Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses | 3. Lo ans and Allowance for Loan Losses Loans in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets consisted of the following: December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 493,791 $ 383,941 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 506,012 445,308 Residential 308,775 213,264 Construction, development & other 567,851 320,335 Farmland 22,820 9,934 Commercial & industrial 1,058,910 611,348 Consumer 3,872 4,001 Municipal and other 145,520 80,593 3,107,551 2,068,724 Allowance for loan losses ( 30,351 ) ( 19,295 ) Loans, net $ 3,077,200 $ 2,049,429 Total loans are presented net of unaccreted discounts and deferred fees net of deferred costs tota ling $ 7.8 million and $ 6.5 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company h ad $ 537,000 and $ 81.6 million in outstanding loan balances related to the guaranteed SBA Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These loans are included within the commercial and industrial loan balances throughout the footnotes. Non-accrual and Past Due Loans Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. As mentioned in Note 1, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when there is a clear indication that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, which is generally when a loan is 90 days past due. Non-accrual loans and accruing loans past due more than 90 days segregated by class of loans were as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Non-accrual Accruing loans Non-accrual Accruing loans Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 1,699 $ 157 $ 1,008 $ — Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 296 — 346 — Residential 513 — 127 — Construction, development & other 40 — 244 — Farmland — — — — Commercial & industrial 8,390 361 8,297 278 Consumer 20 — — — Municipal and other — — — — Purchased credit impaired 5 — 8 — $ 10,963 $ 518 $ 10,030 $ 278 As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the amount of income that would have been accrued for loans on non-accrual was approximately $ 581,000 , $ 453,000 , and $ 298,000 , respectively. An age analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans, were as follows: December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) 30-59 60-89 Over 90 Total Total Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 2,996 $ — $ 1,856 $ 4,852 $ 488,939 $ 493,791 Non-farm non-residential 132 — 296 428 505,584 506,012 Residential 2,356 — 513 2,869 305,906 308,775 Construction, 130 — 40 170 567,676 567,846 Farmland — — — — 22,820 22,820 Commercial & industrial 791 613 8,751 10,155 1,048,704 1,058,859 Consumer — — 20 20 3,852 3,872 Municipal and other 162 — — 162 145,358 145,520 Purchased credit impaired — — 5 5 51 56 $ 6,567 $ 613 $ 11,481 $ 18,661 $ 3,088,890 $ 3,107,551 December 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) 30-59 60-89 Over 90 Total Total Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 291 $ — $ 1,008 $ 1,299 $ 382,642 $ 383,941 Non-farm non-residential 161 — 346 507 444,079 444,586 Residential 230 — 127 357 212,822 213,179 Construction, — 395 244 639 315,584 316,223 Farmland — — — — 9,934 9,934 Commercial & industrial 960 457 8,575 9,992 601,291 611,283 Consumer 9 — — 9 3,992 4,001 Municipal and other 18 1 — 19 80,574 80,593 Purchased credit impaired — — 8 8 4,976 4,984 $ 1,669 $ 853 $ 10,308 $ 12,830 $ 2,055,894 $ 2,068,724 Impaired Loans The following tables present impaired loans by class of loans: December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid Recorded Recorded Total Related Average Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 1,694 $ 1,699 $ — $ 1,699 $ — $ 1,751 Non-farm non-residential 5,497 5,496 — 5,496 — 5,563 Residential 516 513 — 513 — 524 Construction, 40 40 — 40 — 51 Farmland — — — — — — Commercial & industrial 11,891 7,734 4,162 11,896 1,587 10,691 Consumer 19 20 — 20 — 21 Municipal and other — — — — — — Purchased credit impaired 51 — 51 51 13 58 $ 19,708 $ 15,502 $ 4,213 $ 19,715 $ 1,600 $ 18,659 December 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid Recorded Recorded Total Related Average Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 1,008 $ 1,008 $ — $ 1,008 $ — $ 1,051 Non-farm non-residential 5,641 5,630 — 5,630 — 5,680 Residential 130 127 — 127 — 138 Construction, 241 244 — 244 — 255 Farmland — — — — — — Commercial & industrial 8,297 7,331 967 8,298 290 9,117 Consumer — — — — — — Municipal and other — — — — — — Purchased credit impaired 65 — 65 65 17 71 $ 15,382 $ 14,340 $ 1,032 $ 15,372 $ 307 $ 16,312 Interest payments received on impaired loans are recorded as interest income unless collections of the remaining recorded investment are doubtful, at which time payments received are recorded as reductions of principal. Interest income collected on impaired loans was approximately $ 368,000 , $ 248,000 and $ 26,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Troubled Debt Restructuring During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the terms of one loan were modified as a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). The following table presents modifications of loans the Company considers to be TDR loans: December 31, 2022 Loan modifications (Dollars in thousands) Number Pre- Post- Adjusted Payment Combined Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential 3 $ 822 $ 822 $ — $ 822 $ — Non-farm non-residential — — — — — — Residential — — — — — — Construction, — — — — — — Farmland — — — — — — Commercial & industrial 1 780 780 — 780 — Consumer — — — — — — Municipal and other — — — — — — 4 $ 1,602 $ 1,602 $ — $ 1,602 $ — December 31, 2021 Loan modifications (Dollars in thousands) Number Pre- Post- Adjusted Payment Combined Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential 3 $ 878 $ 878 $ — $ 878 $ — Non-farm non-residential 1 5,294 5,294 — 5,294 — Residential — — — — — — Construction, — — — — — — Farmland — — — — — — Commercial & industrial — — — — — — Consumer — — — — — — Municipal and other — — — — — — 4 $ 6,172 $ 6,172 $ — $ 6,172 $ — No loans modified under a TDR during the previous twelve-month period were in default as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. A default for purposes of this disclosure is a troubled debt restructured loan in which the borrower is 90 days past due or results in the foreclosure and repossession of the applicable collateral. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers with loans whose terms had been modified under TDRs. COVID-19 Loan Deferments Certain borrowers were unable to meet their contractual payment obligations because of the adverse effects of COVID-19. During March of 2020 and to help mitigate these effects, the Company began offering deferral modifications of principal and/or interest payments for varying periods, but typically no more than 90 days. After 90 days, customers could apply for an additional deferral, and a small portion of our customers requested such an additional deferral. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had approximately 261 and 500 loans totaling $ 150.7 mill ion and $ 223.6 million, respectively, in outstanding loan balances that were subject to deferral and modification agreements due to COVID-19 whereby the principal and/or interest payments were deferred to the end of each loan term. Subsequent to the approved deferral period, customers resumed their regular payments. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) provides banks an option to elect to not account for certain loan modifications related to COVID-19 as TDRs if the borrowers were not more than 30 days past due at December 31, 2019. In the absence of other intervening factors, such short-term modifications made on a good faith basis are not categorized as TDRs, nor are loans granted payment deferrals related to COVID-19 reported as past due or placed on non-accrual status. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $ 3.3 million and $ 4.4 million, respectively, in accrued interest receivables related to these loans remained outstanding and will be collected at the end of eac h loan term. Credit Quality Indicators Credit Quality Indicators. From a credit risk standpoint, the Company classifies its loans in one of six categories: (i) pass, (ii) special mention, (iii) substandard, (iv) purchased credit impaired, (v) doubtful, or (vi) loss. The classifications of loans reflect a judgment about the risks of default and loss associated with the loan. The Company reviews the ratings on credits monthly. Ratings are adjusted to reflect the degree of risk and loss that is felt to be inherent in each credit as of each monthly reporting period. The Company’s methodology is structured so that specific allocations are increased in accordance with deterioration in credit quality (and a corresponding increase in risk and loss) or decreased in accordance with improvement in credit quality (and a corresponding decrease in risk and loss). (i) The Company has several pass credit grades that are assigned to loans based on varying levels of credits, ranging from credits that are secured by cash or marketable securities, to watch credits that have all the characteristics of an acceptable credit risk but warrant more than the normal level of supervision. (ii) Special mention loans are loans that still show sufficient cash flow to service their debt but show a declining financial trend with potential cash flow shortages if trends continue. This category should be treated as a temporary grade. If cash flow deteriorates further to become negative, then a substandard grade should be given. If cash flow trends begin to improve then an upgrade back to pass would be justified. Nonfinancial reasons for rating a credit special mention include management problems, pending litigation, an ineffective loan agreement or other material structure weakness. (iii) A substandard loan has material weakness in the primary repayment