discretionary consumption were extremely limited. This outbreak led to temporary closure of our offices in many locations in February 2020 with a significant portion of our employees working from home. For offices re-opened, we had taken measures to reduce the impact of this epidemic outbreak, including adjusting employees’ office hours to avoid public transportations in rush hour and monitoring our employees’ health on a daily basis. We experienced lower work efficiency and productivity due to the measures we adopted, which adversely affected our service quality, and our employees were not able to respond to inquiries from our potential clients as timely as usual due to such lower work efficiency, which further resulted in a lower-than-usual referral rate of our products. In addition, the outbreak caused delay or cancellation of our offline events and restrictions on our employees’ ability to travel, which also adversely affected our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In 2020, as COVID-19 had negatively affected the broader Chinese economy and the global economy, China had experienced lower domestic consumption, higher unemployment, severe disruptions to exporting of goods to other countries and greater economic uncertainty, which impacted our business in a materially negative way as our clients were less inclined to invest in wealth management products. The operations of some of our business partners and service providers had also been constrained and impacted, which also had a negative impact on our business.

In 2021, we witnessed a strong recovery in China’s overall economy, benefiting from the highly effective COVID-19 control measures and resumption of production and business. However, high net worth individuals still remained cautious in their investment activities. Throughout 2022, there have been outbreaks of COVID-19 in many parts of China, particularly due to the Delta and Omicron variants. Strict restrictive measures were imposed, which affected our operations. For example, lockdowns imposed in cities across China caused disruptions to the normal operation of our offices and led to the temporary closures of certain offices. China began to modify its zero-COVID policy in late 2022, and most of the travel restrictions and quarantine requirements were lifted in December 2022. There were significant surges of COVID-19 cases in many cities in China during this time, which disrupted our operations and adversely affected our operational and financial performance in the fourth quarter of 2022, especially in December.

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There remains uncertainty as to the future impact of the virus, especially in light of this change in policy. Future lockdowns or other restrictive measures that may be imposed, especially those imposed in affluent cities where we derive a substantial portion of our revenues, may have a material impact on our operations and financial condition. The future impact of the pandemic remains highly uncertain and it may continue to adversely affect our results for an uncertain period of time. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely and materially affected if the investors’ demand for wealth management products reduces due to their less confidence in the outlook of economics, or if our business partners’ ability to consistently supply wealth management products and related services is significantly impacted, which may negatively affect the amount of one-time commissions that we are able to charge from them. However, we will continue to incur costs for our operations, and therefore our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year of 2023 may be adversely and materially affected by any COVID-19 outbreak.

Furthermore, the global spread of COVID-19 pandemic in a significant number of countries around the world has resulted in, and may intensify, global economic distress, which may further adversely and materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects.

We are also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities, including fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks, and any other severe weather conditions or similar event may give rise to loss of personnel, damages to property, server interruptions, breakdowns, technology platform failures or internet failures, where our operations could be materially and adversely affected.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy. Due to the impact of COVID-19 and other factors, the world economy has suffered a noticeable slowdown. Whether this will lead to a prolonged downturn in the economy is still unknown. Commercial activities throughout the world could continue to be curtailed with decreased consumer spending, business disruptions, interrupted supply chains and difficulties in travel. Our business has been adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, the global macroeconomic environment was facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy had already been slowing since 2010. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which had been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2021. The conflict in Ukraine and the imposition of broad economic sanctions on Russia could raise energy prices and disrupt global markets. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Any financial or economic crisis, or perceived threat of such a crisis, including a significant decrease in consumer confidence, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The global financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2008 and the United States, European and other economies went into recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 was uneven and the global financial markets are facing new challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011, the hostilities in the Ukraine, the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the economic slowdown in the Eurozone in 2014 and the volatility in financial markets across the world due to COVID-19. It is unclear whether these challenges will be contained and what effects they each may have. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including China’s. Recently there have been signs that the rate of China’s and global economic growth is declining. Any financial or economic crisis or disruption, or perceived threat of such a crisis or disruption, might lead to tighter credit markets, increased market volatility, sudden drops in business and market confidence and dramatic changes in business and consumer behaviors, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with our VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

In terms of our asset management business, although foreign-invested enterprises incorporated in China are not expressly prohibited from providing asset management services as private investment fund managers in China, in practice, when managing various funds, we may also need to invest in projects or funds at the same time. Some targeted projects are listed in the Special Administration Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Version), or the Negative List, as prohibited or restricted categories for foreign investment. Therefore, we provide asset management services through contractual arrangements between Baoyi Investment Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Baoyi, which is one of our PRC subsidiaries, and Shanghai E-Cheng.

Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their respective shareholders enable us to (i) have power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of our VIEs; (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits from our VIEs in consideration for the services provided by Shanghai Baoyi; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in our VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC law, or request any existing shareholder of our VIEs to transfer any or part of the equity interest in our VIEs to another PRC person or entity designated by us at any time at our discretion. Because of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of our VIEs and hence treat each of the VIEs as our VIEs, and consolidate their and their respective subsidiaries’ results of operations into ours.

If the PRC government finds that our contractual arrangements do not comply with its restrictions on foreign investment, or if the PRC government otherwise finds that we, our VIEs or any of their respective subsidiaries or client centers are in violation of PRC laws or regulations or lack the necessary permits or licenses to

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operate our business, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including the CSRC, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations or failures, including, without limitation:

Although we believe we, our PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs comply with current PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree that our contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration, or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. The PRC government has broad discretion in determining rectifiable or punitive measures for non-compliance with or violations of PRC laws and regulations. If the PRC government determines that we or our VIEs do not comply with applicable law, it could revoke the business and operating licenses of our VIEs and their subsidiaries, require our VIEs or their subsidiaries to discontinue or restrict their operations, restrict their right to collect revenues, block their websites, require us to restructure the operations of our VIEs and their subsidiaries, impose additional conditions or requirements with which our VIEs may not be able to comply, impose restrictions on the business operations of our VIEs or their subsidiaries or on their customers, or take other regulatory or enforcement actions against our VIE structure that could be harmful to our business. Any of these or similar occurrences could significantly disrupt our or our VIEs’ business operations or restrict our VIEs from conducting a substantial portion of their business operations, which could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition, and results of operations of our VIEs and us. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of any of our VIEs that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or failure to receive the economic benefits from any of our VIEs, we may not be able to consolidate these entities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs, and their respective shareholders for a portion of our China operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their respective shareholders to operate a portion of our operations in China, including asset management services and market survey. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our VIEs. For example, our VIEs and their respective shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to operate our business in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. These risks exist throughout the period in which we operate our businesses through the contractual arrangements with our VIEs. If we were the controlling shareholder of the VIEs with direct ownership, we would be able to exercise our rights as shareholders to effect changes to their board of directors, which in turn could implement changes at the management

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and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, as a legal matter, if our VIEs or their respective shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs to enforce such arrangements, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including contract remedies, which may be time-consuming, unpredictable and expensive. If we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, our business and operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and damage our reputation. See “-Risks Related to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our VIEs and their respective subsidiaries and branches contributed 61.2%, 58.8% and 36.6% of our total net revenues, respectively. In the event we are unable to enforce the contractual arrangements, we may not be able to have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of our VIEs and their respective subsidiaries and branches, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected, and we may not be able to consolidate the financial results of our VIEs and their respective subsidiaries and branches into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Any failure by our VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have an adverse effect on our business.

If our VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and contractual remedies, which we cannot assure you will be sufficient or effective under PRC law. For example, if the shareholders of our VIEs or our VIEs were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in or assets of our VIEs to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. These arbitration provisions relate to claims arising from the contractual relationship created by the contractual arrangements, rather than claims under U.S. federal securities laws, and they do not prevent our shareholders or ADS holders from pursuing claims under U.S. federal securities laws in the United States. See “-Risks Related to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.” Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties generally cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

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The shareholders of our VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, and if any such conflicts of interest are not resolved in our favor, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We have designated individuals who are PRC nationals to be the shareholders of our VIEs. These individuals may have conflicts of interest with us. 70.0% equity interest of Shanghai E-Cheng is held by Ms. Qimin Wu, one of our employees, and the remaining 30.0% equity interest of Shanghai E-Cheng is held by Mr. Tianxiang Hu, one of our principal shareholders. 70.0% equity interest of Shanghai Yedu is held by Ms. Qimin Wu and the remaining 30.0% equity interest of Shanghai Yedu is held by Mr. Guowen Zhang. We cannot assure you that when conflicts arise, shareholders of our VIEs will act in the best interest of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. These individuals may breach or cause the VIEs to breach the existing contractual arrangements. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our ability to enforce the equity pledge agreements between us and the shareholders of our VIEs may be subject to limitations based on PRC laws and regulations.

Pursuant to the equity pledge agreements relating to Shanghai E-Cheng, the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng pledged their equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng to Shanghai Baoyi to secure Shanghai E-Cheng’s performance of the obligations and indebtedness under the consulting services agreement. Pursuant to the equity pledge agreement relating to Shanghai Yedu, the shareholders of Shanghai Yedu pledged their equity interests in Shanghai Yedu to Shanghai Baoyi to secure Shanghai Yedu’s performance of the obligations and indebtedness under the exclusive call option agreement, proxy agreement and the exclusive business cooperation agreement. The equity pledges under the equity pledge agreements in connection with Shanghai E-Cheng and Shanghai Yedu have not been registered with the relevant local branch of SAMR. Under the PRC Civil Code, when an obligor fails to pay its debt when due, the pledgee may choose to either conclude an agreement with the pledgor to obtain the pledged equity or seek payments from the proceeds of the auction or sell-off of the pledged equity. The PRC Civil Code further provides that the registration with the local branch of SAMR is necessary to create security interest on the equity interests of a PRC limited liability company, which means that before the equity interest pledge is duly registered with the local branch of SAMR, such pledge is unenforceable even though the relevant equity pledge agreement is binding. The shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng are in the process of applying with the local branch of SAMR in Shanghai for registration of their equity interest pledge. However, there is no guarantee that the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng will complete the registration in a timely manner, or at all. If any shareholder fails to complete such registration, then no security interests will be created and Shanghai Baoyi will not be able to effectively exercise the pledge of such shareholders’ equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng or at all. Moreover, if any VIE fails to perform its obligations secured by the pledges under the equity pledge agreements, one remedy in the event of default under the agreements is to require the pledgor to sell the equity interests in such VIE in an auction or private sale and remit the proceeds to our subsidiaries in China, net of related taxes and expenses. Such an auction or private sale may not result in our receipt of the full value of the equity interests in our VIEs. We consider it very unlikely that the public auction process would be undertaken since, in an event of default, our preferred approach would be to ask our PRC subsidiary that is a party to the exclusive call option agreement with the VIE’s shareholders, to designate another PRC person or entity to acquire the equity interests in such VIE and replace the existing shareholders pursuant to the exclusive call option agreement.

In addition, in the registration forms of the local branch of the SAMR for the pledges over the equity interests under the equity pledge agreements, the amount of registered equity interests pledged to our PRC subsidiary was stated as the pledgor’s portion of the registered capital of the VIE. The equity pledge agreements with the shareholders of our VIEs provide that the pledged equity interest constitute continuing security for any and all of the indebtedness, obligations and liabilities of our VIEs under the relevant contractual arrangements, and therefore the scope of pledge should not be limited by the amount of the registered capital of the applicable VIE.

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However, there is no guarantee that a PRC court will not take the position that the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms represents the full amount of the collateral that has been registered and perfected. If this is the case, the obligations that are supposed to be secured in the equity pledge agreements in excess of the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms could be determined by the PRC court to be unsecured debt, which takes last priority among creditors and often does not have to be paid back at all. We do not have agreements that pledge the assets of our VIEs and their respective subsidiaries for the benefit of us or our PRC subsidiaries, although our VIEs grant our PRC subsidiaries options to purchase the assets of our VIEs and their equity interests in their subsidiaries under the exclusive call option agreements.

If any of our VIEs and their subsidiaries becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy their assets, which could reduce the size of our operations and materially and adversely affect our business.

We do not have priority pledges and liens against the assets of our VIEs. As a contractual and property right matter, this lack of priority pledges and liens has remote risks. If any VIE undergoes an involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets and we may not have priority against such third-party creditors on the assets of our VIEs. If our VIEs liquidate, we may take part in the liquidation procedures as a general creditor under the PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law and recover any outstanding liabilities owed by our VIEs to Shanghai Baoyi under the applicable service agreement.

If the shareholders of our VIEs were to attempt to voluntarily liquidate our VIEs without obtaining our prior consent, we could effectively prevent such unauthorized voluntary liquidation by exercising our right to request the shareholders of our VIEs to transfer all of their respective equity ownership interests to a PRC entity or individual designated by us in accordance with the option agreement with the shareholders of our VIEs. In addition, the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng do not have the right to issue dividends to themselves or otherwise distribute the retained earnings or other assets of Shanghai E-Cheng without our consent. In the event that the shareholders of our VIEs initiate a voluntary liquidation proceeding without our authorization or attempts to distribute the retained earnings or assets of our VIEs without our prior consent, we may need to resort to legal proceedings to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements. Any such litigation may be costly and may divert our management’s time and attention away from the operation of our business, and the outcome of such litigation will be uncertain.

Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

As a result of our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs, their respective shareholders and us, we are effectively subject to the PRC value-added tax at rates of 1% to 6% and related surcharges on revenues generated by our subsidiaries from our contractual arrangements with our VIEs. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates or related parties to the relevant tax authorities. These transactions may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year during which the transactions are conducted. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities were to determine that the contracts between us and our VIEs were not on an arm’s length basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing arrangements. If this occurs, the PRC tax authorities could request that our VIEs and any of its respective subsidiaries adjust their taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such a pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by reducing expense deductions recorded by such VIE and thereby increasing the VIE’s tax liabilities, which could subject the VIE to late payment fees and other penalties for the underpayment of taxes. Our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if our VIEs’ tax liabilities increase or if either of them becomes subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

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If we exercise the option to acquire equity interest of our VIEs, the equity interest transfer may subject us to certain limitations and substantial costs.

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements, our WFOEs or their subsidiaries have the irrevocable and exclusive right to purchase all or any part of the relevant equity interests in our consolidated affiliated entities from our consolidated affiliated entities’ shareholders at any time and from time to time in their absolute discretion to the extent permitted by PRC laws. This equity transfer may be subject to approvals from, filings with, or reporting to competent PRC authorities, such as the Ministry of Commerce, the MIIT, the State Administration for Market Regulation, and/or their local competent branches. In addition, the equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authorities. The equity transfer price to be received by our consolidated affiliated entities under the contractual arrangements may also be subject to enterprise income tax, and these amounts could be substantial.

In addition, the main foreign investor who invests in a value-added telecommunications business in the PRC must be qualified and have prior experience in operating value-added telecommunications businesses and a proven track record of business operations overseas. Currently no applicable PRC laws or regulations provide clear guidance or interpretation on these requirements. If PRC laws change to allow foreign investors to invest in value-added telecommunications enterprises in the PRC, we may be unable to unwind our contractual arrangements with our VIEs or their shareholders before we are able to comply with these and other requirements.

There may be an impact on our company if our contractual arrangements with our VIEs, their respective subsidiaries and shareholders are not treated as domestic investment.

If the operation of our businesses conducted through our VIEs is subject to any restrictions pursuant to the Special Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment Access (Negative List 2021) jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce and the NDRC, or the 2021 Negative List, or any successor regulations, and the contractual arrangements are not treated as domestic investment, the contractual arrangements may be regarded as invalid and illegal. If this were to occur, we would not be able to operate the relevant businesses through the contractual arrangements and would lose our rights to receive the economic benefits of the VIEs. As a result, we would no longer consolidate the financial results of the VIEs into our financial results and we would have to derecognize their assets and liabilities according to the relevant accounting standards. If we do not receive any compensation, we would recognize an investment loss as a result of such derecognition.

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the 2019 PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementation Rules and how they may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the 2019 Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. Since it is relatively new, substantially uncertainties exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify whether VIEs that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under definition of “foreign investment” that includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, at which time it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment in the PRC and if yes, how our contractual arrangements should be dealt with. Therefore, there is no guarantee that our contractual arrangements, the business of our VIEs and our financial conditions will not be materially and adversely affected.

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The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment in the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce and the NDRC and took effect in July 2020 and latest updated in January 2022. The Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign-invested entities operating in “restricted” or “prohibited” industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC government authorities. If our control over our VIEs through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of our VIEs is “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment under the “negative list” effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over our VIEs may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have an adverse effect on our business operation. If our company no longer has a sustainable business after an unwinding or disposal or when such requirements are not complied with, the SEC may take enforcement actions against us, which may have a material adverse effect on the trading of our ADSs.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and part of our business operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Adverse changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our business.

Substantially all of our assets are located in China and substantially all of our revenues are derived from our operations there. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, the growth has been uneven across different periods, regions and among various economic sectors of China. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed since 2010, and the impact of COVID-19 on the global and Chinese economy is likely to be severe. We cannot assure you that the Chinese economy will continue to grow, or that if there is growth, such growth will be steady and uniform, or that if there is a slowdown, such slowdown will not have a negative effect on our business.

