Securities and Exchange Commission
November 17, 2021
Page 3
Rule 13e-3 defines a “Rule 13e-3 transaction” as, among other things, a purchase of any equity security, or tender offer for any equity security, made by an affiliate of an issuer of securities that has an effect described in Rule 13e-3(a)(3)(ii). For the Transaction to be considered a Rule 13e-3 transaction, an affiliate of Target must be engaged in the Transaction.
Rule 13e-3 defines an “affiliate” of an issuer as a “person that directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with such issuer.” The element of “control” that is fundamental to the concept of “affiliate” as defined by Rule 13e-3 is dependent upon specific facts and circumstances.
Parent respectfully submits that the facts and circumstances relating to the Transaction clearly demonstrate that Parent is not an affiliate of Target, and therefore, the Transaction is not a Rule 13e-3 transaction.
I. Parent Does Not Control Target
Parent is not an affiliate of Target. Rule 13e-3(a)(1) defines an “affiliate” of an entity as a “person that directly or indirectly…controls, is controlled by or is under common control with” such entity. Further, Note 28 to Exchange Act Release No. 34-17719 states that “[t]he existence of a control relationship… does not turn solely upon the ownership of any specific percentage of securities. Rather, the question is whether there is the ability, directly or indirectly, to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.”
As discussed in further detail below, Parent does not possess, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of Target’s management or policies, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise, and therefore does not control Target:
| • | | Parent beneficially owns approximately 9.7% of Target’s outstanding common stock. This percentage ownership is not sufficient to enable Parent, acting alone, to approve any action as a stockholder of Target or to cause Target to take any action. Both federal courts1 and the Commission have found that holding a similar or even significantly greater ownership stake alone would not cause a person to have the control necessary to become an “affiliate” of Target. In addition, Parent is precluded from acquiring any additional Shares because Target has in place a rights agreement, or poison pill, with American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, that would be triggered upon a person acquiring 10% or more of Target’s common stock absent Target’s approval. Therefore, Parent does not control Target by virtue of its ownership of Target common stock. |
1 | See, e.g., Woodward & Lothrop, Inc. v. Schnabel, 593 F. Supp. 1385 (D.D.C. 1984) (32% stock ownership did not give rise to an “affiliate” relationship under Rule 13e-3). |