source such as insufficient cash flow from operations to service the debt. However, other weaknesses such as limited paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged could justify a substandard grade. Substandard loans must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. (iv) Credits purchased from third parties are recorded at their estimated fair value at the acquisition date and are classified as PCI loans if the loans reflect credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at acquisition that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. See Note 1 – Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Certain Acquired Loans. (v) A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses of a substandard loan with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. A doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Because of high probability of loss, non-accrual status is required on doubtful loans. (vi) Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as banking assets are not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. With loans classified as loss, the underlying borrowers are often in bankruptcy, have formally suspended debt repayments, or have otherwise ceased normal business operations. Once an asset is classified as loss, there is little prospect of collecting either its principal or interest. When access to collateral, rather than the value of the collateral, is a problem, a less severe classification may be appropriate. However, the Company does not maintain an asset on the balance sheet if realizing its value would require long-term litigation or other lengthy recovery efforts. Losses are to be recorded in the period an obligation becomes uncollectible. The following tables summarize the Company’s internal ratings of its loans: December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) Pass Special Substandard Purchased Doubtful Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 487,633 $ 1,885 $ 4,273 $ — $ — $ 493,791 Non-farm non-residential 498,987 228 6,797 — — 506,012 Residential 307,881 — 894 — — 308,775 Construction, 559,186 8,620 40 5 — 567,851 Farmland 22,820 — — — — 22,820 Commercial & industrial 1,051,314 2,252 5,293 51 — 1,058,910 Consumer 3,852 — 20 — — 3,872 Municipal and other 145,520 — — — — 145,520 $ 3,077,193 $ 12,985 $ 17,317 $ 56 $ — $ 3,107,551 December 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Pass Special Substandard Purchased Doubtful Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 370,062 $ 6,953 $ 6,926 $ — $ — $ 383,941 Non-farm non-residential 428,972 8,338 7,276 722 — 445,308 Residential 212,109 — 1,069 86 — 213,264 Construction, 315,979 — 244 4,112 — 320,335 Farmland 9,934 — — — — 9,934 Commercial & industrial 605,322 1,146 4,816 64 — 611,348 Consumer 3,979 22 — — — 4,001 Municipal and other 80,593 — — — — 80,593 $ 2,026,950 $ 16,459 $ 20,331 $ 4,984 $ — $ 2,068,724 Allowance for Loan Losses The majority of the loan portfolio is comprised of loans to businesses and individuals in the Greater Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Austin-San Antonio markets. This geographic concentration subjects the loan portfolio to the general economic conditions within this area. The risks created by this concentration has been considered by management in the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. Management believes the allowance for loan losses is adequate to cover estimated losses on loans at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The following tables detail the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment: For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) Beginning Provision for Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 3,456 $ 317 $ — $ — $ 3,773 Non-farm non-residential 5,935 ( 194 ) — — 5,741 Residential 957 107 — — 1,064 Construction, development & other 2,064 989 — — 3,053 Farmland 45 37 — — 82 Commercial & industrial 6,500 10,911 ( 1,214 ) 72 16,269 Consumer 6 5 ( 18 ) 13 6 Municipal and other 332 28 — 3 363 $ 19,295 $ 12,200 $ ( 1,232 ) $ 88 $ 30,351 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) Beginning Provision for Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 2,608 $ 848 $ — $ — $ 3,456 Non-farm non-residential 3,107 2,828 — — 5,935 Residential 1,218 ( 261 ) — — 957 Construction, development & other 932 1,132 — — 2,064 Farmland 32 13 — — 45 Commercial & industrial 3,858 5,233 ( 2,914 ) 323 6,500 Consumer 35 ( 30 ) — 1 6 Municipal and other 189 160 ( 20 ) 3 332 $ 11,979 $ 9,923 $ ( 2,934 ) $ 327 $ 19,295 For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 (Dollars in thousands) Beginning Provision for Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential $ 2,158 $ 450 $ — $ — $ 2,608 Non-farm non-residential 1,627 3,816 ( 2,336 ) — 3,107 Residential 373 845 — — 1,218 Construction, development & other 330 602 — — 932 Farmland 29 3 — — 32 Commercial & industrial 3,504 1,710 ( 1,389 ) 33 3,858 Consumer 16 21 ( 7 ) 5 35 Municipal and other 86 103 — — 189 $ 8,123 $ 7,550 $ ( 3,732 ) $ 38 $ 11,979 The following tables summarize the allocation of the allowance for loan losses, by portfolio segment, for loans evaluated for impairment individually and collectively: December 31, 2022 Period end amounts of ALLL (Dollars in thousands) Individually Collectively PCI Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ — $ 3,773 $ — $ 3,773 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied — 5,741 — 5,741 Residential — 1,064 — 1,064 Construction, development & other — 3,053 — 3,053 Farmland — 82 — 82 Commercial & industrial 1,587 14,669 13 16,269 Consumer — 6 — 6 Municipal and other — 363 — 363 $ 1,587 $ 28,751 $ 13 $ 30,351 December 31, 2021 Period end amounts of ALLL (Dollars in thousands) Individually Collectively PCI Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ — $ 3,456 $ — $ 3,456 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied — 5,935 — 5,935 Residential — 957 — 957 Construction, development & other — 2,064 — 2,064 Farmland — 45 — 45 Commercial & industrial 290 6,193 17 6,500 Consumer — 6 — 6 Municipal and other — 332 — 332 $ 290 $ 18,988 $ 17 $ 19,295 The company’s recorded investment in loans related to the balance in the allowance for loan losses on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology is as follows: December 31, 2022 Loans evaluated for (Dollars in thousands) Individually Collectively PCI Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 1,699 $ 492,092 $ — $ 493,791 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 5,496 500,516 — 506,012 Residential 513 308,262 — 308,775 Construction, development & other 40 567,811 — 567,851 Farmland — 22,820 — 22,820 Commercial & industrial 11,896 1,046,963 51 1,058,910 Consumer 20 3,852 — 3,872 Municipal and other — 145,520 — 145,520 $ 19,664 $ 3,087,836 $ 51 $ 3,107,551 December 31, 2021 Loans evaluated for (Dollars in thousands) Individually Collectively PCI Total Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ 1,008 $ 382,933 — $ 383,941 Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied 5,630 439,678 — 445,308 Residential 127 213,137 — 213,264 Construction, development & other 244 320,091 — 320,335 Farmland — 9,934 — 9,934 Commercial & industrial 8,363 602,920 65 611,348 Consumer — 4,001 — 4,001 Municipal and other — 80,593 — 80,593 $ 15,372 $ 2,053,287 $ 65 $ 2,068,724 Certain Acquired Loans During 2013, the Company purchased certain loans from a third party with gross contractual balances of $ 8.2 million for a purchase price of $ 6.3 million, resulting in a discount of $ 1.9 million. Upon acquisition, the acquired loans were initially segregated and classified in one of two categories: 1) PCI loans and 2) acquired performing loans. At acquisition date, estimated fair values of PCI loans and acquired performing loans were $ 3.2 million and $ 3.1 million, respectively. The gross contractual amounts receivable for PCI loans and acquired performing loans were $ 4.5 million and $ 3.7 million, respectively, as of the acquisition date. In connection with the January 1, 2020 acquisition of Heritage Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiary, Heritage Bank, the Company acquired loans with gross contractual balances of $ 263.3 million for a fair value of $ 259.6 million, resulting in a discount of $ 3.7 million. At acquisition date, the estimated fair values of PCI loans and acquired performing loans were $ 9.8 million and $ 249.8 million, respectively. The gross contractual amounts receivable for PCI loans and acquired performing loans were $ 12.6 million and $ 250.7 million, respectively, as of the acquisition date. The following table presents the gross contractual amounts receivable balances, by portfolio segment, and the carrying amount of PCI loans: December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 Real estate loans: Non-farm non-residential owner occupied $ — $ — Non-farm non-residential non-owner occupied — 820 Residential 77 181 Construction, development & other 5 5,169 Farmland — — Commercial & industrial 52 66 Consumer — — Other — — Total outstanding balances $ 134 $ 6,236 Carrying amount $ 56 $ 4,984 The accretable discount is accreted into income using the interest method over the life of the loans. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, unaccreted discounts on PCI loans tot aled $ 164,000 and $ 926,000 , respectively, and were included in net loans in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for loan losses related to the PCI loans disclosed above was $ 13,000 and $ 17,000 , respectively. Accretable yield, or income expected to be collected on PCI loans was as follows: December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 Balance at beginning of year $ 926 $ 2,261 $ 83 New loans acquired from Heritage acquisition — — 2,726 Accretion of income ( 762 ) ( 1,335 ) ( 808 ) Reclassifications from non-accretable difference — — 260 Balance at end of year $ 164 $ 926 $ 2,261 |