The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policies and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. It is unclear whether PRC economic policies will be effective in stimulating growth, and the PRC government may not be effective in achieving stable economic growth in the future. Any slowdown in the economic growth of China could lead to reduced demand for the products we distribute or manage, which could materially and adversely affect our business, as well as our financial condition and results of operations.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and court decisions have limited precedential value. The PRC legal system is evolving rapidly, and the interpretation of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

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In particular, PRC laws and regulations concerning the financial services industry are developing and evolving. Although we have taken measures to comply with the laws and regulations applicable to our business operations and to avoid conducting any non-compliant activities under these laws and regulations, the PRC governmental authorities may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating financial services industries. We cannot assure you that our business operations would not be deemed to violate any such new PRC laws or regulations. Moreover, developments in the financial services industry may lead to changes in PRC laws, regulations and policies or in the interpretation and application of existing laws, regulations and policies, which in turn may limit or restrict us, and could materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC judicial and administrative authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of a judicial or administrative proceeding than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based, in part, on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published in a timely manner, or at all, but which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not always be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business and it has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

If the Chinese government were to impose new requirements for approval from the PRC authorities to our future offshore offerings, such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

As of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiaries, and our VIEs, (i) are not required to obtain permissions from any PRC government authorities on the operation of our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs and the issuance of our ADSs to foreign investors, (ii) are not required to obtain permissions from the CSRC, CAC or any other government authorities on our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs’ operations, and (iii) have not received or were denied such permissions by any PRC government authorities.

Nevertheless, on July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, or the Opinions. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the supervision over overseas listings by China-based companies. As a follow-up, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC, as approved by the State Council, released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, or, collectively, the Filing Rules, which have taken effect on March 31, 2023. The Filing Rules establish a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings of stocks, depository receipts, convertible corporate bond, or other equity securities, and overseas listing of these securities for trading, by domestic companies. Specifically, an overseas offering and listing by a PRC company, whether directly or indirectly, an initial or follow-on offering, must be filed with the CSRC.

In a Q&A released on the CSRC’s official website, the respondent CSRC official stated that the domestic companies which have listed their securities in the overseas market as of March 31, 2023 will be regarded as the

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existing overseas listed companies, which will not be required to file with the CSRC until they conduct any new offerings subject to the filing requirements under Filing Rules. The Q&A also addressed the contractual arrangements and pointed out that, as for companies with contractual arrangements seeking overseas offering, the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing procedures for companies with contractual arrangements complying with relevant laws and regulations. If we fail to file with the CSRC in a timely manner or at all, for any future offering (including, among others, follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities) pursuant to the Filing Rules due to our contractual arrangements, our ability to raise or utilize funds could be materially and adversely affected, and we may even need to unwind our contractual arrangements or restructure our business operations to rectify the failure to complete the filings. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to our listing from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities.

The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our business primarily through our variable interest entities and their subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and it may influence our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our ADSs. Also, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For example, on July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Scrutinizing Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with certain other PRC governmental authorities, jointly released the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, network platform operator with personal information of over one million users shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any listing abroad. Given the Cybersecurity Review Measures were recently promulgated, substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures. It remains uncertain as to how PRC governmental authorities will regulate overseas listing in general and whether we are required to obtain any specific regulatory approvals from the CSRC, CAC or any other relevant PRC governmental authorities for our future offshore offerings and refinancing. If the CSRC, CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for our future offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

The approval of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons

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or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As a follow-up, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC, as approved by the State Council, released the Filing Rules, which have taken effect on March 31, 2023. The Filing Rules establish a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings of stocks, depository receipts, convertible corporate bond, or other equity securities, and overseas listing of these securities for trading, by domestic companies. According to the Filing Rules, domestic companies that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market should file with the CSRC. Specifically, the examination and determination of an indirect offering and listing will be conducted on a substance-over-form basis, and an offering and listing should be considered as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company if the issuer meets both of the following conditions: (i) any of the revenue, profits, total assets or net assets of such domestic company in the most recent financial year account for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; and (ii) the majority of its business operations are conducted in mainland China or its principal place of business is located in the mainland China, or the majority of senior management in charge of business operations are Chinese citizens or have domicile in the mainland China. According to the Filing Rules, the issuer or its affiliated domestic company, as the case may be, must file with the CSRC for its initial public offering, follow-on offering and other equivalent offering activities. Particularly, a listed company like us is required to submit the filing with respect to its follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities, within a specific time frame. Failure to comply with the filing requirements may result in an order of rectification, a warning and fines to the relevant domestic companies, and a warning and fines on the controlling shareholder, the actual controller and other responsible persons. The Filing Rules also sets forth certain regulatory red lines for overseas offerings and listings by domestic enterprises and additional reporting obligations for listed companies in the case of material changes. For more details of the Filing Rules, please refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulation—Regulations on Overseas Offering and Listing.”

In a Q&A released on the CSRC’s official website, the respondent CSRC official stated that the domestic companies which have listed their securities in the overseas market as of March 31, 2023 will be regarded as the existing overseas listed companies, which will not be required to file with the CSRC until they conduct any new offerings subject to the filing requirements under Filing Rules. The Q&A also addressed the contractual arrangements and pointed out that, as for companies with contractual arrangements seeking overseas offering, the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing procedures for companies with contractual arrangements complying with relevant laws and regulations. If we fail to file with the CSRC in a timely manner or at all, for any future offering (including, among others, follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities) pursuant to the Filing Rules due to our contractual arrangements, our ability to raise or utilize funds could be materially and adversely affected, and we may even need to unwind our contractual arrangements or restructure our business operations to

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rectify the failure to complete the filings. However, as the Filing Rules were recently promulgated, there remain substantial uncertainties as to their interpretation, application, and enforcement and how they will affect our operations and our future financing.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, jointly with other relevant governmental authorities, promulgated the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Management of Overseas Securities Issuance and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, or the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, which will take effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, domestic companies, whether offering and listing securities overseas directly or indirectly, must strictly abide the applicable laws and regulations when providing or publicly disclosing, either directly or through their overseas listed entities, documents and materials to securities services providers such as securities companies and accounting firms or overseas regulators in the process of their overseas offering and listing. If such documents or materials contain any state secrets or government authorities work secrets, domestic companies must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities according to the applicable laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving governmental authority. Furthermore, the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions also provides that securities companies and securities service providers shall also fulfill the applicable legal procedures when providing overseas regulatory institutions and other relevant institutions and individuals with documents or materials containing any state secrets or government authorities work secrets or other documents or materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest. See “Item 4.B. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Overseas Offering and Listing.” Since the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions was promulgated recently, substantial uncertainties still exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of such provisions and how they will affect us.

In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the enacted version of the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review and the Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), are required for our offshore offerings or refinancing in the future, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such procedures and any such approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such procedures for our offshore offerings or refinancing in the future, or a rescission of any such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or other government authorization for our offshore offerings or refinancing in the future. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to suspend or halt the listing or trading of our ADSs. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.

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We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of financial services businesses, service providers and financial products we distribute.

The PRC government extensively regulates the financial services industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the financial services industry, including wealth management and asset management companies. These financial service-related laws and regulations are evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC regulation of the financial services business include, but are not limited to, the following:

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the financial services industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, financial services businesses in China, including our business. There are risks that we may be found in violation of existing or future laws and regulations given the uncertainty and complexity of China’s regulation of financial services business. In addition, we cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. If the PRC government considers that we were operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses or imposes additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it may levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue our business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. For details on PRC regulations which may affect our business, see “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulation.”

Besides, the regulations relating to financial services or products may change, and as a result we may be required to discontinue the supply of certain wealth management products that we currently distribute or cease managing certain products in our asset management business.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s

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political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces the PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Substantially all of our income and expenses are denominated in Renminbi and our reporting currency is Renminbi. Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of paying dividends or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would reduce the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to hedge our exposure adequately or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Governmental control of conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our income in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements payable outside of China. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiary in China may be used to pay dividends to our company without prior approval of SAFE. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiary and consolidated affiliated entity to pay any debts they may incur in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi.

In addition, if any of our shareholders who is subject to SAFE regulations fails to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement, the PRC government may restrict our access to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If we are prevented from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated entities or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which may materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated entities. In utilizing the proceeds that we received from our initial public offering, we are permitted

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under PRC laws and regulations as an offshore holding company to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions and to our consolidated entities only through loans.

Any loans by us to our PRC subsidiary, which is treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC law, are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiary to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the SAFE. If we decide to finance our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions must be registered with the SAMR or its local counterpart. We may also extend loans to our consolidated entities, which are treated as PRC domestic companies under PRC law, and loans must also be registered with the SAFE or its local branches.

The SAFE promulgated a circular on November 19, 2010, known as Circular No. 59, which tightens the examination of the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from our initial public offering and requires that the settlement of net proceeds shall be in accordance with the description in this annual report.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE issued the Circular on Reform of the Administrative Rules of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or elect to follow the “conversion-at-will” regime of foreign currency settlement. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will regime of foreign currency settlement, it may convert part or all of the amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into Renminbi at any time. The converted Renminbi will be kept in a designated account labeled as settled but pending payment, and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make payment from such designated account, it still needs to go through the review process with its bank and provide necessary supporting documents. SAFE Circular 19, therefore, has substantially lifted the restrictions on the usage by a foreign-invested enterprise of its RMB registered capital converted from foreign currencies. According to SAFE Circular 19, such Renminbi capital may be used at the discretion of the foreign-invested enterprise within the business scope of the foreign-invested enterprise following the principles of authenticity and self-use and the SAFE will eliminate the prior approval requirement and only examine the authenticity of the declared usage afterwards.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective in June 2016. Except for reiteration of some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, SAFE Circular 16 only prohibits using changes RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue loans to non-associated enterprises, instead of prohibiting using such fund to extend RMB entrusted loans to any party as provided under SAFE Circular 19. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 or SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties.

In January 2017, SAFE issued the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Check of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control, or the SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including: (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, including SAFE Circular 19, we cannot assure you that we will be able to

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complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated entities or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. Failure to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals may negatively affect our ability to use the proceeds we receive from our initial public offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund operations of our PRC operating entities, Shanghai Juxiang Investment Management Consulting Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Juxiang, and any other new subsidiaries we may establish in the future for business purposes, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries as well as consulting and other fees paid to us by our consolidated entities for our cash and financing requirements, such as the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, and service any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC subsidiary is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits after making up previous years’ accumulated losses each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated entities incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

In addition, the EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by PRC companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 30, 2007 and most recently amended on June 24, 2022 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the SAMR before they can be completed. According to the current effective Provisions of the State Council on the Threshold for the Filing of Concentration of Undertakings promulgated by the State Council on September 18, 2018, the revenue threshold of merger filing is that: during the previous fiscal year, either (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China. On June 27, 2022, the SAMR released the Provisions of the State Council on the Threshold for the Filing of Concentration of Undertakings (Revised Draft for Comments), or the draft of Threshold Provisions, mainly to optimize the filing standard. The draft of Threshold Provisions proposes

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to significantly adjust the revenue threshold of merger filing to either one of the following two conditions: (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB12 billion collectively in the previous fiscal year, and the turnover within China of at least two operators among them each exceeds RMB800 million in the previous fiscal year; or (ii) the turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeds RMB4 billion collectively in the previous fiscal year, and the turnover within China of at least two operators among them each exceeds RMB800 million in the previous fiscal year. In addition, the draft of Threshold Provisions also provides that even if the aforementioned turnover threshold is not met, the transaction must be reported to anti-monopoly authority if both (i) the turnover within China of one of the operators participating in the concentration exceeds RMB100 billion in the previous fiscal year, and (ii) the market value or valuation of the operators to be merged or controlled in the concentration exceeds RMB800 million and their turnover within China in the previous fiscal year accounts for more than one third of their worldwide turnover. Furthermore, the amended Anti-Monopoly Law provides that if there is evidence indicating that the concentration of business operator has or may have an effect of excluding or limiting competition, the anti-monopoly authority may order the relevant operators to file for clearance, regardless of the threshold standard.

In addition, on February 3, 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, on August 25, 2011, the MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, which became effective on September 1, 2011, to implement the Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, the MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If the MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under the Circular 6 led by the NDRC and the MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. In December 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, which came into effect on January 18, 2021. The NDRC and the MOFCOM established a working mechanism office in charge of the security review of foreign investment. Such measures define foreign investment as direct or indirect investment by foreign investors in mainland China, which includes (i) investment in new onshore projects or establishment of wholly foreign owned onshore companies or joint ventures with foreign investors; (ii) acquiring equity or asset of onshore companies by merger and acquisition; and (iii) onshore investment by and through any other means. Investment in certain key areas with bearing on national security, such as important cultural products and services, important information technology and internet services and products, key technologies and other important areas with bearing on national security which results in the acquisition of de facto control of investee companies, must be filed with a specifically established office before such investment is carried out. What may constitute “onshore investment by and through any other means” or “de facto control” could be broadly interpreted under such measures. It is likely that control through contractual arrangement be regarded as de facto control based on provisions applied to security review of foreign investment in the free trade zone. Failure to make such filing may subject such foreign investor to rectification within prescribed period, and will be recorded as negative credit information of such foreign investor in the relevant national credit information system, which would then subject such investors to joint punishment as provided by relevant rules. If such investor fails to or refuses to undertake such rectification, it would be ordered to dispose of the equity or asset and to take any other necessary measures so as to return to the status quo and to erase the impact to national security.

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There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in the wealth management or asset management business requires security review.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase its registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

The SAFE has promulgated several regulations that require PRC residents and PRC corporate entities to register with and obtain approval from local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. These regulations apply to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Under these foreign exchange regulations, PRC residents who make, or have previously made, prior to the implementation of these foreign exchange regulations, direct or indirect investments in offshore companies will be required to register those investments. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an offshore company is required to update the previously filed registration with the local branch of the SAFE, with respect to that offshore company, to reflect any material change involving its round-trip investment, capital variation, such as an increase or decrease in capital, transfer or swap of shares, merger or division. If any PRC shareholder fails to make the required registration or update the previously filed registration, the PRC subsidiary of that offshore parent company may be prohibited from distributing their profits and the proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to their offshore parent company, and the offshore parent company may also be prohibited from injecting additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various foreign exchange registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We have requested PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company to our knowledge to make the necessary applications, filings and amendments as required by these foreign exchange regulations. Such PRC resident shareholders and beneficial owners have completed their initial registrations in relation to their ownership in our company and have also completed amendment registrations in relation to their subsequent ownership changes and the establishment of certain subsidiaries of our company required by foreign exchange regulations. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents holding direct or indirect interests in our company, and we cannot provide any assurances that all of our shareholders and beneficial owners who are PRC residents will make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by these foreign exchange regulations. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to make such registration or truthfully disclose actual controllers of the round-trip enterprises may subject PRC residents to fines up to RMB300,000 in case of domestic institutions or RMB50,000 in case of domestic individuals. If the PRC resident shareholders do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, the PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to the offshore company, and the offshore company may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital to its PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for violating applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

However, as there is uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of these foreign exchange regulations with other approval requirements, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure

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you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration of share options held by our employees who are “domestic individuals” may subject such employee or us to fines and legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company issued by the SAFE in February 2012, or the Stock Incentive Plan Rules, “domestic individuals” (both PRC residents and non-PRC residents who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, excluding the foreign diplomatic personnel and representatives of international organizations) participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas listed company according to its stock incentive plan are required, through qualified PRC agents which could be the PRC subsidiary of such overseas-listed company, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the stock incentive plan.

We and our employees, who are “domestic individuals” and have been granted share options, or the PRC optionees, became subject to the Stock Incentive Plan Rules when our company became an overseas listed company upon the completion of our initial public offering. We have completed the registration as required under the Stock Incentive Plan Rules and other relevant SAFE registrations and plan to update the registration on an on-going basis. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Incentive Plan Rules, we and/or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions. We may also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional option plans for our directors and employees under PRC law. In addition, the General Administration of Taxation has issued a few circulars concerning employee stock options. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise stock options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiary has obligations to file documents related to employee stock options with relevant tax authorities and withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their stock options. If our employees fail to pay and we fail to withhold their income taxes, we may face sanctions imposed by tax authorities or any other PRC government authorities. Furthermore, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Incentive Plan Rules.

The discontinuation of any of the government incentives and preferential tax treatment currently available to us in China could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

According to the financial support policy of Lin-gang Special Area of the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, if the enterprises registered in these areas meet certain conditions, they are entitled to enjoy preferential tax treatments regarding the value-added tax, enterprise income tax and individual income tax for the financial year ended December 31, 2022. Shanghai E-Cheng and its subsidiaries enjoy such preferential tax treatment. Nevertheless, the government agencies may decide to reduce, eliminate or cancel subsidies at any time. We cannot assure you of the continued availability of the government incentives and subsidies currently enjoyed by us. The discontinuation of these governmental incentives and subsidies could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of internet-related businesses and companies, and any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We may be deemed as a provider of value-added communication services due to ownership of some of our websites. The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant

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uncertainties. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in China, including our internet-based business. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. If the PRC government considers that we were operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses or imposes additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it has the power, among other things, to levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue our relevant business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions by the PRC government may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiary may be subject to PRC tax under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its amendment, or the EIT Law, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may come from dividends we receive, directly or indirectly, from our wholly foreign-owned PRC subsidiary. Since there is currently no such tax treaty between China and the Cayman Islands, dividends we directly receive from our wholly foreign-owned PRC subsidiary will generally be subject to a 10% withholding tax.

