Arcosa (ACA) 10-K2023 FY Annual report

In October 2022, we completed the sale of our storage tanks business.

Our Engineered Structures segment serves a broad spectrum of infrastructure markets, including electricity transmission and distribution, wind power generation, highway road construction, and wireless communication. We believe we are well-positioned to benefit from significant upgrades in the electrical grid to support enhanced reliability, policy changes encouraging more generation from renewable energy sources, the expansion of new transmission, distribution, and telecommunication infrastructure, and the replacement and growth of the U.S. highway and road system.

Our utility structures business is well-positioned to benefit from significant investment in utility infrastructure. There is strong demand for transmission and distribution structures across the U.S. as much of the utility infrastructure has aged and needs replacement. Global concerns regarding emissions have increased consumer demand for electricity. Upgrades to utility structures are needed to support larger equipment that is required to withstand growing load demand and to allow for connectivity of the grid to renewable energy sources. The IIJA authorized $73 billion in additional federal funding to support the investment needed in the U.S. power grid.

We believe our traffic structures business is well-positioned to benefit from public infrastructure spending in Florida and adjacent states, and has opportunities to grow organically into new geographies as well. Additionally, we expect to benefit from continued spending on the buildout of 5G and other wireless networks in North America within our telecommunication structures business. We anticipate that the IIJA will continue to be beneficial for these businesses as well due to the increased level of highway spending and the provision for $65 billion in federal funding for broadband infrastructure.

Demand for new wind energy projects in the U.S. has been supported by the Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (“PTC”) that was first introduced in 1992, providing a tax credit for electricity produced at each qualifying wind project. Since inception, the PTC has undergone numerous extensions and received varying levels of legislative support, contributing to volatility in the demand for new wind energy installations. Following a multi-year extension in 2015 and a series of annual extensions in 2020 and 2021, the PTC expired at the end of 2021 creating a lapse in support for new wind farm projects beginning in 2022. In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) passed, providing a long-term extension of the PTC for new wind farm projects and introduced a new Advanced Manufacturing Production (“AMP”) tax credit for companies that domestically manufacture and sell clean energy equipment in the U.S. from 2023 to 2032. The wind industry is currently awaiting finalization of the IRA's tax credit rules from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). We believe these tax incentives provide a significant multi-year catalyst for our wind towers business, as demonstrated by more than $1.1 billion of new orders for delivery through 2028 we have received since the passage of the IRA. Together with the increased cost competitiveness of wind energy, state renewable fuel mandates, and increasing business acceptance of long-term decarbonization goals, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from these wind energy incentives.

Through our recognized brands in our utility structures business, we have developed strong relationships with our primary customers, public and private utilities. We compete with both domestic and foreign manufacturers on the basis of product quality, engineering expertise, customer service, and on-time delivery of the product. Sales to our customers, particularly certain large utility customers, are often made through alliance contracts that can extend several years. We also sell into the competitive-bid market, whereby the lowest bidder is awarded the contract, provided all other qualifying criteria are met.

Within our wind towers business, our primary customers are wind turbine producers. We compete with both domestic and foreign producers of towers. Revenues from GE Renewable Energy (“GE”) included in our Engineered Structures segment constituted 8.1%, 9.3%, and 9.5% of consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Our traffic structures business primarily sells to individual state Departments of Transportation and highway contractors typically in a competitive-bid market.

Our telecom structures business sells to wireless communication carriers and third-party tower lessors and developers.

The principal material used in our Engineered Structures segment is steel. During 2023, the supply of steel was sufficient to support our manufacturing requirements. Overall steel prices began to rise sharply in late 2020, reaching record levels in 2021. While hot rolled coil prices normalized to more historic levels during 2022, plate steel prices reached new highs. In 2023, pricing for hot rolled coil was volatile while plate steel prices remained elevated, with a slight decline throughout the year. Steel prices may be volatile in the future in part as a result of market conditions. We use contract-specific purchasing practices, existing supplier commitments, contractual price escalation provisions, flexing between steel type, and other arrangements with our customers to mitigate the effect of steel price volatility on our operating profit for the year. Arcosa’s manufacturing operations also use component parts such as flanges for wind towers. In general, we believe there is enough capacity in the supply industries to meet current production levels without any material impacts. We anticipate our existing contracts and other relationships with multiple suppliers will meet our current production forecasts.

Arcosa is committed to safety across our operations. Our highest priority is the health and safety of our employees. We strive to continuously improve our procedures, processes, and management systems with regard to employee health and safety. These efforts are achieved by promoting safe work practices among employees and contractors and maintaining property and equipment in safe operating conditions.

In 2019, we launched a reenergized safety initiative, ARC 100, to build a positive and proactively engaged culture of safety excellence. ARC 100 is inspired by the voices of frontline employees, driven by cross-functional teams, and actively supported by visible commitment from senior leaders. Since its implementation, Arcosa has experienced progress in reducing the severity and frequency of safety incidents as a result of a continued focus on building a strong safety culture through its ARC 100 safety initiative. Arcosa continued to make advancements in our safety culture with various ARC 100 initiatives across the Company, including:

These initiatives, as well as many others implemented at Arcosa sites, assist in building a strong safety culture, driven by engaged employee and management teams.

Arcosa values diversity and inclusion within its workforce and is committed to a work environment which promotes professionalism and inclusiveness. One of Arcosa’s core values is “We Win Together”. This belief drives our commitment to a workplace free from discrimination where collaboration, dedication, and unity align to drive favorable results for all stakeholders.

Arcosa believes that its future success is highly dependent upon the Company’s continued ability to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees. As part of the Company’s effort to attract and motivate employees, Arcosa offers competitive compensation and benefits, including healthcare and retirement benefits, parental and family leave, and holiday and paid time off.

Launched in September 2022, Arcosa's LEAD: Leadership Exploration and Development cohort continued its development track in 2023. Over the course of the program, more than half of the participants received promotions into plant leadership roles. This formal employee development program was created to help identify internal talent, provide skill and competency growth opportunities, and build a deep bench of emerging leaders at the Company.

Arcosa fosters employee development through a variety of leadership and training programs, like LEAD, as well as tuition reimbursement at education institutions, professional society memberships, and relevant conference and symposia attendance.

Antonio Carrillo serves as Arcosa’s President and Chief Executive Officer, as well as a member of Arcosa's Board of Directors. From April 2018 until November 2018, Mr. Carrillo served as the Senior Vice President and Group President of Construction, Energy, Marine and Components of Trinity Industries, Inc. ("Trinity"). From 2012 to February 2018, Mr. Carrillo served as the Chief Executive Officer of Orbia Advance Corporation (formerly known as Mexichem S.A.B. de C.V.), a publicly traded global specialty chemical company. Prior to joining Orbia, Mr. Carrillo spent 16 years at Trinity where he served as Senior Vice President and Group President of Trinity’s Energy Equipment Group and was responsible for Trinity’s Mexico operations. Mr. Carrillo previously served as a director of Trinity from 2014 until 2018 and served as a director of Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. from 2015 to 2018. Mr. Carrillo currently serves as a director of NRG Energy, Inc. where he was appointed in 2019.

Gail M. Peck was appointed as Arcosa’s Chief Financial Officer in May 2021. Previously, she served as the Senior Vice President, Finance and Treasurer at Arcosa. From 2010 until 2018, Ms. Peck served as Vice President, Finance and Treasurer of Trinity. From 2004 to 2009, she served as Vice President and Treasurer for Centex Corporation, a diversified building company.

Reid S. Essl serves as a Group President at Arcosa. From 2016 until 2018, Mr. Essl served as the President of Trinity Construction Materials and from 2013 to 2016, Mr. Essl served as the Group Chief Financial Officer of the Construction, Energy, Marine, and Components businesses of Trinity. In his 14 years at Trinity, Mr. Essl held a variety of operational, financial, strategic planning, and business development positions.

Kerry S. Cole serves as a Group President at Arcosa. From 2016 until 2018, Mr. Cole served as President of Trinity Electrical Products which included oversight for the Trinity Structural Towers and Trinity Meyer Utility Structures business units. Prior to this role, Mr. Cole served as President of Trinity Structural Towers business unit from 2007 to 2016. From 2000 to 2007, he served in a variety of operations and manufacturing leadership positions at Trinity spanning Mining and Construction Equipment, Heads, and Structural Bridge business units.

Jesse E. Collins, Jr. serves as a Group President at Arcosa. From 2016 until 2018, Mr. Collins served as the President of Trinity Parts and Components, which included McConway & Torley, Standard Forged Products, and the business of McKees Rocks Forgings. From 2014 to 2016, he served as President of Trinity Cryogenics. From 2008 to 2013, Mr. Collins served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer at Broadwind Energy serving wind energy, transportation, and infrastructure markets, prior to which he held various management and executive positions at Trinity from 1993 to 2007.

