Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses | (3) Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses Major classifications of loans, by collateral code, at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 162,989 $ 158,662 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 135,720 104,042 Commercial and industrial (*) 147,775 170,718 Construction, land and acquisition & development 37,158 16,317 Residential mortgage 1-4 family 51,324 63,065 Consumer installment 111,268 71,580 Total 646,234 584,384 Less allowance for loan losses ( 9,325 ) ( 8,559 ) Total loans, net $ 636,909 $ 575,825 * Includes $ 5,000 and $ 17.9 million in PPP loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit to individuals and a variety of firms and corporations located primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate and is dependent upon the real estate market. The Bank has a specialized expertise in lending to dentists and dental practices, with dental practice loans totaling $ 185.1 million, or 28.6 %, and $ 179.8 million, or 30.6 % of our loan portfolio, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The majority of these loans are commercial and industrial credits for practice acquisitions and equipment financing with the remainder being owner-occupied real estate. The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 Commercial Commercial Commercial Construction, Residential Consumer Unallocated Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Provision ( 421 ) 99 55 325 ( 196 ) 801 41 704 Charge-offs — — ( 26 ) — — ( 123 ) — ( 149 ) Recoveries 123 — 21 — 39 28 — 211 Ending balance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 $ 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 44 $ 9,325 Ending allowance attributable to Individually evaluated $ 85 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ — $ 90 Collectively evaluated 2,318 2,078 2,292 487 341 1,675 44 9,235 Total ending allowance $ 2,403 $ 2,079 2,292 $ 487 $ 345 $ 1,675 $ 44 $ 9,325 Loans: Individually evaluated $ 85 $ 3,265 $ — $ — $ 2,399 $ — $ — $ 5,749 Collectively evaluated 162,904 132,455 147,775 37,158 48,925 111,268 — 640,485 Total loans $ 162,989 $ 135,720 $ 147,775 $ 37,158 $ 51,324 $ 111,268 $ — $ 646,234 December 31, 2021 Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 1,913 $ 1,171 $ 1,320 $ 224 $ 970 $ 719 $ 44 $ 6,361 Provision ( 519 ) 809 1,119 ( 62 ) ( 541 ) 310 ( 41 ) 1,075 Charge-offs — — ( 234 ) — — ( 76 ) — ( 310 ) Recoveries 1,307 — 37 — 73 16 — 1,433 Ending balance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Ending allowance attributable to Individually evaluated $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ — $ 5 $ — $ — $ 7 Collectively evaluated 2,701 1,979 2,241 162 497 969 3 8,552 Total ending allowance $ 2,701 $ 1,980 $ 2,242 $ 162 $ 502 $ 969 $ 3 $ 8,559 Loans: Individually evaluated $ 95 $ 3,387 $ 753 $ — $ 2,992 $ 1 $ — $ 7,228 Collectively evaluated 158,567 100,655 169,965 16,317 60,073 71,579 — 577,156 Total loans $ 158,662 $ 104,042 $ 170,718 $ 16,317 $ 63,065 $ 71,580 $ — $ 584,384 The Bank individually evaluates all loans for impairment that are on nonaccrual status or are rated substandard (as described below). Additionally, all troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current events and circumstances, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan will not be collected. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Interest payments received on impaired loans are applied as a reduction of the outstanding principal balance. Impaired loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 Recorded Unpaid Allocated Average Interest With no related allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 3,089 3,089 — 3,145 — Commercial and industrial — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 1,526 1,526 — 1,596 5 Consumer installment — — — — — 4,615 4,615 — 4,741 5 With an allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) 85 85 85 90 4 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 176 176 1 182 8 Commercial and industrial — — — — — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 873 873 4 907 22 Consumer installment — — — — — 1,134 1,134 90 1,179 34 Total impaired loans $ 5,749 $ 5,749 $ 90 $ 5,920 $ 39 December 31, 2021 With no related allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 95 $ 95 $ — $ 100 $ 6 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 3,199 3,199 — 3,177 45 Commercial and industrial 388 421 — 458 — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 2,052 2,052 — 2,110 31 Consumer installment 1 1 — 3 — 5,735 5,768 — 5,848 82 With an allowance recorded: Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) — — — — — Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 188 189 1 192 12 Commercial and