In addition, under the Arrangement between China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, where a Hong Kong resident enterprise which is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise directly holds at least 25% of a PRC enterprise, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by such PRC enterprise to such Hong Kong resident enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. Accordingly, Jupai HongKong Investment Limited, or Jupai HK, and Scepter Holdings Limited may be able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from Shanghai Juxiang and Shanghai Baoyi, respectively, if they satisfy the conditions prescribed in relevant tax rules and regulations, and obtain the approvals as required. However, if the Hong Kong resident enterprise is not considered to be the beneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividends may remain subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. If Jupai HK or Scepter Holdings Limited is considered to be a non-beneficial owner for purposes of the tax arrangement, any dividends paid to them by our wholly foreign-owned PRC subsidiary directly would not qualify for the preferential dividend withholding tax rate of 5%, but rather would be subject to a rate of 10%. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulation-Regulations on Tax-Dividend Withholding Tax”.

Furthermore, under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulation-Regulations on Tax-PRC Enterprise Income Tax.” We do not believe that Jupai Holdings Limited or any of its subsidiaries outside of China would be a PRC resident enterprise as of March 31, 2023. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body”. If the PRC tax

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authorities determine that we were a PRC resident enterprise for tax purposes, we would be subject to a 25% enterprise income tax on their global income. In addition, if we were considered a PRC resident enterprise for tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-PRC resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. Furthermore, non-PRC resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether our non-PRC shareholders would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and China in the event that we are considered as a PRC resident enterprise.

If we were required under the EIT Law to withhold such PRC income tax, your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a PRC establishment of a non-PRC company, or immovable properties located in China owned by a non-PRC company.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on private equity financing transactions, private share exchange transactions and private transfer of shares, including private transfer of public shares, in our company by non-resident investors. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company, or an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise, as the seller, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax of up to 10% of the gains derived from the Indirect Transfer in certain circumstances.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued Announcement on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Notice No. 7, to supersede the existing tax rules in relation to the tax treatment of the Indirect Transfer, while the other provisions of SAT Circular 698 that are irrelevant to the Indirect Transfer remain in force. SAT Notice No. 7 introduces a new tax regime and extends the SAT’s tax jurisdiction to capture not only the Indirect Transfer as set forth under SAT Circular 698 but also transactions involving indirect transfer of (i) real properties in China and (ii) assets of an “establishment or place” situated in China, by a non-PRC resident enterprise through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company. SAT Notice No. 7 also extends the interpretation with respect to the disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company. In addition, SAT Notice No. 7 further clarifies how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbors applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee as they are required to make self-assessment on whether an Indirect Transfer or similar transaction should be subject to PRC tax and whether they should file or withhold any tax payment accordingly.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Public Notice on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises, or the SAT Notice 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. According to SAT Notice 37, where the non-resident enterprise fails to declare its tax payable pursuant to Article 39 of the EIT Law, the tax authority may order it to pay its tax due within required time limits, and the non-resident enterprise shall declare and pay its tax payable within such time limits specified by the tax authority. If the non-resident enterprise voluntarily declares and pays its tax payable before the tax authority orders it to do so, it shall be deemed that such enterprise has paid its tax payable in time.

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However, as there is a lack of clear statutory interpretation on these notices, we face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on the future private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, or sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us. Our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group may be subject to filing obligations or being taxed if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferors in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferees in such transactions. For the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under the rules and notices. We may be required to expend costly resources to comply with SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37, or to establish a case to be tax exempt under SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37, which may cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in us.

The PRC tax authorities have discretion under SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the transferred equity interests and the investment cost. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered as a non-PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37, our income tax expenses associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If the custodians or authorized users of controlling non-tangible assets of our company, including our corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including contracts such as consulting service agreements we enter into with wealth management product providers, which are important to our business, are executed using the chops or seals of the signing entity, or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant branch of the SAMR.

Although we usually utilize chops to enter into contracts, the designated legal representatives of each of our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated entities have the power to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops and bind such entities. In order to maintain the physical security of our chops and the chops of our PRC entities, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel of each of our PRC subsidiary and consolidated entities. Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedures will prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we could encounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representative obtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our PRC subsidiary or consolidated entities, we, our PRC subsidiary or consolidated entities would need to pass a new shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative’s fiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

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Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in China may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to the product providers or corporate borrowers who pay for our services, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and childbearing insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract law, that became effective in January 2008, as amended on December 28, 2012 and effective as of July 1, 2013, and its implementation rules that became effective in September 2008, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. On October 28, 2010, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Social Insurance Law, or the Social Insurance Law, which was amended on December 29, 2018 and became effective on December 29, 2018. According to the Social Insurance Law, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance and the employers must, together with their employees or separately, pay the social insurance premiums for such employees.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice do not and will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the United States may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We believe that litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the United States have negatively impacted stock prices of these companies. Various equity-based research organizations have published reports on China-based companies after examining their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements, and these reports have led to special investigations and listing suspensions on U.S. national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny on us, regardless of its lack of merit, could cause the market price of our ADSs to fall, divert management resources and energy, cause us to incur expenses in defending ourselves against rumors, and increase the premiums we pay for director and officer insurance.

Our predecessor auditor is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, was our predecessor auditor and audited our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31 between 2012 and 2018. On February 14, 2020, we engaged B F Borgers CPA PC, an independent registered public accounting firm, as our new auditor.

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Auditors of companies that are registered with the SEC and traded publicly in the United States, including our independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the PCAOB, and are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. B F Borgers CPA PC is registered with the PCAOB and operating in Lakewood, Colorado, the U.S., and is currently subject to PCAOB rules regarding periodically inspection. However, because we have substantial operations within the People’s Republic of China and the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections of the work of the auditors who are based in China as it relates to those operations without the approval of the PRC authorities before 2022, our predecessor auditor’s work related to our operations in China was not inspected by the PCAOB. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that, among others, removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms.

This historical lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work performed by auditors based in China prevented the PCAOB from regularly evaluating audit work of auditors based in China including that performed by our predecessor independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, investors may be deprived of the full benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of audit work performed by auditors based in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness and quality of our predecessor auditor’s audit procedures as compared to auditors in other jurisdictions that are subject to PCAOB inspections on all of their work. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements prepared by our predecessor auditor.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

The delisting of our ADSs is expected to have a material adverse effect on the trading and price of our ADSs, and we cannot assure you that our ADSs will be relisted, or that once relisted, they will remain listed.

On June 24, 2022, we were notified by the NYSE that the staff of NYSE Regulation determined to commence proceedings to delist our ADSs from the NYSE. Trading in our ADSs was suspended after the market closes on the NYSE on June 24, 2022. On July 12, 2022, the NYSE applied to the SEC by filing a Form 25 to delist our ADSs, which became effective on July 22, 2022. Our ADSs have been quoted on the OTC Pink Limited Information under the symbol “JPPYY” after the NYSE suspended the trading of our ADSs. The delisting of our ADSs from NYSE is expected to have a material adverse effect on us by, among other things, causing investors to dispose of our ADSs and limiting:

The lack of an active trading market may limit the liquidity of an investment in our ADSs, meaning you may not be able to sell our ADSs you own at times, or at prices, attractive to you. Any of these factors may materially and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

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The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

Our ADSs were listed on the NYSE since our initial public offering in July 2015. On June 24, 2022, we were notified by the NYSE that the staff of NYSE Regulation has determined to commence proceedings to delist our ADSs. Trading in our ADSs was suspended after the market closes on the NYSE on June 24, 2022. On July 12, 2022, the NYSE applied to the SEC by filing a Form 25 to delist our ADSs, which became effective on July 22, 2022. Our ADSs have been quoted on the OTC Pink Limited Information under the symbol “JPPYY” since the NYSE suspended the trading of our ADSs. The OTC Market is a significantly more limited market than NYSE. The quotation of our ADSs on the OTC Market may result in a less liquid market available for existing and potential stockholders to trade our ADSs, could depress the trading price of our ADSs and could have a long-term adverse impact on our ability to raise capital in the future. For the period from January 1, 2022 to June 24, 2022, the date when the trading in our ADSs was suspended, the closing trading prices of our ADSs ranged from US$1.04 to US$0.38 per ADS.

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. A number of PRC companies have listed their securities on U.S. stock markets. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. The trading performances of these PRC companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward PRC companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance.

In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.

From time to time, shareholders of public companies bring securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to

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raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of March 31, 2023, based on a review of our register of shareholders, we had 191,052,818 ordinary shares outstanding (excluding 8,326,458 ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved under our share incentive plan). Among these shares, 108,121,098 ordinary shares are in the form of ADSs, which are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares outstanding will be available for sale, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements. Certain holders of our ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the applicable lock-up period. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Because we may not continue to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you may need to rely on price appreciation of our ADSs as the sole source for return on your investment.

Although we declared dividend on our ordinary shares in March 2018, we may not continue to do so regularly, or at all. Therefore, you may need to rely on price appreciation of our ADSs as the sole source for return on your investment.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to our memorandum and articles of association and certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution also declare dividends, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstance may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return or your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

We are controlled by a small number of our existing shareholders, whose interests may differ from other shareholders, and our board of directors has the power to discourage a change of control.

As of March 31, 2023, our executive officers and directors, together with our principal shareholders existing before our initial public offering, beneficially owned approximately 130,569,953 ordinary shares, or 66.1% of our outstanding ordinary shares. Accordingly, our executive officers and directors, together with our shareholders existing before our initial public offering, could have significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. In cases where their interests are aligned and they vote together, these shareholders will also have the power to prevent or cause a change in control. Without the consent of some or all of these shareholders, we may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us. In addition, our directors and officers could violate their

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fiduciary duties by diverting business opportunities from us to themselves or others. The interests of our largest shareholders may differ from the interests of our other shareholders. The concentration in ownership of our ordinary shares may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our currently effective memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

In addition, certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. If we choose to follow home country practice, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

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As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, a majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

It may be difficult for overseas securities regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States (including securities law class actions and fraud claims) generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator may directly conduct investigations or collect evidence and no entities or individuals may provide documents or materials in connection with securities activities without proper authorization as stipulated under Article 177. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or collect evidence within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

Holders of ADSs may have fewer rights than holders of our ordinary shares and must act through the deposit to exercise those rights.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement, as amended and restated from time to time. Under the deposit agreement, as amended and restated from time to time, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our currently effective memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders to convene a general meeting is seven calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to permit you to withdraw the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to cast your vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. Furthermore, under our currently effective memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to

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attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, as amended and restated from time to time.

Under the deposit agreement, as amended and restated from time to time, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and pursuant to the deposit agreement, you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, however, the depositary may, in its sole discretion, require that any such action, controversy, claim, dispute, legal suit or proceeding be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement subject to certain exceptions solely related to the aspects of such claims that are related to U.S. securities law, in which case the resolution of such aspects may, at the option of such registered holder of the ADSs, remain in state or federal court in New York, New York. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, as amended and restated from time to time, the depositary will not distribute rights to

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holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and other applicable laws and regulations, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We ceased to qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act on the fifth anniversary from the date of our initial listing (i.e., July 16, 2020), and we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a public company, we have adopted policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures and incurred substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage of directors and officers liability insurance. In addition, as a public company, we have incurred additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements and additional costs to have qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, which could subject United States investors in our ADSs or ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

We will be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC” if, in the case of any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income.

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Based on the market price of our ADSs and the composition of our assets (in particular the retention of a substantial amount of cash), we believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for our taxable years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year unless the market price of our ADSs increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of the cash and other passive assets we hold in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income.

If we are classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information-E. Taxation-United States Federal Income Taxation”) may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules and such U.S. Holders may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares. We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs. For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information-E. Taxation-United States Federal Income Taxation-Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

We commenced operations in July 2010 through Shanghai Jupai Investment Group Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Jupai, in China. In August 2012, we incorporated Jupai Investment Group as our offshore holding company in the Cayman Islands and changed our name from Jupai Investment Group to Jupai Holdings Limited, or Jupai, in December 2014. In August 2012, we also established Jupai Hong Kong Investment Limited, or Jupai HK, in Hong Kong, which is wholly owned by Jupai.

In November 2013, we established Jupai Investment International Limited, or Jupai BVI, in the British Virgin Islands and transferred the shares of Jupai HK from Jupai to Jupai BVI in January 2014.

Due to lack of express permission under PRC law for foreign-invested enterprises to sell mutual fund products or asset management plans and to provide asset management services in China, we provided asset management services and planned to sell mutual fund products and asset management plans through the subsidiaries of Shanghai Jupai, a domestic PRC company. In July 2013, we established Shanghai Juxiang Investment Management Consulting Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Juxiang, our wholly-owned subsidiary in China. Shanghai Juxiang entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders. The contractual arrangements between Shanghai Juxiang and Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders enabled us to (i) exercise effective control over Shanghai Jupai; (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Shanghai Jupai in consideration for the consulting services provided by Shanghai Juxiang; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in Shanghai Jupai when and to the extent permitted under PRC laws and regulations. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we were considered the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Jupai, and we treated it as our VIE under U.S. GAAP. We consolidated the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows that were directly attributable to Shanghai Jupai and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We terminated the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders in June 2022, upon which we discontinued the operations of and ceased control over the business operated by Shanghai Jupai.

In 2013, in conjunction with the establishment of Shanghai Juxiang, we completed an internal business migration whereby almost all of our wealth management advisory services personnel became employees of

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Shanghai Juxiang. We also started to use Shanghai Juxiang as the operating entity of our wealth management advisory services business that are not subject to foreign investment restrictions. After this internal business migration, Shanghai Juxiang is a party to the business contracts related to our wealth management advisory services and is the entity that receives one-time commissions and recurring service fees from this business. This internal migration caused no substantive change in the management or operation of the relevant business because those business operations remain under the leadership of the same management team of our company and are operated through almost identical wealth management advisory services personnel.

In July 2015, concurrently upon the completion of our initial public offering, we acquired Scepter Pacific, the holding company of E-House Capital. As consideration, we issued 16,565,592 and 15,915,960 ordinary shares to E-House (China) Capital Investment Management Limited, or E-House Investment, and Reckon Capital Limited, respectively. E-House Investment is a wholly owned subsidiary of E-House and Reckon Capital Limited is majority owned by Mr. Xin Zhou, our director.

E-House Capital’s business is conducted through Shanghai E-Cheng and its subsidiaries. Shanghai E-Cheng is a VIE of Scepter Pacific through the contractual arrangements between Shanghai Baoyi and Shanghai E-Cheng and its shareholders. The contractual arrangements between Shanghai Baoyi and Shanghai E-Cheng and its shareholders enable us to (i) exercise effective control over Shanghai E-Cheng; (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Shanghai E-Cheng in consideration for the consulting services provided by Shanghai Baoyi; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng when and to the extent permitted under laws and regulations of China.

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we treat Shanghai E-Cheng as our VIE under U.S. GAAP. We have consolidated the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows that are directly attributable to Shanghai E-Cheng and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

In January 2016, we issued 9,591,000 ordinary shares and 2,880,000 ordinary shares to Julius Baer Investment Ltd. and SINA, respectively, at US$1.83 per share, in a private placement.

In March 2016, we acquired 34% equity interest in and 70% contractual earning distribution right of UP Capital Management Limited, or UP Capital, which directly holds 100% equity interest in Juhui Financial Securities Limited, a Hong Kong entity holding the required license to provide financial services to the high-net-worth clients in Hong Kong. We acquired additional 45% equity interest in UP Capital in 2017, and therefore owned 79% ownership and corresponding economic rights in UP Capital since then. In December 2019, we transferred all of our equity interests in UP Capital to a subsidiary of E-House. In May 2016, we acquired 85% equity ownership of Non-Linear Investment Management Limited which directly holds 100% equity interest in Jucheng Insurance Broker Ltd., a Hong Kong entity holding the required license to provide the insurance brokerage services in Hong Kong. In September 2022, we transferred all of our equity ownership in Non-Linear Investment Management Limited to Alan Tam, an unrelated third party.

In connection with our investment in UP Capital and acquisition of Non-Linear Investment Management Limited in 2016, we opened our Hong Kong office in May 2016 to expand our overseas business.

In September 2016, our former VIE, Shanghai Jupai, acquired 100% equity interest in Shanghai Jupai Yongyu Insurance Brokers Co., Ltd. (previously known as Jiangsu Kang’an Insurance Brokers Co. Ltd.), a PRC entity holding the required license to provide the insurance brokerage services in China.

In September 2017, we completed the acquisition of a non-controlling interest in Runju, a company primarily operates an online platform which facilitates the transfer of debt and equity securities, from Shanghai Kushuo Information Technology Limited and an individual shareholder. Shanghai Kushuo Information Technology Limited is a subsidiary of E-House.

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In January 2021, Shanghai Yedu was established by Ms. Qimin Wu and Mr. Guowen Zhang, both of whom are our employees. In August 2021, Shanghai Yedu acquired all the equity interest of Shanghai Yidexin from Shanghai E-Cheng. In August 2021, Shanghai Baoyi entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai Yedu and its shareholders. The contractual arrangements between Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai Yedu and its shareholders enable us to (i) exercise effective control over Shanghai Yedu; (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Shanghai Yedu in consideration for the consulting services provided by Shanghai Baoyi; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests and assets of Shanghai Yedu when and to the extent permitted under PRC laws and regulations.

