Each asset is appraised by a third-party appraiser other than the Independent Valuation Adviser at least once per year and is valued by the Independent Valuation Adviser the remaining months of the year.
Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities —
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) are securities backed by obligations (including certificates of participation in obligations) that are principally secured by commercial mortgages on real property or interests therein having a multifamily or commercial use, such as retail, office or industrial properties, hotels, apartments, nursing homes and senior living facilities. CMBS are typically issued in multiple tranches whereby the more senior classes are entitled to priority distributions from the trust’s income to make specified interest and principal payments on such tranches. Losses and other shortfalls from expected amounts to be received on the mortgage pool are borne by the most subordinate classes, which receive principal payments only after the more senior classes have received all principal payments to which they are entitled. The credit quality of CMBS depends on the credit quality of the underlying mortgage loans, which is a function of factors such as the principal amount of loans relative to the value of the related properties; the cash flow produced by the property; the mortgage loan terms, such as principal amortization; market assessment and geographic location; construction quality of the property; and the creditworthiness of the borrowers.
The valuations for CMBS are typically the prices supplied by independent third party pricing services, which may use market prices or broker/ dealer quotations or a variety of valuation techniques and methodologies. If independent third party pricing services are unable to supply prices for a portfolio investment, or if the prices supplied are deemed by the Adviser to be unreliable, the market price may be determined by the Adviser using quotations from one or more broker/dealers or at the transaction price if the security has recently been purchased and no value has yet been obtained from a pricing service or pricing broker.
The Fund currently holds a mezzanine loan. Mezzanine loans are a type of subordinate loan in which the loan is secured by one or more direct or indirect ownership interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real estate. Mezzanine loans are subordinate to a first mortgage or other senior debt. Investors in mezzanine loans are generally compensated for the increased credit risk from a pricing perspective and still benefit from the right to foreclose on its security, in many instances more efficiently than the rights of foreclosure for first mortgage loans. Upon a default by the borrower under a mezzanine loan, the mezzanine lender generally can take control of the property owning entity on an expedited basis, subject to the rights of the holders of debt senior in priority on the property. Rights of holders of mezzanine loans are usually governed by intercreditor or interlender agreements, which may limit the Fund’s ability to pursue remedies.
Investment Transactions and Investment Income
— Investment transactions are accounted for on the trade date, the date the order to buy or sell is executed. Amortization and accretion is calculated using the effective interest method over the life of the investment. Realized gains and losses are calculated on the identified cost basis.
— The Fund’s investment income, expenses (other than class-specific expenses) and unrealized and realized gains and losses are allocated daily to each class of shares based upon the relative proportion of net assets of each class at the beginning of the day.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
— Cash and cash equivalents include cash and overnight investments in interest-bearing demand deposits with a financial institution with original maturities of three months or less. The Fund maintains deposits with a high quality financial institution in an amount that is in excess of federally insured limits.
— Information on financial transactions which have been settled through the receipt or disbursement of cash or foreign cash is presented in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Cash and foreign cash include cash and foreign cash on hand at the Fund’s custodian bank and do not include any short-term investments. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund had no restricted cash presented on the Consolidated Statement of Assets and Liabilities.
18
Foreign Currency Translation
— Assets and liabilities initially expressed in
non-U.S.
currencies are translated into U.S. dollars based on the applicable exchange rates at the date of the last business day of the financial statement period. Purchases and sales of securities, interest income, dividends, variation margin received and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect on the transaction date. The Fund does not separately report the effect of changes in foreign exchange rates from changes in market prices of securities held. Such changes are included with the net realized gain or loss and change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments in the Statement of Operations. Other foreign currency transactions resulting in realized and unrealized gain or loss are reported separately as net realized gain or loss and change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on foreign currency transactions in the Statement of Operations.
Income from Underlying Investments
— Distributions made to the Fund by the underlying investments in which the Fund invests may take several forms. The Fund
re-characterizes
distributions received from the underlying investments based on information provided by the underlying investment into the following categories: dividend income, long-term capital gains, and return of capital.