Bryan P. Stevenson serves as the Chief Legal Officer at Arcosa. From 2015 until 2018, Mr. Stevenson was the Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Trinity. Prior to joining Trinity, Mr. Stevenson was Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary for CarParts, Inc. (formerly known as U.S. Auto Parts Network, Inc.), an online provider of automotive parts, from 2011 to 2015.

Eric D. Hurst has served as Arcosa's Corporate Controller since 2018 and was appointed Vice President, Controller in 2021 and Principal Accounting Officer in 2023. From 2012 until 2018, Mr. Hurst held several roles at Trinity, including Director of Leasing Analysis and Director of Technical Accounting. From 2006 to 2012, Mr. Hurst worked in the audit practice of Ernst & Young.

Arcosa's business, liquidity and financial condition, results of operations, and stock price may be impacted by a number of factors. In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this report, the following risks and uncertainties could materially harm its business, liquidity and financial condition, results of operations, or stock price, including causing its actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements. The following list of material risk factors is not all-inclusive or necessarily in order of importance. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to Arcosa or that it currently deems immaterial also may materially adversely affect it in future periods.

Demand for Arcosa's products in some markets is typically seasonal, with periods of snow or heavy rain negatively affecting construction activity. For example, sales of Arcosa's products are somewhat higher from spring through autumn when construction activity is greatest. Construction activity declines in these markets during the winter months in particular due to inclement weather, frozen ground, and fewer hours of daylight. Construction activity and Arcosa's ability to deliver products on time or at all to its customers can also be affected in any period by public holidays, vacation periods, and adverse seasonal weather conditions such as extreme temperature, hurricanes, severe storms, torrential rains and floods, low river levels, and similar events, any of which could reduce demand for Arcosa's products, push back existing orders to later dates or lead to cancellations.

Additionally, the seasonal nature of Arcosa's business has led to variation in Arcosa's quarterly results in the past and is expected to continue to do so in the future. This general seasonality of Arcosa's business and any severe or prolonged adverse weather conditions or other similar events could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa's business.

Many of Arcosa’s products are used in large-scale projects which generally require a significant amount of planning and preparation and which can be delayed and rescheduled for a number of reasons, including customer labor availability, difficulties in complying with environmental and other government regulations or obtaining permits, financing issues, changes in project priorities, additional time required to acquire rights-of-way or property rights, unanticipated soil conditions, or health-related shutdowns or other work stoppages. These delays may create unplanned downtime, increasing costs and inefficiencies in Arcosa’s operations, and increased levels of excess inventory.

Additionally, Arcosa maintains an inventory of certain products that meet standard specifications and are ultimately purchased by a variety of end users. Arcosa forecasts demand for these products to ensure that it keeps sufficient inventory levels of certain products that Arcosa expects to be in high demand and limits its inventory for which Arcosa does not expect much interest. However, Arcosa’s forecasts are not always accurate and unexpected changes in demand for these products, whether because of an unexpected delay, a change in preferences or otherwise, can lead to increased levels of excess inventory. Any delays in construction projects and Arcosa’s customers’ orders or any inability to manage Arcosa’s inventory could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa's business.

Arcosa faces intense competition in all geographic markets and each industry sector in which it operates. In addition to price, Arcosa faces competition with respect to product performance and technological innovation, substitution, quality, reliability of delivery, customer service, and other factors. If Arcosa is unable to successfully compete or if the cost of successfully competing is significant, the effects of such competition, which is often intense, could reduce Arcosa’s revenues and operating profits, limit Arcosa’s ability to grow, increase pricing pressure on Arcosa’s products, and otherwise affect Arcosa’s financial results.

At December 31, 2023, Arcosa's backlog was approximately $1.4 billion within our Engineered Structures and $253.7 million within our Transportation Products segments. Arcosa's ability to meet customer delivery schedules for backlog is dependent on a number of factors including, but not limited to, sufficient manufacturing plant capacity, adequate supply channel access to raw materials and other inventory required for production, an adequately trained

Arcosa’s success depends on the continued services of its executive team and key management employees, none of whom currently have an employment agreement with Arcosa. Arcosa may not be able to retain the services of its executives and key management in the future. The loss of the services of one or more executives or key members of Arcosa’s management team, or Arcosa’s inability to successfully develop talent for succession planning, could result in increased costs associated with attracting and retaining a replacement and could disrupt Arcosa’s operations and result in a loss of revenues.

Arcosa depends on professional labor across its businesses and skilled labor in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of Arcosa’s products. Some of Arcosa’s facilities are located in areas where demand for skilled laborers, such as welders, complex machine operators, and equipment maintenance workers, may exceed supply. Arcosa competes for such personnel with other companies, including public and private company competitors who may periodically offer more favorable terms of employment. If Arcosa is unable to hire and retain these skilled laborers, Arcosa may be limited in its ability to maintain or increase production rates and costs to replace or retain skilled laborers may increase.

Our operational sites include mining, processing and manufacturing facilities, where our employees and others are often in close proximity with mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, chemical substances, and dangerous manufacturing processes or natural conditions. Sites such as these are subject to potentially dangerous workplace risks. For example, Arcosa operates an underground limestone mine in Pennsylvania, which involves unique potential safety risks and hazards inherent to underground mining operations. Safety is a primary focus of our business and is critical to our reputation and performance. Unsafe work conditions, or any perceived failure to protect the health and safety of our employees, can also increase employee turnover, which increases our overall operating costs. If we fail to implement effective safety procedures, our employees and others could be injured, the completion of a project could be delayed, or we could be exposed to investigations and possible litigation, which may be significant. Our failure to maintain adequate safety standards through our safety programs could also result in reduced profitability or the loss of customers.

Arcosa is a party to collective bargaining agreements with various labor unions at some of Arcosa’s operations in the U.S. and Canada and all of Arcosa’s operations in Mexico. Disputes with regard to the terms of these agreements or Arcosa’s potential inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with these unions in the future could result in, among other things, strikes, work stoppages, or other slowdowns by the affected workers and Arcosa could experience a significant disruption of its operations and higher ongoing labor costs. In addition, Arcosa could face higher labor costs in the future as a result of severance or other charges associated with lay-offs, shutdowns, reductions in the size and scope of its operations or difficulties of restarting Arcosa’s operations that have been temporarily shuttered. Negative publicity, work stoppages, or strikes by unions could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa's business.

Arcosa owns and operates manufacturing facilities of various ages and levels of automated control and relies on a number of third parties as part of Arcosa’s supply chain, including for the efficient distribution of products to Arcosa’s customers. Any disruption at one of Arcosa’s manufacturing facilities or within Arcosa’s supply chain could prevent Arcosa from meeting demand or require Arcosa to incur unplanned capital expenditures. In addition, some of the

Arcosa's manufacturing operations partially depend on Arcosa's ability to obtain timely deliveries of raw materials, parts, and components in acceptable quantities and quality from Arcosa's suppliers. Certain raw materials, parts, and components for Arcosa's products are currently available from a limited number of suppliers and, as a result, Arcosa may have limited control over pricing, availability, and delivery schedules. If Arcosa is unable to purchase a sufficient quantity of raw materials, parts, and components on a timely basis, Arcosa could face disruptions in its production and incur delays while it attempts to engage alternative suppliers. Fewer suppliers could require Arcosa to source unproven and distant supply alternatives. In addition, meeting certain production demands is dependent on Arcosa's ability to obtain a sufficient amount of steel. An unanticipated interruption in Arcosa's supply chain could have an adverse impact on both Arcosa's margins and production schedules. Any such disruption or supply shortage could harm Arcosa's business.

Furthermore, any shortages in trucking, rail, barge, or container shipping capacity, any increase in the cost thereof, or any other disruption to those transportation systems could limit Arcosa’s ability to deliver its products in a timely manner or at all. Any material disruption at one or more of Arcosa’s facilities or those of Arcosa’s customers or suppliers or otherwise within Arcosa’s supply chain, whether as a result of downtime, facility damage, an inability to deliver Arcosa’s products or otherwise, could prevent Arcosa from meeting demand, require Arcosa to incur unplanned capital expenditures, or cause other material disruption to Arcosa’s operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business.

Arcosa operates a substantial amount of equipment at its production facilities, several of which are located in areas that may experience adverse weather, including extreme temperatures, tornados, and hurricanes, or are located on navigable waterways, subject to potential flooding and other excessive or low water conditions on one or more rivers that serve Arcosa facilities. Moreover, manufacturing facilities or other facilities can unexpectedly stop operating because of events unrelated to Arcosa or beyond its control, including equipment or technology failures, fires and other industrial accidents, implementation of non-navigation orders, the discovery of hazardous environmental conditions or other environmental incidents, or natural disasters such as floods, severe weather events, or other catastrophes. An interruption in operations at Arcosa’s facilities could reduce or prevent Arcosa’s production, delivery, service, or repair of Arcosa’s products and increase Arcosa’s costs and expenses. A halt of production at any of Arcosa’s manufacturing facilities could severely affect delivery times to Arcosa’s customers. While Arcosa maintains emergency response and business recovery plans that are intended to allow Arcosa to recover from natural disasters, Arcosa cannot provide assurances that its plans would fully protect Arcosa from the effects of all such disasters. In addition, insurance may not adequately compensate Arcosa for any losses incurred as a result of natural or other disasters, which may adversely affect Arcosa’s financial condition. Any significant delay in deliveries not otherwise contractually mitigated by favorable force majeure or other provisions could result in cancellation of all or a portion of Arcosa’s orders, cause Arcosa to lose future sales, and negatively affect Arcosa’s reputation and Arcosa’s results of operations.