industrial 365 365 1 379 — Construction, land and acquisition & development — — — — — Residential mortgage 940 941 5 960 60 Consumer installment — — — — — 1,493 1,495 7 1,531 72 Total impaired loans $ 7,228 $ 7,263 $ 7 $ 7,379 $ 154 The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans, as well as the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 by class of loans: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 30 -59 60- 89 90 Days Total Accruing Loans Nonaccrual Current Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 85 $ 162,904 $ 162,989 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 3,312 132,408 135,720 Commercial and industrial — — — — 3 147,772 147,775 Construction, land and acquisition & 85 — — 85 — 37,073 37,158 Residential mortgage 2,341 533 249 3,123 3,185 45,016 51,324 Consumer installment 571 59 — 630 135 110,503 111,268 Total $ 2,997 $ 592 $ 249 $ 3,838 $ 6,720 $ 635,676 $ 646,234 December 31, 2021 Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 158,662 $ 158,662 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) — — — — 3,200 100,842 104,042 Commercial and industrial 338 — — 338 813 169,567 170,718 Construction, land and acquisition & — — — — — 16,317 16,317 Residential mortgage 3,547 1,148 — 4,695 2,873 55,497 63,065 Consumer installment 271 25 — 296 125 71,159 71,580 Total $ 4,156 $ 1,173 $ $ 5,329 $ 7,011 $ 572,044 $ 584,384 There was one residential mortgage loan with a balance of $ 249,000 that was past due over 90 days and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2022 . This loan subsequently paid off in January 2023. There were no loans past due over 90 days and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2021. The table below presents information on troubled debt restructurings including the number of loan contracts restructured and the pre- and post-modification recorded investment that have occurred during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Also included in the table are the number of contracts and the recorded investment for those trouble debt restructurings that have subsequently defaulted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: (in thousands) Pre- Post- Troubled Debt December 31, 2022 Number of Recorded Recorded Number of Recorded Residential mortgage — $ — $ — $ — $ — December 31, 2021 Residential mortgage 1 $ 71 $ 71 $ — $ — The Bank allocated an allowance for loan losses of approximately $ 90,000 and $ 6,000 to customers whose loan terms had been modified in troubled debt restructurings as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continuous basis. The Bank uses the following definitions for its risk ratings: Special Mention. Loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken or inadequately protect the Bank's credit position at some future date. Weaknesses are generally the result of deviation from prudent lending practices, such as over advances on collateral. Credits in this category should, within a 12 month period, move to Pass if improved or drop to Substandard if poor trends continue. Substandard. Inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as primary source of repayment is gone or severely impaired or cash flow is insufficient to reduce debt. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful. Loans have weaknesses of those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. The likelihood of a loss on an asset or portion of an asset classified Doubtful is high. Loss. Loans considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as a Bank asset is not warranted. This does not mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value, but rather the asset should be charged off even though partial recovery may be possible in the future. Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be Pass rated loans. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 Pass Special Substandard Doubtful/ Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 162,541 $ 362 $ 86 $ — $ 162,989 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 130,115 2,293 3,312 — 135,720 Commercial and industrial 147,772 — 3 — 147,775 Construction, land and acquisition & development 37,158 — — — 37,158 Residential mortgage 48,193 — 3,131 — 51,324 Consumer installment 111,049 84 135 — 111,268 Total $ 636,828 $ 2,739 $ 6,667 $ — $ 646,234 December 31, 2021 Pass Special Substandard Doubtful/ Total Commercial (secured by real estate - owner occupied) $ 158,272 $ 390 $ — $ — $ 158,662 Commercial (secured by real estate - non-owner occupied) 98,269 2,352 3,421 — 104,042 Commercial and industrial 169,866 — 852 — 170,718 Construction, land and acquisition & development 16,005 312 — — 16,317 Residential mortgage 59,080 — 3,985 — 63,065 Consumer installment 71,440 — 140 — 71,580 Total $ 572,932 $ 3,054 $ 8,398 $ — $ 584,384 |