— Financing costs related to the Fund’s credit agreements are recorded as a deferred charge and amortized through the maturity date of the respective credit agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the amortization of deferred financing costs totaled $2,158,572.
Organization and Offering Costs
— Organization costs are expensed as incurred. Organization costs consist of costs incurred to establish the Fund and enable it legally to do business. Organization costs will be reimbursed by the Adviser, subject to potential recoupment as described in Note 6.
Offering costs include registration fees and legal fees regarding the preparation of the Fund’s initial registration statement. Offering costs were deferred until an offering to third party stockholders occurred and are amortized straight line over a 12 month period from May 2021. The total amount of the offering costs incurred by the Fund was $774,301 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Distributions to Stockholders
— Distributions from net investment income of the Fund, if any, are paid on a monthly basis. Distributions to stockholders of the Fund are recorded on the
ex-dividend
date and are determined in accordance with income tax regulations, which may differ from GAAP. For tax purposes, a distribution that for purposes of GAAP is comprised of return of capital and net investment income may be subsequently
re-characterized
to also include capital gains. Stockholders will be informed of the tax characteristics of the distributions after the close of the 2022 fiscal year.
— The Fund has elected to be taxed as a REIT. The Fund’s qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon the Fund’s ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the U.S. federal tax laws. Those qualification tests involve the percentage of income that the Fund earns from specified sources, the percentage of the Fund’s assets that falls within specified categories, the diversity of the ownership of the Fund’s shares of common stock, and the percentage of the Fund’s taxable income that the Fund distributes. No assurance can be given that the Fund will in fact satisfy such requirements for any taxable year. If the Fund qualifies as a REIT, the Fund generally will be allowed to deduct dividends paid to stockholders and, as a result, the Fund generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on that portion of the Fund’s ordinary income and net capital gain that the Fund annually distributes to stockholders, as long as the Fund meets the minimum distribution requirements under the Code. The Fund intends to make distributions to stockholders on a regular basis as necessary to avoid material U.S. federal income tax and to comply with the REIT distribution requirements.
— The Fund believes the estimates and assumptions underlying these consolidated financial statements are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of December 31, 2022; however, uncertainty over the ultimate impact macroeconomic events, such as ongoing inflationary pressures, the war in Ukraine, and COVID will have on the global economy generally, and the Fund’s business in particular, makes any estimates and assumptions as of December 31, 2022 inherently less certain than they would be absent these impacts. Actual results may ultimately differ materially from those estimates.
Certain events particular to each real estate market in which the Fund’s existing investments conduct their operations, as well as general economic, political, and geographic conditions, may have a significant negative impact on the operations and profitability of the investments. Such events are beyond the Fund’s control and cannot be predicted with certainty.
19
The following table presents information about the Fund’s assets measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the inputs utilized by the Fund to determine such fair value:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
| |
| | | | |
Description | | Quoted Prices (Level 1) | | | Other Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 3) | | | Total | |
Investments:† | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Investments in Private Real Estate Equity | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,124,050,043 | | | $ | 1,124,050,043 | |
| | | | |
Investments in Real Estate Loans | | | — | | | | — | | | | 64,239,714 | | | | 64,239,714�� | |
| | | | |
Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities | | | — | | | | 257,511,024 | | | | 100,529,590 | | | | 358,040,614 | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Total Investments | | $ | — | | | $ | 257,511,024 | | | $ | 1,288,819,347 | | | $ | 1,546,330,371 | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Derivatives: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Forward Foreign Currency Contracts | | $ | — | | | $ | 455,929 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 455,929 | |
| | | | |
|
| |
| |
Derivatives: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Forward Foreign Currency Contracts | | $ | — | | | $ | (1,676,699 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | (1,676,699) | |
| | | | |
| See Consolidated Schedule of Investments for additional detailed categorizations. |