A significant portion of Arcosa’s business depends on the adequate supply of raw materials and numerous specialty and other parts and components at competitive prices. The principal material used in Arcosa’s manufacturing segments is steel. The inflationary pressures on principal raw material prices, like steel, may result in increased costs or a delay in orders from Arcosa's customers, including but not limited to a customer's decision to place or delay orders for new barges due to fluctuations in the price of steel. During 2022 and 2023, Arcosa's Engineered Structures and Transportation Products segments were impacted by elevated steel costs, which negatively impacted order levels for wind towers and barges. Market steel prices may continue to exhibit periods of volatility and a continued increase in steel prices could continue to negatively impact demand for Arcosa's products like wind towers and barges. Steel prices may experience further volatility as a result of scrap surcharges assessed by steel mills, tariffs, and other market factors. Furthermore, consolidation of steel producers may lead to decreased competition in the industry and result in increased steel prices. Arcosa may use contract-specific purchasing practices, supplier commitments, contractual price escalation provisions, flexing between steel type, and other arrangements with Arcosa’s customers to mitigate the effect of this volatility on Arcosa’s operating profits. To the

A part of the operations in Arcosa’s Construction Products segment includes the mining of natural aggregates and specialty materials reserves. The success and viability of these operations depend on the accuracy of Arcosa’s reserve estimates, the costs of production and the ability to economically distribute the natural aggregates and specialty materials. Estimates for natural aggregate and specialty materials reserves and for the costs of production of such reserves depend upon a variety of factors and assumptions, many of which involve uncertainties beyond Arcosa’s control, such as geological and mining conditions that may not be identifiable. In addition, Arcosa's success in recovering natural aggregates and specialty materials depends on the ability to secure new reserve locations and permits to mine such reserves in areas that make distribution of materials economically viable. Community engagement and maintaining good relations within the communities where we operate is important to retaining and securing permits. Inaccuracies in reserve estimates and production costs, and the inability to secure locations and permits for future operations could negatively affect our results of operations. The success and viability of Arcosa's recycled aggregates operation depends on Arcosa's success in procuring supply stock for processing recycled materials into recycled aggregates. The inability to maintain and secure locations and permits for recycled aggregates operations could negatively affect our results of operations.

Arcosa uses electricity and various gases, including natural gas, at Arcosa’s manufacturing facilities and uses diesel fuel in vehicles to transport Arcosa’s products to customers and to operate its plant equipment. An outbreak or escalation of hostilities between the U.S. and any foreign power or between other foreign powers, such as the war in Ukraine or the Israeli-Hamas conflict, could result in a real or perceived shortage of petroleum and/or natural gas, which could result in an increase in the cost of natural gas or energy in general. Additionally, extreme weather conditions such as extreme temperatures, hurricanes, tornadoes, or floods could result in varying states of disaster and lead to disruptions to the delivery and supply of petroleum and/or natural gas, including rationing thereof, or an increase in natural gas prices, electricity prices, or other general energy costs. Future limitations on the availability (including limitations imposed by increased regulation or restrictions on rail, road, and pipeline transportation of energy supplies) or consumption of electricity, petroleum products or natural gas and/or an increase in energy costs, particularly natural gas and diesel fuel, could have an adverse effect upon our ability to conduct Arcosa’s business cost effectively.

Some of the markets Arcosa serves have a limited number of customers. For example, Arcosa's wind tower customer base is highly concentrated due to a limited number of companies constructing wind towers. The volumes purchased by customers in each of Arcosa’s business segments vary from year to year, and not all customers make purchases every year. Furthermore, the timing of the completion, delivery, and customer acceptance of orders, including backlog orders, may cause Arcosa's revenues and income from operations to vary substantially each quarter. As a result, the order levels for Arcosa’s products have varied significantly from period to period in the past and may continue to vary significantly in the future. For example, GE Renewable Energy, a customer in our Engineered Structures segment, accounted for approximately 8.1% of our consolidated revenues in 2023 down from 9.3% of consolidated revenues in 2022. As a result of these fluctuations, Arcosa believes that comparisons of its sales and operating results between periods may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as indicators of future performance.

Any material nonpayment or nonperformance by any of our customers could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and cash flows. While our contracts with our customers, including backlog orders, include terms and provisions that protect us in the event of a breach, we may be unable to enforce payment or performance obligations in a timely manner or at all or recover the entire amount we anticipated receiving under such contract. If we were to pursue legal remedies against a customer that failed to purchase the contracted amount of product under a fixed-volume contract or failed to satisfy the take-or-pay commitment under a take-or-pay contract, we may

A defect in materials or components from suppliers, our materials, or in the manufacturing of our products could result in product warranty and product liability claims, decrease demand for products, or materially harm existing or prospective customer relationships. Depending on the product, Arcosa warrants its workmanship and certain materials (including surface coatings), parts, and components pursuant to express limited contractual warranties. Arcosa may be subject to significant warranty claims in the future, such as multiple claims based on one defect repeated throughout Arcosa's production process or claims for which the cost of shipping, repairing, or replacing the defective part, component, or material is highly disproportionate to the original price. Responding to such defects may also include costs related to disassembly of our products and transportation of the products from the field to our facilities and returning the products to the customer, a change in our manufacturing processes, recall of previously manufactured products, or personal injury claims. Any of these outcomes could result in significant expense and materially harm our existing or prospective customer relationships and reputation.

The products Arcosa manufactures are designed to work optimally when properly assembled, operated, installed, repaired, and maintained. For example, Arcosa's shoring products and barges are often subsequently rented or leased by Arcosa's customers to third parties who may misuse or improperly operate these products. If this or similar instances of misuse or improper operation were to occur, Arcosa may be subjected to claims or litigation associated with personal or bodily injuries or death and property damage.

Arcosa is subject to potential liability for third-party claims alleging property damage and personal and bodily injury or death arising from the use of or exposure to Arcosa’s products, especially in connection with products Arcosa manufactures that its customers use to transport hazardous, flammable, toxic, or explosive materials. Arcosa’s businesses are subject to losses arising from property damages or losses from business interruption. As policies expire, premiums for renewed or new coverage may further increase and/or require that Arcosa increase its self-insured retention, deductibles, or overall limits. Arcosa maintains primary coverage and excess coverage policies for liability claims as well as property damage. An unusually large liability claim, property loss claim, business interruption claim, or a string of claims coupled with an unusually large damage award could exceed Arcosa’s available insurance coverage. Moreover, any accident or incident involving Arcosa’s businesses in general or Arcosa or Arcosa’s products specifically, even if Arcosa is fully insured, contractually indemnified, or not held to be liable, could negatively affect Arcosa’s reputation among customers and the public. The ability of Arcosa to insure against the risks described in this Item 1A is limited by the applicable insurance markets, which may be costly, unavailable or inadequate. Arcosa’s inability to secure adequate insurance could increase Arcosa’s risk exposure and operational expenses and disrupt the management of its business operations.

Borrowings under the Credit Agreement incur interest which is variable based on fluctuations in the referenced Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Increases in the referenced SOFR will increase Arcosa's borrowing costs and negatively impact financial results and cash flows. Increases in interest rates have resulted in higher interest expense related to borrowings under our Financing Documents year over year.

Arcosa periodically evaluates for potential impairment the carrying values of Arcosa’s long-lived assets, including intangible assets, to be held and used. The carrying value of a long-lived asset to be held and used is considered impaired when the carrying value is not recoverable through undiscounted future cash flows and the fair value of the asset is less than the carrying value. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risks involved or market quotes as available. Impairment losses on long-lived assets held for sale are determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced commensurate with the estimated cost to dispose of the assets. In addition, goodwill is required to be tested for impairment annually or on an interim basis whenever events or circumstances change indicating that the carrying amount of the goodwill might be impaired.

Certain non-cash impairments may result from a change in our strategic goals, business direction, changes in market interest rates, or other factors relating to the overall business environment. Any impairment of the value of goodwill or other intangible assets recorded in connection with previous acquisitions would result in a non-cash charge against earnings, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Arcosa’s business may be adversely affected if a pandemic, epidemic, or other public health emergency occurs. For example, the outbreak of COVID-19, including its variants, disrupted global trade, commerce, financial and credit markets, and daily life throughout the world. Any future similar public health emergency could negatively impact our business in a number of ways, including the health of our employees and employee productivity, the availability and pricing of supplies and raw materials, our ability to fulfill customer orders, and the availability of our transportation and distribution networks. For example, if one or more of Arcosa’s facilities become subject to closure in connection with a public health emergency, the business as a whole could be materially affected.

