Jasper Therapeutics (JSPR) 10-Q2024 Q1 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number: 001-39138

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 9, 2024, the number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding was 15,085,553 shares of voting common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and no shares of non-voting common stock, $0.0001 par value per share. 

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED

MARCH 31, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. 

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS 

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. 

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Description of Business

Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, Jasper Tx Corp. (collectively, “Jasper” or the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutics targeting mast cell driven diseases such as chronic spontaneous urticaria and chronic inducible urticaria. The Company also has ongoing programs in diseases where targeting diseased hematopoietic stem cells can provide benefits, such as lower to intermediate risk myelodysplastic syndrome, and stem cell transplant conditioning regimens.

The Company is headquartered in Redwood City, California. The Company is a Delaware corporation and was incorporated in March 2018. In September 2021, the Company completed a merger with Amplitude Healthcare Acquisition Corporation and became a public company.

Liquidity and Going Concern  

The Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred net losses of $13.7 million and $14.3 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had negative cash flows from operations of $15.7 million and $10.3 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $183.3 million. The Company expects to continue to incur substantial losses, and its ability to achieve and sustain profitability will depend on the successful development, approval, and commercialization of product candidates and on the achievement of sufficient revenues to support the Company’s cost structure.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $118.5 million. The Company’s management expects that the existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund the Company’s operating plans for at least twelve months from the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company will need to raise additional financing to continue its products’ development for the foreseeable future and expects to continue needing to do so until it becomes profitable. The Company’s management plans to monitor expenses and raise additional capital through a combination of public and private equity, debt financings, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. The Company’s ability to access capital when needed is not assured and, if capital is not available to the Company when, and in the amounts needed, the Company may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of its research or development programs or the commercialization of any product candidate, or be unable to expand its operations or otherwise capitalize on the Company’s business opportunities, as desired, which could materially harm the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting.

The accompanying condensed financial statements are consolidated and include the accounts of Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Jasper Tx Corp. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in the Company’s Annual Report on the Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024. The information as of December 31, 2023, included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or for any other interim period or for any other future year.

Reverse Stock Split

On January 4, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of its common stock. The par value per share and the number of authorized shares were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. The shares of common stock underlying outstanding stock options, common stock warrants and other equity instruments were proportionately reduced and the respective exercise prices, if applicable, were proportionately increased in accordance with the terms of the agreements governing such securities. In addition, the shares available for grants under the Company’s incentive plans were adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All references to common stock, options to purchase common stock, outstanding common stock warrants, common stock share data, per share data, and related information contained in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the determination of the accrued research and development expenses, valuation of earnout liability and the measurement of stock-based compensation expense. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total amount shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash held in operating accounts and investments in money market funds. Restricted cash relates to the letter of credit secured in conjunction with the operating lease (Note 8).

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are maintained with financial institutions in the United States of America. Cash balances are held at financial institutions and account balances may exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities’ balances and periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of its financial institutions.

The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the development stage, including, but not limited to, development and regulatory approval of new product candidates, development of markets and distribution channels, dependence on key personnel, and the ability to obtain additional capital as needed to fund its product plans. To achieve profitable operations, the Company must successfully develop and obtain requisite regulatory approvals for, manufacture, and market its product candidates. There can be no assurance that any such product candidate can be developed and approved or manufactured at an acceptable cost and with appropriate performance characteristics, or that such product will be successfully marketed. These factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial results.

Products developed by the Company require approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or other international regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that the Company’s future products will receive the necessary clearances. If the Company were denied such clearances or such clearances were delayed, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.

Segment Reporting

The Company has determined it operates as a single operating and reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis for the purposes of allocating resources. All long-lived assets are located in the United States. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU were effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022; however, in December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which extended the sunset date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. An entity may elect to apply the amendments for contract modifications by Topic or Industry Subtopic as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. Once elected for a Topic or an Industry Subtopic, the amendments must be applied prospectively for all eligible contract modifications for that Topic or Industry Subtopic. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses and other segment items on an interim and annual basis. Public entities with a single reportable segment are required to apply the disclosure requirements in ASU 2023-07, as well as all existing segment disclosures and reconciliation requirements in ASC Topic 280 on an interim and annual basis. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this standard will have on the disclosures within the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities, on an annual basis, to provide disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this standard will have on the disclosures within the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A three-tier fair value hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: 

In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. 

The fair value of Level 1 securities is determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 1 securities consist of highly liquid money market funds. In addition, restricted cash collateralized by money market funds is a financial asset measured at fair value and is a Level 1 financial instrument under the fair value hierarchy.

Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 2 when their fair values are determined using inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, such as pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions, cash flow models with yield curves, and benchmark securities. In addition, Level 2 financial instruments are valued using comparisons to like-kind financial instruments and models that use readily observable market data as their basis. The Company had no financial instruments classified at Level 2 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable. Level 3 liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis included earnout liability, which was recognized in connection with the business combination in September 2021.

During the periods presented, the Company has not changed the manner in which it values liabilities that are measured at estimated fair value using Level 3 inputs. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): 

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

The estimated fair value of the earnout liability is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the earnout period prioritizing the most reliable information available. The assumptions utilized in the calculation are based on the achievement of certain stock price milestones, including the Company’s current common stock price, expected volatility, risk-free rate and expected term. The estimates of fair value are uncertain and changes in any of the estimated inputs used as of the date of this report could have resulted in significant adjustments to the fair value. 

The following table presents quantitative information about the inputs and valuation methodologies used for the Company’s fair value measurements classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy at March 31, 2024:

As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the earnout liability was minimal. The following table presents quantitative information about the inputs and valuation methodologies used for the Company’s fair value measurements classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2023:

NOTE 4. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

The following table summarizes the details of prepaid expenses and other current assets as of the dates set forth below (in thousands): 

Property and equipment, net

The following table summarizes the details of property and equipment, net as of the dates set forth below (in thousands): 

Depreciation and amortization expense for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.3 million.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

The following table summarizes the details of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates set forth below (in thousands):

Other non-current liabilities

The following table summarizes the details of other non-current liabilities as of the dates set forth below (in thousands):

NOTE 5. CIRM GRANT

In November 2020, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) awarded the Company $2.3 million in support of the research project related to a monoclonal antibody that depletes blood stem cells and enables chemotherapy-free transplants. The award is payable to the Company upon achievement of milestones that are primarily based on patient enrollment in the Company’s clinical trials. CIRM could permanently cease disbursements if milestones are not met within four months of the scheduled completion date. Additionally, if CIRM determines, in its sole discretion, that the Company has not complied with the terms and conditions of the grant, CIRM may suspend or permanently cease disbursements. Funds received under this grant may only be used for allowable project costs specifically identified with the CIRM-funded project. Such costs can include, but are not limited to, salary for personnel, itemized supplies, consultants, and itemized clinical study costs. Under the terms of the grant, both CIRM and the Company will co-fund the research project and the amount of the Company’s co-funding requirement is predetermined as a part of the award. Under the terms of the CIRM grant, the Company is obligated to pay royalties and licensing fees based on 0.1% of net sales of CIRM-funded product candidates or CIRM-funded technology per $1.0 million of CIRM grant. As an alternative to revenue sharing, the Company has the option to convert the award to a loan. In the event the Company exercises its right to convert the award to a loan, it would be obligated to repay the loan within ten business days of making such election. Repayment amounts vary dependent on when the award is converted to a loan, ranging from 60% of the award granted to amounts received plus interest at the rate of the three-month LIBOR rate plus 25% per annum. Since the Company may be required to repay some or all of the amounts awarded by CIRM, the Company accounted for this award as a liability. Given the uncertainty in amounts due upon repayment, the Company has recorded amounts received without any discount or interest recorded, and upon determination of amounts that would become due, the Company will adjust accordingly. In the absence of explicit U.S. GAAP guidance on contributions received by business entities from government entities, the Company has applied to the CIRM grant the recognition and measurement guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 958-605 by analogy. The Company has received an aggregate of $2.3 million from CIRM through March 31, 2024, of which $0.7 million was received during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, $50,000 is available for future distribution to the Company under the grant upon the achievement of a future milestone. 

NOTE 6. SIGNIFICANT AGREEMENTS

Amgen License Agreement

In November 2019, the Company entered into a worldwide exclusive license agreement with Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”) for briquilimab (formerly known as AMG-191 and JSP191) that also includes translational science and materials from The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (“Stanford”) (the “Amgen License Agreement”). The Company was assigned and accepted Amgen’s rights and obligations, effective November 21, 2019, under the Investigator Sponsored Research Agreement (the “ISRA”), entered into in June 2013, between Amgen and Stanford, and the Quality Agreement between Amgen and Stanford, effective as of October 7, 2015. Under the ISRA, the Company exercised its option and entered into a definitive license with Stanford for rights to certain Stanford intellectual property related to the study of briquilimab (see Stanford License Agreement below). 

The Amgen License Agreement terminates on a country-by-country basis on the 10th anniversary of the date on which the exploitation of the licensed products is no longer covered by a valid claim under a licensed patent in such country. On a country-by-country basis, upon the expiration of the term in each country with respect to the licensed products, the licenses to the Company by Amgen become fully paid and non-exclusive. The Company and Amgen have the right to terminate the agreement for a material breach as specified in the agreement. 

Stanford License Agreement 

In March 2021, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Stanford (the “Stanford License Agreement”). In July 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to the Stanford License Agreement to modify certain milestones set forth thereunder. The Company received a worldwide, exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, for briquilimab in the field of depleting endogenous blood stem cells in patients for whom hematopoietic cell transplantation is indicated. Stanford transferred to the Company certain know-how and patents related to briquilimab (together, the “Licensed Technology”). Under the terms of this agreement, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, manufacture, and sell licensed product and to develop markets for a licensed product. In addition, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to meet the milestones as specified in the agreement over the six years from execution of the Stanford License Agreement and must notify Stanford in writing as each milestone is met.

The Company is obligated to pay annual license maintenance fees, beginning on the first anniversary of the effective date of the agreement and ending upon the first commercial sale of a product, method, or service in the licensed field of use, as follows: $25,000 for each first and second year, $35,000 for each third and fourth year and $50,000 at each anniversary thereafter ending upon the first commercial sale. The Company is also obligated to pay late-stage clinical development milestone payments and first commercial sales milestone payments of up to $9.0 million in total. The Company will also pay low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products, if approved. The Company paid $35,000 and $25,000 license maintenance fee in March 2024 and 2023, respectively, which was recognized as research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Stanford License Agreement expires on a country-by-country basis on the last-to-expire valid claim of a licensed patent in such country. The Company may terminate the agreement by giving Stanford written notice at least 12 months in advance of the effective date of termination. The Company may also terminate the agreement solely with respect to any particular patent application or patent by giving Stanford written notice at least 60 days in advance of the effective date of termination. Stanford may terminate the agreement after 90 days from a written notice by Stanford, specifying a problem, including a delinquency on any report required pursuant to the agreement or any payment, missing a milestone or a material breach, unless the Company remediates the problem in that 90-day period. 

NOTE 7. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Contingent Earnout Liability

Upon the closing of the business combination and pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, dated May 5, 2021 and amended on September 24, 2021, by and among the Company, Amplitude Healthcare Holdings LLC (the “Sponsor”) and Jasper Tx Corp., the Sponsor agreed to place the 105,000 earnout shares into escrow (the “Earnout Shares”), which will be released as follows: (a) 25,000 Earnout Shares will be released if, during the period from and after September 24, 2021 until September 24, 2024 (the “Earnout Period”), over any twenty trading days within any thirty day consecutive trading day period, the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s common stock (the “Applicable VWAP”) is greater than or equal to $115.00, (b) 50,000 Earnout Shares will be released if, during the Earnout Period, the Applicable VWAP is greater than or equal to $150.00 and (c) 30,000 Earnout Shares will be released if, during the Earnout Period, the Applicable VWAP is greater than or equal to $180.00 (the “triggering events”).

The Earnout Shares placed in escrow are legally issued and outstanding shares that participate in voting and dividends. The Earnout Shares (along with related escrowed dividends, if any) will be forfeited and not released from escrow at the end of the Earnout Period unless the triggering events described above are achieved during the Earnout Period. Upon the closing of the business combination, the contingent obligation to release the Earnout Shares was accounted for as a liability-classified financial instrument upon their initial recognition because the triggering events that determine the number of shares required to be released from escrow include events that were not solely indexed to the common stock of the Company. The earnout liability is remeasured each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

The estimated fair value of the earnout liability was less than $0.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and was minimal as of December 31, 2023. The fair value is estimated at the end of each reporting period using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Assumptions used in the valuations as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are described in Note 3. No triggering event occurred as of each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company recognized a loss of less than $0.1 million and a loss of $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, classified within change in fair value of earnout liability in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

NOTE 8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Operating Leases

As of March 31, 2024, the Company leased approximately 13,400 square feet of laboratory and office space in Redwood City, California, under an operating lease that expires in August 2026.