The following is a reconciliation of the investments in which significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were used in determining value:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Investments in Private Real Estate Equity | | | Investments in Real Estate Loans | | | Commercial Mortgage- backed Securities | | | | |
| | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | | $ | 686,488,913 | | | $ | 65,000,000 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 751,488,913 | |
| | | | |
Purchases | | | 409,168,022 | | | | — | | | | 131,494,226 | | | | 540,662,248 | |
| | | | |
Sales | | | (10,262,008 | ) | | | — | | | | (29,815,351 | ) | | | (40,077,359) | |
| | | | |
Realized loss | | | — | | | | — | | | | (105,493 | ) | | | (105,493) | |
| | | | |
Accrued premiums/(discounts) | | | — | | | | 103,142 | | | | 22,886 | | | | 126,028 | |
| | | | |
Net change in unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) | | | 38,655,116 | | | | (863,428 | ) | | | (1,066,678 | ) | | | 36,725,010 | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | | $ | 1,124,050,043 | | | $ | 64,239,714 | | | $ | 100,529,590 | | | $ | 1,288,819,347 | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Net change in unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) on investments held at December 31, 2022 | | $ | 38,655,116 | | | $ | (863,428 | ) | | $ | (1,066,678 | ) | | $ | 36,725,010 | |
| | | | |
20
The following table summarizes the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of certain material Level 3 investments.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Fair Value at December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | Impact to Valuation from an Increase in Input |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | Discounted | | Discount Rate | | | 5.50%-6.70% | | | Decrease |
| | | | | |
Investments in Private Real Estate Equity (1) | | $ | 1,089,908,048 | | | Cash Flow | | Exit Capitalization Rate | | | 4.50%-5.75% | | | Decrease |
| | | | | |
Investments in Real Estate Loans | | | $64,239,714 | | | Yield Method | | Credit Spread | | | 8.10% | | | Decrease |
| | | | | |
Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities | | | $100,529,590 | | | Yield Method | | Credit Spread | | | 5.57%-10.80% | | | Decrease |
(1) | As of December 31, 2022, recently closed Fund investments with an aggregate fair value of $34,141,995, categorized within Level 3, were valued based on the transaction price approach. |
Below is a summary of the latest available financial information for the Fund’s unconsolidated significant subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022. The values below represent a 100% share of the unconsolidated significant subsidiaries, including any portion not owned by the Fund. Each of the Fund’s significant subsidiaries is a real estate operating venture that uses historical cost based accounting whereby real properties are initially capitalized at cost and subject to a depreciation charge over time. As of December 31, 2022, the real estate properties reflected below at a gross carrying value of $3,541,948,735 on such depreciated historical cost basis were deemed to have an equivalent estimated fair value of $3,602,142,773 under the Fund’s valuation procedures.
The Fund values its share of net equity interests in these significant subsidiaries at fair value. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the Fund’s net equity interest in these significant subsidiaries was $1,124,050,043.
| | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | |
| |
Assets: | | | | |
| |
Real estate properties | | | $3,541,948,735 | |
| |
Cash | | | 65,141,223 | |
| |
Other assets | | | 206,872,822 | |
| | | | |
| |
Total assets | | | 3,813,962,780 | |
| | | | |
| |
| | | | |
| |
Financing secured by properties | | | 2,686,345,945 | |
| |
Other liabilities | | | 105,432,366 | |
| | | | |
| |
Total liabilities | | | 2,791,778,311 | |
| | | | |
| |
Equity | | | 1,022,184,469 | |
| | | | |
| |
Total liabilities and equity | | | $3,813,962,780 | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | |
| |
Revenue | | | $183,972,870 | |
| |
Expenses | | | (205,169,392) | |
| | | | |
| |
Net income (loss) | | | $(21,196,522) | |
| | | | |
21
5. Forward foreign currency contracts
The Fund enters into forward foreign currency contracts to hedge against foreign currency exchange rate risk on its
non-U.S.
dollar denominated securities or to facilitate settlement of foreign currency denominated portfolio transactions. A forward foreign currency contract is an agreement between two parties to buy and sell a currency at a set price with delivery and settlement at a future date. The contract is
daily and the change in value is recorded by the Fund as an unrealized gain or loss. When a forward foreign currency contract is closed, through either delivery or offset by entering into another forward foreign currency contract, the Fund recognizes a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value of the contract at the time it is closed. Forward foreign currency contracts involve elements of market risk in excess of the amounts reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Assets and Liabilities. The Fund’s primary risk related to hedging is the risk of an unfavorable change in the foreign exchange rate underlying the forward foreign currency contract. Risks may also arise upon entering into these contracts from the potential inability of the counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts.