In February 2022, we received a letter dated January 27, 2022, from the NYSE, notifying us that we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of our ADSs.

On June 24, 2022, we were notified by the NYSE that the staff of NYSE Regulation has determined to commence proceedings to delist our ADSs. Trading in our ADSs was suspended after the market closes on the NYSE on June 24, 2022. NYSE Regulation reached its decision to delist our ADSs pursuant to Section 802.01B of the NYSE’s Listed Company Manual because we had fallen below the NYSE’s continued listing standard requiring listed companies to maintain an average global market capitalization over a consecutive 30 trading day period of at least US$15,000,000. On July 12, 2022, the NYSE applied to the SEC by filing a Form 25 to delist our ADSs, which became effective on July 22, 2022. Our ADSs have been quoted on the OTC Pink Limited Information under the symbol “JPPYY” after the NYSE suspended the trading of our ADSs.

In June 2022, we terminated the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders. Jupai Holdings Limited no longer has the contractual power to direct the activities of Shanghai Jupai from June 22, 2022, thereby having discontinued the operations of and ceased control over the business operated by Shanghai Jupai since June 22, 2022.

Our principal executive offices are located at Building 4, No. 1588 Xinyang Road, Lingang New Area, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 201413, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-21-5226-5851. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands.

The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC on http://www.sec.report. You can also find information on our website http://jupai.investorroom.com.

We are a third-party wealth management service provider focusing on distributing wealth management products and providing quality product advisory services to high-net-worth individuals in China. In China, third-party wealth management service providers generally refer to those service providers who are not associated with any financial institutions. Our integrated business model features an established wealth management product advisory services operation that is complemented by our in-house asset management capabilities. We started our asset management business in 2013.

While the deleveraging-related policy-tightening, uncertainties related to the trade conflict between the United States and China and the COVID-19 outbreak contributed to the slow-down of economic growth, the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed decreased by 92.0% from RMB6.2 billion in 2021 to RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million) in 2022. Currently, we only have 90 employees, comprised of 48 employees working on product management and client engagement and 42 employees working on management and administration, and we ceased our marketing efforts and distribution of new products. Currently, we focus on

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managing our existing products and protecting clients’ interest and at the same time seek potential opportunities in the market.

Historically, we provided our wealth management product advisory services mainly to China’s high-net-worth individuals who have investable assets in excess of RMB3.0 million or have an average annual income in excess of RMB500,000 for the past three years. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, we had 1,700, 1,248 and 102 active clients, respectively.

We serve as a one-stop wealth management product aggregator. In addition to the products that we develop and manage in-house, we also source products from third parties. In 2022, we sourced third-party products from 10 domestic product providers for recommendation to our clients. Our product choices include fixed income products, private equity and venture capital funds, public market products and other products such as insurance products and tailored alternative investments. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed reached RMB6.5 billion, RMB6.2 billion and RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million), respectively. Our brand is built upon our rigorous risk management and product selection standards, which ensures the quality of products that we distribute. We draw on in-house and external expertise to carefully screen each product we distribute from legal and commercial perspectives.

Our wealth management product advisory services are complemented by our ability to provide asset management services in the management and advisory of real estate or related funds, other specialized fund products and funds of funds. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of total assets under our sole or shared management was RMB27.8 billion (US$4.0 billion), compared to RMB31.3 billion as of December 31, 2021.

We generate our revenues in connection with our wealth management product related services from one-time commissions and recurring service fees paid by third-party product providers, corporate borrowers and our own clients. The one-time commissions are calculated based on the value of wealth management products we distribute to our clients. Where we act as the product provider for our self-developed products, we generate revenues from one-time commissions from the corporate borrowers and product provider. During the life cycle of some of the public market products and fund products, we charge product providers or corporate borrowers recurring service fees for our ongoing services. We also generate revenues from one-time commissions for our fund formation services and from recurring management fees for managing the funds. These fees are typically computed as a percentage of the capital contribution in the funds. We expect the recurring management fees to also include performance fees or carried interest paid by funds that we manage or co-manage mostly upon maturity of the relevant funds.

Our revenues of 2022 declined as compared to that of 2021 primarily due to the uncertainty of macro-economic conditions and the regulatory changes of the industry. Our net revenues decreased from RMB0.4 billion in 2020 to RMB359.1 million in 2021 and further to RMB103.2 million (US$15.0 million) in 2022. We recorded a net loss attributable to our shareholders of RMB31.4 million and RMB267.9 million in 2020 and 2021, respectively. We recorded a net income attributable to our shareholders of RMB19.9 million (US$2.9 million) in 2022. Our net revenues in 2022 from one-time commissions, recurring management fees and recurring services fees were RMB27.9 million (US$4.0 million), RMB32.4 million (US$4.7 million), RMB42.9 million (US$6.2 million) and nil, respectively.

Our Services

We provide wealth management product advisory and asset management. These complementary service capabilities enabled us to offer customized, value-adding and integrated services to our high-net-worth clients.

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Wealth management product advisory services

To help our high-net-worth clients attain their diversified financial objectives, we provide third-party advice on how their investable assets should be allocated. Our clients enter into contractual arrangements with the product providers to purchase investment products directly from them. We generally charge product providers or the underlying corporate borrowers a one-time commission based on the investment amount made by our clients. Where we act as the product provider for our self-developed products, we generate revenues from one-time commissions from the corporate borrowers and product provider. We also charge recurring service fees during the life cycle of certain wealth management products from the underlying product providers or corporate borrowers for services we provide, such as investor coordination, investment advisory services and distribution of periodic product performance reports.

We consider the following aspects of our services key to the operation of our wealth management product advisory services:

Our high-net-worth clients

We provide our wealth management product advisory services mainly to China’s high-net-worth individuals who have investable assets in excess of RMB3.0 million or have an average annual income in excess of RMB500,000 for the past three years. Our client base consists of entrepreneurs, corporate executives, professionals and other investors. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, we provided wealth management product advisory services to 1,700, 1,248 and 102 active clients, respectively. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed reached RMB6.5 billion, RMB6.2 billion and RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million), respectively.

Asset management services

Our wealth management product advisory services are complemented by our asset management services in the management and advisory of real estate or related funds, other specialized fund products and funds of funds. We substantially strengthened our asset management services with our acquisition of E-House Capital in 2015. We provide fund management services as well as advisory and administrative services, serving as the general partner or co-general partner alongside another management company, to limited partnership funds. Serving as the general partner, co-general partner or manager of the funds under management, we charge a recurring management fee for actively managing the fund’s investments. We share performance fees or carried interest towards the successful completion of the investment projects. Our ability to provide these asset management and advisory services provides us with an additional source of revenue.

A significant portion of the products that we help to develop are in the form of private investment funds with real estate as the underlying asset. For those products, the real estate developers benefit from the combination of our industry knowledge and understanding of financial products. Whereas products designed by other providers are typically financed with debt instruments, we are able to design innovative products that feature equity or a combination of debt and equity elements. For the products that we develop and manage in-house, we invest the product proceeds pursuant to the use of proceeds as provided for under the respective product’s subscription documents.

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The table below lists the funds under our management invested in each product category for the three years ended December 31, 2022.

Our Product Offerings

Product Categories

We serve as a one-stop wealth management product aggregator and recommend both third-party and self-developed products to our clients. In addition to the products that we develop and manage in-house, we also source products from third parties. In 2022, we sourced products from 10 domestic product providers for recommendation to our clients. Our wealth management product advisors are required to select and recommend products with the goal of maximizing our clients’ interests. We select, evaluate and recommend fixed income products, private equity and venture capital funds, public market product and other products.

The fixed income products we distributed that have real estate developers as corporate borrowers accounted for 100%, 100% and nil of the total transaction value of all fixed income products we distributed in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The total transaction value of the secondary market equity fund products accounted for around 4% of the total transaction value of all the products we distributed in 2022.

To date, fixed income products, particularly real estate or related fund products, account for a significant portion of our wealth management product related revenue streams. In recent years, we started to design unconventional or non-traditional investment products in niche markets to cater to the individualized investment needs and tastes of some of our clients.

The products we distribute may take on a variety of legal structures, including contractual funds, limited partnership funds, the asset management plans or private bond funds administered by a local exchange. “Contractual fund” refers to the rights and obligations regarding investment management among the investor, the manager of the investor’s funds and the custodian of such funds in accordance with the contractual fund contracts, under which the fund manager manages the investor’s fund as its agent. Instead of being owned by a separate legal entity, the funds to be invested remain the legal property of the investor held in a custody account separate from the fund manager’s own assets or other funds under its management. The custodian oversees the usage of the fund by the fund manager. “Asset management plan” refers to an investment arrangement under which a mutual fund management company or its subsidiary (unless otherwise indicated, collectively referred to as mutual fund management company) or securities company, in its capacity as trustee, manages funds entrusted to it by multiple sources for the interest of the entrusting parties by investing the entrusted funds in pre-determined assets or projects to generate returns for the beneficiaries. Investments in asset management plans are referred to as asset management products. “Private bond fund” refers to an investment fund that invests in debt instruments which are placed via non-public means to qualified investors and which are regulated by and traded on authorized exchanges in China.

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In products we develop and manage in-house or some of the third-party products we help design, we may provide asset management services as a manager of the contractual funds or take on the role of general partner or co-general partner in the limited partnership fund. In products where there is a guarantee provided by the parent of the underlying borrowing entity or a third-party guarantee company, the guarantor would typically provide the guarantee to the contractual funds, limited partnership funds or private bond funds, as the case may be. In terms of fund settlement, the proceeds raised may be released to the borrowing entities through a number of structures, including for example, a unilateral trust arrangement or direct equity investment in an entity set up by the corporate borrower along with a shareholder loan to that entity in accordance with PRC laws and regulations.

Four of the products that we distributed in 2022 were subject to redemption by our clients, and the aggregate value of these products that remained subject to possible redemption amounted to RMB0.7 billion, RMB0.7 billion and RMB1.0 billion (US$0.1 billion) as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. None of these products, if redeemed, will require a refund of the applicable fees we collected.

Product Development and Distribution

We have a team focused on product development, a majority of whom have experience in fund raising and management operations or real estate related work experience. We started to develop products in-house in 2013. In terms of value, approximately RMB6.4 billion, RMB6.2 billion and RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million) of the products that we distributed in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, were either products developed and managed by us or third-party products that we helped design. To date, we have distributed a majority of the wealth management products that were developed and managed by us and a majority of the wealth management products that we participated in designing.

For sizable projects with demanding fund-raising timetables, we sometimes use third-party distribution channels in addition to our in-house sales force. These third-party channels consist primarily of third-party wealth management service providers that operate on a smaller scale compared to us. We select them based on market reputation and our prior working experience with them, and we pay channel fees to these third-party distribution channels based on the value of products distributed by them.

Risk Management and Compliance Control

We draw on in-house and external expertise and follow strictly implemented procedures to conduct risk management and compliance control in accordance with applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations.

Information Technology Infrastructure

We currently use a combination of commercially available and custom-developed software and hardware systems, including (i) “Jupai Online,” a mobile application that integrates our online system in assisting our client managers to provide services on the mobile platform for our clients and also collect and analyze our clients’ individualized transaction information; and our office automation system; (ii) “iJupai,” a system platform which is empowered by the DingTalk system of Alibaba Group and independently developed by us that integrates our internal work streams and information flow on one single platform and increases our employees’ work efficiency; and (iii) the Asset Risk Control Management Platform, a platform which assists us in investment project process management, post-investment management and information disclosure. We will further enhance our technology infrastructure to improve the operation and communication efficiency. We use big data analytics to further strengthen our product design and customer service capabilities, and we hold online training sessions for our client managers through our e-learning system. We expect to continue upgrading our system and IT infrastructure to further enhance our client service and product management capabilities. We expect to continue focusing on the

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establishment and development of a financial technology platform to innovate products, optimize processes and upgrade services.

Competition

While the wealth management services industry in China is growing rapidly, it is still at an early stage of development and is highly fragmented. We operate in an increasingly competitive environment and compete for clients on the basis of product choice, client service, reputation and brand recognition. Our principal competitors include:

Intellectual Property

Our brand, trade names, trademarks, trade secrets, proprietary database and research reports and other intellectual property rights distinguish the products we distribute and our services from those of our competitors and contribute to our competitive advantage in the high-net-worth wealth management services industry. We rely on a combination of trademark and trade secret laws as well as confidentiality agreements and non-compete covenants with our wealth management product advisors and other employees, our third-party wealth management product providers and other contractors. We have 13 registered trademarks in China and seven registered domain names. Our registered domain names include jpinvestment.cn, jp-fund.com and jupaionline.com, among others.

Insurance

We participate in government sponsored social security programs including pension, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing insurance. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or key-man life insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be in line with that of other wealth management companies of similar size in China.

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Regulation

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China.

Regulations on Asset Management Plans

According to the CSRC, qualified mutual fund management companies, securities companies and other financial institutions may be entrusted by clients to engage in asset management business.

Asset Management Plans by Securities Companies

In April 2018, the PBOC, the CBIRC, the CSRC and SAFE joint issued the Asset Management Guidance. Pursuant to the Asset Management Guidance, investors of asset management plans are divided into non-specific public and qualified investors. Qualified investors shall be natural persons, legal entities or other organizations that have corresponding risk identification ability and risk-taking ability to invest in a single asset management production no less than a certain amount and meets certain requirements. The implicit guarantee of the minimum amount of return, the break-even return of principal or the minimum amount or rate of loss to investors is not allowed under such guidance.

In October 2018, the CSRC promulgated Administration Measures on Privately Offered Asset Management Business of Securities and Futures Operation Institutions, or the Asset Management Administration Measures, which was amended on January 12, 2023 and became effective on March 1, 2023. The Asset Management Administration Measures replaced former administration measures on assets management business of fund companies, securities companies and futures companies.

The Asset Management Administration Measures apply to privately offered asset management plans established and managed by securities and futures operation institutions (including securities company, fund management company, futures companies and subsidiaries established by the aforesaid institutions that engage in privately offered asset management business) through private placement of funds or acceptance of property entrustment, with a custodian institution acting as the asset custodian, and makes investments according to the asset management agreement. Securities and futures operation institutions engaging in privately offered asset management business shall be approved by the CSRC. The securities and futures operation institutions may sell its asset management plans on its own or through an agency qualified to sell mutual funds. The securities and futures operation institutions, custodian, selling agency shall ensure the authenticity, accuracy, completeness and promptness of information disclosure. The assets management plans shall be raised to qualified investors in a non-public manner, and securities and futures operation institutions and selling agencies shall perform appropriate management obligations. Selling agency shall provide investors’ information to the securities and futures operation institutions within prescribed time limit. For the sale of asset management plan, selling agency shall strictly fulfill the appropriate management obligations, fully know the investors and classify the investors, conduct risk assessment on the asset management plan, follow the risk match principle, recommend appropriate products to investors. Selling agency is not allowed to mislead investors to purchase products not matching their risk tolerance, to sell asset management plans to investors with lower risk identification capabilities and lower risk tolerances below the product risk levels. Records relating to the sale of asset management plans shall be kept at least 20 years from the termination date of the asset management plans.

In October 2018, the CSRC promulgated Administration Measures on Operation of Privately Offered Asset Management Plan of Securities and Futures Operation Institutions, or the Asset Management Plan Operation Measures, which was amended on January 12, 2023 and became effective on March 1, 2023. The Asset Management Plan Operation Measures prescribes the raise, investment, risk management, valuation, information disclosure and other operation activities of asset management plans by securities and futures operation institutions.

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Securities and futures operation institutions and their entrusting selling agencies shall fully acknowledge investors’ capital source, individual and family financial assets and debts, and shall adopt necessary measure to verify.

On July 3, 2020, the PBOC promulgated the Rules for Identification of Standardized Debt Assets to clarify the criteria of standardized debt assets, pursuant to which the definition of non-standardized debt assets is more stringent compared to the current industry practice.

On November 8, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court released the Summaries of the National Conference for the Work of Courts in the Trial of Civil and Commercial Cases, or the Summaries, which, among others, imposes additional obligations on institutional sellers, including but not limited to additional suitability obligations and additional information disclosure and explanation obligations to financial customers. According to the Supreme Court’s Summaries, institutional sellers include issuers of financial products, sellers of financial products, and financial services providers. Each institutional seller has suitability obligations, which refer to the obligations to know the customers, know the products and sell or provide appropriate financial products or services to a suitable financial consumer, where the institutional sellers are obliged to perform their duties in the sale of, among others, high-risk financial products such as bank wealth management products, insurance investment products, trust wealth management products, brokerage collective wealth management plans, leveraged fund shares, options and other over-the-counter derivatives to financial consumers. Under certain circumstances, an issuer of financial product and a seller of financial product may be deemed jointly and severally liable for the losses suffered by the financial customers due to their purchase of such financial product, if either of the issuer or the seller of the financial product fails to perform its corresponding suitability obligations to the financial customers. If any financial customers suffer the losses in the purchase of any financial products, resulted from any financial services provider’s failure to perform the suitability obligations, the financial services providers are obliged to compensate the financial customers for their losses. When deciding if an institutional seller has fulfilled its information disclosure and explanation obligations to financial customers, the court may combine the objective standard, meaning that if a rational person could understand, together with a subjective standard, meaning that if a financial customer could understand, based on the risk of the financial products and investment activities and the actual condition of the financial consumer in question. The Supreme Court’s Summaries is the practical guidance for the courts when handling disputes relating to certain newly emerged issues in civil and commercial trials.