In conjunction with signing the lease, the Company secured a letter of credit in favor of the lessor in the amount of $0.4 million. The funds related to this letter of credit are presented as restricted cash on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The lease agreement includes an escalation clause for increased base rent and a renewal provision allowing the Company to extend this lease for an additional 60 months at the prevailing rental rate, which the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise. In addition to base rent, the Company pays its share of operating expenses and taxes.

The components of lease costs, which were included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, are as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental information related to the Company’s operating leases is as follows:

The following table summarizes a maturity analysis of the Company’s operating lease liabilities showing the aggregate lease payments as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands): 

Stanford Sponsored Research Agreement 

In September 2020, the Company entered into a sponsored research agreement with Stanford for a research program related to the treatment of Fanconi Anemia patients in Bone Marrow Failure requiring allogeneic transplant with non-sibling donors at Stanford Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital using briquilimab (the “Research Project”). Stanford will perform the Research Project and is fully responsible for costs and operations related to the Research Project. In addition, Stanford owns the entire right, title, and interest in and to all technology developed using Stanford facilities and by Stanford personnel through the performance of the Research Project under this agreement (the “Fanconi Anemia Research Project IP”). Under this agreement, Stanford granted the Company an exclusive option to license Stanford’s rights in the Fanconi Anemia Research Project IP (the “Fanconi Anemia Option”) in the field of commercialization of briquilimab. There is no license granted or other intellectual property transferred under this agreement until the Fanconi Anemia Option is exercised. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has not yet exercised the Fanconi Anemia Option.

As consideration for the services performed by Stanford under this sponsored research agreement, the Company agreed to pay Stanford a total of $0.9 million over approximately three years upon the achievement of development and clinical milestones, including the FDA filings and patient enrollment. The first milestone in the amount of $0.3 million was achieved in 2020, the second milestone in the amount of $0.3 million was achieved in February 2022 and the third and final milestone in the amount of $0.3 million was achieved in July 2023. Each milestone was recognized as a research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period in which the milestone was achieved. 

License Agreements

In March 2021, the Company entered into the Stanford License Agreement (Note 6), which was amended in July 2023, pursuant to which the Company is required to pay annual license maintenance fees, clinical development and commercial sales milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $9.0 million, and low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products. All products were in development as of March 31, 2024, and no royalties were due as of such date. The Company paid $35,000 and $25,000 license maintenance fee in March 2024 and 2023, respectively, and recognized this as a research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no milestones were probable to be achieved and payable.

Legal Proceedings

The Company, from time to time, may be party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company was not subject to any material legal proceedings during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and, to the best of its knowledge, no material legal proceedings are currently pending.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that contain a variety of representations and provide for general indemnification. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible and consequently has not recorded related liabilities.

NOTE 9. COMMON STOCK

The Company is authorized to issue 490,000,000 shares of voting common stock, 2,000,000 shares of non-voting common stock, and 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock. There were 15,085,553 shares of voting common stock, no shares of non-voting common stock and no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024.

Holders of the voting common stock and the non-voting common stock have similar rights, except that non-voting stockholders are not entitled to vote, including for the election of directors. Holders of voting common stock do not have conversion rights, while holders of non-voting common stock have the right to convert each share of non-voting common stock held by such holder into one share of voting common stock at such holder’s election by providing written notice to the Company, provided that as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would not beneficially own in excess of 9.9% of the Company’s voting common stock following such conversion. On January 31, 2023, 91,102 shares of the Company’s non-voting common stock were fully converted into 91,102 shares of the voting common stock per the holder’s request, and no shares of non-voting common stock remained outstanding after such conversion.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had common stock reserved for future issuance as follows:

Shelf Registration Statement

On October 7, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Prior S-3”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which was declared effective on October 18, 2022. The Company could sell from time to time up to $150.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, units or depositary shares comprised of any combination of these securities, for the Company’s own account in one or more offerings under the Prior S-3. On April 28, 2023, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (“New S-3”) with the SEC, which was declared effective on May 5, 2023 and superseded the Prior S-3. As of March 31, 2024, the Company can sell from time to time up to $250.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, units or depositary shares comprised of any combination of these securities, for the Company’s own account in one or more offerings under the New S-3. The terms of any offering under the New S-3 will be established at the time of such offering and will be described in a prospectus supplement to the New S-3 filed with the SEC prior to the completion of any such offering.

ATM Offering

In November 2022, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity Offering^SM Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell through or to the Agent, as sales agent or principal, shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time (the “ATM Offering”). On November 10, 2022, the Company filed with the SEC a prospectus supplement under the Prior S-3 in connection with the ATM Offering, pursuant to which the Company could offer and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $15.5 million. In January 2023, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 233,747 shares of common stock for net proceeds of $4.5 million.

On May 5, 2023, the Company filed with the SEC a prospectus under the New S-3 in connection with the ATM Offering (the “ATM Prospectus”), pursuant to which the Company can now offer and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million.

As of March 31, 2024, $75.0 million remained available under the ATM Prospectus. 

Public Offering

In January 2023, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, William Blair & Company, L.L.C. and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as the representatives of the several underwriters named therein (the “2023 Underwriters”), relating to an underwritten public offering under the Prior S-3 of 6,900,000 shares of common stock, including 900,000 shares issued as a result of the exercise of the 2023 Underwriters’ option to purchase 900,000 shares. The Company received net proceeds of $96.9 million.

Underwritten Offering 

In February 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC and Evercore Group L.L.C., as the representatives of the several underwriters named therein, related to an underwritten offering under the New S-3 of 3,900,000 shares of common stock. The Company received net proceeds of $47.2 million.

As of March 31, 2024, $124.5 million remained available and unallocated under the New S-3.

NOTE 10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company can grant stock-vested awards under its 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”), 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) and the 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2022 Inducement Plan”). As of March 31, 2024, 892,650 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan, of which 109,172 shares were available for future grant and 783,478 shares were subject to outstanding options, including performance-based awards. As of March 31, 2024, 18,941 shares have been issued under the ESPP and 166,958 shares were reserved and available for future issuance. As of March 31, 2024, 550,000 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan, of which 81,885 shares were available for future grant and 468,115 shares were subject to outstanding stock options.

Under the 2021 Plan, the Company can grant incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance awards and other awards to employees, directors and consultants. Under the 2022 Inducement Plan, the Company can grant nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, performance awards and other awards, but only to an individual, as a material inducement to such individual to enter into employment with the Company or an affiliate of the Company, who (i) has not previously been an employee or director of the Company or (ii) is rehired following a bona fide period of non-employment with the Company. Under the ESPP, the Company can grant purchase rights to employees to purchase shares of common stock at a purchase price which is equal to 85% of the fair market value of common stock on the offering date or on the exercise date, whichever is lower.

Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes the stock option activities, including performance-based stock options, under the 2021 Plan, the 2022 Inducement Plan and the Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

The total fair value of options that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $15.17 and $15.19 per share, respectively.

Future stock-based compensation for unvested options as of March 31, 2024 was $14.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years, including $0.1 million related to performance-based stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.8 years.

Performance-based stock options 

The following table summarizes the performance-based stock options activity under the 2021 Plan and the 2019 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

As of December 31, 2023 the Company had no unvested outstanding RSUs under the 2021 Plan and no RSUs were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company issued no shares of common stock under the ESPP during each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and recognized less than $0.1 million compensation expense related to the ESPP during each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Unamortized stock-based compensation for shares issuable under the ESPP as of March 31, 2024 was less than $0.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.2 years. The Company recorded $0.1 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities related to contributions withheld as of March 31, 2024.  

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table presents stock-based compensation expenses related to options and RSUs granted to employees and non-employees, ESPP awards and restricted common stock shares issued to founders (in thousands):

The Company recognized less than $0.1 million of stock-based compensation income related to performance-based options and RSUs during each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Valuation of Stock Options

The grant date fair value of stock options was estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Valuation of ESPP Awards

No ESPP awards were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 11. NET LOSS PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):

The potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have had an antidilutive effect were as follows:

NOTE 12. RELATED PARTIES

The Company entered into consulting agreements with two founders, one of whom is also a member of the Board, and each of whom also received founders’ common stock shares for services and assigned patents. The Company recorded $0.1 million for the founders’ advisory and consulting services performed for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. These expenses were recorded as research and development expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Also, the Company’s Licensed Technology from Stanford (see Note 6) was created in the Stanford laboratory of Professor Judith Shizuru, one of the Company’s founders and a member of the Board.

In the first quarter of 2024 a senior executive of the Company joined the Board of Directors of an information technology service provider that the Company has historically utilized to support a broad array of the Company’s systems infrastructure as well as for general information technology support services. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company paid that service provider $0.6M for various information technology support services.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) and with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2024. Certain of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including information with respect to plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors”, in Part I - Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024, as updated by the factors described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part II - Item 1A of this Quarterly Report, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. You should carefully read the section entitled “Risk Factors” to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” below. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or may not occur, and actual results could differ materially from those described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. As a result of these risks, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

Throughout this Quarterly Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Jasper,” “we,” “us” and “our” in this Quarterly Report refer to Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal securities laws. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions (including the negative of any of the foregoing) may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report may include, for example, but are not limited to, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I - Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024, as updated by the factors described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part II - Item 1A of this Quarterly Report. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Some of these risks and uncertainties may in the future be amplified, and there may be additional risks that we consider immaterial or which are unknown. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because of the risks and uncertainties related to them and to the risk factors. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

Overview 

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutics targeting mast cell driven diseases such as Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (“CSU”), Chronic Inducible Urticaria (“CIndU”) and Asthma. We also have ongoing programs in diseases where targeting diseased hemopoietic stem cells can provide benefits, such as Lower to Intermediate Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (“LR-MDS”), and stem cell transplant conditioning regimens.

Our lead product candidate, briquilimab, is a monoclonal antibody designed to block stem cell factor (“SCF”) from binding to and signaling through the CD117 (“c-Kit”) receptor on mast and stem cells. The SCF/c-Kit pathway is a survival signal for mast cells and we believe that blocking this pathway may lead to depletion of these cells from skin, which could lead to significant clinical benefit for patients with mast-cell driven diseases such as chronic urticarias. To that end, we have commenced a Phase 1b/2a clinical study in CSU, a Phase 1b/2a clinical study in CIndU, are planning to commence a Phase 1b/2a study in Asthma and are actively evaluating the potential for briquilimab in additional mast cell driven diseases.

We also believe that utilizing briquilimab to block SCF binding and signaling can result in the depletion of diseased hematopoietic stem cells (“HSCs”) from the bone marrow in certain hematologic malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndrome (“MDS”), and as a result, we are currently enrolling a Phase 1 trial evaluating briquilimab as a second-line therapy in patients with LR-MDS. We are also developing briquilimab as a one-time conditioning therapy in severe combined immunodeficiency (“SCID”) patients undergoing a second stem cell transplant for which we are currently conducting a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Briquilimab is also being studied by our academic and institutional partners, Stanford University and the National Institutes of Health, in other transplant settings, including Fanconi Anemia (“FA”), sickle cell disease (“SCD”), chronic granulomatous disease and GATA-2 Type MDS.

We intend to become a fully integrated discovery, development and commercial company in the field of mast cell therapeutics. We are developing our product candidates to be used individually or, in some cases, in combination with other therapeutics. Our goal is to advance our product candidates through regulatory approval and bring them to the commercial market based on the data from our clinical trials and communications with regulatory agencies and payor communities. We expect to continue to broaden our pipeline with additional mast cell indications and next-generation products by leveraging our research organization.

We have an exclusive license agreement with Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”) for the development and commercialization of the briquilimab monoclonal antibody in all indications and territories worldwide. We also have an exclusive license agreement with Stanford University for the right to use briquilimab in the clearance of diseased stem cells prior to the transplantation of HSCs.

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to performing research and development, enabling manufacturing activities in support of our product development efforts, hiring personnel, acquiring and developing our technology and product candidates, performing business planning, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these activities. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and substantial losses for the foreseeable future as we continue our development of and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and commercialize any approved products, seek to expand our product pipeline and invest in our organization. We expect to incur increased expenses associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, audit, accounting, regulatory, tax-related, director and officer insurance, investor relations and other expenses.

We have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we incurred net losses of $13.7 million and $14.3 million, respectively. We generated negative operating cash flows of $15.7 million and $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $183.3 million.

We had cash and cash equivalents of $118.5 million as of March 31, 2024. We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operating plan for at least twelve months from the date of filing of this Quarterly Report. We expect to continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, and our transition to profitability will depend upon successful development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates and upon achievement of sufficient revenues to support our cost structure. We do not expect to generate any revenue from commercial product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates. We may never achieve profitability, and unless we do and until then, we will need to continue to raise additional capital.