At December 31, 2022, the fair value of forward foreign currency contracts were assets of $455,929 and liabilities of $1,676,699. This is located on the Consolidated Statement of Assets and Liabilities under Forward foreign currency contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the change in net unrealized depreciation on forward foreign currency contracts was $(1,439,514). This is located on the Consolidated Statement of Operations under Forward foreign currency contracts. The primary risk exposure of forward foreign currency contracts is foreign exchange risk. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund’s average monthly market value of forward foreign currency contracts sold was $32,696,341.
6. Related Party Transactions
Investment Advisory Agreement
— The Board approved the Advisory Agreement on July 29, 2020 and the Fund entered into the Advisory Agreement on May 18, 2021. The Board most recently approved the continuation of the Advisory Agreement for an additional year on November 22, 2022. In consideration of the advisory and other services provided by the Adviser to the Fund, the Fund pays the Adviser a monthly management fee at the annual rate of 1.25% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets (the “Management Fee”) and a quarterly incentive fee at the annual rate of 12.5% of the Fund’s Portfolio Operating Income, as defined below. However, the Adviser voluntarily agreed to waive its Management Fee from effectiveness of the Fund’s registration statement for the initial offering of its shares until December 31, 2021. Additionally, the Adviser voluntarily agreed to provide a Management Fee waiver from January 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022, during which time the Adviser received a partial Management Fee at an annual rate of 0.625% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets. Effective July 1, 2022, the Adviser’s agreements to temporarily waive all or a portion of its Management Fee terminated, and the Adviser now receives a Management Fee at an annual rate of 1.25% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets.
“Portfolio Operating Income” means (1) the Fund’s share of Net Operating Income (as defined below) from the Fund’s real estate equity investments; plus (2) the Fund’s net investment income (or loss) from debt, preferred equity investments and traded real estate-related securities; minus (3) the Fund’s expenses (excluding the incentive fee and distribution and servicing fees).
“Net Operating Income” means operating revenue net of operating expenses (inclusive of interest on investment level debt) for the Fund’s operating entities that invest in real estate and excludes (i) gains or losses from sales of depreciable real property, (ii) impairment writedowns on depreciable real property, (iii) real estate-related depreciation and amortization for each real estate operating venture and (iv) adjustments for recognizing straight line rent.
Under the Advisory Agreement and pursuant to exemptive relief received from the SEC, the Adviser may elect to receive all or a portion of its management and incentive fees in shares of the Fund’s common stock. For more information on the exemptive relief, refer to the Fund’s amended application for exemptive relief (File
filed with the SEC on December 18, 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Adviser earned a Management Fee of $15,553,985 and waived a Management Fee of $3,087,537. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Adviser earned an incentive fee of $5,598,155. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund issued 179,170 shares and 398,974 shares to an affiliate of the Adviser in lieu of incentive fees and Management Fees, respectively.