On December 28, 2019, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has enacted the amended Securities Law of the PRC, which came into effect on March 1, 2020. The amended Securities Law of the PRC provides that, among others, asset management products should be deemed as securities and the rules of issuance and trading of asset management products should be set out by the State Council. Therefore, the regulations relating to asset management plans and mutual funds are expected to be further changed in accordance with the amended Securities Law of the PRC in the future.

On January 1, 2021, the Civil Code of the PRC came into effect, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress. The Civil Code of the PRC provides that, among other, when a form of standard terms and conditions is used for signing a contract, the party providing such standard terms and conditions shall take reasonable measures to remind the counterparty of any of these standard terms which will waive or limit the liabilities of the providing party or have major interests with the counterparty. If the providing party fails to perform this obligation, the counterparty may claim that these standard terms are invalid. The Civil Code of the PRC also has provisions relating to personal information protection, including, among other, prohibition on infringing individuals’ personal life by call, message or email, and requirement for individuals’ prior consent for collection, storage and use of their personal information.

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Regulations on Private Equity Investment Products

In China, Renminbi denominated private equity funds are typically formed as limited liability companies or partnerships, and therefore, their establishment and operation is subject to the PRC company laws or partnership laws. The PRC Partnership Enterprise Law was revised in August 2006 when it expanded the scope of eligible partners in partnerships from individuals to legal persons and other organizations and added limited partnerships as a new form of partnership. A limited partnership shall consist of limited partners and at least one general partner. The general partners shall be responsible for the operation of the partnership and assume joint and several liabilities for the debts of the partnership, and the limited partners shall assume liability for the partnership’s debts limited by the amount of their respective capital commitment.

CSRC is now in charge of the supervision and regulation of private funds, including, but not limited to, private equity funds, private securities investment funds, venture capital funds and other forms of private funds. Further, CSRC authorized the Asset Management Association of China, or AMAC, to supervise the registration of private fund managers, record filing of private funds and perform its self-regulatory role. Thus, the AMAC formulated the Measures for the Registration of Private Investment Fund Managers and Filling of Private Investment Funds (for Trial Implementation), or the Measures, which became effective as of February 7, 2014, setting forth the procedures and requirements for the registration of private fund managers and filing of private funds to perform self-regulatory administration of privately placement funds. On August 21, 2014, CSRC promulgated the Interim Provisions for the Supervision and Management of Private Equity Funds, which further clarified the self-regulatory requirements for private funds. Local governments in certain cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, have promulgated local administrative rules to encourage and regulate the development of private equity investment in their areas. These regulations typically provide preferential treatment to private equity funds registered in the cities or districts that satisfy the specified requirements. Such local administrative rules may be changed or preempted according to the new regulations to be issued by CSRC. We have completed the private fund manager registration and filing of private funds under our management with AMAC for the relevant entities that act as private fund managers.

In April 2016, AMAC issued the Measures for the Administration of the Fund Raising Conducts of the Private Investment Funds, or the Fund Raising Measures. According to the Fund Raising Measures, only two types of institutions are qualified to conduct fund raising activities for private investment funds: (i) private fund managers which have registered with AMAC (only allowed to raise fund for the funds established and managed by such fund managers); and (ii) the fund distributors that have are the members of AMAC and obtained the fund distribution license. In addition, the Fund Raising Measures set out detailed procedures for conducting fund raising business and introduced new process such as “cooling-off period” and the “re-visit”. We are qualified to conduct the fund raising activities of the funds managed by us and are complying with such procedures when raising the fund.

In February 2017, AMAC released the No. 4 Filing Rules to regulate the securities and futures institution’s investment into the real estate area. According to the No. 4 Filing Rules, private fund managers shall follow relevant rules when investing into real estate development enterprises or projects. Among others, the No.4 Filing Rules specify that AMAC will not accept the filing application of private asset management plans or private funds investing in ordinary residential properties in “popular cities”, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hefei, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Hangzhou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Wuhan, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Chengdu, by way of debt investment, the specific types of which are identified in the No. 4 Filing Rules. The No. 4 Filing Rules will influence our business in this regard and we have adjusted our investment strategies and started to increase our investment in real estate or related assets in the cities other than the “popular cities”. We currently are not able to tell how far the influence will be and whether the filing rule for private real estate investment fund will change in the future.

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In January 2018, AMAC issued Notice regarding Filing of Private Investment Funds, or the 2018 Filing Notice, which was repealed in August 2020. The 2018 Filing Notice provides that private investment funds are prohibited from raising funds from unqualified investors. It also provides that private investment fund manager should file the contracts and other documents of the fund with AMAC on a timely basis and keep proper records of all filing materials. In addition, the Filing Notice also provides that private investment funds should not make debt investments, including (i) investing in private loans, small loans or factoring facilities or other assets or beneficiary interests of which the nature is borrowing; (ii) lending money through entrusted bank loans or trusts; and (iii) conducting the aforementioned activities through the form of special purpose vehicle or investment enterprise. AMAC will not approve the filing of private investment funds that are engaged in the unpermitted debt investment activities. Starting from February 2018, we have ceased to make any new investment in debt assets through our private investment funds.

In August 2018, AMAC issued an explanation specifying requirements for application for private fund manager engaging in cross-class investment, which covers requirements on actual controller, equity structure stability, senior management, and initial fund raising scale.

In September 2018, AMAC issued the Notice on Strengthening the Self-Regulatory Administration of Information Disclosure by Private Investment Fund, which emphasizes the information disclosure obligations of private fund manager. Pursuant to the notice, starting from November 1, 2018, failure to comply with relevant private fund information disclosure obligations can lead to suspension on receiving the private investment fund filing application of the relevant private fund manager.

In December 2018, AMAC updated Notice for Registration of Private Fund Manager. Among others, the notice further clarifies the requirements of authenticity and stability of shareholders, related parties and other requirements for application for registration as a private fund manager, and the requirements of continuous operation and internal control requirements for registered private fund manager.

On December 23, 2019, the AMAC issued the new Notice regarding Filing of Private Investment Funds, or the 2019 Filing Notice, which replaced the 2018 Filing Notice. The 2019 Filing Notice clarifies, among others, that the negative scope of financial products that are unable to be registered as private investment funds and the special filing or registration requirements on different types of private investment funds. The 2019 Filing Notice further emphasizes, among others, that (i) the fund manager or any of its actual controller, shareholder, affiliates or fundraising agencies is prohibited to promise the minimum amount of return, the break-even return of principal or the minimum amount or rate of loss to investors; and (ii) the fund manager is prohibited to set up several investment units or tranches in the private investment funds, which accept investments from different investors and make investments in different assets for the purposes of avoiding any filing or registration obligation.

On December 30, 2020, the CSRC promulgated Several Provisions on Strengthening Supervision of Private Investment Fund, which, among other, (i) clarifies requirements on the name, business scope and line of business of private investment fund managers, (ii) updates the supervision on group private equity fund managers and specifies information disclosure requirements, (iii) specifies requirements on private offerings and qualified investors, (iv) prohibits from using property of the funds to engage in non-private investment activities, such as borrowing, loans or guarantees, extending loans under a cover of shareholding, or investing in prohibited or restricted projects, and (v) prohibiting private fund managers and practitioners from illegal self-financing, unfair treatment to fund properties and investors, and other similar activities and requires fund managers and private investment sales agencies to fulfill prudence and diligence obligations.

In addition, according to the notices issued by AMAC, if private fund managers encounter abnormal operation situations, special legal opinions shall be submitted within required time period. If the private fund managers fail to submit satisfied legal opinions, the registration of such private fund managers shall be

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de-registered. In the event that any of the special legal opinions is not be accepted by the AMAC, such private fund manager registration may be cancelled.

Regulations on Insurance Brokerages

The primary regulation governing the insurance intermediaries is the PRC Insurance Law enacted in 1995 and further amended in 2002, 2009, 2014 and 2015. According to the PRC Insurance Law, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CIRC, is the regulatory authority responsible for the supervision and administration of the PRC insurance companies and the intermediaries in the insurance sector, including insurance agencies and brokers.

The principal regulation governing insurance brokerage is the Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Insurance Brokerage Agency, or the Insurance Brokerage Agency Provisions, promulgated by the CIRC in September 2009, amended and effective as of April 27, 2013 and October 19, 2015. According to the Insurance Brokerage Agency Provisions, an insurance brokerage agency refers to an entity that receives commissions for providing intermediary services to policyholders and sponsors to facilitate their entering into insurance contracts based on the interests of the policyholders. An insurance brokerage agency established in China must meet the qualification requirements specified by the CIRC and obtain a license to operate an insurance brokerage business issued by the CIRC. Among others, the minimum registered capital for an insurance brokerage agency that conducts business in regions not limited to the province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, or the city specifically designated in the state plan where its business registration is made shall be no less than RMB50.0 million and must be fully paid in. The license of an insurance brokerage agency is valid for a period of three years, and can be renewed subject to the approval of the CIRC.

An insurance brokerage agency is subject to CIRC reporting obligations for corporate events such as amendment of constitutional documents, changes in name and address and changes in shareholding.

An insurance brokerage agency may conduct the following insurance brokerage businesses:

The senior managers of an insurance brokerage agency must meet certain qualification requirements set forth in the Insurance Brokerage Agency Provisions. Appointment of the senior managers of an insurance brokerage agency is subject to review and approval by the CIRC. Personnel of an insurance brokerage agency who engage in any of the insurance brokerage businesses described above must meet the requirements prescribed by the CIRC and obtain the qualification certificate issued by the CIRC.

On February 1, 2018, CIRC issued the Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Insurance Broker, or the Insurance Broker Provision, to replace Insurance Brokerage Agency Provisions and became effective upon May 1, 2018. Under Insurance Broker Provisions, the definition and licensing requirements of an insurance broker are substantially similar to those of an insurance brokerage agency as provided under the Insurance

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Brokerage Agency Provisions. The insurance broker shall meet following requirements for the operation of the insurance brokerage business, including, among others, (i) the shareholders must meet the requirement stipulated under Insurance Broker Provision and all paid-in capitals must be self-owned and not from any bank loans or others; (ii) certain material aspects of the company, including the registered capital requirement, capital under the custody, business scopes, articles of associations, company name, constitution of management, corporate governance and internal control, and information management system, must meet relevant legal requirements; and (iii) information management system for business and finance complying with regulations of CIRC. The Insurance Broker Provisions also specify that insurance broker that provide personal insurance services nationwide must establish branch offices, and an insurance broker must segregate its reinsurance business from other insurance business. A subsidiary of our former VIE, Shanghai Jupai Yongyu Insurance Brokers Co., Ltd. (previously known as Jiangsu Kang’an Insurance Brokers Co. Ltd.) has obtained the license for insurance brokerage business.

In April 2018, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or CBIRC, issued a Notice on Opening Business Scope of Foreign Invested Insurance Brokerage Company, pursuant to which the licensed foreign invested insurance brokerage companies are allowed to engage in the same insurance brokerage businesses as those of domestic insurance brokerage companies upon handling changing procedures.

Regulations on the Sale of Mutual Funds

On December 28, 2012, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Law on Securities Investment Funds, or the 2012 SIF Law, which became effective on June 1, 2013 and replaced the Securities Investment Funds Law effective since June 1, 2004. The 2012 SIF Law not only imposes detailed regulations on mutual funds but also includes new rules on the fund services agencies for the first time. Agencies that engage in sales and other fund services related to mutual funds are required to register or file with the securities regulatory authority. The 2012 SIF Law was further amended on April 24, 2015.

Correspondingly, on March 15, 2013, the CSRC amended the Administrative Measures on the Sales of Securities Investment Funds, or the Fund Sales Measures, which became effective on June 1, 2013. The Fund Sales Measures specify that it only applies to the sales of mutual funds. Commercial banks, securities companies, futures companies, insurance companies, securities investment consultation agencies, independent fund sales agencies and other agencies permitted by the CSRC may apply with the local branches of the CSRC for the license related to mutual fund sales. In order to obtain such license, an independent fund sales agency shall meet certain requirements, including without limitation: (i) having a paid-in capital of no less than RMB20.0 million; (ii) the senior executives shall have obtained the fund practice qualification, be familiar with fund sales business, and have two or more years of work experience in fund practice or five or more years of work experience in other relevant financial institutions; (iii) having at least 10 employees qualified to engage in fund related business; and (iv) not being involved in any material changes that have impacted or are likely to impact the normal operation of organizations, or other material issues such as litigations and arbitrations.

When dealing with fund sales business, fund sales agencies may collect subscription fee, purchase fee, redemption fee, switching fee, sales service fee, and other relevant fees from the investors according to fund contracts and prospectuses. When providing value-added services to fund investors, fund sales agencies may charge the fund investors value-added service fee. In addition, they shall not charge investors extra fees unless otherwise agreed in fund contracts, prospectuses and fund sales service contracts.

On August 28, 2020, the CSRC promulgated the Supervision Measures on Public Offering Securities Investment Funds Sales Agencies and its implementation rules (collectively, the “New Sales Agency Measures”). The New Sales Agency Measures define fund selling as opening fund transaction accounts for fund investors, promoting fund sales, handling fund units sale, and handling subscription, redemption and account information inquiry. Pursuant to the New Sales Agency Measure, the requirements for an independent fund sales agency include,

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among others: (i) having a total net asset of no less than RMB50.0 million; (ii) each senior executive shall have fund practitioner qualification, meet with the senior management qualifications set by CSRC and be familiar with fund sales management; specific compliance risk control senior executive shall be specified; (iii) neither the controlling shareholder nor the actual controller shall remain unchanged within the three years after the sales agency qualification is obtained. The application for the sales agency qualification shall be submitted to the CSRC. In addition, shareholders who own more than 5% shares of the sales agency shall, among others, meet the following requirements: (i) if the shareholder is a legal entity or organizations, its total net asset shall be no less than RMB50.0 million; (ii) if the shareholder is an individual, they must have more than five years working experience in management of securities fund department or no less than three years working experience as senior management in securities fund industry. There are also financial condition requirements for controlling shareholders and actual controllers: (i) if the controlling shareholder and actual controller is a legal entity or organizations, its total net asset shall be no less than RMB200.0 million, it must have a consistently profitable track for the past three fiscal years, its net asset should be more than 50% of its paid-in capital, and its contingent liability should be less than 50% of its net assets; (ii) if the controlling shareholder and actual controller is an individual, they shall have total financial assets no less than RMB30.0 million and must have more than ten years working experience in management of securities fund department or no less than five years working experience as senior management in securities fund industry. If the shareholder is a foreign entity, it shall be a financial institution in good standing with financial assets management or financial investment advisory experience. The sales agency shall obtain Securities and Futures Operation License, the validity period of which is three years, and the renewal of which is subject to approval of CSRC and its local agency. The average daily sales holding volume and the sales agency will be taken into consideration for renewal. The shareholder, the controlling shareholder of the shareholder and the actual controller of an independent sales agency shall not hold equity interests in more than two independent sales agencies, in which the number of independent sales agency under control of such shareholder cannot exceed one. The actual controller of independent sales agencies shall be included into the scope of regulatory supervision. The New Sales Agency Measures provides that independent sales agencies can only sell mutual funds and private securities investment funds, unless otherwise provided by the CSRC. For the independent sales agencies who also sell other products before the promulgation of New Sales Agency Measures, they will have a two-year rectification period starting from October 1, 2020, during which the independent sales agency must keep the volume of those products decreasing. The New Sales Agency Measures also provides requirements on compliance and internal control, upper limit of client maintenance costs, cooperation with third party online platform, and sales of private equity investment funds.

On December 20, 2019, the PBOC, the CBIRC, the CSRC and the SAFE jointly issued the Circular on Further Regulating Financial Marketing Campaigns, or the Regulations on Financial Marketing Campaigns, which became effective on January 25, 2020. According to the Regulations on Financial Marketing Campaigns, financial product operators or financial service providers, including financial institutions in the banking, securities and insurance industries and other institutions engaged in the financial business or finance-related business, should carry out financial marketing activities within the scope of financial business permitted by the competent governmental authorities and may not carry out financial marketing activities beyond such permitted scope of business. Entities are not allowed to carry out marketing activities related to the financial business if they do not obtain the corresponding qualifications for such financial business, except for information release platforms or media entrusted by the financial product operators or financial service providers who have obtained appropriate qualifications for the financial business. The Regulations on Financial Marketing Campaigns further provides that, among others, the financial product operators or financial service providers must (i) prudently determine the form of cooperation with business partners in accordance with the applicable laws, (ii) stipulate the responsibilities of themselves and the business partners in financial marketing activities, and (iii) jointly ensure that the relevant financial marketing campaigns comply with laws and regulations. “Financial marketing campaigns” refers to the promotion or marketing activities carried out by financial product operators or financial service providers for financial products or financial services by using various promotion tools or methods.