Our management plans to monitor expenses and raise additional capital through a combination of public and private equity, debt financings, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. Our ability to access capital when needed is not assured and, if capital is not available to us when, and in the amounts, needed, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any product candidate, or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing and planned activities, as we:

We do not currently own or operate any manufacturing facility. We rely on contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to produce our drug candidates in accordance with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) regulations for use in our clinical studies. The manufacture of pharmaceuticals is subject to extensive cGMP regulations, which impose various procedural and documentation requirements and govern all areas of record keeping, production processes and controls, personnel and quality control. Under our license agreement with Amgen, we have received a substantial amount of drug product to support initiation of our planned clinical trials of briquilimab. In November 2019, we entered into development and manufacturing agreements with Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”) relating to the manufacturing of briquilimab and product quality testing. The facility of Lonza in Slough, United Kingdom is responsible for production and testing of drug substance. The facility of Lonza in Stein, Switzerland is responsible for production and testing of drug product. Labelling, packaging and storage of finished drug product is provided by PCI Pharma Services, in San Diego, California. Our agreement with Lonza includes certain limitations on our ability to enter into supply arrangements with any other supplier without Lonza’s consent. In addition, Lonza has the right to increase the prices it charges us for certain supplies depending on a number of factors, some of which are outside of our control.

We do not currently have sales and marketing infrastructure to support commercial launch of our product candidates, if approved. We may build such capabilities in North America prior to potential launch of briquilimab. Outside of North America, we may rely on licensing, co-sale and co-promotion agreements with strategic partners for the commercialization of our product candidates. If we build a commercial infrastructure to support marketing in North America, such commercial infrastructure could be expected to include a targeted sales force supported by sales management, internal sales support, an internal marketing group and distribution support. To develop the appropriate commercial infrastructure internally, we would have to invest financial and management resources, some of which would have to be deployed prior to any confirmation that briquilimab will be approved.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate revenue from the sale of our product candidates, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce our operations.

Components of Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

The largest component of our total operating expenses since our inception has been research and development activities, including the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits for research and development employees, including stock-based compensation; expenses incurred under agreements with clinical research organizations (“CROs”) and investigative sites that conduct preclinical and clinical studies; the costs of acquiring and manufacturing clinical study materials and other supplies; payments under licensing and research and development agreements; other outside services and consulting costs; and facilities, information technology and overhead expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

External research and development costs include:

Internal research and development costs include:

We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates into and through preclinical studies and clinical trials, pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates and expand our pipeline of product candidates. The process of conducting the necessary preclinical and clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming. The actual probability of success for our product candidates may be affected by a variety of factors, including the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, early clinical data, investment in our clinical programs, competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. As a result of the uncertainties discussed above, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or if, when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our product candidates, if approved.

Our future research and development costs may vary significantly based on factors, such as:

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and expenses, including salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation for our executive and other administrative personnel; legal services, including relating to intellectual property and corporate matters; accounting, auditing, consulting and tax services; insurance; and facility and other allocated costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we anticipate an increase in our personnel headcount to support expansion of research and development activities, as well as to support our operations generally. We also expect to continue to incur significant expenses associated with being a public company, including costs related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with applicable Nasdaq and SEC requirements; additional director and officer insurance costs; and investor and public relations costs.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net includes foreign currency transactions gains and losses, interest income, changes in the fair value of common stock warrant liability and earnout liability. These financial instruments were classified as liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and re-measured at each reporting period end until they are exercised, settled or have expired. In January 2023, all outstanding common stock warrants met equity classification and are no longer remeasured. The estimated fair value of the earnout liability was less than $0.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and was minimal as of December 31, 2023, due to the price of our common stock relative to the price that would trigger a release of the earnout shares.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except percentages):

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

Research and development expenses increased by $0.5 million, from $9.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, mainly due to hiring of additional personnel, progression of our clinical trials and an increase in consulting costs, offset by a decrease in product development activities.

External CRO, CMO and other third-party preclinical studies and clinical trials expenses decreased by $0.8 million, from $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease is primarily due to a $2.4 million decrease in manufacturing expenses and a $0.4 million decrease in expenses related to pre-clinical studies, partially offset by an increase of $2.1 million in CRO expenses. Expenses related to professional consulting services increased by $0.3 million, from $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, due to additional work performed by consultants related to our pre-clinical studies.

Our external costs by program for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Personnel-related costs, including employee payroll and related expenses increased by $0.8 million, from $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as a result of hiring additional employees in our research and development organization. Stock-based compensation expenses decreased by $0.1 million, from $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Facilities and overheads include common facilities, human resources and information technology related expenses allocated to research and development, which increased by $0.2 million, from $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.7 million, from $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Employee payroll and related expenses increased by $0.9 million, from $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as a result of continued hiring of executives and administrative employees. Stock-based compensation expenses were $0.8 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Expenses related to professional consulting services increased by $0.2 million, from $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Other expenses, including insurance, office supplies, subscriptions and other miscellaneous expenses, decreased by $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily related to decreased insurance expenses.

Total Other Income (Expense), Net

Total other income (expense), net increased by $1.6 million, from $0.3 million net expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $1.3 million net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Interest income increased by $0.3 million, from $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to higher cash balances invested in money market funds.

We recognized zero and $0.6 million of other expense related to the change in the fair value of the common stock warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These warrants are publicly traded, were classified as liabilities and were remeasured at fair value, which was the closing market price of a warrant, at the end of each reporting period until January 2023. In January 2023, a holder converted all its outstanding shares of non-voting common stock into shares of voting common stock, and we no longer have any outstanding shares of non-voting common stock. As such, the outstanding warrants met equity classification criteria, were reclassified to equity and are no longer remeasured at fair value at the end of each reporting period.

Our earnout liability relates to the sponsor earnout shares placed in escrow upon the closing of the business combination in September 2021. These shares will be released from escrow upon achieving agreed-upon common stock price targets within the specified period. Refer to Note 7 in our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I - Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for additional details. This liability is recorded at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model and is re-measured at each period end until shares are released or forfeited. The significant inputs used in the Monte Carlo model include the expected volatility of our common stock, the expected risk-free interest rate, the expected common stock closing price and the expected term when shares will be released. We recognized less than $0.1 million and $0.8 million of other expense related to the increase in the fair value of the earnout liability for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, mainly due to the increase in our common stock price during the respective periods. 

Other expense, net is comprised of foreign currency transactions gains and losses and was less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2024, we had $118.5 million of cash and cash equivalents.

In order to assist in funding our future operations, including our planned clinical trials, on April 28, 2023, we filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective on May 5, 2023 and will expire on May 5, 2026 (the “S-3”), which allows us to, from time to time, offer up to $250.0 million of securities, including any combination of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, units and depositary shares. We believe that the S-3 will provide us with the flexibility to raise additional capital to finance our operations as needed. From time to time, we may offer securities under the S-3 in response to market conditions or other circumstances if we believe such a plan of financing is in the best interests of our stockholders. The terms of any offering under the S-3 will be established at the time of such offering and will be described in a prospectus supplement to the S-3 filed with the SEC prior to the completion of any such offering.

On November 10, 2022, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering^SM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Agent”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell through or to the Agent, as sales agent or principal, shares of our voting common stock from time to time (the “ATM Offering”). The Agent will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal sales and trading practices to sell shares from time to time, based upon our instructions (including any price or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions we may impose). We will pay a commission equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of any shares sold through the Agent pursuant to the Sales Agreement. We are not obligated to sell any shares under the Sales Agreement. The Sales Agreement will continue until all shares available under the Sales Agreement have been sold unless it is terminated earlier. On May 5, 2023, we filed with the SEC a prospectus under the S-3 in connection with the ATM Offering (the “ATM Prospectus”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million. As of March 31, 2024, there have been no sales pursuant to the ATM Prospectus.

In February 2024, we closed an underwritten offering that was conducted off the S-3 and issued 3,900,000 shares of common stock for net proceeds of $47.2 million. As of March 31, 2024, $75.0 million remained allocated and available under the ATM Prospectus and $124.5 million remained available and unallocated under the S-3. 

Future Funding Requirements

Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations, which consist primarily of research and development expenditures related to our programs and, to a lesser extent, general and administrative expenditures. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue to advance our product candidates, expand our corporate infrastructure, operate as a public company, further our research and development initiatives for our product candidates, scale our laboratory and manufacturing operations, and incur marketing costs associated with potential commercialization. We are subject to all the risks typically related to the development of new drug candidates, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

We have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. As of March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $183.3 million. Based on our current operating plan, we have concluded that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our current operating plan for at least the next twelve months from the date of filing of this Quarterly Report. We have based these estimates on our current assumptions, which may require future adjustments based on our ongoing business decisions.

Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors, including:

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of our product candidates. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such change.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for clinical trials, with CMOs for clinical supplies manufacturing and with other vendors for preclinical studies, supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice or may have a potential termination fee if a purchase order is cancelled within a specified time, and therefore are cancelable contracts. We do not expect any such contract terminations and did not have any non-cancellable obligations under these agreements as of March 31, 2024.

Leases

In August 2020 and January 2022, we leased approximately 13,400 square feet of space for our headquarters in Redwood City, California. The lease expires in August 2026. We have an option to extend the term for an additional five years to August 2031. In addition to base rent, we pay our share of operating expenses and taxes. As of March 31, 2024, our rent commitments under the lease agreement were $1.2 million within the next 12 months from March 31, 2024, and $1.6 million for the remainder of the lease term. 

Stanford Sponsored Research Agreement 

Effective September 2020, we entered into a sponsored research agreement with Stanford for a research program related to the treatment of Fanconi Anemia patients in Bone Marrow Failure requiring allogeneic transplant with non-sibling donors at Stanford Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital using briquilimab. As consideration for the services performed by Stanford under this sponsored research agreement, we agreed to pay Stanford a total of $0.9 million over approximately three years upon the achievement of development and clinical milestones, including FDA filings and patient enrollment. In February 2021, we paid $0.3 million related to the achievement of the first milestone under this agreement. In February 2022, the second milestone was achieved, and we paid $0.3 million in March 2022. The third and final milestone in the amount of $0.3 million was achieved in July 2023 and was recognized as a research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2023. 

Stanford License Agreement

In March 2021, we entered into the Stanford License Agreement. In July 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Stanford License Agreement to modify certain milestones set forth thereunder. Pursuant to the Stanford License Agreement we are required to pay annual license maintenance fees, beginning on the first anniversary of the effective date of the agreement and ending upon the first commercial sale of a product, method, or service in the licensed field of use, as follows: $25,000 for each first and second year, $35,000 for each third and fourth year, and $50,000 at each anniversary thereafter ending upon the first commercial sale. We are also obligated to pay late-stage clinical development milestone payments and first commercial sales milestone payments of up to $9.0 million in total. We will also pay low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products. All products were in development as of March 31, 2024, and no such royalties were due as of such date and no milestones were achieved. 

 Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods presented (in thousands):

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $15.7 million and $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Cash used in operating activities in the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily due to our net loss for the period of $13.7 million, adjusted by non-cash net loss of $1.6 million and a net change of $3.6 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash amounts consisted of $1.2 million related to stock-based compensation expense, $0.3 million related to depreciation and amortization expense, and $0.1 million non-cash lease expense. The changes in our net operating assets and liabilities were primarily due to a decrease of $1.8 million in accounts payable, a decrease of $1.7 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, a decrease of $0.2 million in operating lease liability and an increase of $0.1 million in other non-current assets, offset by an increase of $0.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Cash used in operating activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to our net loss for the period of $14.3 million, adjusted by non-cash net loss of $3.0 million and a net change of $0.9 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash amounts consisted of $1.3 million net loss related to the changes in fair value of common stock warrant liability and the earnout liability, $1.3 million related to stock-based compensation expense, $0.3 million related to depreciation and amortization expense and $0.1 million non-cash lease expense. The changes in our net operating assets and liabilities were primarily due to an increase of $2.1 million in accounts payable, a decrease of $0.7 million in other receivables and a decrease of less than $0.1 million in other non-current assets, partially offset by a decrease of $1.3 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, an increase of $0.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, a decrease of $0.2 million in operating lease liabilities and a decrease of less than $0.1 million in other non-current liabilities.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was less than $0.1 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, which primarily consisted of purchases of the computer and lab equipment.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $47.3 million, which consisted primarily of net proceeds from the issuance and sale of shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering of $47.2 million and cash received from the exercise of stock options of $0.2 million. 

Cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $101.5 million, which consisted primarily of net proceeds from the issuance and sale of shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering and the ATM Offering of $101.5 million and less than $0.1 million cash received from exercises of stock options.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II - Item 8 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024. Since the date of such financial statements, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I - Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for more information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements.

JOBS Act

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have opted to take advantage of the exemption for complying with new or revised accounting standards within the same time periods as private companies, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our condensed consolidated financial statements with another public company that is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following November 22, 2024, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes to our market risk during the three months ended March 31, 2024. For a discussion of our exposure to market risk, refer to the section titled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in Part II - Item 7A of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. As required by Rule 13a-15(b) or Rule 15d-15(b) promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on the foregoing, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Controls

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not currently party to, and none of our property is currently the subject of, any material legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024, in Part I –Item 1A, Risk Factors, describes important risk factors that could cause our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects to differ materially from those indicated or suggested by forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report or presented elsewhere by management from time to time. Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes in the risk factors that appear in Part I - Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business. 

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant net losses and negative operating cash flows since our inception. We expect to incur net losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company dedicated to enabling cures through therapeutics targeting mast and hematopoietic stem cells and have a limited operating history. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses and negative operating cash flows in each period since our inception. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we reported net losses of $13.7 million and $14.3 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we reported negative operating cash flows of $15.7 million and $10.3 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $183.3 million. We have devoted all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our company, business and scientific planning, raising capital, acquiring and developing technology, identifying potential product candidates, undertaking research and preclinical studies of potential product candidates, developing manufacturing capabilities and evaluating a clinical path for our pipeline programs. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates.