Expense Limitation Agreement
— The Fund has entered into an Expense Limitation and Reimbursement Agreement (the “Expense Limitation Agreement”) with the Adviser pursuant to which the Adviser will waive its monthly Management Fee and/or pay, absorb or reimburse the Fund’s “Specified Expenses” (as defined below) to the extent necessary so that, for any fiscal year, the Fund’s Specified Expenses do not exceed a 0.50% of the average daily value of the Fund’s net assets. “Specified Expenses” is defined to include all expenses incurred in the business of the Fund, including organizational and offering costs, with the exception of (i) the Management Fee, (ii) the incentive fee, (iii) the servicing fee, (iv) the distribution fee, (v) property level expenses, (vi) brokerage costs or other investment-related
expenses, including with
22
respect to unconsummated investments, (vii) dividend/interest payments (including any dividend payments, interest expenses, commitment fees, or other expenses related to any leverage incurred by the Fund), (viii) taxes, and (ix) extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser). The Fund has agreed to repay these amounts (“Reimbursement Payment”), when and if requested by the Adviser, but only if and to the extent that Specified Expenses are less than 0.50% of net assets (annualized) (or, if a lower expense limit is then in effect, such lower limit) within the three year period after the Adviser bears the expense. The Expense Limitation Agreement will be in effect through April 30, 2023, but may be renewed by the mutual agreement of the Adviser and the Fund for successive terms.
As of December 31, 2022, the Adviser agreed to reimburse expenses of $3,208,191 incurred by the Fund for the year ended December 31, 2022, pursuant to the Expense Limitation Agreement. The amounts are subject to recoupment within a three year period. Included in the $2,657,025 recorded as Due from Adviser as of December 31, 2022 is $9,274,021 due from the Adviser related to amounts waived under the Expense Limitation Agreement to date and $6,616,996 due to the Adviser related to amounts paid by the Adviser on behalf of the Fund.
KKR Fund Administration LLC (the “Administrator”) serves as the Fund’s administrator and accounting agent. The Administrator provides, or oversees the performance of, administrative and compliance services, including, but not limited to, maintaining financial records, overseeing the calculation of net asset value, compliance monitoring (including diligence and oversight of our other service providers), preparing reports to stockholders and reports filed with the SEC, preparing materials and coordinating meetings of the Board, managing the payment of expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered by others and providing office space, equipment and office services. The Fund bears all costs and expenses of its operations, administration and transactions, including, the Fund’s allocable portion of compensation, overhead (including rent, office equipment and utilities) and other expenses incurred by the Administrator in performing its duties, including the allocable portion of the compensation paid by the Administrator (or its affiliates) to the Fund’s chief compliance officer and chief financial officer and their respective staffs as well as investor relations, legal, operations and other
non-investment
professionals at the Administrator that perform duties for the Fund. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund incurred $631,323 for these services.
The Bank of New York Mellon serves as
sub-administrator
to the Fund (the
“Sub-Administrator”).
Under the
Sub-Administration
Agreement, the
Sub-Administrator
maintains the Fund’s general ledger and is responsible for calculating the net asset value of the Fund’s shares of common stock, and generally managing the administrative affairs of the Fund. The Bank of New York Mellon also provides real estate administrative services to the Fund.
Pursuant to a Distribution Agreement, KKR Capital Markets LLC (the “Distributor”), an affiliate of the Adviser, serves as distributor of the Fund’s shares. The Fund has adopted a distribution and service plan for Class U Shares, Class D Shares and Class S Shares in accordance with Rule
12b-1
under the 1940 Act. Pursuant to the plan, the Fund compensates the Distributor for direct and indirect costs and expenses incurred in connection with shareholder servicing and advertising, marketing and other distribution services in an amount not to exceed 0.85% (0.60% Rule
12b-1
distribution fee and 0.25% shareholder service fee), for Class U and Class S Shares, and 0.25%, for Class D Shares, on an annualized basis of the average daily net assets of the respective class. Class I Shares do not incur distribution or servicing fees.
The Fund or its real estate ventures may hire third-party or affiliated property managers (who could also be joint venture partners for an investment) at prevailing market rates to perform management and specialized services for the Fund’s commercial real estate investments.