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On August 28, 2020, the CSRC promulgated the Interim Provisions on Administration of Promotion and Marketing Materials of Public Offering Securities Investment Funds, which includes detailed disclosure requirements on promotion materials used for funds, including disclosures of historical performance of the fund and the fund manager and the shareholders’ information, and the promotion materials should also comply with the Advertisement Law of the PRC, the Anti-unfair Competition Law of the PRC and the Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC.

Regulation on Entrusted Loan of Commercial Bank

In January 2018, CBRC issued the Notice of the China Banking Regulatory Commission on Promulgation of the Administrative Measures for Entrusted Loans undertaken by Commercial Banks, or Entrusted Loan Measure. According to the Entrusted Loan Measures, the “entrusted loan” refers to the loan provided by a trustor and granted by a commercial bank (trustee) on behalf of the trustor to a borrower determined by the trustor, and the purpose, amount, currency, duration and interest rate of such loan are determined by the trustor. A commercial bank shall not accept any of the following types of funds for entrusted loans: (i) funds from others that entrusted the trustors to manage, (ii) bank loans, (iii) various special funds of special purposes (unless otherwise required by relevant authorities under the State Council), (iv) other borrowings (unless otherwise required by relevant authorities under the State Council), or (v) funds of which the source cannot be proved. The above restriction, however, is not applicable to the funds raised by a corporate group for bond issuance or applied within a group. Starting from January 2018, the private investment funds managed by us have ceased to make debt investment through the structure of entrusted loans.

Regulations on Overseas Offering and Listing

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC, as approved by the State Council, released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, or the Filing Rules collectively. According to the Filing Rules, domestic companies in mainland China that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market, are required to file with the CSRC. Specifically, the securities under the Filing Rules refer to stocks, depositary receipts, convertible corporate bonds, exchangeable bonds and other equity-linked securities to be issued and offered in overseas markets by domestic companies directly or indirectly, while a direct offering and listing refers to the overseas offering and listing of a joint-stock company incorporated in mainland China, and an indirect offering and listing refers to the overseas offering and listing of a domestic company which conducts its business operations primarily in mainland China, in the name of an offshore company and based on the underlying equities, assets, earnings or similar interests of the domestic company. In particular, the determination of an indirect offering and listing will be conducted on a “substance over form” basis, and an offering and listing should be considered as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company if the issuer meets both of the following conditions: (i) any of the revenue, profits, total assets or net assets of such domestic company in the most recent financial year account for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; and (ii) the majority of its business operations are conducted in mainland China or its principal place of business is located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management in charge of business operations are Chinese citizens or have domicile in the mainland China. According to the Filing Rules, an overseas offering and listing is prohibited under any of the following circumstances: (i) if the intended securities offering and listing is specifically prohibited by the laws, administrative regulations and relevant national provisions; (ii) if the intended securities offering and listing may constitute a threat to or endangers national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (iii) the domestic companies or their controlling shareholders or actual controllers have committed corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property, or other criminal offenses disruptive to the order of the socialist market economy in the past three years; (iv) the domestic companies are currently under investigations in connection with suspicion of having committed criminal offenses or material

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violations of applicable laws and regulations, and there is still no explicit conclusion; (v) there are material ownership disputes over the shareholdings held by the controlling shareholder or the shareholder under the control of the controlling shareholder or the actual controllers.

According to the Filing Rules, the issuer or its affiliated domestic company, as the case may be, is required to file with the CSRC (i) with respect to its initial public offering and listing and its subsequent securities offering in an overseas market different from the market where it has listed, within three business days after its submission of listing application documents to the relevant regulator in the place of intended listing, (ii) with respect to its follow-on offering in the same overseas market where it has listed (including issuance of any corporate convertible bonds, exchangeable bonds and other equity-linked securities, but excluding the offering for employees incentive, dividend distribution by shares and share split), within three business days after completion of such follow-on offering, (iii) with respect to listing by means of single or multiple acquisitions, share swap, transfers of shares and similar transactions, within three business days after its initial filing of the listing application or the first public announcement of the transaction, as case may be. Failure to comply with the filing requirements may result in an order of rectification, a warning and fines up to RMB10 million to the non-compliant domestic companies, and the directly responsible persons of the companies will be warned and fined between RMB500,000 and RMB5 million. Furthermore, if the controlling shareholder and the actual controller of the non-compliant companies organizes or instigates the breach, they will be fined between RMB1 million and RMB10 million. In addition to above filing requirements, the Filings Rules also requires an issuer to report to the CSRC within three business days after occurrence of any the following events: (i) its change of control; (ii) its being subject to investigation or sanctions by any overseas securities regulators or overseas authorities; (iii) its change of listing status or listing segment; (iv) voluntary or mandatory delisting; and (v) material change of its principal business operations to the extent that it ceases to be subject to the filing requirements of the Filing Rules.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, jointly with other relevant governmental authorities, promulgated the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Management of Overseas Securities Issuance and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, or the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, and upon becoming effective on March 31, 2023, such provisions will supersede the currently effective Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing. According to the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, domestic companies, whether offering and listing securities overseas directly or indirectly, must strictly abide by the applicable laws and regulations, enhance the sense of confidentiality, improve the archives management system, and take necessary measures to implement the confidentiality and archives management responsibilities when providing or publicly disclosing, either directly or through their overseas listed entities, documents and materials to securities services providers such as securities companies and accounting firms or overseas regulators in the process of their overseas offering and listing. In the event that such documents or materials contain any information related to state secrets or government authorities work secrets, domestic companies must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities according to the applicable laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving governmental authority; and in the event that such documents or materials, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest, domestic companies should strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable laws and regulations. Furthermore, domestic companies should also provide a written statement about whether they have completed the approval or filing procedures as above when providing documents and materials to securities companies and securities service providers, and the securities companies and securities service providers should properly retain such written statements for inspection. Securities companies and securities service providers shall also fulfill the applicable legal procedures according to the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions when providing overseas regulatory institutions and other relevant institutions and individuals with documents or materials containing any state secrets or government authorities work secrets or other documents or materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest.

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Regulations on Labor Protection

On June 29, 2007, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, promulgated the Labor Contract Law, as amended on December 28, 2012, which formalizes employees’ rights concerning employment contracts, overtime hours, layoffs and the role of trade unions and provides for specific standards and procedure for the termination of an employment contract. In addition, the Labor Contract Law requires the payment of a statutory severance pay upon the termination of an employment contract in most cases, including in cases of the expiration of a fixed-term employment contract. In addition, under the Regulations on Paid Annual Leave for Employees and its implementation rules, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and on September 18, 2008 respectively, employees are entitled to a paid vacation ranging from 5 to 15 days, depending on their length of service and to enjoy compensation of three times their regular salaries for each such vacation day in case such vacation days are deprived by employers, unless the employees waive such vacation days in writing. Although we are currently in compliance with the relevant legal requirements for terminating employment contracts with employees in our business operation, in the event that we decide to lay off a large number of employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, provisions of the Labor Contract Law may limit our ability to effect these changes in a manner that we believe to be cost-effective or desirable, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. According to the Social Insurance Law, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee of 0.05% of the amount overdue per day from the original due date by the relevant authority. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within such stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. According to Regulations on Management of Housing Fund, an enterprise that fails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement.

Regulations on Foreign Investment

The State Planning Commission, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation jointly promulgated the Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue, or the Foreign Investment Catalogue, in 1995, which was subsequently revised from time to time. The Foreign Investment Catalogue sets forth the industries in which foreign investment are encouraged, restricted, or forbidden. Industries that were not indicated as any of the above categories under the Foreign Investment Catalogue are permitted areas for foreign investment. The industries listed in this version are divided into two categories: encouraged industries and the industries with special entry administration measure, or the Negative List. The Negative List is further divided into two sub-categories: restricted industries and prohibited industries. Establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises is generally allowed in industries outside of the Negative List. For the restricted industries within the Negative List, some are limited to equity or contractual joint ventures, while in some cases Chinese partners are required to hold the majority interests in such joint ventures. In addition, restricted category projects are subject to government approvals and certain special requirements. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the prohibited category. Industries not listed in the Foreign Investment Catalogue are generally open to foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other PRC regulations. The list of encouraged industries for foreign investment under the Foreign Investment Catalogue has been replaced by the Encouraged Foreign Investment

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Catalogue, jointly promulgated by the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce (the “MOC”). The prevailing Encouraged Foreign Investment Catalogue is 2022 version, which came effect as from January 1, 2023.

In October 2016, the Ministry of Commerce issued the Interim Measures for Record-filing Administration of the Establishment and Change of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or FIE Record-filing Interim Measures, which was further revised in July 2017. Pursuant to FIE Record-filing Interim Measures, the establishment and change of an FIE are subject to record-filing procedures, instead of prior approval requirements, provided that the establishment or change does not involve special entry administration measures. If the establishment or change of FIE matters involve the special entry administration measures, the approval of the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterparts is still required. The FIE Record-filing Interim Measures has been replaced by the Measures for Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, or the FIE Information Reporting Measures, which became effective on January 1, 2020. Pursuant to the FIE Information Reporting Measures, a foreign investor or an FIE should provide the investment information by submission of initial report, report of changes, report of de-registration and annual report. Information that a foreign investor should provide in its initial report includes basic corporate information of the FIE, information of the investor and its actual controller, and investment transaction information.

On June 28, 2018, NDRC and MOFCOM jointly issued Special Administration Measures for Access of Foreign Investment or the Negative List, as last amended on December 27, 2021 and became effective on January 1, 2022, which listed special requirements for foreign investment, including shareholding percentage limits and qualification for senior management for certain fields. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest into prohibited industries for foreign investors listed in the Negative List. For investment into other industries listed in the Negative List, access approval is required. However, foreign investment into fields not listed in the Negative List generally enjoys the same conditions as domestic entities.

Pursuant to the currently effective or the amended Negative List, market survey, a business activity that we currently engage in through our VIE, is restricted for foreign investment.

In addition, if our PRC subsidiary and consolidated entities plan to engage in promoting or distributing wealth management plans through the Internet, or allows our clients to purchase wealth management products on any of our websites, such business is likely to be deemed as value-added telecommunications service and call for approvals from relevant authorities. Foreign investment in telecommunications businesses is governed by the State Council’s Administrative Rules for Foreign Investments in Telecommunications Enterprises, issued by the State Council in December 2001 and amended in March 2022, under which a foreign investor’s beneficial equity ownership in an entity providing value-added telecommunications services in China cannot exceed 50%. In addition, for a foreign investor to acquire any equity interest in a business providing value-added telecommunications services in China, it must demonstrate a positive track record and experience in providing such services. The MIIT’s Notice Regarding Strengthening Administration of Foreign Investment in Operating Value-Added Telecommunication Businesses, or the MIIT Notice, issued on July 13, 2006 prohibits holders of these services licenses from leasing, transferring or selling their licenses in any form, or providing any resource, sites or facilities, to any foreign investors intending to conduct such businesses in China. Although MIIT promulgated its Notice on Lifting Foreign Investment Restrictions on Online Data and Deal Processing Business in June 2015, which permits foreign ownership, in whole or in part, of online data and deal processing business, a sub-type of value-added telecommunications service, we still expect our potential business of online promotion and distribution of wealth management products to face foreign investment restrictions or uncertainties, since it is not clear whether our potential business will be deemed as online data and deal processing.

We have been engaged in the direct sales of mutual funds sponsored by mutual fund management companies before the termination of the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders in June 2022. While the distribution of mutual funds and asset management plans sponsored by mutual fund management companies is not explicitly categorized as restricted to foreign investment, a license is required for the direct sales of

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mutual fund and asset management plans sponsored by mutual fund management companies. According to the Administration Measures on Securities Investment Fund Sales issued by the CSRC that was last amended on February 17, 2013 and came into effect on June 1, 2013, in order to apply for a mutual fund sales license, the shareholders of the applicant shall meet with certain requirements, including, among others, to maintain a good track record for three consecutive financial years. According to the New Sales Agency Measure, the legal entity shareholders for an independent mutual fund sales agency holding more than 5% shares shall have the minimum net asset of RMB50.0 million, the legal entity controlling shareholder shall have the minimum net asset of RMB200.0 million and shall have been profitable for the last three financial years with sound operation and internal control. There are other financial condition requirements for controlling shareholders and actual controllers. If the shareholder is a foreign entity, it shall be a financial institution in good standing with financial assets management or financial investment advisory experience.

Our PRC subsidiary was not allowed to engage in insurance brokerage businesses prior to the promulgation of the Notice on Opening Business Scope of Foreign Invested Insurance Brokerage Company on April 27, 2018. Therefore, our insurance brokerage related business is carried out principally through Jupai HK and our consolidated entities. In 2016, Shanghai Jupai, our former VIE, acquired 100% equity interest in Shanghai Jupai Yongyu Insurance Brokers Co., Ltd. (previously known as Jiangsu Kang’an Insurance Brokers Co. Ltd.), a PRC entity holding the required license to provide the insurance brokerage services in China, and we have been engaged in the insurance brokerage businesses in the PRC relying on licenses held by these consolidated entities before the termination of the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders in June 2022.

E-House Capital relies on similar contractual arrangements with Scepter Pacific’s variable interest entities in China to conduct its asset management services. Although foreign-invested enterprises incorporated in China are not expressly prohibited from providing asset management services in China, in practice, when acting as the general partner of various funds, Scepter Pacific may also need to invest in projects or funds as a limited partner at the same time. Some targeted projects are in the Negative List. Therefore, E-House Capital to provide asset management services through contractual arrangements between Scepter Pacific’s wholly-owned PRC subsidiary and its variable interest entities in China.

Other than those disclosed above, we are not aware of any other PRC legal restriction or prohibition for foreign investment in the business activities that we and E-House Capital engage in.

In the opinion of Jingtian & Gongcheng, our PRC legal counsel, the contractual arrangements governed by PRC laws among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai E-Cheng and its shareholders establishing the corporate structure for E-House Capital’s asset management service business are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms, and will not result in a violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect.

We have been advised by our PRC legal counsel, however, that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules, including the laws and regulations governing the enforcement and performance of our contractual arrangement in the event of any imposition of statutory liens, bankruptcy and criminal proceedings. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may in the future take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in our businesses, we could be subject to severe penalties, including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

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Regulations on Foreign Exchange

Foreign exchange regulations in China are primarily governed by the following rules:

Under the Exchange Rules, Renminbi is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest and royalty payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of Renminbi for capital account items, such as direct investment, loan, securities investment and repatriation of investment, however, is still subject to the approval of SAFE.

Under the Administration Rules, foreign-invested enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing valid commercial documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, obtaining approval from SAFE. Capital investments by foreign-invested enterprises outside of China are also subject to limitations, including approval by the Ministry of Commerce, SAFE and the National Development and Reform Commission or their local counterparts.

On May 10, 2013, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents, which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over foreign direct investment in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration. Institutions and individuals shall register with SAFE and/or its branches for their direct investment in China. Banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in China based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

In February 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies of Foreign Exchange Administration Applicable to Direct Investment, or Circular 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Upon the implementation of Circular 13, the current foreign exchange procedures will be further simplified, foreign exchange registrations of direct investment will be handled by designated foreign exchange settlement banks instead of SAFE and its branches.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on Reform of the Administrative Rules of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular 19”), which became effective on June 1, 2015. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or elect to follow the “conversion-at-will” regime of foreign currency settlement. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will regime of foreign currency settlement, it may convert part or all of the amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into Renminbi at any time. The converted Renminbi will be kept in a designated account labeled as settled but pending payment, and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make payment from such designated account, it still needs to go through the review process with its bank and provide necessary supporting documents. SAFE Circular 19, therefore, has substantially lifted the restrictions on the usage by a foreign-invested enterprise of its RMB registered capital converted from foreign currencies. According to SAFE Circular 19, such Renminbi capital may be used at the discretion of the foreign-invested enterprise and SAFE will eliminate the prior approval requirement and only examine the authenticity of the declared usage afterwards. Nevertheless, foreign-invested enterprises like our PRC subsidiary are still not allowed to extend intercompany loans to our PRC consolidated entities. In addition, as Circular 19 was promulgated recently, there remain substantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this circular by relevant authorities.

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On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts (“Circular 16”), which became effective simultaneously. Pursuant to Circular 16, enterprises registered in the PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to RMB on self-discretionary basis. Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on self-discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. Circular 16 reiterates the principle that RMB converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purpose beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC Laws or regulations, while such converted RMB shall not be provide as loans to its non-affiliated entities. As Circular 16 is newly issued and SAFE has not provided detailed guidelines with respect to its interpretation or implementation, it is uncertain how these rules will be interpreted and implemented.

On January 26, 2017, SAFE issued the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Check of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control, or the Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including: (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

The principal regulations governing dividend distributions of wholly foreign-owned companies include:

Under these laws and regulations, wholly foreign-owned companies in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, these wholly foreign-owned companies are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, until the accumulative amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation.

Regulations on Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

Pursuant to the SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Round Trip Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Companies and its

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subsequent amendments, supplements or implementation rules, or SAFE Circular 75, issued on October 21, 2005, a PRC resident (whether a natural person or legal persons) shall register with the local branch of the SAFE before it establishes or controls an overseas SPV, with assets or equity interests in a PRC company, for the purpose of overseas equity financing. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Outbound Investment and Financing and Inbound Investment via Special Purpose Vehicles (“SPV”), or SAFE Circular 37, which has superseded SAFE Circular 75. According to SAFE Circular 37, the PRC domestic resident shall apply for SAFE registration for overseas investment before paying capital to SPV by using his, her or its legal assets whether overseas or domestic. The SPV is defined as “offshore enterprise directly established or indirectly controlled by the domestic residents (including domestic institutions and individuals) with their legally owned assets and equity of the domestic enterprise, or legally owned offshore assets or equity, for the purpose of offshore investment and financing”. In addition, in the event that the SPV undergoes changes of its basic information such as the individual shareholder, name, operation term, etc., or material events including increase or decrease by domestic individual shareholder in investment amount, equity transfer or swap, merge, spin-off, etc., the domestic resident shall timely complete the change of foreign exchange registration formality for offshore investment.

According to SAFE Circular 37, failure to make such registration or truthfully disclose actual controllers of the round-trip enterprises may subject PRC residents to fines up to RMB300,000 in case of domestic institutions or RMB50,000 in case of domestic individuals. If the registered or beneficial shareholders of the offshore holding company who are PRC residents do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, the PRC subsidiary may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to the offshore company, and the offshore company may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital to its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for violating applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans

On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, setting forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under either the current account or the capital account.

On February 15, 2012, SAFE issued the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, or the Stock Incentive Plan Rules. The purpose of the Stock Incentive Plan Rules is to regulate foreign exchange administration of PRC domestic individuals who participate in employee stock holding plans and stock option plans of overseas listed companies. According to the Stock Incentive Plan Rules, if PRC “domestic individuals” (both PRC residents and non-PRC residents who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, excluding the foreign diplomatic personnel and representatives of international organizations) participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas listed company, a PRC domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, shall, among others things, file, on behalf of such individual, an application with SAFE to conduct the SAFE registration with respect to such stock incentive plan, and obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with stock holding or stock option exercises. In addition, SAFE Circular 37 also provides certain requirements and procedures of foreign exchange registration in relation to equity incentive plan of SPV before listing. In this regard, if a non-listed SPV grants equity incentives to its directors, supervisors, senior officers and employees in its domestic subsidiaries, the relevant domestic individual residents may register with SAFE before exercising their rights.

The Stock Incentive Plan Rules and SAFE Circular 37 were promulgated only recently and many issues require further interpretation. If we or our PRC employees fail to comply with the Stock Incentive Plan Rules, we

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and our PRC employees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions. In addition, the General Administration of Taxation has issued a few circulars concerning employee stock options. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise stock options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiary has obligations to file documents related to employee stock options with relevant tax authorities and withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their stock options. If our employees fail to pay and we fail to withhold their income taxes, we may face sanctions imposed by tax authorities or other PRC government authorities.

Regulations on Privacy Protection and Cybersecurity

Regulations on Privacy Protection

The PRC Constitution states that PRC law protects the freedom and privacy of communications of citizens and prohibits infringement of these rights. In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. The Network Information Protection Decision provides that electronic information that identifies a citizen or involves privacy of any citizen is protected by law and must not be unlawfully collected or provided to others. Internet content providers, or ICPs, are prohibited from producing, copying, publishing or distributing information that is humiliating or defamatory to others or that infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of others. Depending on the nature of the violation, ICPs may face criminal charges or sanctions by PRC security authorities for such acts and may be ordered to suspend temporarily their services or have their licenses revoked.

Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT on December 29, 2011, ICPs are also prohibited from collecting any user personal information or providing any such information to third parties without the consent of a user. ICPs must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for its services. ICPs are also required to properly maintain the user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, ICPs must take remedial measures immediately and report any material leak to the telecommunications regulatory authority.

In addition, the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 28, 2012 emphasizes the need to protect electronic information that contains individual identification information and other private data. The decision requires ICPs to establish and publish policies regarding the collection and use of personal electronic information and to take necessary measures to ensure the security of the information and to prevent leakage, damage or loss. Furthermore, MIIT’s Rules on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunications and Internet Users promulgated on July 16, 2013 contain detailed requirements on the use and collection of personal information as well as the security measures to be taken by ICPs.

The PRC government retains the power and authority to order ICPs to provide an Internet user’s personal information if such user posts any prohibited content or engages in any illegal activities through the Internet.

In addition, the PRC Civil Code promulgated on May 28, 2020, became effective on January 1, 2021, expressly provides that natural persons enjoy the right of privacy.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. Personal information refers to information related to identified or identifiable natural persons which is recorded by electronic or other means, excluding anonymized information. The Personal Information Protection Law provides that a personal information processor could process personal information only under prescribed circumstances such as with the consent of the individual concerned and where it is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract to which such individual is a party to the

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contract. If a personal information processor shall provide personal information to overseas parties, it shall complete security evaluation by the national network department and obtain personal information protection certification from professional institutions. We only collect basic client personal information that is necessary to provide the corresponding services. We do not collect any sensitive personal information or other excessive personal information that is not related to the corresponding services. We update our privacy policies from time to time to meet the latest regulatory requirements of Cyberspace Administration of China and other authorities and adopt technical measures to protect data and ensure cybersecurity in a systematic way. Nonetheless, the Personal Information Protection Law raises the protection requirements for processing personal information, and many specific requirements of the Personal Information Protection Law remain to be clarified by the Cyberspace Administration of China, other regulatory authorities, and courts in practice. We may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations.

Regulations on Cybersecurity

Furthermore, the PRC Network Security Law, which took effect in June 2017, requires a network operator, including among others, the owners, administrator and service providers of network, to adopt technical measures and other necessary measures in accordance with applicable laws and regulations as well as compulsory national and industrial standards to safeguard the safety and stability of network operations, effectively respond to network security incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and availability of network data. The Network Security Law emphasizes that any individuals and organizations that use networks must not endanger network security or use networks to engage in unlawful activities such as those endangering national security, economic order and the social order or infringing the reputation, privacy, intellectual property rights and other lawful rights and interests of others. The Network Security Law has also reaffirmed certain basic principles and requirements on personal information protection previously specified in other existing laws and regulations, including those described above. Any violation of the provisions and requirements under the Network Security Law may subject an internet service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities.

The Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly promulgated the Notice on Rectification of Illegal Collection of Personal Information on Application, or the Notice on Illegal Collection on January 23, 2019, which requires application operators to strictly comply with the PRC Network Security Law and strengthens the personal information protection. Application operators should, among others, (i) clearly state the authorized purpose, methods and scope of the collection and usage of personal information and obtain the consent of users for collecting and processing such users’ personal information, and (ii) establish appropriate user information protection systems with remedial measures. On April 10, 2019, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Guidance of Security Protection of Internet Personal Information, which provides internet service providers more guidance regarding personal information protection. To further implement and interpret the Notice on Illegal Collection, the Measures on Identifying Illegality of Personal Information Collection Conducts on Application was promulgated on November 28, 2019.

For the further purposes of regulating data processing activities, safeguarding data security, promoting data development and utilization, protecting the lawful rights and interests of individuals and organizations, and maintaining national sovereignty, security, and development interests, on June 10, 2021, Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress published the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law requires data processing, which includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, publication of data, to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it may cause to

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national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data is required to designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments of its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. State core data, i.e. data having a bearing on national security, the lifelines of national economy, people’s key livelihood and major public interests, shall be subject to stricter management system. Moreover, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which affect or may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. In addition, the Data Security Law also provides that any organization or individual within the territory of the PRC shall not provide any foreign judicial body and law enforcement body with any data without the approval of the competent PRC governmental authorities. As the Data Security Law was recently promulgated, we may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with this law, as well as any adjustments that may be required by the Personal Information Protection Law.

On July 6, 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, which, among others, provides for improving relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data transmission, and confidential information management. It provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, to implement the responsibility on information security of overseas listed companies, and to strengthen the standardized management of cross-border information provision mechanisms and procedures.

On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China together with other 12 departments jointly issued the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the Measures, which became effective from February 15, 2022. The scope of review under the Measures extends to critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services and data processing operators engaging in data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security. According to Article 7 of the Measures, network platform operators who possess personal information of over a million users shall apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office for cybersecurity reviews before listing in a foreign country. Besides, the Measures also provides that if the relevant authorities consider that certain network products and services, data processing activities affect or may affect national security, the authorities may initiate a cybersecurity review even if the operators do not have an obligation to report for a cybersecurity review under such circumstances. The Measures also elaborated the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including among others, risks of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country and risks of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information data being affected, controlled and maliciously used by foreign governments after a foreign listing.

On November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China released the Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the draft Regulations, and will accept public comments until December 13, 2021. The draft Regulations provide that data processors refer to individuals or organizations that autonomously determine the purpose and the manner of processing data. If a data processor that processes personal data of more than one million users would like to list overseas, it shall apply for a cybersecurity review according to the draft Regulations. Besides, data processors that are listed overseas shall carry out an annual data security assessment. Currently, the Revised Draft and the draft Regulations have not directly affected our business and operations, but in anticipation of the strengthened implementation of cybersecurity laws and regulations and the continued expansion of our business, we face potential risks if we are deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations. In such case, we must fulfill certain obligations as required under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, including, among others, storing personal information and important data collected and produced within the PRC territory during our operations in China, which we have

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fulfilled in our business, and we may be subject to review when purchasing internet products and services. If a final version of the draft Regulations is adopted, we may be subject to review when conducting data processing activities and annual data security assessment and may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices in data processing. Based on the foregoing, our PRC legal counsel do not expect that, as of the date of this annual report, the current applicable PRC laws on cybersecurity would have a material adverse impact on our business.

In addition, the State Secrecy Bureau has issued provisions authorizing the blocking of access to any website it deems to be leaking state secrets or failing to comply with the relevant legislation regarding the protection of state secrets during online information distribution. Specifically, internet companies in the PRC with bulletin boards, chat rooms or similar services must apply for specific approval prior to operating such services.

On October 21, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the PRC jointly issued the Interpretations on Certain Issues Regarding the Applicable of Law in the Handling of Criminal Case Involving Illegal Use of Information Networks and Assisting Committing Internet Crimes, which came into effect on November 1, 2019, and further clarifies the meaning of Internet service provider and the severe situations of the relevant crimes.

Regulations on Tax

PRC Enterprise Income Tax

The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, which was amended on December 29, 2018, imposes the enterprise income tax on the enterprises and organizations (excluding the sole proprietorship enterprises and partnership enterprises) that have earned income within the territory of China. The general corporate income tax rate is 25%, which is reduced to 20% for the small profit enterprises and 15% for the high-tech enterprises. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the PRC resident enterprise’s global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards. If a non-resident enterprise sets up an organization or establishment in the PRC, it will be subject to enterprise income tax for the income derived from such organization or establishment in the PRC and for the income derived from outside the PRC but with an actual connection with such organization or establishment in the PRC.

According to the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation No. 8, 2021, effective from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022, as for enterprise income tax for small-profit enterprises, they enjoy a discount of 12.5% for the part of taxable income less than RMB1.0 million at the preferential tax rate at 20% and a discount of 50% for the part of taxable income ranging from RMB1.0 million to RMB3.0 million for their annual taxable income, with a preferential tax rate of 20%.

PRC Value Added Tax

On November 19, 2017, PRC State Counsel promulgated the Decisions on Abolishing the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Business Tax and issued the amendment to Interim Regulations of PRC Value Added Taxes, or the VAT Regulation, pursuant to which entities and individuals that sell goods or labor services of processing, repair or replacement, sell services, intangible assets, or immovables, or import goods within the territory of the PRC are taxpayers of VAT, and shall pay VAT. The VAT Regulation was followed with several complementary and concessionary policies. In March 2019, the Ministry of Finance, or the MOF, SAT and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the Circular on Relevant Policies for Deepening the Value-Added Tax Reform, or the Circular 39, which became effective on April 1, 2019. The tax rate for VAT shall be, among others, (i) 13% for taxpayers engaged in sale of goods, labor services, lease of tangible movables or importation of goods, unless otherwise stipulated in VAT Regulation; (ii) 9% for taxpayers engaged in sale of transportation, postal, basic telecommunications, construction, lease of immovables, sale of immovable, transfer of land use rights,

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sale or importation of certain types of goods; (iii) 6% for taxpayers engaged in sale of services and intangible assets; and (iv) 3% leviable rate for small-scale taxpayers using simple tax collection method, unless otherwise stipulated in VAT Regulation.

In 2017, MOF and SAT issued Notice on Issues Relating to VAT on Asset Management Products, or Circular 56, which became effective in January 2018. According to Circular 56, VAT taxable transactions in the operations of asset management products by their managers should temporarily use simple tax computation method and be levied at 3%. In order to be qualified for the 3% VAT rate, the asset management product managers are required to separate the audit of revenues and VAT taxable amount of the operations of assets management products business from other businesses. The management services provided by the managers as entrusted by the investors or by the trustee to the entrusted assets should still apply ordinary VAT rate in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations.

PRC Dividend Withholding Tax

Pursuant to the EIT Law and the Implementation Rules, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign enterprise investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement.

For a discussion of applicable PRC tax regulations, also see “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Operating Results-Taxation.”

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The following chart illustrates our company’s organizational structure, including our significant subsidiaries and other entities that are material to our business, as of March 31, 2023:

Notes:

Former Contractual Arrangement with Shanghai Jupai

In January 2014, we amended and restated the contractual arrangements that we previously entered into with Shanghai Jupai in September 2013. The following is a summary of the such contractual arrangements by and among our wholly-owned subsidiary, Shanghai Juxiang, our former VIE, Shanghai Jupai, and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai.

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Operating Agreement. Pursuant to the amended and restated operating agreement among Shanghai Juxiang, Shanghai Jupai and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai dated January 8, 2014, Shanghai Jupai and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai agreed not to enter into any transaction that could materially affect Shanghai Jupai’s assets, obligations, rights or operations without prior written consent from Shanghai Juxiang, including but not limited to the amendment of the articles of association of Shanghai Jupai. Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders agreed to accept and follow our corporate policies provided by Shanghai Juxiang in connection with Shanghai Jupai’s daily operations, financial management and the employment and dismissal of Shanghai Jupai’s employees. Shanghai Jupai agreed that it should seek guarantee from Shanghai Juxiang first if any guarantee was needed for Shanghai Jupai’s performance of any contract or loan in the course of its business operation. None of Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders could terminate this agreement. Shanghai Juxiang could terminate the agreement by giving a 30-day prior written notice.

Call Option Agreement. Under the amended and restated call option agreement among Shanghai Juxiang, Shanghai Jupai and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai dated January 8, 2014, each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai irrevocably granted to Shanghai Juxiang or its designee an option to purchase at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or a portion of his equity interests in Shanghai Jupai. Also, Shanghai Juxiang or its designee had the right to acquire any and all of its assets of Shanghai Jupai. Without Shanghai Juxiang’s prior written consent, Shanghai Jupai’s shareholders could not transfer their equity interests in Shanghai Jupai, and Shanghai Jupai could not transfer its assets. The acquisition price for the shares or assets would be the minimum amount of consideration permitted under the PRC law at the time of the exercise of the option. Shanghai Juxiang could terminate the agreement early, whereas none of Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders could terminate this agreement.

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. Under the amended and restated equity pledge agreement among Shanghai Juxiang, Shanghai Jupai and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai dated October 9, 2014, the shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Shanghai Jupai to Shanghai Juxiang to guarantee Shanghai Jupai’s performance of relevant obligations and indebtedness under the consulting services agreement. In addition, the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai completed the registration of the equity pledge under the agreement with the competent local authority. If Shanghai Jupai breached its obligation under the consulting services agreement, Shanghai Juxiang, as pledgee, would be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests.

Voting Rights Proxy Agreement. Under the amended and restated voting rights proxy agreement among Shanghai Juxiang and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai dated January 8, 2014, each shareholder of Shanghai Jupai irrevocably appointed Shanghai Juxiang as its attorney-in-fact to exercise on such shareholder’s behalf any and all rights that such shareholder had in respect of his equity interests in Shanghai Jupai, including but not limited to the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Shanghai Jupai requiring shareholder approval in accordance with the articles of association of Shanghai Jupai. The proxy agreement would remain in effect unless Shanghai Juxiang terminates the agreement by giving a 30-day prior written notice or gives its consent to the termination by Shanghai Jupai.

Consulting Services Agreement. Pursuant to the amended and restated consulting services agreement between Shanghai Jupai and Shanghai Juxiang dated January 8, 2014, Shanghai Juxiang had the exclusive right to provide consulting services to Shanghai Jupai relating to Shanghai Jupai’s business, including but not limited to business consulting services, human resources development, and business development. Shanghai Juxiang exclusively owned any intellectual property rights arising from the performance of this agreement. Shanghai Juxiang had the right to determine the service fees based on Shanghai Jupai’s actual operation on a quarterly basis. Shanghai Juxiang could terminate this agreement at any time by giving a prior written notice to Shanghai Jupai.

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Amendment to Agreements. Pursuant to the Amendment to Agreements entered into by Shanghai Jupai, the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai and Shanghai Juxiang dated October 9, 2014, the Operating Agreement was amended, pursuant to which, the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai must appoint candidates recommended by Shanghai Juxiang as the director, general manager, CFO and other senior managers.