The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

As a company, we have not completed clinical development of any product candidate and expect that it will be several years, if ever, before we have a product candidate ready for commercialization. To become and remain profitable, we must develop and, either directly or through collaborators, eventually commercialize a product or products with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including identifying product candidates, completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of product candidates, obtaining marketing approval for these product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain marketing approval and satisfying any post-marketing requirements.

We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability. Our product candidates and research programs are currently only in the early stages of development. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing product candidates, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We will need substantial additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and product development programs or future commercialization efforts.

We expect to spend substantial amounts of cash to conduct further research and development and preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates, to seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and to launch and commercialize any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in order to maintain our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and product development programs or future commercialization efforts. As of March 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents were $118.5 million and we had an accumulated deficit of $183.3 million. Although we raised total estimated net proceeds of $47.2 million in February 2024 in connection with the issuance and sale of 3,900,000 shares of our common stock in an underwritten offering, we will need to raise additional financing to continue our products’ development for the foreseeable future, and will continue to need to do so until we become profitable. Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, even if we successfully develop product candidates and those are approved, we may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for several years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives.

We currently have an effective universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which we filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023, and which was declared effective on May 5, 2023 and will expire on May 5, 2026 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”). Pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement, we may offer from time to time up to an aggregate of $250.0 million of securities, including any combination of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, units and depositary shares. On November 10, 2022, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering^SM Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Agent”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell through or to the Agent, as sales agent or principal, shares of common stock from time to time (the “ATM Offering”). On May 5, 2023, we filed with the SEC under the Shelf Registration Statement a prospectus with the SEC in connection with the ATM Offering (the “ATM Prospectus”), pursuant to which we may offer pursuant to the ATM Offering shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million. No securities were sold pursuant to the ATM Prospectus as of March 31, 2024. In February 2024, we issued and sold 3,900,000 shares of our common stock in an underwritten offering pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement for an estimated net proceeds of $47.2 million pursuant an underwriting agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC and Evercore Group L.L.C., as the representatives of the several underwriters named therein.

As of May 13, 2024, $75.0 million remains allocated and available under the ATM Prospectus and approximately $124.5 million remains available and unallocated under the Shelf Registration Statement.

If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders may be reduced, and accordingly these stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may also issue equity securities that provide for rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our common stock. Given our need for cash and that equity issuances are the most common type of fundraising for similarly situated companies, the risk of dilution is particularly significant for our stockholders.

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. We have no committed source of additional capital and, if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of product candidates or other research and development initiatives. Our license agreements and any future collaboration agreements may also be terminated if we are unable to meet the payment or other obligations under the agreements. We could be required to seek collaborators for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights to product candidates in markets where we otherwise would seek to pursue development or commercialization ourselves.

Our management believes that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2024 will be sufficient to fund our operating plan for at least twelve months from the date of filing of this Quarterly Report.  However, we will need to raise additional financing to continue our products’ development for the foreseeable future, and will continue to need to do so until we become profitable. If we are unable to obtain funding when and as needed on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any product candidate, or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and cause the price of our common stock to decline.

As a result of our history of losses and negative cash flows from operations, we will need to raise additional financing to continue our products’ development.

Our history of operating losses and negative cash flows from operations combined with our anticipated use of cash to fund operations raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern beyond the 12-month period reported by us and our auditors in prior periods. While management believes that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2024, will be sufficient to fund our operating plan for at least twelve months from the filing date of this Quarterly Report, we will need to raise additional financing to continue our products’ development for the foreseeable future, and will continue to need to do so until we become profitable. Our future viability as an ongoing business is dependent on our ability to generate cash from our operating activities or to raise additional capital to finance our operations.

The perception that we might be unable to continue as a going concern may also make it more difficult to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations on terms that are favorable to us, or at all, and could result in the loss of confidence by investors and employees. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our consolidated financial statements, and it is likely that our investors will lose all or a part of their investment.

Risks Related to Discovery, Development, Manufacturing and Commercialization

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify, develop and commercialize additional product candidates. If these efforts are unsuccessful, we may never become a commercial stage company or generate any revenues.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop, and commercialize additional product candidates based on, or complementary with, our technology platform. We are currently enrolling patients in a Phase 1b/2a trial evaluating briquilimab in patients with CSU, a Phase1b/2a trial evaluating briquilimab in patients with CIndU, a Phase 1 trial evaluating briquilimab as a second-line therapy in subjects with LR-MDS and a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of briquilimab as a conditioning agent prior to allogenic transplant for SCID patients. We are also in the process of initiating other product development programs in mast cell driven diseases that are still in the research or preclinical stage of development, and in May 2024, we announced the expansion of our mast cell development program with a Phase 1b/2a study evaluating briquilimab in asthma patients. Our research programs may fail to identify additional indications for clinical development or product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons. Our research methodology may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates, our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects in preclinical in vitro experiments or animal model studies, they may not show promising signals of efficacy in such experiments or studies or they may have other characteristics that may make the product candidates impractical to manufacture, unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval. The historical failure rate for product candidates is high due to risks relating to safety, efficacy, clinical execution, changing standards of medical care, and other unpredictable variables. In addition, although we believe our technology platform will position us to rapidly expand our portfolio of product candidates beyond our current product candidates, our ability to expand our portfolio may never materialize.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our research or development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful, which would be costly and time-consuming.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates that we identify for specific indications among many potential options. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. For example, on January 10, 2023, we announced, as part of an overall portfolio prioritization, that we will focus on the development of our lead product candidate, briquilimab (formerly known as JSP191), in chronic mast and stem cell diseases as well as a conditioning agent for stem cell transplant in rare diseases. This portfolio includes new programs as a therapeutic for patients with CSU and CIndU, along with our existing programs for briquilimab as a therapeutic for patients with LR-MDS and as a conditioning agent for stem cell transplant in patients with sickle cell disease, Fanconi anemia or severe combined immunodeficiency. In addition, in May 2024, we announced the expansion of our mast cell development program with a Phase 1b/2a study evaluating briquilimab in asthma patients. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial medicines or profitable market opportunities. Our projections of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on estimates. If any of our estimates are inaccurate, the market opportunities for any of our product candidates could be significantly diminished and have an adverse material impact on our business. Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for our product candidates may be limited, or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable product candidates. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate (including briquilimab), we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing, or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Other Legal Compliance Matters

Investors’ expectations of our performance relating to environmental, social and governance factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

There is an increasing focus from certain investors, employees, regulators and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) factors. Some investors and investor advocacy groups may use these factors to guide investment strategies and, in some cases, investors may choose not to invest in our company if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased to meet growing investor demand for measurement of corporate responsibility performance, and a variety of organizations currently measure the performance of companies on such ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. Investors, particularly institutional investors, use these ratings to benchmark companies against their peers and if we are perceived as lagging with respect to ESG initiatives, certain investors may engage with us to improve ESG disclosures or performance and may also make voting decisions, or take other actions, to hold us and our board of directors accountable. In addition, the criteria by which our corporate responsibility practices are assessed may change, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. If we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria, investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate.