Alpha Industrial Properties (the “AIP Manager”) is an industrial property operating platform owned by another
KKR-managed
fund. The AIP Manager provides property management and asset management services to the industrial assets owned by the Fund’s unconsolidated subsidiaries for market based compensation on an arms’ length basis. The property management and asset management fees paid to the AIP Manager by the Fund’s unconsolidated subsidiaries totaled $1,040,543 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Drawbridge Realty Management, LLC (“Drawbridge”) is a vertically integrated platform that manages high quality net lease office assets across the United States and provides property management services to the Fund’s unconsolidated subsidiaries for prime single tenant properties on an arms’ length basis. KKR has a majority ownership interest in Drawbridge and Drawbridge is controlled by a board of managers comprised of two KKR members and two
non-KKR
members. The property management fees paid to Drawbridge by the Fund’s unconsolidated subsidiaries totaled $728,910 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
My Community Homes (“MCH”) provides certain management services to permit the institutional ownership of SFR homes which the Fund engages. MCH is a platform owned by another
KKR-managed
fund that was established to
non-exclusively
support the accumulation and management SFR homes on behalf of
KKR-affiliated
accounts, including the Fund’s unconsolidated subsidiaries. MCH does not charge fees to the KKR funds and accounts it manages homes on behalf of, and instead allocates a
pro-rata
share of its actual costs to those KKR funds and investments. Expenses are allocated between the applicable accounts based on homes under management, homes acquired in a given period, or other reasonable methods. For the year ended December 31, 2022, expenses allocated to KREST totaled $2,814,613.
23
The Distributor provided debt arrangement services, including in connection with Fund financings and property level debt placements for certain of the Fund’s real estate ventures, resulting in aggregate fees of $3,915,307 in the year ended December 31, 2022.
— Certain officers of the Fund are also officers of the Adviser. Such officers are paid no fees by the Fund for serving as officers of the Fund.
Please refer to Note 8 — Fund Borrowings for a discussion of the Fund’s line of credit with an affiliate of the Adviser.
7. Investment Transactions
The cost of investments purchased and the proceeds from the sale of investments, other than short-term investments, for the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:
| | | | |
| | | |
| |
Purchases | | | $835,325,465 | |
| |
Sales | | | 95,638,279 | |
During December 2021, the Fund entered into a Revolving Credit Facility (the “Credit Agreement”) with Barclays Bank PLC and Wells Fargo Bank N.A. in the amount of $200,000,000. In December 2022, the Credit Agreement was amended to add Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC as a lender and increase the amount of the facility to $250,000,000. The interest rate on Benchmark Advances under the Credit Agreement is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus applicable margin of (a) 3.05% for borrowings in U.S. dollars or (b) 3.00% for borrowings in currencies other than U.S dollars and Sterling. The Fund pays a
non-usage
fee equal to 0.35% per annum on the daily unused portion of the committed line. The Credit Agreement matures on December 15, 2023, subject to extension options. At December 31, 2022, the Fund had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Fund is subject to customary affirmative and negative covenants. As of December 31, 2022, the Fund was in compliance with all of its covenants.
The Fund had an unsecured line of credit up to a maximum amount of $200,000,000, which consisted of a $50,000,000 committed unsecured line of credit and a $150,000,000 uncommitted unsecured line of credit with an affiliate of the Adviser. The line of credit bore interest at a fixed rate per annum equal to the Fund’s then-current borrowing rate offered by a third-party provider or, if such rate is not offered, the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) applicable to such loan plus 3.000%. The line of credit matured on July 1, 2022.
With respect to these borrowings, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the average dollar amount of borrowings on the days that the Fund had a loan outstanding was $95,708,092 at an average interest rate of 4.003%. Interest expense of $6,261,916 connection with these borrowings is included on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
9. Distributions to Stockholders by class
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2022 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
| | | | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | |
Class I | | $ | 21,305,196 | | | $ | 23,136,346 | |
| | |
Class U | | | 33,506,730 | | | | 3,037,715 | |
| | |
Class D | | | 14,206 | | | | — | |
| | |
Class S | | | 892 | | | | — | |
| | | | |
| | |
Total | | $ | 54,827,024 | | | $ | 26,174,061 | |
| | | | |
(1) | Taxed as a return of capital. The characterization of the amounts of dividends and distributions of net investment income are determined in accordance with federal income tax regulations, which may differ from U.S. GAAP. |