Equity Transfer and Joinder Agreements. Pursuant to the Equity Transfer Agreement between Hu Tian Xiang and Ni Jian Da dated July 15, 2018, Mr. Tianxiang Hu transferred all of his 67.7% equity interest in Shanghai Jupai to Mr. Jianda Ni. By entering into a series of joinder agreement with Shanghai Juxiang and Shanghai Jupai on July 15, 2018, Mr. Ni, as a shareholder Shanghai Jupai, agreed to undertake all rights, responsibilities and obligations of the shareholder of Shanghai Jupai prescribed under the operating agreement, call option agreement, equity interest pledge agreement and voting rights proxy agreement among Shanghai Juxiang, Shanghai Jupai and the shareholders of Shanghai Jupai as described above.

In June 2022, we terminated the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders. Jupai Holdings Limited no longer has the contractual power to direct the activities of Shanghai Jupai from June 22, 2022, thereby having discontinued the operations of and ceased control over the business operated by Shanghai Jupai since June 22, 2022.

Contractual Arrangement with Shanghai E-Cheng

We entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai E-Cheng and its previous shareholders in May 2014. In March 2017, upon the completion of equity transfer of Shanghai E-Cheng, we terminated the previous contractual arrangements with its previous shareholders, and entered into another set of contractual arrangements with its new shareholders. The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai E-Cheng, and the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng.

Exclusive Support Agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive support agreement between Shanghai Baoyi and Shanghai E-Cheng dated May 14, 2014, Shanghai Baoyi provides Shanghai E-Cheng with a series of consulting services on an exclusive basis and is entitled to receive related fees. This agreement will be effective as long as Shanghai E-Cheng exists. Shanghai Baoyi is entitled to terminate the agreement early if (i) the Shanghai E-Cheng breaches the agreement, and within 30 days upon written notice, fails to rectify its breach, take sufficient, effective and timely measures to eliminate the effects of breach, and compensate for any losses incurred by the breach; (ii) the applicable consolidated VIE is bankrupt or is subject to any liquidation procedures and such procedures are not revoked within seven days; or (iii) due to any event of force majeure, Shanghai E-Cheng’s failure to perform its obligations under the agreement lasts for over 20 days. Except as provided in the preceding sentence, Shanghai Baoyi is entitled to terminate the agreement early at any time by sending a written notice 20 days in advance, for any reason. The agreement does not include a provision for early termination by Shanghai E-Cheng. Unless expressly provided by this agreement, without prior written consent of Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai E-Cheng may not engage any third party to provide the services offered by Shanghai Baoyi under this agreement.

Loan Agreements. Pursuant to the loan agreement among Shanghai Baoyi and the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng dated March 13, 2017, Shanghai Baoyi made loans in an aggregate amount of RMB1.0 million to the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng solely for the incorporation and capitalization of Shanghai E-Cheng. Pursuant to the loan agreement, the shareholders must repay the loans one time upon the maturity date of the loan and Shanghai Baoyi has the right to use the loan to, or designate a third party to, buy all of the equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng held by the shareholders. The loan is interest free and the term of the loan is (i) the expiration of 20 years from the date of the loan agreement, (ii) the expiration of Shanghai Baoyi’s operation term or (iii) the expiration of Shanghai E-Cheng’s operation term whichever is the earliest. Shanghai Baoyi can require the shareholders to and the shareholders may apply to repay all or a portion of the loan before the maturity date with a 30 days prior written notice. Under each of the circumstances, Shanghai Baoyi is entitled to, or designate a third

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party to, buy all or a portion of the shareholders’ equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng on a pro rata basis based on the amount of the repaid principal of the loan.

Exclusive Call Option Agreement. Under the exclusive call option agreement among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai E-Cheng and the its shareholders dated March 13, 2017, each of the shareholders of Shanghai E-Cheng irrevocably and unconditionally granted to Shanghai Baoyi or its designee an option to purchase at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or a portion of his equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng. Also, Shanghai Baoyi or its designee has the right to acquire any and all of the assets of Shanghai E-Cheng. Without Shanghai Baoyi’s prior written consent, Shanghai E-Cheng’s shareholders cannot transfer their equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng, and Shanghai E-Cheng cannot transfer its assets. The acquisition price for the shares or assets will be the corresponding capital contribution in Shanghai E-Cheng’s registered capital or the corresponding assets’ net booking value, or, if the minimum amount of consideration permitted under the PRC law is higher than the capital contribution or the net booking value, will be such minimum amount at the time of the exercise of the option. The agreement will not be terminated until after all of the equity interest and assets of Shanghai E-Cheng have been transferred to Shanghai Baoyi or its designee.

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. Under the equity pledge agreement among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai E-Cheng and its shareholders dated March 13, 2017, the shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng to Shanghai Baoyi to guarantee the performance of all the obligations of Shanghai E-Cheng and its shareholders under the loan agreement, exclusive option agreement, voting rights proxy agreement and the exclusive support agreement. If Shanghai E-Cheng or its shareholders breach any of their respective obligations under any of these agreements, Shanghai Baoyi, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. Upon the due registration, this pledge will remain effective until all the contractual obligations are performed and the guaranteed loan has been paid off.

Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement. Under the voting rights proxy agreement among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai E-Cheng and its shareholders dated March 13, 2017, each shareholder of Shanghai E-Cheng irrevocably appointed a nominee authorized by Shanghai Baoyi as its attorney-in-fact to exercise on such shareholder’s behalf any and all rights that such shareholder has in respect of his equity interests in Shanghai E-Cheng, including but not limited to the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Shanghai E-Cheng requiring shareholder approval in accordance with the articles of association of Shanghai E-Cheng. The initial term of the proxy agreement is 20 years and it may be automatically extended with a 30-day prior written notice given by Shanghai Baoyi in a yearly basis.

Contractual Arrangement with Shanghai Yedu

Exclusive Business Operation Agreement. Under the exclusive business operation agreement between Shanghai Baoyi and Shanghai Yedu dated August 24, 2021, Shanghai Baoyi provides Shanghai Yedu with a series of technology and business support and relevant consulting services on an exclusive basis. Shanghai Yedu irrevocably and exclusively granted to Shanghai Baoyi an option to purchase at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, any and all of the assets of Shanghai Yedu at the lowest price permitted by PRC law. Shanghai Baoyi is entitled to receive service fees which shall be approximately equal to Shanghai Yedu’s net revenue. The term of the exclusive business operation agreement is 20 years and it may be extended with Shanghai Baoyi’s written confirmation. Shanghai Baoyi is entitled to terminate the agreement early at any time by sending a written notice 30 days in advance, for any reason whereas Shanghai Yedu cannot early terminate the agreement.

Exclusive Call Option Agreement. Under the exclusive call option agreement among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai Yedu and its shareholders dated August 24, 2021, each of the shareholders of Shanghai Yedu irrevocably and unconditionally granted to Shanghai Baoyi or its designee an option to purchase at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or a portion of their respective equity interests in Shanghai Yedu. Also, Shanghai

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Baoyi or its designee has the right to acquire any and all of the assets of Shanghai Yedu. The acquisition price for the shares or assets will be the corresponding capital contribution in Shanghai Yedu’s registered capital or the corresponding assets’ net booking value, or, if the minimum amount of consideration permitted under the PRC law is higher than the capital contribution or the net booking value, will be such minimum amount at the time of the exercise of the option. Without Shanghai Baoyi’s prior written consent, Shanghai Yedu’s shareholders cannot transfer their equity interests in Shanghai Yedu, and Shanghai Yedu cannot transfer its assets. The agreement will not be terminated until after all of the equity interest and assets of Shanghai Yedu have been transferred to Shanghai Baoyi or its designee.

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. Under the equity pledge agreement among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai Yedu and its shareholders dated August 24, 2021, the shareholders of Shanghai Yedu pledged all of their equity interests in Shanghai Yedu to Shanghai Baoyi to guarantee the performance of all of their obligations and the obligations of Shanghai Yedu under the exclusive business option agreement, voting rights proxy agreement and the exclusive call option agreement. If Shanghai Yedu or its shareholders breach any of their respective obligations under any of these agreements, Shanghai Baoyi, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. Upon the due registration, this pledge will remain effective until all the contractual obligations are performed and the guaranteed loan has been paid off.

Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement. Under the shareholder voting rights proxy agreement among Shanghai Baoyi, Shanghai Yedu and its shareholders dated August 24, 2021, each shareholder of Shanghai Yedu irrevocably appointed a nominee authorized by Shanghai Baoyi as its attorney-in-fact to exercise on such shareholder’s behalf any and all rights that such shareholder has in respect of their respective equity interests in Shanghai Yedu, including but not limited to the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Shanghai Yedu requiring shareholder approval in accordance with the articles of association of Shanghai Yedu. The initial term of the proxy agreement is 20 years and it may be automatically extended with a 30-day prior written notice given by Shanghai Baoyi on a yearly basis.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Jingtian & Gongcheng, the contractual arrangements with respect to our VIEs are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms under current PRC laws. However, as advised by our PRC legal counsel, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules, including the laws and regulations governing the enforcement and performance of our contractual arrangement in the event of any imposition of statutory liens, bankruptcy and criminal proceedings. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may in the future take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in our businesses, we could be subject to severe penalties, including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “ Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Business and Industry-We may fail to obtain and maintain licenses and permits necessary to conduct our operations in China, and our business may be materially and adversely affected as a result of any changes in the laws and regulations governing the financial services industry in China” and “ Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China- Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

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As of December 31, 2022, we have two workplaces which are located at Room 603, Building 3, Lane 9, Yunjuan North Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China and Global Creative Center, T2, 15/F, No 166 Min Hong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China, respectively, with an aggregate leased area of 2,481.5 square meters. We lease our premises from unrelated third parties. Lessors for the leased premises either have valid title to the property or have proper authorization from the title owner to sublease the property. The lease agreements typically have terms of approximately one to three years that are renewable by the parties subject to early termination, and we believe when they expire we may relocate upon equal or more favorable leasing terms.

ITEM4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F.

Overview

We are a third-party wealth management service provider focusing on distributing wealth management products and providing product advisory services to high-net-worth individuals in China. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed to our clients reached RMB6.5 billion, RMB6.2 billion and RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million), respectively. The amount of assets under our sole or shared management reached RMB27.8 billion (US$4.0 billion) as of December 31, 2022. Currently, we mainly focus on managing our existing products.

In connection with our wealth management product related services, we charge product providers, corporate borrowers or our clients one-time commissions calculated as a percentage of the wealth management products purchased by our clients. Where we act as the product provider for our self-developed products, we generate revenues from one-time commissions from the corporate borrowers and product provider. During the life cycle of some of the public market products, private equity fund products and certain fixed income products, we also charge product providers or corporate borrowers recurring service fees for our ongoing services, such as investment relationship maintenance and coordination and product reports distribution. In connection with our asset management services, we charge one-time commissions for fund formation services and recurring management fees for managing the fund as general partner, co-general partner or manager. These fees are typically computed as a percentage of the capital contribution in the funds. The recurring management fees also include performance fees or carried interest paid by funds that we manage or co-manage mostly upon maturity of the relevant funds. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our one-time commissions accounted for 41.8%, 39.5% and 27.0% of our total net revenues, respectively; and our recurring service, and recurring management fees combined accounted for 58.2%, 60.5% and 73.0% of our total net revenues, respectively. We started to receive carried interest in the first quarter of 2015. Such carried interest, as part of our recurring service and management fees, amounted to RMB1.3 million (US$0.2 million) and accounted for 1.3% of our total net revenues in 2022.

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Our net revenues were RMB0.4 billion in 2020, RMB359.1 million in 2021 and RMB103.2 million (US$15.0 million) in 2022. We recorded a net loss attributable to our shareholders of RMB31.4 million and RMB267.9 million in 2020 and 2021, respectively. We recorded a net income attributable to our shareholders of RMB19.9 million (US$2.9 million) in 2022.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Net Revenues

We derive net revenues mainly from the provision of wealth management product related services and asset management services. We also categorize revenues into third-party revenues and related-party revenues. Our related-party revenues consist primarily of one-time commissions and recurring management fees paid by limited partnership funds where we serve as general partner or co-general partner or other funds where we serve as managers. We terminated the contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jupai and its shareholders in June 2022, upon which we discontinued the operations of and ceased control over the business operated by Shanghai Jupai. Currently, we mainly focus on managing our existing products. The following table sets forth the principal components of our net revenues by amounts and percentages of our net revenues for the periods indicated:

Note:

One-Time Commissions. We generate a majority of one-time commissions from our wealth management product related services where we charge product providers, corporate borrowers or our clients a commission calculated as a percentage of the wealth management products purchased by our clients. We also charge one-time commissions for fund formation as part of our asset management services. We have experienced consecutive declines from 2020 to 2022, primarily due to decreases in the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed. One-time commission as a percentage of our total net revenues remain above 27.0%.

Recurring Service Fees. During the life cycle of some private equity fund products, public market products and certain fixed income products, we charge product providers or corporate borrowers recurring service fees for our ongoing services. Our services typically include investor relationship maintenance and coordination and product reports distribution. Our recurring service fees are calculated as a percentage of the value of investments in the wealth management products purchased by our clients calculated at the time of establishment of the wealth management products. For certain products, recurring service fees may also include a variable performance fee contingent upon the performance of the underlying investment, which is not recognized until the contingent criteria

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are met. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, we recorded RMB10.6 million, RMB31.8 million and RMB1.0 million (US$0.1 million) of such performance fees, respectively. From 2021 to 2022, recurring service fee decreased as we provided on-going services to fewer product suppliers.

Recurring Management Fees. We generate recurring management fees from our asset management services in our capacity such as general partner, co-general partner or manager of a fund where we charge such fund recurring management fees computed as a percentage of the capital contribution in the fund. Our recurring management fees also include performance fees or carried interest paid by funds that we manage or co-manage when these funds mature to share profits of the underlying investment. The amount of recurring management fee revenues decreased from 2021 to 2022 due to the change in product mix and the decline of amount of assets under our management in 2022. The amount of assets under our sole or shared management declined from RMB33.8 billion in 2020 to RMB31.3 billion in 2021 and further to RMB27.8 billion (US$4.0 billion) in 2022. As a component of our recurring management fees, the amount of revenue from performance fees or carried interest was RMB13.7 million, RMB10.6 million and RMB0.3 million (US$0.04 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

While we expect that our one-time commissions and recurring management fees will continue to account for a significant portion of our net revenues, we saw a decline in revenues from one-time commissions due to a decrease in the aggregate value of wealth management products we distributed.

For sizable projects with demanding fund-raising timetables, we sometimes use third-party distribution channels in addition to our in-house sales force to expedite fund raising for the related projects. These third-party channels consist primarily of third-party wealth management service providers that operate on a smaller scale compared to us. We select them based on market reputation and our prior working experience with them. We pay channel fees to these third-party distribution channels based on the value of products distributed by them and our total revenues are net of these channel fees. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, we incurred channel fees in the amount of RMB2.0 million, nil and nil, respectively.

The following key business metrics will affect our net revenues:

Our Product Mix. Our product mix affects our sources of revenues and the amount of revenues we are able to generate. We source a wide array of third-party wealth management products and also develop wealth management products in-house. These include four types of products: (i) fixed income products; (ii) private equity and venture capital fund products; (iii) public market products; and (iv) other products, such as insurance products and overseas investments. The table below sets forth the total value of different types of products that we distributed, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of the total value of all products distributed during the periods indicated:

Note:

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The composition and amount of revenues generated from our wealth management product related services and, to a lesser extent, revenues generated from our asset management services are affected by the types of products we distribute. We earn one-time commission on all types of products that we distribute and charge recurring services fees on some of the private equity and venture capital fund products, public market products and certain fixed income products. We participate in the investment management of our self-developed products. To the extent that we distribute more of our self-developed products, our recurring management fees will also increase. We started to develop products in-house in 2013. In terms of value, approximately RMB6.4 billion, RMB6.2 billion and RMB499.0 million (US$72.3 million) of the products that we distributed in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, were either products developed and managed by us or third-party products that we helped design.

Amount of Assets Under Our Management. We provide asset management services in the capacity as general partner, co-general partner or manager to investment funds. The amount of our recurring management fees, including any potential performance fee or carried interest, is affected by the amount of assets under our management.

Our “assets under management” or “AUM” refers to the amount of capital contributions made by investors to the funds we manage, for which we are entitled to receive management fees. The amount of our AUM is recorded and carried based on the historical cost of the contributed assets instead of fair market value of assets for almost all our AUM. For assets denominated in currencies other than Renminbi, the AUM are translated into Renminbi upon their contribution, without interim value adjustments solely due to changes in foreign exchange rates. As a result, our management fees for almost all our AUM are calculated based on the historical cost balance of the AUM and where the AUM is denominated in currencies other than Renminbi, its historical cost balance is translated into Renminbi upon contribution. The tables below set forth the roll-forward of different types of our AUM, including the inflows (asset growth) and outflows (asset expiration or liquidation upon maturity) of the AUM during the periods indicated:

2022 compared to 2021

Note:

The total amount of assets under management was RMB27.8 billion (US$4.0 billion) as of December 31, 2022, a decrease of RMB3.5 billion (US$0.5 billion), or 11.2%, from RMB31.3 billion as of December 31, 2021. The net decrease was due to:

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Inflows of RMB0.5 billion (US$0.1 billion) contributions mainly related to:

Outflows of RMB4.0 billion (US$0.6 billion) mainly attributable to:

2021 compared to 2020