We may face reputational damage in the event our corporate responsibility initiatives or objectives do not meet the standards set by our investors, stockholders, lawmakers, listing exchanges or other constituencies, or if we are unable to achieve an acceptable ESG or sustainability rating from third-party rating services. A low ESG or sustainability rating by a third-party rating service could also result in the exclusion of our common stock from consideration by certain investors who may elect to invest with our competition instead. Ongoing focus on corporate responsibility matters by investors and other parties as described above may impose additional costs or expose us to new risks. Any failure or perceived failure by us in this regard could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and on our business, share price, financial condition, or results of operations, including the sustainability of our business over time.

In addition, on March 6, 2024, the SEC finalized new rules for public companies that will require, among other things, climate-related disclosures and analysis of the impact of climate-related issues on our business strategy, results of operations, and financial condition (the “SEC Climate Disclosure Rules”). The new rules require disclosure of, among other things and to the extent material, our climate-related risks and opportunities, greenhouse gas emissions inventory, climate-related targets and goals, and financial impacts of physical and transition risks. Subsequently, in April 2024, the SEC issued an order staying implementation of the SEC Climate Disclosure Rules pending the resolution of certain challenges. Knotholes, our legal, accounting, and other compliance expenses may increase significantly, and compliance efforts may divert management time and attention as we prepare for the potential implementation of the SEC Climate Disclosure Rules, and such expenses, efforts and diversions of management time and attention may be even greater if the SEC Climate Disclosure Rules ultimately go into effect. We may also be exposed to legal or regulatory action or claims as a result of these new regulations. Separately, the SEC has also announced that it is scrutinizing existing climate-change related disclosures in public filings, increasing the potential for enforcement if the SEC were to allege our existing climate disclosures are misleading or deficient. All of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and/or stock price.

Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Growth and Information Technology

 We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As of March 31, 2024 we had 52 full-time employees. As our development, manufacturing and commercialization plans and strategies develop and we continue our operations as a public company, we expect to need and are actively recruiting additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and other personnel. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of time to managing these growth activities.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services, including substantially all aspects of regulatory approval, clinical management and manufacturing. We cannot assure you that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all. If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, or if we are not able to effectively build out new facilities to accommodate this expansion, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary for further development and commercialization of our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Warrants

If our operations and performance do not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts or for other reasons, the market price of our securities may decline, and the market price of our common stock may continue to be volatile.

Any of the factors listed below could have a negative impact on your investment in our securities, and our securities may trade at prices significantly below the price you paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of our securities may not recover and may experience a further decline.

Factors affecting the trading price of our securities may include:

In addition, the stock market in general, Nasdaq and pharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. The trading price of our common stock is, and is likely to continue to be, volatile. For example, from January 3, 2023 to December 31, 2023, our closing stock price ranged from $4.24 to $27.40 per share, and from January 2, 2024 to May 2, 2024, our closing stock price ranged from $6.63 to $30.00 per share. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our securities, regardless of our actual operating performance. As a result of this volatility, our stockholders may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the prices at which they purchased their shares. Moreover, in the past, stockholders have initiated class action lawsuits against pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies following periods of volatility in the market prices of these companies’ stock. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

Insiders have substantial control over us, which could limit your ability to affect the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

As of March 31, 2024, our directors and executive officers and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 25% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, will be able to influence our management and affairs and all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or our assets. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control, even if that change in control would benefit our other stockholders. This significant concentration of ownership may also adversely affect the trading price for our common stock because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning stock in companies with controlling stockholders.

 Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market, the issuance of rights to purchase our common stock, including pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan and the ESPP, and future exercises of registration rights could result in the additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

The sale of shares of our common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. In addition, if we sell shares of our common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences, and privileges senior to the holders of our common stock.

Pursuant to the Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”), which became effective on September 23, 2021, we are authorized to grant equity awards to our employees, directors and consultants. In addition, pursuant to the Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective on September 23, 2021, we are authorized to sell shares to our employees. As of March 31, 2024, 892,650 shares and 166,958 shares of our common stock are reserved for future issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan and the ESPP, respectively. In addition, the Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP provide for annual automatic increases in the number of shares reserved thereunder, in each case, on January 1 of each year through and including January 1, 2031. As a result of such annual increases, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause the price of our common stock to fall. 

On March 14, 2022, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) adopted the 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Inducement Plan”). On June 2, 2023, the Compensation Committee approved an amendment and restatement of our 2022 Inducement Plan to increase the maximum number of shares of our voting common stock available for grant by 250,000 shares of common stock to an aggregate of 550,000 shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2024, 81,885 shares of our common stock are available for future issuance under the 2022 Inducement Plan. The 2022 Inducement Plan has not been and will not be approved by our stockholders. Under the 2022 Inducement Plan, we can grant nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance awards and other awards, but only to an individual, as a material inducement to such individual to enter into employment with us or an affiliate of ours, who (i) has not previously been an employee or director of ours or (ii) is rehired following a bona fide period of non-employment with us.

As of March 31, 2024, options to purchase an aggregate of 1,398,331 shares of our common stock and no restricted stock units were outstanding, and we have granted additional options to purchase shares of our common stock after this date.

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement entered into in connection with the Business Combination, certain of our stockholders can demand that we register their registrable securities under certain circumstances and will each also have piggyback registration rights for these securities. In addition, we are required to file and maintain an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering such securities and certain of our other securities. We filed a registration statement on October 18, 2021, which was first amended on March 29, 2022 and further amended on October 7, 2022, in order to satisfy the foregoing obligations and we have currently registered for resale an aggregate of 3,601,936 shares of our common stock, including up to 499,986 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of our outstanding warrants. The registration of these securities permits the public sale of such securities, subject to certain contractual restrictions on transfer imposed by the Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement and the Business Combination Agreement, which contractual restrictions on transfer terminated on March 23, 2022. The presence of these additional shares of our common stock trading in the public market may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of shares of our common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of our common stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits