subsidiaries; (2) the consummation of any transaction (including, without limitation, any merger or consolidation) the result of which is that any “person” (as that term is used in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act) becomes the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the then outstanding number of shares or voting power of our voting stock; (3) the adoption of a plan by our board of directors relating to our liquidation or dissolution; or (4) we consolidate with, or merge with or into, any person, or any person consolidates with, or merges with or into, us, in any such event pursuant to a transaction in which any of our outstanding voting stock or the outstanding voting stock of such other person is converted into or exchanged for cash, securities or other property, other than any such transaction where the shares of our voting stock outstanding immediately prior to such transaction constitute, or are converted into or exchanged for, a majority of the voting stock of the surviving person or parent entity thereof immediately after giving effect to such transaction.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a transaction will not be deemed to result in a Change of Control if (a) we become a wholly owned subsidiary of another person and (b) immediately following that transaction, a majority of voting stock of such person is held by the direct or indirect holders of our voting stock immediately prior to such transaction and in substantially the same proportions as immediately prior to such transaction.
“Change of Control Repurchase Event” means the occurrence of both a Change of Control and a Below Investment Grade Rating Event.
“Fitch” means Fitch Inc., a subsidiary of Fimalac, S.A.
“Investment Grade Rating” means a rating equal to or higher than BBB- (or the equivalent) by Fitch, BBB- (or the equivalent) by S&P and Baa3 (or the equivalent) by Moody’s.
“Moody’s” means Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., a subsidiary of Moody’s Corporation, and its successors.
“Rating Agencies” means (1) each of Fitch, S&P and Moody’s; and (2) if any of Fitch, S&P or Moody’s ceases to rate the notes or fails to make a rating of the notes publicly available for reasons outside of our control, a “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(62) under the Exchange Act, selected by us as a replacement agency for Fitch, S&P or Moody’s, or some or all of them, as the case may be.
“S&P” means Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The definition of Change of Control includes a phrase relating to the direct or indirect sale, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of “all or substantially all” of our assets and those of our subsidiaries, taken as a whole. Although there is a limited body of case law interpreting the phrase “substantially all,” there is no precise established definition of the phrase under applicable law. Accordingly, the ability of a holder of notes to require us to repurchase the notes as a result of a sale, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of less than all of our assets and the assets of our subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person or group may be uncertain.
Certain Covenants
Limitation on Liens
We will not, and will not permit any of our Restricted Subsidiaries to, create or assume any mortgage, pledge, security interest, lien, charge or encumbrance of any kind (each, a “Lien”) on (a) any Principal Property or (b) any capital stock or Indebtedness of any of our Restricted Subsidiaries (together, “Property”), in each case whether now owned or hereafter acquired, in order to secure any Indebtedness, without effectively providing that
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