In addition, the impact of a government shutdown could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa's revenues, profits, and cash flows. Arcosa relies on government personnel to conduct certain routine business processes related to the inspection and delivery of certain products that, if disrupted, could have an immediate impact on Arcosa's revenues and business. The negative impact on the economy from a pandemic, epidemic or other public health emergency could also impact our customers in similar ways, causing customers to postpone projects, cancel or delay orders, or file bankruptcy.

A pandemic, epidemic, or other public health emergency could also disrupt Arcosa's cross-border business transactions and activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in the United States and elsewhere in the world implemented strict measures to help control the spread of the virus, including quarantines, travel restrictions, business curtailments, and other measures. Such actions may impair or prevent Arcosa from continuing its operations and business arrangements outside the United States. The extent to which a pandemic, epidemic, or other public health emergency could impact our business will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict.

Instability in the global economy or negative conditions in the global credit markets that limit or impair our access to credit may adversely affect our business. In general, Arcosa may rely upon banks and capital markets to fund its growth strategy. Any downgrades in our credit ratings may make raising capital more difficult, increase the cost and

We are also exposed to risks associated with the creditworthiness of our customers and suppliers. For example, if volatile conditions in the global credit markets such as rising interest rates and tightening of credit standards limit our customers' access to credit (or increase the cost of obtaining credit), product order volumes may decrease, or customers may default on payments owed to Arcosa. Likewise, if Arcosa's suppliers face challenges obtaining credit, selling their products to customers that require purchasing credit, or otherwise operating their businesses, the supply of materials Arcosa purchases from them to manufacture its products may be interrupted. These events or a more general economic downturn could lead to a reduction in orders for Arcosa’s products, requests for deferred deliveries of backlog orders and make it difficult to collect on accounts receivable, which could result in lower revenue or increased operating costs. In addition, such events could result in Arcosa’s customers’ attempts to unilaterally cancel or terminate firm contracts or orders in whole or in part, resulting in contract or purchase order breaches which could result in increased commercial litigation costs.

A majority of Arcosa's revenue is from customers who are in industries and businesses that are cyclical in nature which may result in decreased demand for Arcosa's products and negatively affect the collectability of receivables. For example, demand for our construction products is driven in large part by residential and commercial construction spending and by population and economic growth which typically slow during a downturn. The barge industry in particular has previously experienced sharp cyclical downturns and at such times operated with a minimal backlog. In addition, since Arcosa's operations are in a variety of geographic markets, its businesses are subject to differing economic conditions in each such geographic market. While the business cycles of Arcosa’s different operations may not typically coincide, an economic downturn could affect disparate cycles contemporaneously.

Decreased demand could result in lower sales volumes, lower prices, a slowdown in production at our facilities and/or a decline in or loss of profits. In addition, an economic downturn may negatively affect the collectability of accounts receivable. Any of the foregoing market or industry conditions or events could result in reductions in Arcosa’s revenues, or increased operating costs.

Increased inflation, including rising prices for raw materials such as steel, fuel, parts and components, freight, packaging, supplies, labor and energy, increases our costs to manufacture and distribute our products. We use market prices for materials, fuel, and parts and components, and may be unable to pass these rising costs on to our customers. While Arcosa cannot predict the extent to which inflation may continue to increase, increases in the price of steel have and could continue to impact a customer's decision to place or delay orders for new barges or wind towers. Other inflationary pressures may generally result in a reduction in construction activity, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Under varying circumstances, Arcosa may take actions to minimize these inflationary risks, but such efforts may not be effective in mitigating the impact on Arcosa's margins. Arcosa's revenues or operating costs may be negatively affected if we are unable to mitigate the impact of these cost increases through contractual means or otherwise offset the effect of these cost increases.

Arcosa’s operations outside of the U.S. are subject to risks associated with cross-border business transactions and activities. Political, legal, trade, or economic change or instability, criminal activities, or social unrest could limit or curtail Arcosa’s respective foreign business activities and operations, including the ability to hire and retain employees. Violence in Mexico associated with drug trafficking is continuing. Arcosa has not, to date, been materially affected by any of these risks, but Arcosa cannot predict the likelihood of future effects from such risks or any resulting adverse impact on Arcosa’s business.

Arcosa ships raw materials to Mexico and manufactures products in Mexico that are sold in the U.S. or elsewhere, which are subject to customs and other regulations. Any shutdown or delays at the U.S./Mexico border could affect our ability to transport or import our products manufactured in Mexico in a timely manner or at all. Some foreign countries where Arcosa operates have regulatory authorities that regulate products sold or used in those countries. If Arcosa fails to comply with the applicable regulations related to the foreign countries where Arcosa operates,

In addition, with respect to operations in Mexico and other foreign countries, unexpected changes in the political environment, laws, rules, and regulatory requirements; tariffs and other trade barriers, including regulatory initiatives for buying goods produced in America; more stringent or restrictive laws, rules and regulations relating to labor or the environment; adverse tax consequences; price exchange controls and restrictions; regulations affecting cross-border rail and vehicular traffic; or availability of commodities, including gasoline and electricity, could limit operations affecting production throughput and making the manufacture and distribution of Arcosa’s products less timely or more difficult.

Furthermore, any material change in the quotas, regulations or duties on imports imposed by the U.S. government and agencies or on exports by the government of Mexico or its agencies, could affect Arcosa’s ability to export products that Arcosa manufactures in Mexico. Failure to comply with such import and export regulations could result in significant fines and penalties.

Because Arcosa has operations outside the U.S., Arcosa could be adversely affected by final judgments of non-compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (“FCPA”) or import/export rules and regulations and similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery, or import/export laws of other countries. As a result of our policy to comply with the FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to competitors that are not subject to, or do not comply with, such laws.

Arcosa is exposed to risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. For example, Arcosa has substantial manufacturing operations in Mexico. To the extent there are significant changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Mexican peso, Arcosa may incur increased costs or losses and reduced profits. Because our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies have had and will continue to have an impact on our reported earnings. Under varying circumstances, Arcosa may seek to minimize these risks using hedges and similar financial instruments and other activities, although these measures, if and when implemented, may not be effective. Any material and untimely changes in exchange rates could adversely impact our business.

Arcosa faces competition from manufacturers both in the U.S. and around the world, some of which may engage in competition and trade practices involving the importation of competing products into the U.S. in violation of U.S. or other foreign laws, regulations, or practices. For example, Arcosa’s competitors may import competing products that are subsidized by foreign governments and sold in the U.S. at less than fair value. The results of trade negotiations, trade agreements, and tariffs could also negatively affect Arcosa’s supplies, cost of goods sold, and customers. For example, Arcosa produces certain products at its manufacturing facilities in Mexico. Arcosa's business benefits from free trade agreements, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ("USMCA"). Potential developments, including failure to enforce the USMCA, potential changes or amendments to the agreement, governmental policies, and laws and regulations could adversely affect Arcosa's existing production operations in Mexico and have a material adverse effect on Arcosa's business. These trade policies and practices could increase pricing pressure on Arcosa’s products, reduce Arcosa’s revenues and operating profits, limit Arcosa’s ability to grow, and otherwise adversely affect Arcosa’s financial results.

Periods of partial or full U.S. federal government shutdown, impasse, deadlock, and last-minute accords may continue to permeate many aspects of U.S. governance, including federal government budgeting and spending, government-funded infrastructure projects and building activities, taxation, U.S. deficit spending and debt ceiling limits, and international commerce. Such periods could negatively impact U.S. domestic and global financial markets, thereby reducing customer demand for Arcosa’s products and services and potentially result in reductions in Arcosa’s revenues, increased price competition, or increased operating costs, any of which could adversely affect Arcosa’s business.

Furthermore, certain of Arcosa’s businesses depend on government spending for infrastructure and other similar building activities. As a result, demand for some of Arcosa’s products is influenced by local, state, U.S. federal, and international government fiscal policies, tax incentives and other subsidies, and other general macroeconomic and political factors. Projects in which Arcosa participates may be funded directly by governments or privately-funded, but are otherwise tied to or impacted by government policies and spending measures.

Government spending is often approved only on a short-term basis and some of the projects in which Arcosa’s products are used require longer-term funding commitments. If government funding is not approved or funding is lowered as a result of poor economic conditions, lower than expected revenues, competing spending priorities, or other factors, it could limit infrastructure projects available, increase competition for projects, result in excess inventory, and decrease sales, all of which could adversely affect the profitability of Arcosa’s business.

Additionally, certain regions or states may require or possess the means to finance only a limited number of large infrastructure projects and periods of high demand may be followed by years of little to no activity. There can be no assurances that governments will sustain or increase current infrastructure spending and tax incentive and other subsidy levels, and any reductions thereto or delays therein could affect Arcosa’s business.

Terrorist activities, anti-terrorist efforts, and other armed conflict involving the U.S. or its interests abroad or other foreign actors, including the war in Ukraine and the Israeli-Hamas conflict, may adversely affect the U.S. and global economies, potentially negatively affecting the industries in which Arcosa operates. For example, this could result in delays in or cancellations of the purchase of Arcosa’s products or shortages in raw materials, parts, or components, any of which could prevent Arcosa from meeting its financial and other obligations.

Arcosa is currently, and may from time to time be, involved in various claims or legal proceedings arising out of Arcosa’s operations. The defense of these lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings may divert management's attention from Arcosa's core business and be expensive to defend. Any claims or legal proceedings brought against Arcosa, with or without merit, could harm Arcosa's reputation in the industry and reduce product sales. Adverse judgments and outcomes in some or all of these matters could result in significant losses and costs that could weaken Arcosa’s liquidity and financial condition. Although Arcosa maintains reserves for its probable and reasonably estimable liability, Arcosa’s reserves may be inadequate to cover its portion of claims or final judgments after taking into consideration rights in indemnity and recourse under insurance policies or to third parties as a result of which there could be a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business. See Note 15. "Commitments and Contingencies” for additional information on the Company’s current litigation.

Arcosa expects to routinely engage in the search for growth opportunities, including assessment of merger and acquisition prospects in new markets and/or products. However, Arcosa may not be able to identify and secure suitable opportunities. Arcosa’s ability to consummate any acquisitions on terms that are favorable to Arcosa may be limited by a number of factors, such as competition for attractive targets and, to the extent necessary, Arcosa’s ability to obtain financing on satisfactory terms, if at all.

In addition, if Arcosa is not able to successfully integrate its transactions to any material degree, such failure of a successful integration could result in unexpected claims or otherwise have a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business. Integration risks include the following: (i) the diversion of management’s time and resources to integration matters from other Arcosa matters; (ii) difficulties in achieving business opportunities and growth prospects of the acquired business; (iii) difficulties in managing the expanded operations; and (iv) challenges in retaining key personnel. The failure to successfully integrate such mergers or acquisitions could prevent Arcosa from achieving the anticipated operating and cost synergies or long-term strategic benefits from such transactions.

Acquisitions and divestitures may bring known and unknown risks to Arcosa. If we fail to adequately perform due diligence during the acquisition process, we may be subject to unexpected liabilities in connection with such transaction. Acquisitions and divestitures also bring risks that the counterparties to the transactions may fail to perform their obligations, which could result in costly litigation, divert management's attention and disrupt our business operations. Third parties could also seek to hold Arcosa responsible for these liabilities, and there can be no assurance that any indemnity from our counterparties or any insurance we obtain in connection with the transaction will be sufficient to protect Arcosa against the full amount of such potential liabilities.

Furthermore, an element of Arcosa's long-term strategy is to reduce the complexity and cyclicality of the overall business which may result in divestitures. Divestitures pose risks and challenges that could negatively impact Arcosa's business, including retained liabilities related to divested businesses, obligations to indemnify counterparties against contingent liabilities and potential disputes with counterparties.

If we do not realize the expected benefits of these divestitures or our post-completion liabilities and continuing obligations are substantial and exceed our expectations, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted. Any divestiture may result in a dilutive impact to our future earnings if we are unable to offset the dilutive impact from the loss of revenue and profits associated with the divestiture, as well as significant write-offs, including those related to goodwill and other intangible assets, which could result in a material adverse effect on Arcosa's business.

Arcosa's growth strategy may result in the acquisition of a new lines of business or expansion into geographic markets (whether inside or outside the U.S.) in which we have limited operating experience, including with respect to seeking regulatory approvals, becoming subject to regulatory authorities, and marketing or selling products. For example, the acquisitions of StonePoint and Southwest Rock brought new lines of business to Arcosa, including asphalt production, and exposed Arcosa to new geographic markets.

Further, our operations in new foreign markets may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including: general economic conditions and monetary and fiscal policy; financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty in collecting from international customers, the effect of local and regional financial crises, and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and controls; multiple, conflicting, and changing laws and regulations such as export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory and local zoning requirements, and other governmental approvals, permits, and licenses; interest rates and taxation laws and policies; increased government regulation; social stability; and political, economic, or diplomatic developments. Certain jurisdictions have, from time to time, experienced instances of civil unrest and hostilities, both internally and with neighboring countries. Rioting, military activity, terrorist attacks, or armed hostilities could cause our operations in such jurisdictions to be adversely affected or suspended. We generally do not have insurance for losses and interruptions caused by terrorist attacks, military conflicts, and wars.

Any of these factors could significantly harm our potential business or international expansion and our operations.

Arcosa’s Transportation Products segment is subject to regulation by, among others, the U.S. Coast Guard; the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board; the U.S. Customs Service; the Maritime Administration of the USDOT and private industry organizations such as the American Bureau of Shipping and the Association of American Railroads. These organizations establish safety criteria, investigate vessel accidents, and recommend improved safety standards.

Arcosa’s Construction Products segment is subject to regulation by MSHA, USEPA, FDA, and various state agencies.

Arcosa’s Engineered Structures segment is subject to the regulations by the USDOT and various state agencies, including state departments of transportation.

Arcosa’s operations are also subject to various governmental regulations in the U.S., Mexico, and other countries where we do business related to occupational safety and health, labor, and business practices, including OSHA and MSHA.

Although we believe that we are in material compliance with all applicable regulations and operating permits material to our business operations, if we determine that our current or future products or processes are not in compliance with applicable requirements, rules, regulations, specifications, standards or product testing criteria, it might result in additional operating expenses, administrative fines or penalties, criminal sanctions, product recalls, reputational harm, or loss of business that could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business.

In addition, amendments to existing statutes and regulations, adoption of new statutes and regulations, modification of existing operating permits, or entering into new lines of business which are covered by regulatory agencies that Arcosa has not previously been subject to could require us to alter our methods of operation and/or discontinue the sale of certain of our products, resulting in costs to us that could be substantial. For example, the U.S. barge industry relies, in part, on the Jones Act because it prohibits foreign vessels from transporting goods between U.S. ports. Changes to or a repeal of such legislation could have a material adverse impact on Arcosa’s barge business and revenues.

Manufacturing and construction sites are inherently dangerous workplaces. Arcosa’s manufacturing sites often put Arcosa’s employees and others in close proximity with large pieces of mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, chemical and manufacturing processes, heavy products and other items, and highly regulated materials. Unsafe work sites have the potential to increase employee turnover and raise Arcosa’s operating costs. Arcosa’s safety record can also impact Arcosa’s reputation. Arcosa maintains functional groups whose primary purpose is to ensure Arcosa implements effective work procedures throughout Arcosa’s organization and take other steps to ensure the health and safety of Arcosa’s work force, but there can be no assurances these measures will be successful in preventing injuries or violations of health and safety laws and regulations. Any failure to maintain safe work sites or violations of applicable health and safety standards and laws, including non-compliance with operating permits, could result in the imposition of substantial fines, suspension of production, alterations of our production processes, cessation of operations, or other actions which could harm our business. Such compliance failures could also expose Arcosa to significant financial losses and reputational harm, as well as civil and criminal liabilities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business.

Arcosa is subject to comprehensive federal, state, local, and foreign environmental laws and regulations relating to: (i) the release or discharge of regulated materials into the environment at Arcosa’s facilities or with respect to Arcosa’s products while in operation; (ii) the management, use, processing, handling, storage, transport and transport arrangement, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, substances, and materials; and (iii) other activities relating to the protection of human health and the environment. These laws and regulations primarily relate to the generation and disposal of waste, wastewater discharges and air emissions. Such laws and regulations expose Arcosa to liability for its own acts and in certain instances potentially expose Arcosa to liability for the acts of others. These laws and regulations also may impose liability on Arcosa currently under circumstances where at the time of the action taken, Arcosa’s acts or those of others complied with then applicable laws and regulations. In addition, such laws may require significant expenditures to achieve compliance, and are frequently modified or revised to impose new obligations. Non-compliance with these environmental laws and regulations could result in a shutdown or work stoppage and civil and criminal fines or penalties. Arcosa’s operations involving hazardous materials also raise potential risks of liability under common law.

Environmental pre-construction, construction, and operating permits are, or may be, required for Arcosa’s operations under these laws and regulations. These environmental permits are subject to modification, renewal, and/or revocation. Although Arcosa regularly monitors and reviews its operations, procedures, and policies for compliance with Arcosa’s environmental permits and related laws and regulations, the risk of environmental liability is inherent in the operation of Arcosa’s businesses.

However, future events, such as changes in, or modified interpretations of, existing environmental laws and regulations or enforcement policies, or further investigation or evaluation of the potential health hazards associated with the manufacture of Arcosa’s products and related business activities and properties, may give rise to additional compliance and other costs that could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business.

The transportation of commodities by rail, barge, or container also raises potential liability risks in the event of an accident that results in the release of substances that cause harm to the environment, natural resources, or result in exposure to harmful substances. Generally, liability under existing laws for an accident depends upon causation analysis and the acts, errors, or omissions, if any, of a party involved in the transportation activity, including, but not limited to, the shipper, the buyer, and the seller of the substances being transported, or the manufacturer of products or their components used to transport such substances. Additionally, the severity of injury or property damage arising from an incident may influence the causation responsibility analysis, exposing Arcosa to potentially greater liability. Under certain circumstances, strict liability concepts may apply. If Arcosa is found liable in any such incidents, it could have a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business.

We use controlled hazardous materials in our business and generate wastes that are regulated as hazardous wastes under U.S. federal, state, and local environmental laws and under equivalent provisions of law in those and other jurisdictions in which our manufacturing facilities are located. Our use of these substances and materials is subject to stringent, and periodically changing, regulation that can impose costly compliance obligations on us and have the potential to adversely affect our manufacturing activities. We are also subject to potential liability for claims alleging property damage and personal and bodily injury or death arising from the use of or exposure to our

The risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be completely eliminated. If an accident involving these substances occurs, we could be held liable for any damages that result, as well as incurring clean-up costs and liabilities, which can be substantial. Additionally, an accident could damage our facilities, resulting in delays and increased costs.

There can be no assurance that we will not encounter environmental conditions at any of our manufacturing plants or other facilities that may require us to incur significant clean-up or correction costs. Upon encountering an environmental condition or receiving a notice of an environmental condition, we may be required to correct the condition. The presence of an environmental condition requiring corrective action or remediation relating to any of our manufacturing plants or other facilities may require significant expenditures to address.

Legislation and new rules to regulate emission of greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) have been introduced in numerous state legislatures, the U.S. Congress, and by the USEPA. Some of these proposals would require industries to meet new standards that may require substantial reductions in carbon emissions. There is also a potential for climate change legislation and regulation that could adversely impact the cost of certain manufacturing inputs, including the increasing cost of energy and electricity. While Arcosa cannot assess the direct impact of these or other potential regulations, new climate change protocols could affect demand for its products and/or affect the price of materials, input factors, energy costs, and manufactured components.

Potential impacts of climate change include physical impacts, such as disruption in production and product distribution due to impacts from major storm events, shifts in regional weather patterns and intensities, and sea level changes. Other adverse consequences of climate change could include an increased frequency of severe weather events, low river levels, drought, flooding, and rising sea levels that could affect operations at Arcosa’s manufacturing facilities as well as the price and/or availability of insurance coverage for the Company assets or other unforeseen disruptions of Arcosa’s operations, systems, property, or equipment.

We also communicate certain initiatives and goals regarding GHG and related matters in our public disclosures. These initiatives and goals may be difficult and expensive to implement or may not advance at a pace sufficient to meet our goals, and we could be criticized for the scope, accuracy, adequacy or completeness of the disclosure. Further, statements about our GHG-related initiatives and goals, and progress towards these goals, may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve and assumptions that are subject to change in the future. If our GHG-related data, processes and reporting are inaccurate or incomplete, or if we fail to achieve progress with respect to these goals or initiatives on a timely basis or at all, our operations and financial performance could be adversely affected. In addition, California enacted two new climate disclosure laws in September 2023 that (1) require U.S.-based businesses with total annual revenues over one billion dollars and doing business in California to annually report their Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions, and (2) require U.S.-based businesses with total annual revenues over five hundred million dollars and doing business in California to prepare biennial risk reports disclosing the entity's climate-related financial risk and measures adopted to reduce and adapt to climate-related financial risk. A lawsuit challenging the new California climate disclosure laws was filed in a federal district court in California on January 30, 2024. The California Air Resources Board is required to adopt regulations implementing the new California disclosure requirements, but has not, to date, issued any such regulations. Furthermore, if the SEC's proposed climate disclosure requirements are adopted on substantially similar terms as proposed, we will be required to incur significant time and money to comply with the disclosure requirements and may be required to modify certain of our operations. These compliance costs could adversely impact our future business.

The impacts of climate change and related regulations on our operations and the Company overall are highly uncertain and difficult to estimate, but such effects could be materially adverse to our business.

Arcosa has been proactive in integrating its sustainability initiatives into its long-term strategy. The subjective nature and wide variety of frameworks and methods used by our stockholders and others to assess Arcosa’s sustainability strategy and progress; diversity, equity, and inclusion ("DEI") initiatives; and heightened governance standards could result in a negative perception by our stockholders or misrepresentation of Arcosa’s sustainability

Our subsidiaries have in the past and may in the future take tax positions that the IRS, the SAT, or other taxing jurisdictions may challenge. If the IRS, SAT, or other taxing jurisdictions successfully contests a tax position that Arcosa takes, Arcosa may be required to pay additional taxes or penalties which may not have been previously accrued that may adversely affect its results of operations and financial position.

Some of Arcosa’s customers place orders for Arcosa’s products (i) in reliance on their ability to obtain and utilize tax benefits or tax credits such as accelerated depreciation or the production tax credit or investment tax credit for renewable energy or (ii) to utilize federal-aid programs that allow for purchase price reimbursement or other government funding or subsidies, any of which benefits, credits, or programs could be modified, discontinued or allowed to expire without extension thereby reducing demand for certain of Arcosa’s products and reducing certain tax credits for which Arcosa may be eligible.

Additionally, the recently enacted Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") provides for certain manufacturing, production, and investment tax credit incentives, including new AMP tax credits for companies that domestically manufacture and sell clean energy equipment, like Arcosa Wind Towers. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized $32.4 million in AMP tax credits for wind towers produced and sold in 2023. The issuance of comprehensive guidance and interpretation as to the eligibility for, calculation of, and methods for claiming many of the IRA’s various tax benefits, tax credits, subsidies, and programs remains ongoing. If forthcoming guidance interprets the AMP in a restrictive manner or if any benefits, credits, subsidies, or programs under the IRA are allowed to expire or are otherwise modified or discontinued, the demand for Arcosa’s products could decrease and/or the amount of AMP tax credits for which Arcosa may be eligible may be reduced, thereby creating the potential for a material adverse effect on Arcosa’s business and future financial results.

Arcosa relies on information technology infrastructure and architecture, including hardware, cloud computing networks, software, people, and processes to manage protected, confidential, and other sensitive information to conduct Arcosa’s business in the ordinary course. Any material failure, interruption of service, compromise of data security, or cybersecurity threat could adversely affect Arcosa’s relations with suppliers, customers, and regulators and place Arcosa in violation of data protection laws, rules, and regulations, and result in negative impacts to Arcosa’s market share, operations, and profitability. Arcosa will have to continually upgrade its infrastructure and applications to reduce or mitigate these risks. Security breaches in Arcosa’s information technology systems could result in theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of protected, confidential or other sensitive data including personal information of our employees, trade secrets, or other proprietary intellectual property that could adversely impact Arcosa’s future results.

Our business is at risk from and may be impacted by information security incidents, including attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems or data, ransomware, malware, phishing scams, and other physical and electronic security events as well as from similar events impacting third parties with which we do business. Such incidents can range from individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems to more sophisticated security attacks and events. They can also result from internal compromises, such as human error, or malicious acts or misconduct by employees or third-party vendors. There are additional risks related to the use of remote networking services and technologies that enable remote work.

While we employ several measures to prevent, detect, and mitigate these threats, there is no guarantee such efforts will be successful in preventing a cyber event or that any third parties with which we do business will be successful in preventing a cyber event. We have invested and continue to invest in risk management, information security, and data protection measures, including technical, administrative, and organizational safeguards, in order to protect our systems and data. The cost and operational consequences of implementing, maintaining, and enhancing further data or system safeguards could increase significantly to keep pace with increasingly frequent, complex, and sophisticated global cyber threats. Although we believe that we have taken adequate measures to protect against data breaches and system disruptions, we are not able to anticipate or prevent all such risks. Any material breaches of cybersecurity, including the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data, or media reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems, products, and services or those of our third parties could cause us to experience reputational harm, loss of customers and revenue, fines, regulatory actions and scrutiny, sanctions, or other statutory penalties, litigation, liability for failure to safeguard our customers' information or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. The report, rumor, or assumption regarding a potential breach may have similar results, even if no breach has been attempted or occurred. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Any measures that we take to avoid, detect, mitigate, or recover from material incidents, may be insufficient, circumvented, or may become ineffective.

In addition, laws and regulations governing cybersecurity, data privacy and protection, and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential or protected information pose increasingly complex compliance challenges and potentially elevate costs, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in significant penalties and legal liability.

Arcosa’s patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights are important to Arcosa’s success. Arcosa relies on patent, copyright, and trademark law, and trade secret protection and confidentiality and/or license agreements with others to protect Arcosa’s intellectual property rights. Arcosa’s trademarks, service marks, copyrights, patents, and trade secrets may be exposed to market confusion, commercial abuse, infringement, or misappropriation and possibly challenged, invalidated, circumvented, narrowed, or declared unenforceable by countries where Arcosa’s products and services are made available, including countries where the laws may not protect Arcosa’s intellectual property rights as fully as in the U.S. Such instances could negatively impact Arcosa’s competitive position and adversely affect Arcosa’s business. Additionally, Arcosa could be required to incur significant expenses to protect its intellectual property rights.

The timing, declaration, amount, and payment of future dividends to Arcosa’s stockholders falls within the discretion of Arcosa’s Board of Directors (the "Board"). The Board of Directors’ decisions regarding the payment of future dividends will depend on many factors, such as Arcosa’s financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, covenants related to our debt service obligations, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, access to the capital markets, and other factors that the Board of Directors deems relevant. Arcosa cannot guarantee that it will continue to pay any dividend in the future.

Arcosa’s Governing Documents and Delaware law contain provisions that are intended to deter coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids by making such practices or bids unacceptably expensive to the bidder and to encourage prospective acquirers to negotiate with Arcosa’s Board of Directors rather than to attempt a hostile takeover.

These provisions include limitations on the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings, the establishment of advance notice procedures for stockholder proposals and nominations for election of directors and allow for Arcosa's Board of Directors to issue blank check preferred stock with voting or conversion rights without stockholder approval. In addition, Arcosa is subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law which makes it more difficult for a person who acquires, 15% or more of Arcosa's outstanding voting stock to effect various business combinations with us for a three-year period following the time such stockholder became a 15% stockholder.

Arcosa believes these provisions will protect its stockholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with Arcosa’s Board of Directors and by providing Arcosa’s Board of Directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make Arcosa immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that Arcosa’s Board of Directors determines is not in the best interests of Arcosa and its stockholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.

We cannot predict the prices at which shares of Arcosa common stock may trade. The trading and market price of Arcosa common stock may fluctuate significantly due to a number of factors, some of which may be beyond Arcosa’s control, including: Arcosa’s quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other companies in its industry; actual or anticipated fluctuations in Arcosa’s operating results; changes in earnings estimates by securities analysts or Arcosa’s ability to meet those estimates; Arcosa’s ability to meet its forward-looking guidance; the operating and stock price performance of other comparable companies; overall market fluctuations and domestic and worldwide economic conditions; and other factors described in these “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Stock markets in general have experienced volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of a particular company. Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of Arcosa’s common stock, regardless of Arcosa’s operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholder derivative lawsuits and/or securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

Stockholders’ percentage ownership in Arcosa may be diluted because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions, or otherwise, including, without limitation, equity awards that Arcosa grants to its directors, officers, and employees.

In addition, Arcosa’s restated certificate of incorporation authorizes Arcosa to issue, without the approval of Arcosa’s stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designation, powers, preferences, and relative, participating, optional, and other special rights, including preferences over Arcosa common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as Arcosa’s Board of Directors generally may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could dilute the voting power or reduce the residual value of Arcosa common stock.

Arcosa continues to make cybersecurity a priority as the threat landscape evolves and becomes increasingly complex and sophisticated.

Arcosa has strategically integrated cybersecurity risk management into its broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cyber risk awareness. Arcosa's Chief Information Security Officer ("CIO") and Director of Information Security work closely with the IT department to continuously evaluate and address cybersecurity risks in alignment with business objectives, operational needs, and industry-accepted standards, such as the CIS Critical Security Controls and National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") frameworks.

The Company has processes and procedures in place to monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity risks. These include but are not limited to:

Recognizing the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity risk, the Company engages with a range of external experts, including cybersecurity consultants, in evaluating, monitoring, and testing Arcosa's cyber management systems and related cyber risks. The Company's collaboration with these third parties includes audits, threat and vulnerability assessments, incident response plan testing, company-wide monitoring of cybersecurity risks, and consultation on security enhancements.

Arcosa recognizes the risks associated with the use of vendors, service providers, and other third parties that provide information system services, process information on its behalf, or have access to its information systems, and Arcosa has processes in place to oversee and manage these risks. In addition to the minimum security and control standards, these processes include other quality control measures, such as utilizing a third-party security scoring system to evaluate the security posture of current and potential parties. Arcosa also maintains ongoing monitoring to support continuous compliance with its cybersecurity standards.

Arcosa has not been subject to cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, its operations, or financial standing.

Arcosa's cybersecurity risk management program is overseen by management at multiple levels. The CIO and Director of Information Security play key roles in assessing, monitoring, and managing the Company's cybersecurity risks with support of dedicated information technology and security personnel. Both the CIO and Director of Information Security have been in their respective roles at Arcosa for 5 years. The CIO has over 40 years of leadership positions in the high tech and IT industries. He is experienced in detailed product and solution development as well as business process operations providing an understanding of how cybersecurity considerations intersect the business. The Director of Information Security and Compliance at Arcosa has more than 20 years of experience architecting, designing, and deploying security solutions based on industrial frameworks.

The CIO and Director of Information Security are continually informed and updated about the latest developments in cybersecurity, including emerging threats and innovative risk management techniques. They implement and oversee processes for the regular monitoring of our information systems. This includes the deployment of advanced security measures and regular system audits to identify potential vulnerabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company is equipped with a defined and practiced incident response plan. This plan includes immediate actions to mitigate the impact and long-term strategies for remediation and prevention of future incidents.

The Audit Committee of the Company's Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing the Company's cyber risk. The CIO and other experts, as necessary provide the Audit Committee quarterly updates that encompass a broad range of topics, including but not limited to:

In addition, the CIO provides updates to the full Board upon request or to update the Board of unique developments, such as regulatory updates or unique vulnerability developments. Our Board is composed of members with diverse expertise including risk management, technology, and finance, equipping them to oversee cybersecurity risks effectively.

Information concerning the Company’s mining properties has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (“S-K 1300”), which first became applicable to the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. These requirements differ from the previously applicable disclosure requirements of SEC Industry Guide 7. Among other differences, S-K 1300 requires the Company to disclose its mineral resources in addition to its proven and probable mineral reserves, as of the end of their most recently completed fiscal year both in the aggregate and for each of their individually material mining properties. As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any individually material mining properties.

The terms “mineral resource,” “measured mineral resource,” “indicated mineral resource,” “inferred mineral resource,” “mineral reserve,” “proven mineral reserve,” and “probable mineral reserve,” whether singular or plural, are defined and used in accordance with S-K 1300. Under S-K 1300, mineral resources may not be classified as “mineral reserves” unless the determination has been made by a qualified person that the mineral resources can be the basis of an economically viable project.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we produced 31.5 million tons of natural aggregates and specialty materials from our mining and processing operations located in the United States and Canada, all of which, we believe, have adequate road and/or railroad access. The Company reports its mining operations primarily through the following commodity groupings:

Our active operations as of December 31, 2023 included 49 that produce and distribute natural aggregates and 13 that produce, process, and distribute specialty materials. In addition to our active operations, we control interests in 20 inactive and greenfield (undeveloped) mining properties. We also own and operate recycled aggregates (i.e., recycled concrete products) facilities which are not dependent on mineral reserves.

The following map illustrates the locations of our active mining operations as of December 31, 2023, excluding stand-alone processing facilities:

Our active mining operations include 61 surface mines and one underground mine. The operations extract materials from surficial or near-surface alluvial and bedrock deposits. Mining methods utilized at our surface operations include conventional truck/shovel excavation and dredge mining. Our single underground mine in Pennsylvania utilizes mechanized room-and-pillar mining methods.

Processing operations to produce sand and gravel and crushed stone consist of mechanized crushing, washing, and sizing. Stabilized sand is mixed in a pug mill. Specialty materials may be subjected to additional processing – such as milling and grinding, roasting (in kilns), and/or pelletizing – depending on the product specifications. The following table summarizes, by major commodity group, the annual production history over the preceding three years for our mining properties:

Our ownership or leasehold interest in our mining properties – both active and undeveloped – is 100%. Rights to mine the properties are controlled through our ownership in fee and/or long-term lease agreements with third parties.

Our mining operations are subject to a wide range of laws, ordinances, and regulations and require various governmental approvals and permits. Federal, state, and local authorities regulate the operations with respect to matters such as employee health and safety, permitting and licensing requirements, air quality standards, water quality standards, plant and wildlife protection, the reclamation and restoration of mining properties after mining has been completed, the discharge of materials into the environment, surface subsidence from underground mining, and the effects of mining on groundwater quality and availability. We have obtained all material permits currently required to conduct our present mining operations.

We controlled an estimated 1.2 billion tons of mineral reserves as of December 31, 2023. Reported mineral reserves include only quantities that are owned in fee or under lease – approximately 581 million tons or 48% are located on owned land and 621 million tons or 52% are located on leased land. The economic viability of our reserves was determined using average selling prices ranging from $3.00 to $104.14 per ton, depending on the location and market.

Our mineral reserves, on average, represent approximately 30 years at current production levels within the natural aggregates business and approximately 105 years at current production levels within the specialty materials business. However, certain operations may have more limited reserves and may not be able to expand. Approximately 969 million tons or 81% of the reported mineral reserves are attributable to active mining operations.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s estimated proven and probable mineral reserves by major commodity group and geographic region are as follows:

Quantities of mineral reserves were estimated from geologic analysis of exploration results and the application of economic and mining parameters appropriate to the individual deposits. Estimated mineral reserves have been adjusted to account for anticipated process dilutions and losses during mining and processing involved in producing saleable products. Economic viability of the reported mineral reserves has been demonstrated using three-year trailing average product prices on a per-property basis.

We controlled an estimated 117.3 million tons of mineral resources as of December 31, 2023, exclusive of our reported mineral reserves. Our mineral resource estimates are based on an initial assessment using average selling price assumptions ranging from $7.02 to $119.57 per ton, depending on the location and market. The following table summarizes our mineral resources by major commodity group and geographic region as of December 31, 2023:

Our inferred mineral resources have been estimated on the basis of limited geologic evidence. Mineral resources, that are not mineral reserves, do not have a demonstrated economic viability at this time; however, of the 77.9 million tons of inferred mineral resources, 29.4 million tons or 38% are attributable to 10 active mining operations.

Shares of our common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “ACA,” which began “regular-way” trading on November 1, 2018. Our transfer agent and registrar is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

At December 31, 2023, we had 996 record holders of common stock. Because many of our shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

The timing, declaration, amount, and payment of future dividends to Arcosa's stockholders falls within the discretion of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors' decisions regarding the payment of future dividends will depend on many factors, such as Arcosa's financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, covenants related to our debt service obligations, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, access to the capital markets, and other factors that the Board of Directors deems relevant. Arcosa cannot guarantee that it will continue to pay any dividend in the future.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

On December 20, 2023, we completed the acquisition of certain assets and liabilities of Lake Point Holdings, LLC and Lake Point Restoration LLC (collectively "Lake Point"), a Florida based natural aggregates business in our Construction Products segment, for a total purchase price of $65.0 million. The acquisition was funded with $60.0 million of borrowings under our revolving credit facility and cash on hand.

As of December 31, 2023, the backlog for utility, wind, and related structures was $1,367.5 million compared to $671.3 million as of December 31, 2022. Approximately 43% of the unsatisfied performance obligations for our utility, wind, and related structures in our Engineered Structures segment is expected to be delivered during 2024, approximately 27% is expected to be delivered during 2025, and the remainder is expected to be delivered through 2028.

As of December 31, 2023, the backlog for inland barges was $253.7 million compared to $225.1 million as of December 31, 2022. All of the backlog for inland barges is expected to be delivered during 2024.

Arcosa’s primary liquidity requirement consists of funding our business operations, including capital expenditures, working capital investment, and disciplined acquisitions. Our primary sources of liquidity include cash flow from operations, our existing cash balance, availability under the revolving credit facility, and, as necessary, the issuance of additional long-term debt or equity. To the extent we have available liquidity, we may also consider undertaking new capital investment projects, executing additional strategic acquisitions, returning capital to stockholders, or funding other general corporate purposes.

The interest rates under the revolving credit facility are variable based on the daily simple or term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), plus a 10-basis point credit spread adjustment, or an alternate base rate, in each case plus a margin for borrowing. A commitment fee accrues on the average daily unused portion of the revolving facility. The margin for borrowing and commitment fee rate are determined based on Arcosa’s leverage as measured by a consolidated total indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA ratio. The margin for borrowing based on SOFR ranges from 1.25% to 2.00% and was set at 1.50% as of December 31, 2023. The commitment fee rate ranges from 0.20% to 0.35% and was set at 0.25% at December 31, 2023. 

On April 6, 2021, the Company issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes (the “Notes”) that mature in April 2029. Interest on the Notes is payable semiannually in April and October of each year. The Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries that is a guarantor under our revolving credit and term loan facilities.

We believe, based on our current business plans, that our existing cash, available liquidity, and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to fund necessary capital expenditures and operating cash requirements for the foreseeable future.

In December 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a new $50.0 million share repurchase program effective January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2024 to replace a program of the same amount that expired on December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 200,000 shares at a cost of $13.8 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a remaining authorization of $36.2 million under the program. Under the previous program, the Company repurchased 298,629 shares at a cost of $15.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2018, the Company entered into a $100.0 million interest rate swap instrument, effective as of January 2, 2019, to reduce the effect of changes in the variable interest rates associated with the first $100.0 million of borrowings under the Company's committed credit facility. In conjunction with the replacement of LIBOR with SOFR as a benchmark for borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, on July 1, 2023, the swap instrument transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR. The instrument effectively fixed the SOFR component of borrowings under the revolving credit facility at a monthly rate of 2.71% until such instrument's termination. The interest rate swap instrument expired in October 2023. See Note 3 and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

We have a stock-based compensation plan for our directors, officers, and employees. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In 2023, we sponsored an employee savings plan under the 401(k) plan that covered substantially all employees and included a company matching contribution with the investment of the funds directed by the participants. The Company also contributed to a multiemployer defined benefit pension plan under the terms of a collective-bargaining agreement that covered certain union-represented employees at one of our facilities. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated or depleted over their estimated useful lives, primarily using the straight-line method. Depletion of mineral reserves is calculated based on estimated proven and probable reserves using the units-of-production method on a quarry-by-quarry basis. Intangible assets, primarily consisting of customer relationships and permits, are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition and amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the ranges of estimated useful lives by category of property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets.

We periodically evaluate the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used for potential impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used is considered impaired when the carrying value is not recoverable through undiscounted future cash flows and the fair value of the asset or asset group is less than their carrying value. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risks involved or market quotes as available. Significant estimates and judgments that most significantly impact the impairment analysis may include projected revenues, operating profit, and the remaining useful life over which the asset or asset group is expected to generate cash flows.

The Company had no impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. Impairment charges of $2.9 million were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 related to assets that were classified as held for sale during the year.

The Company is involved in claims and lawsuits and environmental matters incidental to our business. We evaluate our exposure to such claims and suits periodically and establish accruals for these contingencies when probable losses can be reasonably estimated. The reasonably possible loss for such matters, taking into consideration our rights in indemnity and recourse to third parties was $1.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and ranged from $0.3 million to $1.9 million as of December 31, 2022.

Based on information currently available with respect to such claims and lawsuits, including information on claims and lawsuits as to which the Company is aware but for which the Company has not been served with legal process, it is management’s opinion that the ultimate outcome of all such claims and litigation, including settlements, in the aggregate will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition for purposes of financial reporting. However, resolution of certain claims or lawsuits by settlement or otherwise, could impact the operating results of the reporting period in which such resolution occurs. For additional information, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The liability method is used to account for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and other tax attributes using currently enacted tax rates. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date. Management is required to estimate the timing of the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities, make assumptions about the future deductibility of deferred tax assets, and assess deferred tax liabilities based on enacted law and tax rates for the appropriate tax jurisdictions to determine the amount of such deferred tax assets and liabilities. Changes in the calculated deferred tax assets and liabilities may occur in certain circumstances including statutory income tax rate changes, statutory tax law changes, or changes in the structure or tax status of the Company. The Company assesses whether a valuation allowance should be established against its deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a more likely than not standard. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency, and severity of recent losses; a forecast of future profitability; the duration of statutory carryback and carryforward periods; the Company’s experience with tax attributes expiring unused; and tax planning alternatives.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's adjusted net deferred tax liability was $172.8 million. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $33.7 million federal consolidated net operating loss carryforwards, primarily from businesses acquired, and $6.1 million of tax-effected state loss carryforwards remaining. In addition, the Company had $13.8 million of foreign net operating loss carryforwards that will begin to expire in the year 2024. We have established a valuation allowance for state and foreign tax operating losses and credits that we have estimated may not be realizable.

For additional information, see Note 10 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

This annual report on Form 10-K (or statements otherwise made by the Company or on the Company’s behalf from time to time in other reports, filings with the SEC, news releases, conferences, internet postings or otherwise) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statements contained herein that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements and involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, future financial performances, estimates, projections, goals, and forecasts. Arcosa uses the words “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “forecasts,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “plans,” and similar expressions to identify these forward-looking statements. Potential factors, which could cause our actual results of operations to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, among others: