Big Tree Cloud Holdings Limited (DSY) 20-F2024 FY Annual report (foreign)

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)
☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report                          

Commission File Number: 001-42114

BIG TREE CLOUD HOLDINGS LIMITED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Mr. Wenquan Zhu, Chief Executive Officer
Room 3303, Building 1

Zhongliang Yunjing Plaza

Heshuikou Community, Matian Street

Guangming District, Shenzhen 518106, China
Tel: +86 755 2759-5623
Email: zhuwenquan@bigtreeclouds.com

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

57,080,546 ordinary shares and 6,016,125 warrants as of June 30, 2024.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

We are a holding company primarily operating in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, such as us, to conduct its business and accept foreign investments. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore securities offerings, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected various industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future further release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For a detailed description of risks relating to doing business in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “the registrant,” “our company,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and “ours” refer to Big Tree Cloud Holdings Limited. References to “Holdco” refer to Big Tree Cloud International Group Limited. References to “Big Tree Cloud” refer to the holding company of the group, namely Big Tree Cloud International Group Limited prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, and Big Tree Cloud Holdings Limited subsequent to the Business Combination.

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited balance sheets as of June 30, 2023 and 2024 and our audited consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, statements of changes in equity and statements of cash flows for the years ended June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. All references in this annual report to “$,” “U.S. $,” “U.S. dollars” and “dollars” mean U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in China and all of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. Our reporting currency is the Renminbi. This annual report on Form 20-F also contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars were made at RMB7.2672 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate on June 30, 2024 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. The PRC regulators impose control over the foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

We completed a merger with Plutonian Acquisition Corp. on June 6, 2024 and our ordinary shares and warrants began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on June 7, 2024. On October 9, 2023, Plutonian Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Plutonian”) entered into that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger (as may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Big Tree Cloud International Group Limited, an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands (“Holdco”), Big Tree Cloud Holdings Limited, an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands (“PubCo”), Big Tree Cloud Merger Sub I Limited, an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of PubCo (“Merger Sub 1”), Big Tree Cloud Merger Sub II Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of PubCo (“Merger Sub 2”), and Guangdong Big Tree Cloud Investment Holding Group Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC (“Guangdong DSY”). The Merger Agreement provided for a business combination which was effected in two steps: (i) Merger Sub 1 would merge with and into Holdco (the “Initial Merger”), and Holdco would be the surviving corporation of the Initial Merger and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of PubCo, and (2) following confirmation of the effectiveness of the Initial Merger, Merger Sub 2 would merge with and into Plutonian (the “SPAC Merger”and together with Initial Merger, the “Business Combination”), and Plutonian would be the surviving corporation of the SPAC Merger and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of PubCo. 

Further, in this annual report:

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward- looking. Forward-looking statements in this annual report may include, for example, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this annual report, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

This annual report also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers of market intelligence. These industry publications and reports generally indicate that the information contained therein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Holding Company Structure

We are a holding company with no business operations of our own. We conduct all of our operations through our subsidiaries in China, in particular, Guangdong Big Tree Cloud Investment Holding Group Co., Ltd., or Guangdong DSY, and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “PRC Subsidiaries”), and a substantial portion of our assets are located in China.

This holding company structure involves unique risks to investors. The following chart illustrates our corporate structure, including our significant subsidiaries as that term is defined under Section 1-02 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act and certain other subsidiaries, as of the date of this annual report.

As a result, our ability to pay dividends depends largely upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries including our mainland China subsidiaries. If our existing mainland China subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our mainland China subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our mainland China subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. As a result of such restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, PRC Subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to Holdco either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to US$4,249,352, US$4,249,352 and US$4,249,352 as of June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. In addition, our subsidiaries in China may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the surplus funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our mainland China subsidiaries have not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

Cash will be transferred among PubCo and the PRC subsidiaries in the following manners: (i) funds may be transferred to the PRC subsidiaries, from PubCo as needed through Holdco, BRIGHT CONNECTED LIMITED, or BVI Subsidiary, and HONGKONG PLOUTOS INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED, or Hong Kong Subsidiary, in the form of capital contributions or shareholder loans, as the case may be; (ii) dividends or other distributions may be paid by the PRC Subsidiaries, to PubCo through Hong Kong Subsidiary, BVI Subsidiary and Holdco. As a holding company, PubCo may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the PRC Subsidiaries. If any of the PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to PubCo. Current PRC regulations permit PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to PubCo through the Hong Kong Subsidiary only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. PubCo is permitted under the laws of Cayman Islands to provide funding to its subsidiaries in mainland China, Cayman Islands and Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Each of Hong Kong Subsidiary and BVI Subsidiary is also permitted under the laws of Hong Kong SAR and Cayman Islands, respectively, to provide funding to PubCo through dividend distributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. As of the date of this report, there has not been any funds transferred from the Holdco, BVI Subsidiary or Hong Kong Subsidiary to the PRC Subsidiaries. In the future, however, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by PubCo to PRC Subsidiaries via capital contribution or shareholder loans. As of the date of this report, there have not been any such dividends or other distributions from PRC Subsidiaries to the Hong Kong Subsidiary, BVI Subsidiary, Holdco or Holdco’s shareholders outside of China.

A. [Reserved.]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a limited operating history and face significant challenges in a fast-changing industry.

We commenced our business in 2020, and we have since experienced rapid growth in our business. As of June 30, 2024, our products have been sold in more than 11,400 offline stores across the PRC. As we only have a limited operating history in the areas of our current focus, it is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges that we face as an early-stage company and a new entrant into a fast-changing industry of personal care products with more established companies, including with respect to our ability to:

If we fail to address any or all of these risks and challenges, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our consumer base may not continue to grow or may decline as a result of such risks. Any of these risks could cause our net sales growth to decline and may adversely affect our margins and profitability. Failure to continue our net sales growth or improve margins could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. You should not rely on our historical rate of net sales growth as an indication of our future performance.

We had negative net cash flows from operating activities in the past and have not been profitable, which may continue in the future.

We incurred net losses of US$1.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 , a net income of US$0.3 million US$0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively. In addition, we had negative cash flows from operating activities of US$1.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2022. For the year ended June 30, 2023, we had positive cash flows from operating activities of US$8.8 million. We had negative cash flows from operating activities of US$1.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2024. We have made significant up-front investments in research and development, service network, and sales and marketing to rapidly develop and expand our business. We expect to continue to invest significantly in these areas to establish and expand our business, and these investments may not result in an increase in revenue or positive cash flow on a timely basis, or at all.

We may not be able to generate sufficient revenues and we may incur substantial losses for a number of reasons, including lack of demand for our products and services, increasing competition, challenging macro-economic environment, as well as other risks discussed herein, and we may incur unforeseen expenses, or encounter difficulties, complications, or delays in generating revenue or achieving profitability. If we are unable to achieve profitability, we may have to reduce the scale of our operations, which may impede our business growth and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our continuous operation depends on our capability to obtain sufficient external equity or debt financing. If we do not succeed in doing so, we may need to curtail our operations, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

We may need to raise additional funds, and these funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or our shareholders or at all when needed.

The design, manufacture, marketing and sale of personal care products are capital intensive businesses. Our business plan to design, manufacture, market and sale of personal care products and to provide better care for families in China is expected to require continued capital investment to fund operations, continue research and development, implement marketing strategies, expand product portfolio and improve services. If we cannot raise additional funds when we need them, our financial condition, business, prospects and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We may raise funds through the issuance of debt securities or through loan arrangements, the terms of which could require significant interest payments, contain covenants that restrict our business, or other unfavorable terms. We may also raise funds through the sale of additional equity securities, which could dilute our shareholders.

Complex technology and operating systems will need to be developed, both in-house and in coordination with vendors and suppliers, for us to successfully produce and manufacture our personal care products, and there can be no assurance that such systems will be successfully developed.

Our products and services will require a substantial amount of third-party and in-house software and complex hardware to operate. The development of such advanced technologies is inherently complex and costly, and we will need to coordinate with our vendors and suppliers in order to produce and manufacture our personal care products. Defects and errors may be revealed over time and our control over the performance of third-party services and systems may be limited. We may be unable to develop the necessary software and technology systems or meet the technological requirements, production timing, and volume requirements to support our business plan. In addition, the technology may not comply with the cost, performance useful life and warranty requirements we anticipate in our business plan. As a result, our business plan could be significantly impacted and we may incur significant liabilities under warranty claims which could adversely affect our business, prospects, and results of operations.

We may be unable to keep up with evolution in sterilization technology as new entrants and existing, larger manufacturers enter the personal care product market.

We successfully adopted new sterilization technology and equipment, and deployed a compounded absorbent core structure, which improved the health sanitation, comfort level and breathability of our feminine pads. As new companies and larger, existing personal care product manufacturers enter the personal care market, we may lose any technological advantage we may have had in the marketplace and suffer a decline in our position in the market. As technologies change, our products may become obsolete or our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to such changes or to create the necessary technology to compete effectively, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We have a limited number of current customers, consumers and pending orders for our personal care products.

To date, we have engaged in relatively limited marketing activities since the inception of our business operations. While we do not rely on a single customer or a particular group of customer for the sales of our personal care products, we currently have limited customers and distributors compared to some of the established market participants in the industry customers and distribution channels. As we increase our marketing activities to increase our market presence and the reach of our personal care products, consumers may limit their volume of purchases initially as they assess our products. This may be a long process, which will depend on the design, convenience and quality of our products, as well as the support and service that we offer. It will also depend on factors outside of our control, such as general market conditions and broader trends in the personal care industry, including consumer needs and preferences, technological innovations and marketing costs that could impact customer buying decisions. As a result, there is significant uncertainty regarding the demand for our products and the pace and levels of growth that we will be able to achieve.

The personal care industry is highly competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively, we may fail to gain or lose our market share and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We face vigorous competition from both domestic and international players in China in the industry. Competition in the personal care industry is intense and based on multiple factors, including the ability to launch new products, pricing of products, quality of products and packaging, brand awareness, perceived value and quality, innovation, offline sales capabilities, customers’ functional and emotional satisfaction, promotional activities, advertising, editorials, e-commerce and mobile-commerce initiatives and other activities. We must compete with a high volume of new product introductions and a large number of existing products sold by diverse companies across several different distribution channels.

Our competitors for these markets include global, regional and local manufacturers, including private label manufacturers. Some of these competitors may have better access to financial resources and greater market penetration, longer operating histories, greater brand recognition or larger customer bases than we do and may be able to respond more effectively to changing business and economic conditions than we can. Alternatively, despite our differentiated business model, some of these competitors may have significantly lower product development and manufacturing costs, particularly with respect to private label products, allowing them to offer products at a lower price. E-commerce potentially intensifies competition by simplifying distribution and lowering barriers to entry. The actions of these competitors could adversely affect our financial results. In order to stay competitive, it may be necessary for us to lower prices on our products and increase spending on advertising and promotions, which could adversely affect our financial results.

It is difficult for us to predict the timing and scale of our competitors’ activities in these areas or whether new competitors will emerge in the personal care industry. In addition, further technological breakthroughs, including new and enhanced technologies which increase competition in the online retail market, new product offerings by competitors and the strength and success of our competitors’ marketing programs may impede our growth and the implementation of our business strategy. We may also be unable to anticipate or adequately respond to changes in consumer demand for our products. Demand for our products may change based on many factors, including shifting consumer purchasing patterns, negative customer or consumer response to pricing actions, consumer shifts in distribution channels, changing consumer preferences due to increased concerns in regard to post-consumer waste and packaging materials and their impact on environmental sustainability, or other changes in consumer trends or habits. If we experience lower sales due to changes in consumer demand for our products, our earnings could decrease.

Our ability to compete also depends on the continued strength of our brand and products, our ability to predict and capture industry trends and consumer preferences, the success of our marketing, innovation and execution strategies, the continued diversification of our product offerings, the successful management of new product introductions and innovations, strong operational execution, including in order fulfillment and supply chain management, and our success in entering new markets and expanding our business in existing geographies. If we are unable to continue to compete effectively, we may lose our market share and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Our success is dependent on the continued popularity of our products and our ability to anticipate and respond to changes in industry trends and consumer preferences and behavior in a timely manner.

The success of our business and operations depends on our ability to continuously offer quality products that are attractive to consumers. The personal care industry is driven in part by consumer preferences and behavior, which may shift quickly and have been heavily affected by the rapidly increasing use and proliferation of social and digital media by consumers, and the speed with which information and opinions are shared. As industry trends and consumers’ preferences and behavior continue to change, we must also continually work to develop, produce and market new products, maintain and enhance the recognition of our brands, achieve a favorable mix of products and refine our approach as to how and where we market and sell our products. Our success depends on our products’ appeal to a broad range of consumers whose preferences and behavior cannot be predicted with certainty and may change rapidly, and on our ability to anticipate and respond in a timely and cost-effective manner to industry trends and consumer preferences and behavior through product innovations, product line extensions and marketing and promotional activities, among other things. Drawing on our deep engagement with our consumers and our advanced big data analytics, we have been able to anticipate and react to industry trends and consumers’ preferences and behavior in an effective and efficient manner. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully anticipate and respond to consumers’ preferences and behavior at all times, especially as we continue to broaden our customer base and diversify our product offerings aimed at customers with differing characteristics. If we are unable to anticipate and respond to the changes in industry trends and consumer preferences and behavior, we may fail to continuously develop products with wide market acceptance, capture emerging growth opportunities, adopt competitive sales strategies for our existing products, or properly predict and manage our inventory. Such failure could also negatively impact our brand image and result in diminished customer experience and brand loyalty. Any of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects and results of operations.

Our new product introductions may not be as successful as we anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The fast evolving market trends and consumer preferences have shortened the life cycles of personal care products and required us to continually work to develop, produce and market new products, maintain and enhance the recognition of our brands and shorten our product development and supply chain cycles. Our continued success depends on our ability to develop and launch products in a timely and cost-effective manner in response to industry trends, consumer preferences for personal care products and consumer attitudes toward our industry and brand. If we do not successfully and consistently develop new products that appeal to our customers our net revenues and margins could suffer.

We have an established process for the development, evaluation and validation of our new product concepts. Our primary business operations and financial results are focused on the development and production of feminine pads. As of June 30, 2024, we introduced nine series of feminine pad products to serve consumers of different age groups and with different preferences for personal care products, and we are in the process of developing and introducing new products using innovative materials and our self-developed design, including our compounded absorbent core structure pads and menstrual underpants. In addition, we continue to develop other personal care products to expand our products portfolio. Nonetheless, each new product launch involves risks, as well as the possibility of unexpected consequences. For example, the use of new materials and self-developed designs may not be as successful as we anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business; the acceptance of new product launches and sales to our consumers may not be as high as we anticipate, due to a lack of acceptance of the products themselves or their price, or limited effectiveness of our marketing strategies. Introduction of new products targeted at expanding our product reach beyond our current consumer base may not be as successful as we anticipate due to insufficient data insights on and understanding about the preferences, trends and behaviors of such new consumer group. Our ability to launch new products may be limited by delays or difficulties affecting the ability of our suppliers or manufacturers to timely manufacture new products. In addition, we may experience a decrease in sales of certain existing products as a result of newly launched products. Also, product innovation may place a strain on our employees and our financial resources, including incurring expenses in connection with product innovation and development, marketing and advertising that are not subsequently supported by a sufficient level of sales. Further, sales of new products may be affected by the efficacy of our inventory management and quality of delivery and order fulfilment services provided by our logistics providers, and we may experience product shortages and delayed or defective or improper product delivery. Any of these occurrences could delay or impede our ability to achieve our sales objectives, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As part of our ongoing business strategy, we expect we will continue to introduce new feminine care products, while expanding our product launches into adjacent categories in which we may have little to no prior operating experience, such as facial and body care products. The success of product launches in adjacent product categories could be hampered by our relative inexperience operating in such categories, the strength of our competitors or any of the other risks referred to above. Furthermore, any expansion into new product categories may subject us to additional operational and financial constraints which could inhibit our ability to successfully accomplish such expansion. If we fail to continue to roll out commercially successful products in our traditional categories or in adjacent categories, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business depends, in part, on the quality, effectiveness and safety of our products.

While we adopt stringent standards and protocols on product safety, any loss of confidence on the part of consumers in the materials or ingredients used in our products, whether related to product contamination or product safety or quality failures, actual or perceived, or inclusion of prohibited or restricted materials or improper mixture of ingredients, could tarnish the image of our brands and could cause consumers to choose other products. Allegations of contamination or other adverse effects on product safety or suitability for use by a particular consumer, even if untrue, may require us to expend significant time and resources responding to such allegations and could, from time to time, result in suspension of sales or a recall of a product from any or all of the markets in which the affected product was distributed. Any such issues or recalls could negatively affect our profitability and brand image.

If our products are found to be, or perceived to be, defective or unsafe, or if they otherwise fail to meet our consumers’ expectations, our relationships with consumers could suffer, the appeal of our brand could be diminished, we may need to recall some of our products and/or become subject to regulatory action, and we could lose sales or market share or become subject to boycotts or liability claims. In addition, safety or other defects in our competitors’ products could reduce consumer demand for our own products if consumers view them to be similar. Any of these outcomes could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to successfully implement our growth strategy.

Our future growth, profitability and cash flows depend upon our ability to successfully implement our business strategy and to optimal financial performance, which, in turn, is dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to:

There can be no assurance that we can successfully achieve any or all of the above initiatives in the manner or time period that we expect. Further, achieving these objectives will require investments which may result in short-term costs without generating any current net sales and therefore may be dilutive to our earnings. We cannot provide any assurance that we will realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits we expect our strategy will achieve. The failure to realize those benefits could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our current sales are primarily limited to lower-tier cities in the PRC, and we may be unable to expand in China, which may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

As an early-stage company, our current sales are primarily focused to lower-tier cities in the PRC, and most of our customers are located in these areas. We expect to expand our operations and sales channels to cover other regions in China. However, such expansion could experience delays or other difficulties, and will require significant capital. Moreover, we could encounter additional risks if we were to establish new manufacturing facilities. In particular, under PRC laws, construction projects and production are subject to broad and strict government supervision and approval procedures, including but not limited to project approvals and filings, construction land and project planning approvals, occupational disease control approvals, construction project environment protection filings and approvals, the pollution discharge permits, drainage license, work safety approvals, fire protection approvals, and the completion of inspection and acceptance by relevant authorities. In addition, certain licenses, permits or registrations we hold in relation to such construction projects are subject to periodic renewal and regulatory changes. As a result, the relevant entities operating such construction projects may be subject to administrative uncertainty, fines or the suspension of use of such projects. Any of the foregoing could impact our expansion plan, which may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We rely on our business partners and other industry participants. Business collaboration with partners is subject to risks, and these relationships may not lead to significant revenue. Any adverse change in our cooperation with our business partners could harm our business.

We have established partnerships with third-party suppliers and brands to offer a competitive purchase price to our consumers. Strategic business relationships are and will continue to be an important factor in the growth and success of our business. We have alliances and partnerships with other companies in various industries to produce and sell our personal care products. We need to continue to identify and negotiate for opportunities to collaborate with other industry participants, such as those who can provide raw materials, manufacturing, marketing and distribution services. If we are unable to maintain the existing relationships with our business partners, or if we fail to identify and negotiate additional relationships that are essential to our future expansion or success at attractive terms or at all, we may incur increased costs to develop and provide these capabilities on our own, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Collaboration with third parties is subject to challenges and risks, some of which are beyond our control. For example, certain partnership agreements grant our partner or us the right to terminate such agreements for cause or without cause, including in some cases by paying a termination for convenience fee. In addition, such agreements have in the past and may in the future contain certain exclusivity provisions which, if triggered, could preclude us from working with other businesses with superior technologies or with whom we may prefer to partner with for other reasons.

We could experience delays in the development or delivery of our products and services to the extent our partners do not meet agreed upon timelines or experience capacity constraints. We could also experience disagreement in budget or funding for any joint development project. There is also a risk of potential disputes with partners in the future, including with respect to intellectual property rights. Moreover, if our existing partner agreements were to be terminated, we may be unable to timely find alternative agreements on terms and conditions acceptable to us. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may be unable to manage our growth effectively or efficiently.

Growing our business rapidly will place a strain on our management team, financial and information systems, supply chain and distribution capacity and other resources. To manage our growth effectively, we must continue to enhance our operational, financial and management systems, including our warehouse management and inventory control; maintain and improve our internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures; maintain and improve our information technology systems and procedures; and expand, train and manage our employee base.

We may not be able to effectively manage this expansion in any one or more of these areas, and any failure to do so could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Growing our business rapidly may make it difficult for us to adequately predict the expenditures we will need to make in the future. If we do not make the necessary overhead expenditures to accommodate our future growth, we may not be successful in executing our growth strategy, and our results of operations would suffer.

Our business depends substantially on the continued efforts of our executive officers, key employees and qualified personnel, and our operations may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our success depends substantially on the continued efforts of our executive officers and key employees with expertise in various areas, who are or may in the future assume roles and positions in our affiliated entities or other business entities and may, as a result, not be able to devote their full efforts to our affairs. If one or more of our executive officers or key employees were unable or unwilling to continue their services with us, we may not be able to replace them easily in a timely manner, or at all. As we build up our brand awareness and become more well-known, the risk that competitors or other companies may poach our talent increases.

Our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, and therefore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to attract or retain qualified staff or other highly skilled employees. In addition, because we are operating in a new and challenging industry that requires continuous innovations of technologies and solutions, we may not be able to hire qualified individuals with sufficient trainings in a timely manner, and we will need to spend significant time and resources training the employees we hire. We also require sufficient talent in areas such as software development. Furthermore, as our company is relatively young, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may not meet the growing demands of our business, which may materially and adversely affect our ability to grow our business and our results of operations.

If any of our executive officers and key employees terminates his or her services with us, our business may be severely disrupted, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train, and retain qualified personnel. If any of our executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, know-how, and key professionals and staff members. While each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement and a non-disclosure agreement with us, if any dispute arises between our executive officers or key employees and us, the relevant non-disclosure provisions may not be entirely enforceable. At the current time, we do not maintain non-compete agreements with our employees; therefore, we cannot guarantee we are adequately protected. In the future, we may elect to execute non-compete agreements; but we cannot assure that our current employees will comply with our request or that the non-compete agreements, if executed, will be enforceable, especially under PRC law.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brands and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.

We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, trade secret, patent and other laws protecting proprietary rights, nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements and other practices, to protect our brands and proprietary information, know-hows, technologies and processes. Our principal intellectual property assets include the registered trademarks for our brands, the design and invention patents and copyrights for our products and logos. Our copyrights, trademarks and design and invention patents are valuable assets that support our brands and consumers’ perception of our products. Although we have existing trademark and patent registrations in China, there can be no assurance that all of them will be issued or registered. Historically, some of our trademark applications on certain key categories were rejected or revoked, which result in difficulties in our ability to protect our use of brand name or logo on products of such categories, and may subject us to possible intellectual property disputes with third parties over such uses. Third parties may also oppose our trademark or patent applications domestically or abroad, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks or patents. In the event that our trademarks or patents are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products or to refrain from using certain designs, which could result in the loss of brand recognition, impair the attractiveness of our products and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands and product designs.

Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary information, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual properties or know-hows. Monitoring for infringement or other unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights and know-hows is difficult and costly, and such monitoring may not be effective. From time to time, we may have to resort to courts or administrative proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights, which may result in substantial cost and diversion of resources. In the recent decades, the PRC has promulgated intellectual property laws, which is still evolving. Accordingly, we need to adapt to the PRC legal system and may need to adopt further measures to protect our intellectual property rights effectively.

Our business and prospects depend on our ability to build our brands and reputation, which could be harmed by negative publicity with respect to us, our products and operations, our management, brand promoters, KOLs, or other business partners.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing the reputation of our brands is of significant importance to the success of our business and that our financial success is directly dependent on consumer perception of our brands. Well-recognized brands are important to enhancing our attractiveness to consumers. Since we operate in a highly competitive market, brand maintenance and enhancement directly affect our ability to maintain our market position. As a young company, our brand awareness among consumers may not be as strong as the more established personal care brands, and maintaining and enhancing the recognition and reputation of our brand is critical to our business and future growth.

Our ability to maintain our reputation and brand is affected by many factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include our ability to provide a satisfactory consumer experience, which in turn depends on our ability to bring innovative products to the market at competitive prices that respond to consumer demands and preferences, our ability and that of our manufacturing and service partners to comply with ethical and social standards, such as those concerning biocompatibility testing, animal testing, and various and evolving rules and standards related to product quality and safety, labor and environmental protection, our ability to produce safe and high-quality products, our ability to provide satisfactory order fulfillment services, and our ability to provide responsive and superior customer services. Failure to succeed in any of these areas could damage our customer experience, our reputation and brand image and our ability to retain and attract customers. The success of our brand may also suffer if our marketing plans or product initiatives do not have the desired impact on our brand’s image or its ability to attract consumers. Since our inception, we have invested substantial efforts in promoting our brands. See also “— We have incurred significant costs for a variety of sales and marketing efforts, including mass advertising and heavy promotions to attract customers through multiple channels. If we are unable to conduct our sales and marketing efforts in a cost-effective and efficient manner, our results of operations and financial conditions may be materially and adversely affected.” We cannot assure you, however, that these activities are and will be successful or that we can achieve the brand promotion effect we expect. If we are unable to preserve our reputation, enhance our brand recognition or increase positive awareness of our products, it may be difficult for us to maintain and grow our consumer base, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, any failure by our third-party manufacturers or raw material suppliers to comply with ethical, social, product, labor and environmental laws, regulations or standards, or any of their engagement in politically or socially controversial conduct, such as animal testing, could negatively impact our reputations and lead to various adverse consequences, including decreased sales and consumer boycotts. Also, we may face customer complaints or negative publicity about us, our products, our management, our business partners, our brand promoters or the KOLs we collaborate with from time to time, which may adversely affect our brand, reputation and business and diminish the appeal of our brand to consumers. Certain of such negative publicity may come from malicious harassment or unfair acts by third parties or our competitors, which are beyond our control. See also “— Negative publicity about our brand promoters or KOLs may adversely affect our reputation, our business and our results of operations.”

Damage to our reputation or the reputations of our business partners or loss of consumer confidence for any of these or other reasons could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our brand and reputation.

Negative publicity about our brand promoters or KOLs may adversely affect our reputation, our business and our results of operations.

Our brand and reputation may be perceived to be connected with the reputation of the KOLs we collaborate with and our brand promoters. Therefore, our brand image and reputation could be hurt by negative publicity about the KOLs we collaborate with or our brand promoters. Negative publicity about them could occur in many circumstances that are beyond our control. For example, the KOLs we collaborate with may post unlawful, false, offensive or controversial content on their social media pages, notwithstanding any terms of use of the social media platforms and our guidelines, which may result in negative comments and complaints or even cause their accounts to be closed by social media platforms. Although we have requested the KOLs we collaborate with and our brand promoters to observe certain behavioral covenants and to refrain from conduct that is detrimental to our reputation and brand image, we cannot ensure that they will strictly follow the requirements. In addition, they may also receive negative publicity if they are involved in any illegal activities, scandals or rumors. Any such negative publicity, regardless of veracity, could hurt our reputation and may result in costs incurred to offset such reputation damage and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The market for personal care products in China is continuously evolving and may not grow as quickly as expected, or at all, which could negatively affect our business and prospects.

Our business and prospects depend on the continuous development and growth of the market for personal care products in China. The growth and development of the market for personal care products is impacted by numerous factors and subject to uncertainties that are beyond our control, such as the macroeconomic environment, per capita spending, consumers’ purchasing frequency, demand for personal care products from consumers in lower tier cities, regulatory changes, technological innovations, cultural influences and changes in tastes and preferences. We cannot assure you that the market will continue to grow as rapidly as it has in the past, in ways that are consistent with other markets, such as that of the United States, or at all. If the market for personal products in China does not grow as quickly as expected or at all, or if we fail to benefit from such growth by successfully implementing our business strategies, our business and prospects may be negatively affected.

Changes to the pricing of our products could adversely affect our results of operations.

We aim to bring to consumers affordable high-quality personal care products and experiences. The pricing of our products is based on multiple factors, including, without limitation, the pricing of the components, ingredients and raw materials, costs of product development, anticipated sales volume, manufacturing costs and logistics service expenditures. Benefiting from our deep engagement with our consumers, large volume of consumer data we amassed and our data analytic technologies, we are in a good position to analyze consumers’ preferences and demands, evaluate the market acceptance and potential sales volume of our new products to be launched, which enables us to price our products at a competitive rate. Nevertheless, we cannot ascertain that we will adopt a competitive pricing strategy for our products at all times. If we price our products too low, our profit margin will suffer. If we price our products higher than consumers’ expected price, we may not achieve the sales volume we expect, in which case revenues from the corresponding products may be negatively affected.

Even if we properly price our products at their launch time, we may need to offer substantial discounts, especially during the major shopping festivals such as “618,” “Double 11” and “Double 12,” to promote our brand awareness and to drive sales volume, or cut down the price as our products advance in their life cycles to maintain such products’ attractiveness to consumers. We may also need to reduce the prices to sell excess inventory in the event that we fail to accurately forecast demands. Any such price cuts may not lead to the sales volume we expect and may negatively impact the demand for our other newly launched or higher-end products, in which case our revenues could be negatively impacted. Furthermore, some customers may purchase our products in bulk when we offer substantially discounted or promotional prices and then re-sell them through their proprietary or third-party channels. The market and pricing for our products may be interrupted by the secondary sale pricing strategies adopted by such resellers and the possible negative shopping experience they provide to consumers, which may negatively impact our brand image and our business.

We have incurred significant costs for a variety of sales and marketing efforts, including mass advertising and heavy promotions to attract customers through multiple channels. If we are unable to conduct our sales and marketing efforts in a cost-effective and efficient manner, our results of operations and financial conditions may be materially and adversely affected.

As a relatively young company, we have invested, and will continue to invest, a large amount of financial and other resources in promoting our brand awareness and acquiring customers, including expanding our marketing and sales teams, retaining KOLs and purchasing advertisements. In the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, we incurred US$0.8 million and US$1.1 million in marketing expenses, accounting for 34.3% and 12.1% of our total net revenues, respectively. Our marketing and branding activities may not be well received, successful or cost-effective, which may lead to significantly higher marketing expenses in the future. We may also not be able to continue our existing marketing and branding activities, or successfully identify and utilize the new trends in marketing strategies, channels and approaches that appeal to or fit in the lifestyle of our targeted customers. We may also fail to adjust our sales and marketing strategies fast enough to stay current with consumers’ behavioral changes in using internet and mobile devices. Failure to refine our existing marketing strategies or introduce new effective marketing strategies in a cost-effective manner could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, failure to comply with relevant provisions of Advertising Law of the PRC, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC in 1994 and latest amended on April 29, 2021, Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics, or the Supervision Regulations, promulgated by the State Council on June 16, 2020 and which became effective from January 1, 2021, and other relevant laws and regulations will result in the restriction, inhibition or delay of our ability to sell products.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving product safety laws, regulations and standards. If we fail to comply with these laws, regulations and safety standards or our products otherwise have defects, we may be required to recall products and may face penalties and product liability claims, either of which could result in unexpected costs and damage our reputation.

The manufacturing, distribution, packaging, importation and exportation of personal care products and their components, ingredients and raw materials are subject to complex product safety-related laws, regulations and national and industrial standards, including without limitation, the Civil Code of the PRC, the Product Quality Law of the PRC, the Administrative Measures for Disinfection and Feminine Pad (including health pads) (GB/T 8939-2018). In addition, the utilization of ethylene oxide sterilization equipment further subject us to various industrial standards, including without limitation, Requirement for ethylene oxide sterilization of sub package (YY/T1403-2017) and Basic Assurance Requirements for Safety and Effectiveness in Sterilization of Ethylene Oxide (YY/T1544-2017). To maintain compliance and promote product safety, we have established a team dedicated to product quality inspection, product sampling and quality issues resolution and cooperate with the world’s leading testing centers to continually oversee the quality and safety of our products. In addition, we closely work with our counsel on the development in laws, regulations and standards applicable to our business. However, as these laws, regulations and standards are relatively new and their interpretation and implementation have been constantly evolving, we cannot assure that the competent authorities will always hold the same view as our counsel team does in terms of the compliance of our business operations.

Any failure or perceived failure to comply with laws, regulations or standards with respect to product safety, or any sale suspension or product recall may lead to government investigations, penalties and lawsuits and may result in adverse publicity, potential significant costs in connection with the suspension of sales or recall, and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operating results could be materially harmed if we are unable to accurately forecast consumer demand for our products or adequately manage our inventory.

Our business requires us to manage a large volume of inventory effectively. We depend on our forecasts of demand for, and popularity of, various products to make purchase decisions and to manage our inventory of stock-keeping units. Demand for products, however, can change significantly between the time inventory, components, ingredients or raw materials are ordered and the date of sale. Demand may be affected by seasonality, new product launches, and rapid changes in product cycles and pricing, product defects, promotions, changes in consumer spending patterns, changes in consumer preferences with respect to our products and other factors, and our consumers may not purchase products in the quantities that we expect. It may be difficult to accurately forecast demand and determine appropriate levels of product or componentry. If we fail to manage our inventory effectively or negotiate favorable credit terms with third-party manufacturers and suppliers, we may be subject to a heightened risk of inventory obsolescence, a decline in inventory values, and significant inventory write-downs or write-offs in the case of overestimation of consumer demand, or increased costs to secure necessary production and delivery delays in the case of underestimation of consumer demand. An inability to meet consumer demand and delays in the delivery of our products to our customers could result in reputational harm and damaged customer relationships. In addition, if we are required to lower sale prices in order to reduce inventory level or to pay higher prices to our manufacturers and suppliers, our profit margins might be negatively affected. Any of the above may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate due to seasonality and other factors, which makes our results of operations difficult to predict and may cause our quarterly results of operations to fall short of expectations.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate depending upon a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our operating results tend to be seasonal. For instance, we generate a substantial portion of our net revenues in the second and the fourth calendar quarters as a result of higher sales volume during a series of shopping festivals across e-commerce platforms, such as “618,” “Double 11” and “Double 12”. In addition, in order to prepare for such shopping festivals, we must order and keep in stock significantly more merchandise than we would carry at other times of the year. Our selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of net revenues is also typically lower in the second and fourth calendar quarters as a result of higher online traffic during such periods due to promotional activities by e-commerce platforms during shopping festivals such as “618” in the second calendar quarter, as well as “Double 11” and “Double 12” in the fourth calendar quarter, which leads to greater sales volumes. However, as a result of the negative impact of COVID-19, our net revenues experienced slower-than-expected growth. See “— Our operations have been, and may continue to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.” Overall, the historical seasonality of our business has been relatively mild due to our limited operating history but may increase further in the future. As a result of the seasonal fluctuations in our operating results, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. Our quarterly and annual revenues and costs and expenses as a percentage of our revenues in a given period may be significantly different from our historical or projected rates and our operating results in future quarters may fall below expectations.

We have limited insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

While we maintain all insurance coverage in accordance with the law, our insurance coverage is not comprehensive for our products, services, and business operations. A successful liability claim against us, regardless of whether due to injuries suffered by our users could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and reputation. In addition, we do not have business disruption insurance. Any business disruption event could result in substantial cost to us and diversion of our resources.

Our operations have been, and may continue to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Beginning in January 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 has severely impacted China and the rest of the world. Our business and operations have also been affected as a result. In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities across China. Given the strict implementation of quarantine measures during this period, social and economic activities throughout China were negatively affected, and opportunities for discretionary consumption, especially in offline sales channels, were limited during the period. In response to the pandemic, countries and regions around the world, including mainland China, imposed various measures to contain the spread of the virus. While national and local governments in locations in which we and our key suppliers and business partners operate have relaxed restrictions on business operations since the end of 2022, we cannot guarantee if similar measures will be implemented in the future in the event of resurgence of virus. If it occurs, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts us will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions to contain or otherwise address the effects of COVID-19, among others. If the financial markets or the overall economy are impacted for an extended period, our results of operations, financial position and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.

To date, our business has not experienced material disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, despite the overall declines in consumer demand in China, the market size for feminine hygienic products has experienced a growth. According to the Household Paper Professional Committee of the China Paper Association, the market size for feminine hygiene products increased from RMB56.3 billion to RMB65.0 billion from 2018 to 2022, which represent a CAGR of 3.7%. We are closely monitoring the development of the pandemic and the consumer demand conditions in China, and evaluate and take proactive measures to manage the corresponding impact on our operations.

We rely on third-party e-commerce platforms to sell our products online. If such platform’s services or operations are interrupted or if our cooperation with such platforms terminates, deteriorates or becomes more costly, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Currently, we rely on third-party e-commerce platforms such as Tmall, JD.com and Douyin, among others, for online sales of our products and derive a material portion of our online sales revenue through and from such platforms. If such platform’s services or operations are interrupted, if such platforms fail to provide satisfactory customer experience and fail to attract new and retain existing users, if our cooperation with such third-party e-commerce platforms terminates, deteriorates or becomes more costly, or if we fail to incentivize such platforms to drive traffic to our flagship stores or promote the sale of our products, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to find alternative channels on terms and conditions commercially acceptable to us in a timely manner, or at all, especially given their leading position and significant influence in China’s e-commerce industry. In addition, any negative publicities about such third-party e-commerce platforms, any public perception or claims that non-authentic, counterfeit or defective goods are sold on such platforms, be it with merit or proven or not, most of which are beyond our control, may deter visits to the platforms and result in less customer traffics to our flagship stores or fewer sales of our products, which may negatively impact our business and results of operations.

We introduced company channels on WeChat in 2020 to further diversify our distribution channels. We may be subject to the E-Commerce Law of the PRC as a result of our company channels on WeChat. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations may have a material impact on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

We rely on third-party service providers for logistics services. If these service providers fail to provide reliable services, our business and reputation may be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party couriers and logistics providers for order fulfillment and delivery services, including, among others, collection of products, warehousing services, shipping products to our customers, our offline distribution channels and our designated warehouses and handling product returns. While these arrangements allow us to focus on our main business, they reduce our direct control over the logistics services provided to our customers. Logistics in our primary locations or transit to final destinations may be disrupted for a variety of reasons, including events that are beyond our control or the control of these service providers, such as inclement weather, natural and man-made disasters, health epidemics, information technology system failures, transportation disruptions, labor unrest, commercial disputes, military actions or economic, business, labor, environmental, public health, or political issues. In addition, if our third-party logistics service providers fail to comply with applicable rules and regulations in China, our delivery services may be materially and adversely affected. If any of our service providers’ operations or services are disrupted or terminated, we may not be able to find alternative service providers with quality and on commercial terms to our satisfaction in a timely and reliable manner, or at all. Furthermore, delivery personnel of contracted third-party logistics service providers act on our behalf and interact with our customers personally. We need to effectively manage these third-party logistics service providers to ensure the quality of customer services. If our products are not delivered in proper condition or in a timely manner or there is any other failure to provide high-quality delivery services to our customers, our products may be compromised, customer experience may be impaired and, as a result, our business and reputation could suffer. Further, if our logistics providers raise their fee rate, we may incur additional costs and may not be able to pass such costs to our customers.

Our delivery, return and exchange policies may adversely affect our results of operations.

We have adopted shipping policies that do not necessarily pass the full cost of shipping onto our customers. We also have adopted customer-friendly return and exchange policies that make it convenient and easy for customers to change their minds within seven days after completing direct online purchases from us. We may also be legally required to adopt new or amend existing return and exchange policies from time to time. We believe that these policies will improve customers’ shopping experience and promote customer loyalty, which in turn help us acquire and retain customers. However, these policies also subject us to additional costs and expenses which we may not recoup through increased revenues. If our delivery, return and exchange policies are misused by a significant number of customers or if the return or exchange rates increase beyond historical records or otherwise substantially, our costs may increase significantly and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we revise these policies to reduce our costs and expenses, our customers may be dissatisfied, which may result in loss of existing customers or failure to acquire new customers at a desirable pace, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Failure to successfully manage our fulfillment infrastructure expansion or any interruption in the operation of the warehouse facilities for an extended period may negatively affect our business and results of operations.

We believe that our fulfillment infrastructure, consisting of strategically located warehouses, is essential to our supply chain management. Most of the warehouses we use are operated by third-party vendors over which we have limited control. We provide our operating standards under our operating agreements with third-party vendors and typically renew these agreements on an annual basis. We cannot assure you that we will be able to add suitable warehouse facilities on commercially acceptable terms or at all. In addition, our ability to process and fulfill orders accurately and provide high quality customer service depends on the smooth operation of the warehouse facilities. Any decrease in the quality of service offered by these third-party vendors will adversely affect our reputation and business operations. The warehouse facilities may be vulnerable to damage caused by extreme weather conditions and disasters such as fire, flood, typhoon, environmental hazards, power outage, telecommunications failure, break-ins, earthquake, health epidemics, human error and other events. If any of the warehouse facilities were rendered incapable of operations, then we may be unable to fulfill our orders on a timely basis, which could result in canceled sales and a loss of customer loyalty and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not carry business interruption insurance, and the occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We collect, store, process and use a variety of customer data and information for analysis of the changing consumer preferences and industry trends, which subjects us to laws and regulations related to privacy, information security and data protection. Any failure to comply with these law and regulations could materially and adversely harm our business.

We collect, store, process and use a variety of customer data and information for analysis of the changing consumer preferences and industry trends to guide our product development and to improve our products and customer experience. The confidentiality, access, collection, use and disclosure of customers’ data are highly regulated in China. The PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations relating to the protection of privacy, personal information and data, under which we are required to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, to obtain appropriate customer consent and to establish customer information protection systems with appropriate remedial measures. While we strive to comply with such laws and regulations, as well as our privacy policies and other obligations we may have with respect to privacy and data protection, some of our data collection activities may be deemed beyond the scope of or without the consent from our customers. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies related to privacy, information security and data protection may result in inquiries and other proceedings or actions against us by government authorities or others, as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation and brand, each of which could cause us to lose customers. In addition, as data protection and privacy issues draw more and more attention from the society, we may also become subject to new laws and regulations, or newly adopted interpretation and application of existing privacy and data protection laws or regulations, which are uncertain and could further restrict collection and usage of customer data, or otherwise inconsistent with our practice. Any additional enactment or promulgation of this type may, among other things, require us to implement new security measures or bring within the legislation or promulgation other personal data not currently regulated. Compliance with any additional laws could be expensive, may place restrictions on our data collection and processing practice, the conduct of our business and the manner in which we interact with our customers.

Any security and privacy breach may lead to leak and unauthorized disclosure of data and information we aggregate, which may hurt our brand image, our business and results of operations.

We store and analyze customer and operations data, and security breaches expose us to a risk of loss of such data, litigation and potential liability. Our data is encrypted and saved on cloud-based servers, segregated from the internet, protected by access control, and further backed up in long-distance servers, so as to minimize the possibility of data loss or breach. We have not experienced material incidents of security breach.

Despite the security measures we have implemented, we may experience cyber-attacks of varying degrees, including attempts to hack into our cloud or our intranet and steal customer and business information or obtain economic benefit from us. Our security measures may also be breached due to employee error, malfeasance or otherwise. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data, or may otherwise obtain access to such data. Any such breach or unauthorized access could result in significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in the security of our information system that could deter our customers from engaging with us, and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, our customers’ and business partners’ perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, we could lose customers and business partners, may not be able to maintain the level of engagement with customers and business partners and we may be exposed to significant legal and financial risks, including legal claims and regulatory fines and penalties. Any of these actions could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology, and if we are unable to protect against service interruptions, data corruption, cyber-based attacks or network security breaches, our operations could be disrupted.

We rely on information technology networks and systems to market and sell our products, to process, transmit and store electronic and financial information, to manage and monitor a variety of business processes and activities and to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements. We are dependent on a variety of information systems to effectively process and fulfill customer orders. We also depend on our information technology infrastructure for digital marketing activities, for managing our various distribution channels, for electronic communications among our personnel, customers, manufacturers and suppliers and for synchronization with our manufacturers and logistics providers on demand forecast, order placements and manufacturing and service status and capacity. These information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components, power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors or catastrophic events. Any material disruption of our systems, or the systems of our third-party manufacturers, e-commerce platforms or service providers, could disrupt our ability to track, record and analyze the products that we sell and could negatively impact our operations, shipment of goods, ability to meet customer requests, ability to process financial information and transactions, and ability to receive and process orders or engage in normal business activities. If our information technology systems suffer damage, disruption or shutdown, we may incur substantial cost in repairing or replacing these systems, and if we do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we could experience delays in reporting our financial results.

If we fail to maintain and upgrade our information technology systems, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As we grow our business, we expect to continue to invest in and implement, upgrades to our information technology systems and procedures. Without these improvements, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions, slow data processing, unreliable service levels, impaired quality or delays in reporting accurate information, any of which could negatively affect our reputation and ability to attract and retain customers. However, such upgrades may subject us to inherent costs and risks associated with changes to these systems, including potential disruption of our internal control structure, additional administration and operating expenses, failure to acquire or retain sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to or integrating new systems into our current systems. In addition, the upgrade and improvement of our information technology systems and infrastructure may require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance our business will increase. If we fail to respond to technological change or to adequately maintain and upgrade our systems and infrastructure in response to changing business needs in a timely, effective and cost-efficient fashion, our business could be adversely affected.

Inaccuracies in our operating metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

We regularly review our operating metrics in relation to our customers to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance, and make strategic decisions. These metrics are calculated using our internal data as well as third-party platform’s data, have not been validated by an independent third party, and may not be indicative of our future operation results. Our operating metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by other companies due to differences in methodology. If we discover material inaccuracies in the operating metrics we use, or if they are perceived to be inaccurate, our reputation may be harmed and our evaluation methods and results may be impaired, which could negatively affect our business.

The payment methods that we accept subject us to third-party payment-related risks and other risks.

We accept payments from our customers using a variety of methods, including online payments with credit cards and debit cards issued by major banks and payment through third-party online payment platforms such as WeChat Pay and Alipay. We also rely on third parties to provide payment processing services. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower our profit margins. We may also be subject to fraud and other illegal activities in connection with the various payment methods we offer, including online payment options. We may also be subject to various rules, regulations, and requirements, regulatory or otherwise, governing electronic fund transfers and online payment, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply with. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers, process electronic fund transfers, or facilitate other types of online payments, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our ability to enrich our content offerings could be substantially impaired if we fail to cooperate with third-party content providers or fail to attract or retain high quality in-house writers and editors.

We currently generate promotional content primarily through our in-house editorial team. We also collaborate with third-party professional content providers to extend the breadth and depth of our content offerings. The demand and competition for skilled and experienced writers and editors are intense. We may not be able to compete effectively for talents, neither can we guarantee we will not lose existing editors or writers. We may also incur increased compensation expenditures as we upscale our editorial team or increase compensation and benefits to retain our skilled writers and editors. In addition, if we fail to maintain our cooperation with third-party professional content providers upon terms commercially acceptable to us, we may lose a portion of high-quality content offerings. Any of these occurrences may adversely affect our ability to produce high-quality content in an effective manner, resulting in deterioration of user experience and harm to our brand, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected as a result.

If the content we produce and distribute through online social and content platforms, or content available on our website, is deemed to violate PRC laws or regulations, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We produce and distribute professionally generated personal care and wellness related content on third party online social and content platforms such as WeChat, Douyin and RED to promote feminine-care-related knowledge, to improve our brand awareness and to generate consumer interest in our products. Under PRC laws, we are required to monitor content we produce and distribute for items that are factually incorrect, socially destabilizing, obscene or defamatory, and promptly take actions with respect to such content items. Sometimes, it is arguable as to whether a piece of information is factually incorrect or involved other types of illegality, and it may be difficult to determine the type of content that may result in liability to us. Our burden to administer the content, and costs associated therewith, may be exacerbated if we develop our own app with user discussion panel or other interactive functions or features in the future, or introduce such interactive features and functions to our website and WeChat mini-program. If we are found to be liable, we may be subject to fines, revocation of our relevant licenses and other administrative and civil actions, which may interrupt our business. We have implemented measures to review content in light of the relevant laws and regulations before any of them is published. However, such procedures may not prevent all illegal or impropriate contents from being distributed, especially content created during living streaming by KOLs we collaborate with.

If our cash from operations is not sufficient to meet our current or future operating needs and expenditures, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, we had negative cash flows from operations of US$1.9 million. We generated operating profit of US$0.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 and we had operating loss of US$0.03 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any marketing initiatives, investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. To the extent we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow, we may be forced to cancel, reduce or delay these activities. Our ability to generate cash to meet our operating needs and expenditures will depend on our future performance and financial condition, which will be affected by financial, business, economic, legislative, regulatory and other factors, including potential changes in costs, pricing, the success of product innovation and marketing, competitive pressure and consumer preferences. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our cash needs, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations. Alternatively, if our sources of funding are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to obtain credit facilities or sell equity or debt securities. The sale of equity securities would result in dilution of our existing shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in debt service obligations and operating and financing covenants that could restrict our operations. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to infringement claims of intellectual property rights or other rights of third parties, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the trademarks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights of others. We have adopted and implemented internal procedures and licensing practices to prevent unauthorized use of such intellectual properties or the infringement by us of other rights of third parties. However, we cannot be certain that these measures can be effective in completely preventing all possible infringement, misappropriation and other violations of third-party’s intellectual property rights or other rights during the course of our business. As we face increasing competition and as litigation becomes a more common way to resolve disputes in China, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. This is especially the case as our sales and marketing activities may use photos or video clips that contain portraits of individuals and shows performed by others such as recorded product promotion live-streaming held by our cooperating KOLs. We cannot rule out the possibility that some of these use cases are not properly authorized by the relevant performers and/or proprietary right holders, which may expose us to potential liabilities for infringement of portrait rights or rights to network dissemination of information under Chinese laws. In addition, although we enter into license agreements with third party proprietary right holders, we cannot rule out the possibility that some uses of such licensed rights might exceed the authorized scope or permitted license time period specified in such license agreements. Furthermore, there could also be existing intellectual property of which we are not aware that our operations and business may inadvertently infringe upon. As such, we may from time to time in the future be subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. Also, although we have not been subject to any claims or lawsuits outside China, we cannot assure you that we will not become subject to intellectual property laws in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. If a claim of infringement brought against us in China, the United States or another jurisdiction is successful, we may be required to pay substantial penalties or other damages and fines, enter into license agreements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all or be subject to injunctions or court orders. Even if allegations or claims lack merit, defending against them could be both costly and time consuming and could significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management and other personnel. Competitors and other third parties may claim as well that our officers or employees have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their product formulas, confidential information, trade secrets or other proprietary information or technology in the course of their employment with us or in their designing and manufacturing products for us, as the case may be. Although we take steps to prevent the unauthorized use or disclosure of such third-party information, intellectual property or technology by our officers or employees, we cannot guarantee that our internal intellectual property policy, any other policies or contractual provisions that we have implemented or may implement will be effective. If a claim of infringement, misappropriation or violation is brought against us or one of our officers or employees, we may suffer reputational harm and may be required to pay substantial damages, subject to injunction or court orders or be required to suspend sales of our products or to remit to the plaintiff the revenues we derive from the sales, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our revenues and financial results may be adversely affected by any economic slowdown in China or globally.

The success of our business ultimately depends on consumer spending. All of our operations are in China and we derive substantially all of our revenues from China. As a result, our revenues and financial results are impacted to a significant extent by economic conditions in China and globally. The global macroeconomic environment is facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed since 2010 and the trend may continue. Any slowdown could significantly reduce domestic commerce in China. In addition, there is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Sales of our products and services depend in part on discretionary consumer spending and are even more exposed to adverse changes in general economic conditions. In response to consumers’ perceived uncertainty in economic conditions, customers might delay, reduce, or cancel purchases of our products and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Heightened geopolitical tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recently there have been heightened tensions in geopolitical relations, particularly between the United States and China, but also as a result of the conflict in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia as well as the Israel-Hamas war in the middle east. These tensions have affected both diplomatic and economic ties between the two countries. Heightened tensions could reduce levels of trade, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities between the two major economies. While we currently do not conduct any business operations outside of China, the existing tensions and any further deterioration in the relationship between the United States and China may have a negative impact on the general, economic, political, and social conditions in both countries and, given our reliance on the Chinese market, adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and our business strategy.

The conflicts in Ukraine and the imposition of broad economic sanctions on Russia could raise energy prices and disrupt global markets. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has, and is likely to continue to, generate uncertain geopolitical conditions, sanctions, and other potential impacts on the global economic activities. While we do not have substantial operations in these areas or any suppliers from these areas, there is no guarantee that these geopolitical tensions will not cause reduce levels of trade, investments and technological exchanges, or result in disruption to global economic and supply chains, which in turn may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Natural disasters, terrorist activities, political unrest, and other outbreaks could disrupt our production, delivery, and operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Global pandemics, epidemics in China or elsewhere in the world, or fear of spread of contagious diseases, such as Ebola virus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, and avian flu, as well as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, or other natural disasters could disrupt our business operations, reduce or restrict our supply of materials and services, incur significant costs to protect our employees and facilities, or result in regional or global economic distress, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Actual or threatened war, terrorist activities, political unrest, civil strife, and other geopolitical uncertainty could have a similar adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any one or more of these events may impede our production and delivery efforts and adversely affect our sales results, or even for a prolonged period of time, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Although we have servers that are hosted in an offsite location, our backup system does not capture data on a real-time basis and we may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. We cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks, or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, damage to our property, delays in production, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures, or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Unexpected termination of leases, failure to renew the lease of our existing premises or to renew such leases at acceptable terms could materially and adversely affect our business.

We lease the premises for manufacturing, warehousing and offices. We cannot assure you that we would be able to renew the relevant lease agreements without substantial additional cost or increase in the rental cost payable by us. If a lease agreement is renewed at a rent substantially higher than the current rate, or currently existing favorable terms granted by the lessor are not extended, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Failure to comply with the terms of our indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

Pursuant to certain debt agreements, we have created security interests over our self-owned properties located in Shenzhen in favor of a financial institution. Such arrangement could limit our ability to dispose our self-owned properties or utilize the proceeds of such disposition and, upon an event of default, allow this financial institution to foreclose upon our property pledged. In such cases, our ability to use these properties, as well as our business operations, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, which may have material and adverse effect to investor confidence and the market price of our securities.

In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and other control deficiencies. The material weakness identified relates to (i) the lack of sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and the SEC reporting requirements to formalize, design, implement and operate key controls over financial reporting process to address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC and (ii) the lack of robust and formal period-end financial reporting policies and procedures to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting and the SEC reporting requirements. This has resulted in a number of accounting errors and omissions, including but not limited to the accounting for the complex transactions such as share based compensation and redeemable convertible preferred shares. Following the identification of the material weaknesses, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remedy these material weaknesses. However, we cannot assure you that the implementation of these measures will be sufficient to eliminate such material weaknesses, or that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to correct these material weaknesses or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses or significant deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud.

We are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, will require that we include a report from management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2025 assuming the Business Combination is consummated in 2023. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated, or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other or more material weaknesses or deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our securities. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Uncertainties exist with respect to how the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.

Laws regulating foreign investment in China include the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the PRC FIL, effective from January 1, 2020, and the Regulation on Implementing the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, effective from January 1, 2020. The PRC FIL specifies that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the “negative list” to be issued or approved by the State Council. While we do not operate in an industry that is currently subject to foreign investment restrictions or prohibition in China, it is uncertain whether our industry will be named in an updated “negative list” to be issued in the future. If our industry is added to the “negative list” or if the PRC regulatory authorities otherwise decide to limit foreign ownership in our industry, there could be a risk that we would be unable to do business in China as we are currently structured. If any new laws and/or regulations on foreign investments in China are promulgated and implemented, such changes could have a significant impact on our current corporate structure, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our business and operations, PubCo’s ability to raise capital and the market price of PubCo’s securities following the Business Combination. In such event, despite our efforts to restructure to comply with the then applicable PRC laws and regulations in order to continue our operations in China, we may experience material changes in our business and results of operations, our attempts may prove to be futile due to factors beyond our control, and the value of PubCo’s securities may significantly decline or become worthless.

The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on or intervene the operation of China-based issuers, such as Big Tree Cloud and PubCo at any time in relation to how we conduct our business, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of PubCo’s securities.

We conduct our business primarily through our PRC subsidiaries. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant authority to supervise the manner in which we conduct our business activities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and may intervene or influence our business at any time as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. PubCo may need to adjust our operations from time to time to address any concern that may be raised by governmental agencies or otherwise comply with their regulatory requirements or regulatory actions. As a company with limited operating history, we may not be prepared or capable of complying with the requirements in a timely matter, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations, and cause the value of PubCo’s securities to significantly decline or become worthless and affect PubCo’s ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors.

Further, the PRC government regulates the commercial economy by refining and modifying the legal and regulatory system from time to time in keeping with the developing economic trends and needs of the market. Our ability to operate in China may be affected by reforms and updates in PRC laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of the jurisdictions in which we operate may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Any regulatory intervention or enforcement action by regulatory authorities could influence and result in a material adverse change in our operations and our securities may decline in value as a result. We may need to adjust our operations from time to time to address any concern that may be raised by governmental agencies or otherwise comply with their regulatory requirements or regulatory actions. Also, following the implementation of the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to improve and strengthen the proper oversight and control, based on gathered experience, over offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause the value of PubCo’s securities to significantly decline. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

Changes in China’s economic, social or other conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and the value of PubCo’s securities.

All of our operations are located in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. Accordingly, Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s business, results of operations and financial condition may be influenced by the PRC political, economic and social conditions.

The economic, political and social conditions in China differ from those of the countries in other jurisdictions in many respects, including the role of the government in economic development, level of development, allocation of resources, administration of the foreign exchange and growth rate. Over the past decades, the PRC government has taken various measures to promote the market economy and encourage entities to establish sound corporate governance. The PRC government also regulates and oversees China’s economic growth by strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated debt, formulating monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to specific industries or companies. Economic reform measures may also be adjusted, modified or applied inconsistently from industry to industry or across different regions of the country, and there can be no assurance that the Chinese government will continue to pursue a policy of economic reform or that the direction of reform will continue to be market friendly.

Various measures implemented by the PRC government to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on Big Tree Cloud and PubCo following the Business Combination. The PRC government has also implemented certain measures in the past, including interest rate adjustment, aiming to sustain the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for Big Tree Cloud’s products and consequently have a material adverse effect on Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may also have a severe and negative impact on the Chinese economy. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the rate of growth of the Chinese economy may adversely affect Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s business and results of operations, leading to reduction in demand for its products and adversely affect its competitive position.

As with all standing governments of a sovereign state, the PRC government has the proper authority to promulgate laws, regulations or policies that seek to impose increased scrutiny over, or further revise, the current regulatory regime in certain industries or in certain activities it deems to be in the best interest of China. For instance, the PRC government may, at any time, intervene or influence the business operations in China and may in turn influence specific industries or companies that it deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals, which may, however, have a material and adverse effect on the short term or future growth of the affected industries and the companies operating in such industries. These actions may significantly limit or completely hinder PubCo’s ability to offer or continue to offer securities to you and cause the value of PubCo’s securities to significantly decline or be worthless. Furthermore, the PRC government has also recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and foreign investments in China-based companies. Any such actions may adversely affect and/or cause a material change to Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s operations, and following the Business Combination, result in a material change in the value of PubCo’s securities.

Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s ability to successfully maintain or grow business operations in China depends on various factors, which are beyond its control. These factors include, among others, macro-economic and other market conditions, political stability, social conditions, measures to control inflation or deflation, changes in the rate or method of taxation, changes in laws, regulations and administrative directives or their interpretation, and changes in industry policies. If Big Tree Cloud or PubCo fails to take timely and appropriate measures to adapt to any of the changes or challenges, Big Tree Cloud’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses, permits, registrations and filings applicable to our business, or fail to obtain additional licenses, permits, registrations or filings that become necessary as a result of new enactment or promulgation of government policies, laws or regulations or the expansion of our business, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Personal care industry and certain business models and practices such as the operation of licensing business and export oriented e-commerce business in China are highly regulated, and requires multiple licenses, permits, filings and approvals to conduct and develop business. Currently, we have obtained valid licenses through our subsidiaries, including but not limited to: Class II medical device business recordation proof and the food business license. However, as a fast-growing company with limited operating history that is continuously exploring more approaches to conduct sales and marketing cost-effectively and capture points of growth, we may be unable to obtain all the licenses, registrations and filings necessary or advisable for certain of our operations, especially the newly launched ones. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice of warning or been subject to any administrative penalties or other disciplinary actions from the relevant governmental authorities for lack of licenses, permits, registrations or filings. However, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any administrative action that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, certain licenses, permits or registrations we hold are subject to periodic renewal. If we fail to maintain or renew one or more of our licenses and certificates when their current term expires, or obtain such renewals on a timely manner, our operations could be disrupted. In addition, under relevant PRC laws and regulations, our license holders are required to update certain licenses if any change to their respective name, registered capital or legal representative during the validity period of such license. If we fail to properly renew and maintain all such requisite licenses on time, we may face penalties and in extreme circumstances, order to suspend or terminate our manufacturing or other businesses.

Further, due to uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of existing laws and the adoption of additional laws and regulations, the licenses, permits, registrations or filings we held may be deemed insufficient by PRC governments, which may restrain our ability to expand our business scope and may subject us to fines or other regulatory actions. Furthermore, as we develop and expand our business scope, we may need to obtain additional permits and licenses and we cannot assure that we will be able to obtain such permits on time or at all.

Uncertainties in the changes, interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect Big Tree Cloud’s business.

Similar to conducting business in other foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S., we face certain risks arising from a foreign legal system, including risks and uncertainties regarding the changes, interpretation and enforcement of laws and the evolving status of rules and regulations in China can change quickly with very short notice. As a company with limited operating history, we may not be prepared or capable of complying with the changes in a timely matter. While this may apply to other jurisdictions, uncertainties in the changes, interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business and/or the value of the PubCo securities being offered hereby, or could significantly limit or completely hinder PubCo’s ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. In 1979, the PRC government began to publish a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, and forms of foreign investment (including wholly foreign-owned enterprises and joint ventures) in particular. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in mainland China. However, mainland China’s legal system is still developing as the global economy continues to evolve, and recently enacted laws and regulations are subject to interpretation by the PRC regulatory agencies and new laws and regulations may be promulgated to cover more aspects of economic activities in mainland China. These laws, regulations and legal requirements are relatively new and often change, and their interpretation and enforcement may raise uncertainties given the lack of precedents for its interpretation on the onset that which in turn could limit the reliability of the legal protections available to us.

Under the current PRC legal system, we believe that PubCo is not required to obtain any permits, authorizations, or approvals as a holding company with no actual business operation. However, we cannot predict future developments in the PRC legal system. If any PRC laws, rules or regulations is amended or new laws, rules or regulations is published, after the completion of the Business Combination, PubCo may need to procure additional permits, authorizations and approvals for its operations, which it may not be able to obtain. Our inability to obtain such permits or authorizations may materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Administrative and court proceedings in China, like many other civil law systems, may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities retain certain discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to predict the outcome of administrative and court proceedings that we may involve. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce contracts and could materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with this Business Combination under PRC law, and, if so required, we cannot predict whether or when we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing, and even if we obtain such approval, it could be rescinded.

Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, require an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets and controlled by PRC individuals or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and the listing of our securities after the completion of the Business Combination and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities (the “Opinions”), which emphasized the need to strengthen administration over illegal securities activities and supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies. The Opinions proposed promoting regulatory systems to deal with risks facing China-based overseas-listed companies, and provided that the State Council will revise provisions regarding the overseas issuance and listing of shares by companies limited by shares and will clarify the duties of domestic regulatory authorities.

On December 27, 2021, National Development and Reform Commission(“NDRC”) and the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (“MOFCOM”) jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Version) (the “2021 Negative List”), which became effective and replaced the previous version on January 1, 2022. On September 6, 2024, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 version) (the “2024 Negative List”), as amended, which will become effective and replace the 2021 Negative list on November 1, 2024. According to the 2021 Negative List and the 2024 Negative List, domestic enterprises engaging in businesses in which foreign investment is prohibited shall obtain approval from the relevant authorities before offering and listing their shares on an overseas stock exchange. In addition, certain foreign investors shall not be involved in the operation or management of the relevant enterprise, and shareholding percentage restrictions under relevant domestic securities investment management regulations shall apply to such foreign investors.

Since Big Tree Cloud is not engaged in businesses in which foreign investment is prohibited, Big Tree Cloud believes that it is not required to obtain such approval under the 2021 Negative List and the 2024 Negative List. However, some of the abovementioned laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, and have not yet taken effect (as applicable), their interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to uncertainties, and uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the new rules and regulations.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and circulated five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023.

According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (1) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (5) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, which filing shall be submitted within three business days after the issuer submits its application documents relating to the initial public offering and/or listing or after the first public announcement of the relevant transaction (if the submission of relevant application documents is not required). The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

Guidance for Application of Regulatory Rules — Overseas Offering and Listing No.1, promulgated by CSRC together with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, provides that if a domestic enterprise completes an overseas offering through an overseas special purposes acquisition company, it shall submit the filing materials within three business days after such overseas special purposes acquisition company publicly announces such acquisition transaction. Big Tree Cloud believes that in accordance with the abovementioned guidance and rules, it shall complete the filing procedure under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures before the consummation of the Business Combination and the listing of PubCo’s securities on Nasdaq. Big Tree Cloud has submitted a filing with the CSRC with respect to the Business Combination. The CSRC published the notification on the Company’s completion of the required filing procedures on February 5, 2024 for the Business Combination. Other than correspondence with the CSRC in connection with the CSRC filing procedures, Big Tree Cloud has not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection from the CSRC with respect to this Business Combination.

However, the Trial Measures may be amended from time to time in the future and in accordance with the version then in effect, we may be subject to additional compliance requirement and we cannot assure you that we will be able to get such clearance on a timely manner, or at all. Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer PubCo Ordinary Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause PubCo’s Ordinary Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Regulations on Network Data Security Management, are required for the issuance of our securities overseas or for offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. For the requirement of cybersecurity review, see “— Any failure to comply with the various applicable PRC laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities or other regulatory actions, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business operations.” Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or filing or other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.

Actions by the government of China to exert more supervision over offerings, if any, may limit or completely hinder the PubCo’s ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors or cause the value of such securities to decline or in some circumstances become worthless.

The PRC government authorities may, on the basis of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, further refine and modify the supervision measures and supporting systems with respect to offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers like us. Such actions taken by the PRC government authorities may intervene or influence our operations and are beyond our control. Therefore, any such action may adversely affect our operations and significantly limit or hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to you and cause our securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. We have been closely monitoring the developments in the regulatory landscape in China, particularly regarding the requirement of approvals, including on a retrospective basis, from the CSRC, the CAC, or other PRC authorities with respect to the Business Combination, as well as other procedures that may be imposed on us. The government of China has the legal ability through its agencies to exert more supervision over offerings, which may limit or completely hinder the PubCo’s ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors or cause the value of such securities to decline or in some circumstances become worthless.

Any failure to comply with the various applicable PRC laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities or other regulatory actions, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business operations.

The cybersecurity legal regime in China is relatively new and evolving rapidly, and their interpretation and enforcement involve uncertainties. As a result, it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations in certain circumstances.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Data Security Law (the “Data Security Law”), which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law sets forth data security and privacy related compliance obligations of entities and individuals carrying out data related activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and layered protection system based on the importance of data and the degree of impact on national security, public interests or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked or illegally acquired or used. In addition, the Data Security Law provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security, and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. According to the PRC National Security Law (the “PRC National Security Law”), the government shall establish institutions and mechanisms for national security review and conduct national security review on certain matters that affect or may affect PRC national security, such as key technologies and IT products and services.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC and 12 other PRC regulatory authorities jointly issued the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaced the cybersecurity review measures issued in April 2020. The Cybersecurity Review Measures provide, among others, (1) the purchase of cyber products and services by critical information infrastructure operators (the “CIIOs”), and network platform operators, which engage in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall be subject to the cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office, which is the department responsible for the implementation of cybersecurity review under the CAC; and (2) network platform operators with personal information of over one million users that seek for listing on a foreign stock exchange shall apply for a cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office. In addition, the Cybersecurity Review Measures provide that relevant regulatory authorities may initiate a cybersecurity review against CIIOs and network platform operators if they are deemed to engage in activities that affect or may affect national security by relevant regulatory authorities. However, the Cybersecurity Review Measures have not offered any explanation or interpretation for what constitute “affect or may affect national security,” and PRC authorities may have certain discretion in interpreting and enforcing these laws and regulations.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not been informed that we are a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore, the exact definition, scope or criteria of “critical information infrastructure operators,” “network platform operators” and “users’ personal information” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have certain discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator or network platform operator under PRC laws. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator or network platform operator under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, we may be subject to obligations in addition to what we have fulfilled under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council published the Regulations on Network Data Security Management, which will become effective on January 1, 2025. The Regulations on Network Data Security Management provides that data processors conducting the activities which affect or may affect national security shall apply for cybersecurity review in accordance with relevant national regulations. There have been no clarifications from the authorities as of the date of this annual report as to the standards for determining such activities that “affects or may affect national security” this annual report. As of the date of this annual report, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries has been required by any PRC governmental authority to apply for cybersecurity review, nor have we or any of our subsidiaries received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction in such respect or been denied permission from any PRC regulatory authority to list on U.S. exchanges. Based on the current PRC laws and regulations, in effect and their enforcement, we believe that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries is subject to the cybersecurity review, reporting or other permission requirements by the CAC under the applicable PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations with respect to the offering of our securities or the business operations of our subsidiaries, because neither we nor any of our subsidiaries qualifies as a critical information infrastructure operator or has conducted any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security or holds personal information of more than one million users. However, as PRC governmental authorities have certain discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and there remains uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, if the PRC regulatory authorities take a position contrary to ours, we cannot assure you that we or any of our subsidiaries will not be deemed to be subject to PRC cybersecurity review requirements under the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures or the Regulations on Network Data Security Management as a critical information infrastructure operator or an internet platform operator that is engaged in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security or holds personal information of more than one million users, nor can we assure you that we or our subsidiaries would be able to pass such review. If we or any of our subsidiaries fails to receive any requisite permission or approval from the CAC for the Business Combination or the business operations of our subsidiaries, or the waiver for such permission or approval, in a timely manner, or at all, or inadvertently conclude that such permission or approval is not required, or if applicable laws, regulations or interpretations change and obligate us to obtain such permission or approvals in the future, we or our subsidiaries may be subject to fines, suspension of business, website closure, revocation of business licenses or other penalties, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, we could become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review or investigations launched by PRC regulators in the future pursuant to new laws, regulations or policies. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures or any other non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations may result in fines, suspension of business, website closure, revocation of business licenses or other penalties, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Archives Rules”), which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Archives Rules regulate both overseas direct offerings and overseas indirect offerings, providing that, among other things:

Given that the above-mentioned newly promulgated laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, and some of them have not yet taken effect. Due to the relatively recent nature of these laws, regulations and policies, and the lack of pertinent cases to observe, it could take some time to observe their interpretation, application and enforcement. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require it to change its business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within mainland China.

The SEC, the U.S. Department of Justice and other U.S. authorities may also have difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against us or our directors or executive officers in the PRC. The SEC has stated that there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for investigations or litigation in China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulators of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulators in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the territory of mainland China, and without the consent by the Chinese securities government authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under the article have yet to be promulgated, the difficulty for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within mainland China and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit documentation related to their audit reports included in this registration statement/prospectus include audit documentation located in China. PCAOB may not be able to inspect audit documentation located in China and, as such, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access to the U.S. capital markets. Our ordinary shares may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HCFAA”) after the Business Combination if the PCAOB is unable to adequately inspect audit documentation located in China. The delisting of our ordinary shares or the threat of their being delisted, may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ordinary shares.

The independent registered public accounting firm of Big Tree Cloud issued an audit opinion on the financial statements included in this annual report filed with the SEC. As an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, the auditor of Big Tree Cloud, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB.

Our auditor, Audit Alliance LLP, which is headquartered in Singapore, is registered with the PCAOB and is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. However, recent history and development with respect to audits of China-based companies, such as us, create uncertainty about the ability of their auditor to fully cooperate with the PCAOB’s request for audit work papers without the approval of the Chinese authorities. As a result, our investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB’s oversight of our auditor through such inspections.

Inspections of certain other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections of audit firms located in mainland China and Hong Kong, and it has issued its report notifying the SEC of its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. The audit work papers for our Chinese operations are located in China.

If our auditor is not permitted to provide requested audit work papers located in China to the PCAOB, investors would be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB’s oversight of such auditors through such inspections.

Pursuant to the HCFAA, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect an issuer’s auditors for two consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a U.S. stock exchange. The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 (the “Determination Report”) which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Determination Report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations (“PCAOB Identified Firms”).

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”) with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance (“MOF”) of the People’s Republic of China, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB conducted inspections on select registered public accounting firms subject to the Determination Report in Hong Kong between September and November 2022.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB board announced that it has completed the inspections, determined that it had complete access to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and voted to vacate the Determination Report.

On December 29, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the AHFCAA, was signed into law, which reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HCFAA from three years to two. As a result, the risks mentioned above have been heightened.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, our ability to retain an auditor subject to the PCAOB inspection and investigation, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, may depend on the relevant positions of U.S. and Chinese regulators. Audit Alliance LLP’s audit working papers related to us are located in China. With respect to audits of companies with operations in China, there are uncertainties about the ability of its auditor to fully cooperate with a request by the PCAOB for audit working papers in China without the approval of Chinese authorities. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the our auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol, then such lack of inspection or re-evaluation could cause trading in our securities to be prohibited under the HCFAA, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the our securities. Accordingly, the HCFAA calls for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. We could still face the risk of delisting and cease of trading of our securities from a stock exchange or an over-the-counter market in the United States under the HFCAA, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, and the securities regulations promulgated thereunder if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect and investigate completely our registered public accounting firms for a period of two consecutive years, and that as a result an exchange may determine to delist our securities.

Additional disclosure requirements to be adopted by and regulatory scrutiny from the SEC in response to risks related to companies with substantial operations in China, which could increase our compliance costs, subject us to additional disclosure requirements, and/or suspend or terminate our future securities offerings, making capital-raising more difficult.

On July 30, 2021, in response to the recent regulatory developments in China and actions adopted by the PRC government, the Chairman of the SEC issued a statement asking the SEC staff to seek additional disclosures from offshore issuers associated with China-based operating companies before their registration statements will be declared effective. As such, the offering of our securities may be subject to additional disclosure requirements and review that the SEC or other regulatory authorities in the United States may adopt for companies with China-based operations, which could increase our compliance costs, subject us to additional disclosure requirements, and/or suspend or terminate our future securities offerings, making capital-raising more difficult.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish procedures for certain acquisitions of PRC domestic companies, which could make it difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

A number of PRC laws and regulations have established procedures and requirements in relation to the merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors. In addition to the Anti-monopoly Law itself, these include the M&A Rules, the Rules of the Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated in 2011, and the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment promulgated by NDRC and the MOFCOM in December 2020 and came into force on January 18, 2021. These laws and regulations impose requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic company. In addition, pursuant to relevant anti-monopoly laws and regulations, the State Administration for Market Regulation should be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In light of the uncertainties relating to the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of the anti-monopoly laws and regulations of the PRC, we cannot assure you that the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency will not deem our future acquisitions or investments to have triggered filing requirement for anti-monopoly review. Moreover, mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over PRC domestic companies that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by NDRC and the MOFCOM, and prohibit any attempt to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement.

In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including clearance from the SAMR and approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementation Rules.

On March 15, 2019, the PRC National People’s Congress approved the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in mainland China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law, and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. On December 26, 2019, the PRC State Council approved the Implementation Rules of Foreign Investment Law (the “Implementation Rules”), which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementation Rules embody a regulatory trend in mainland China that aims to bring its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practices, and represent the legislative endeavors to unify corporate legal requirements applicable to foreign and domestic investments. However, since the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its Implementation Rules are relatively new, uncertainties still exist with respect to their interpretations and implementations.

The PRC Foreign Investment Law specifies that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the “negative list” to be issued by or approved to be issued by the State Council. A foreign invested enterprise would not be allowed to make investments in prohibited industries set out in the “negative list” while a foreign invested enterprise must satisfy certain conditions stipulated in the “negative list” for investment in restricted industries. While our mainland China subsidiaries are not currently subject to foreign investment restrictions as set forth in the presently effective Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Version), or the 2021 Negative List and the Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 Version), or the 2024 Negative List, which will become effective on November 1, 2024, it is uncertain whether any of their business operation will be subject to foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the “negative list” to be issued in the future. If any part of our business operation falls in the “negative list” or if the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and any future “negative list” mandate further actions, such as market entry clearance granted by the PRC Ministry of Commerce, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. We cannot assure you that the relevant government authorities will not interpret or implement the PRC Foreign Investment Law in the future in a way that will materially impact the viability of our current corporate governance and business operations.

Regulations in mainland China of loans to and direct investment in PRC domestic companies by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans to or make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in mainland China primarily through our mainland China subsidiaries. We may make additional capital contributions or loans to our mainland China subsidiaries, which are treated as foreign invested enterprises under the law in mainland China. The loans extended by us to our mainland China subsidiaries are subject to regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations of mainland China. For example, with respect to the registration, loans by us to our mainland China subsidiaries to finance their activities must be registered with the relevant local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC, or SAFE, or filed with SAFE in its information system; with respect to the outstanding amounts of loans, (i) if the relevant mainland China subsidiaries adopt the traditional foreign exchange administration mechanism, the outstanding amount of loans shall not exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the mainland China subsidiaries; and (ii) if the relevant mainland China subsidiaries adopt the relatively new foreign debt mechanism, the outstanding amount of loans shall not exceed 200% of the net asset of the relevant mainland China subsidiaries. We may also finance our mainland China subsidiaries by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be reported to or filed or registered with the MOFCOM, and the SAMR, or their local counterparts.

Pursuant to the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Reforming of the Management Method of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and was last amended on March 23, 2023, and the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, which was promulgated and came into effect in June 2016, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or choose to follow the “conversion-at-will” system for foreign currency settlement. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, therefore, have substantially lifted the restrictions on the use by a foreign-invested enterprise of its Renminbi registered capital, foreign debt and repatriated funds raised through overseas listing converted from foreign currencies. Nevertheless, SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 reiterate the principle that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope and prohibit foreign-invested companies from using such Renminbi fund to provide loans to persons other than affiliates unless otherwise permitted under their business scopes.

Under the laws and regulations in mainland China, we are permitted to utilize the proceeds of any financing outside mainland China to fund our mainland China subsidiaries by making loans to or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, subject to applicable government registration, statutory limitations on amount and approval requirements. These laws and regulations may affect our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of any financing outside mainland China to fund the establishment of new entities in mainland China by our mainland China subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC domestic companies through our mainland China subsidiaries.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. Current regulations in mainland China permit our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with the accounting standards and regulations in mainland China. In addition, each of our mainland China subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital.

As of June 30, 2024, most of our mainland China subsidiaries at that time had not made appropriations to statutory reserves as our mainland China subsidiaries at that time reported accumulated loss.

Additionally, if our mainland China subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the incurrence of indebtedness by our mainland China subsidiaries could result in operating and financing covenants and undertakings to creditors that would restrict the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

Any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See “— If we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise for purposes of income tax in mainland China, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland China shareholders.”

Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in China may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to those who pay for our services, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees, limitation with respect to utilization of labor dispatching, applying for foreigner work permits, labor protection and labor condition and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employee’s probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Companies registered and operating in mainland China are required under the PRC Social Insurance Law (latest amended in 2018) and the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Funds (latest amended in 2019) to, apply for social insurance registration and housing fund deposit registration within 30 days of their establishment, and to pay for their employees different social insurance including pension insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance to the extent required by law.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all labor-related law and regulations including those relating to obligations to make full social insurance payments and contribute to the housing provident funds. If we are found to have violated applicable labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

There may exist uncertainties with respect to effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in mainland China against us or our management based on foreign laws.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, while we conduct all of our operations in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all of our senior executive officers reside within mainland China for a significant portion of the time and all of them are mainland China nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside China. In addition, mainland China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, you may face uncertainties to the recognition and enforcement in mainland China of judgments of a court in any of these jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision, as the case may be in many other jurisdictions.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations.

The value of the RMB, which is the currency of the PRC, against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. In August 2015, the PBOC changed the way it calculates the mid-point price of RMB against the U.S. dollar, requiring the market-makers who submit for reference rates to consider the previous day’s closing spot rate, foreign-exchange demand and supply as well as changes in major currency rates. In 2018, the value of the RMB appreciated by approximately 5.5% against the U.S. dollar; and in 2019, the RMB appreciated by approximately 1.9% against the U.S. dollar. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy, including any interest rate increases by the Federal Reserve, may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Our business is conducted in the PRC through our PRC subsidiaries, and their books and records are maintained in RMB. The financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are partly presented in U.S. dollars. Changes in the exchange rates between the RMB and U.S. dollar affect the value of our PRC subsidiaries’ assets and results of operations, when presented in U.S. dollars. The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the PRC’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of the PRC and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue, and financial condition. Further, our Ordinary Shares offered in the U.S. are offered in U.S. dollars, we need to convert the net proceeds we receive into RMB in order to use the funds for our PRC subsidiaries’ business. Changes in the conversion rate among the U.S. dollar and the RMB will affect the amount of proceeds we will have available for our PRC subsidiaries’ business.

The PRC government may adopt a more flexible currency policy from time to time. Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our securities in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our securities.

Limited hedging options are available in mainland China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by foreign exchange regulations in mainland China that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Any appreciation or depreciation in the value of Renminbi relative to the U.S. dollar could cause the results of conversion using a rate that is different from the foregoing rate to differ materially from those contained in this annual report.

Governmental regulation of currency conversion may affect the utilization of our revenues.

Similar to many other jurisdictions that have foreign exchange control, the PRC government imposes regulations on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of mainland China. Under existing foreign exchange regulations in mainland China, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into a foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses, such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

To address persistent capital outflows and the RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and the SAFE implemented a series of capital control measures in the subsequent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may also restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions if we fail to fulfill the regulatory requirements. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. If the foreign exchange regulation system affects us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

Regulations in mainland China relating to offshore investment activities by mainland China residents may limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our mainland China resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under the law of mainland China.

SAFE requires mainland China residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such mainland China residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes certain material events.

If our shareholders who are mainland China residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our mainland China subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and any proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our mainland China subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration requirements could result in liability under the law of mainland China for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the mainland China residents or entities holding direct or indirect interests in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are mainland China residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make any registrations or obtain any approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our mainland China subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject plan participants in mainland China or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Under SAFE regulations, mainland China residents who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. We expect to adopt share incentive plans, and our mainland China resident employees who participate may be subject to these regulations. If we or any of these resident employees fail to comply with these regulations, we or such employees may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers, and employees under PRC laws.

Discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments and government subsidies or imposition of any additional taxes and surcharges could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our mainland China subsidiaries have received preferential tax treatments from PRC local government authorities. The preferential tax treatments are resulted from discretionary incentives and policies adopted by PRC local government authorities. Local governments may decide to change or discontinue such preferential tax treatments at any time. The discontinuation of such preferential tax treatments or imposition of any additional taxes could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise for purposes of income tax in mainland China, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland China shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of mainland China with a “de facto management body” within mainland China is considered a mainland China resident enterprise. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued a circular in April 2009 and amended it in January 2014, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a mainland China-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by enterprises or enterprise groups in mainland China, not those controlled by individuals in mainland China or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC domestic company or a PRC domestic company group will be regarded as a mainland China tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China and will be subject to enterprise income tax in mainland on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in mainland China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in mainland China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in mainland China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

We believe that none of our entities outside of mainland China is a mainland China resident enterprise for tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the tax authorities in mainland China and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the tax authorities in mainland China determine that we are a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we will be subject to the enterprise income tax on our global income at the rate of 25% and we will be required to comply with mainland China enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In addition, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from interest or dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-mainland China resident enterprises. In addition, non-mainland China resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to mainland China tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within mainland China. Furthermore, if tax authorities in mainland China determine that we are a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, interest or dividends paid to our non-mainland China individual shareholders and any gain realized on the transfer of ordinary shares by such holders may be subject to mainland China tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of interest or dividends, may be withheld at source by us), if such gains are deemed to be from mainland China sources. These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether our non-mainland China shareholders would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and mainland China in the event that we are treated as a mainland China resident enterprise.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaty on dividends paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary.

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our mainland China subsidiaries to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a mainland China resident enterprise to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with mainland China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of a PRC domestic company. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Treaties, which became effective in January 2020, require non-resident enterprises to determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file relevant report and materials with the tax authorities. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations.

We intend to re-invest all earnings, if any, generated from our mainland China subsidiaries for the operation and expansion of our business in China. Should our tax policy change to allow for offshore distribution of our earnings, we would be subject to a significant withholding tax. Our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment could be challenged by the relevant tax authority and we may not be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiary.

Indirect transfers of equity interests in mainland China resident enterprises by their non-mainland China holding companies may result in tax burdens.

In February 2015, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Circular on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Circular 7. Circular 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Circular 7 provides certain criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Circular 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-mainland China resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-mainland China resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the mainland China entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the tax authority in mainland China may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring tax in mainland China. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to enterprise income tax in mainland China, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued Circular on Issues of Tax Withholding regarding Non-PRC Resident Enterprise Income Tax, or Circular 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was amended on June 15, 2018. Circular 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of nonresident enterprise income tax.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-mainland China resident enterprises. The tax authorities in mainland China may pursue such non-mainland China resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligations, and request our mainland China subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-mainland China resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under Circular 7 and Circular 37, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we and our non-mainland China resident enterprises should not be taxed under these regulations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If the custodians or authorized users of controlling non-tangible assets of our company in mainland China, including our corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC laws, legal documents of PRC domestic companies for corporate transactions are executed using the chops or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant branch of the SAMR.

Although we usually utilize chops to enter into contracts, the designated legal representatives of each of our mainland China subsidiaries have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops and bind such entities. In order to maintain the physical security of our chops and chops of our mainland China entities, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel in the legal or finance department of each of our subsidiaries. Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedures will prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we could encounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representative obtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our mainland China subsidiaries, we or our mainland China subsidiaries would need to pass a new shareholders or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative’s fiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

Risks Related to PubCo’s Securities

Certain judgments obtained against PubCo by PubCo’s shareholders may not be enforceable.

PubCo is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Big Tree Cloud conducts most of its operations in China and substantially all of its operations outside of the United States. Most of Big Tree Cloud’s assets are located in China, and substantially all of Big Tree Cloud’s assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, most of PubCo’s senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against PubCo or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against PubCo’s assets or the assets of Big Tree Cloud’s directors and officers due to PubCo’s structure as a foreign holding company with respect to its operation in China which constitute substantially all of PubCo’s assets.

PubCo’s share price may be volatile and could decline substantially.

The market price of PubCo’s ordinary shares may be volatile, both because of actual and perceived changes in the company’s financial results and prospects, and because of general volatility in the stock market. The factors that could cause fluctuations in PubCo’s share price may include, among other factors discussed in this section, the following:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume fluctuations from time to time, and the market prices of the equity securities have been volatile and are sometimes subject to sharp price and trading volume changes. These broad market fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of PubCo Ordinary Shares.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of ordinary shares could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of PubCo Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the ordinary shares and could materially impair PubCo’s ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. In connection with the Business Combination, Big Tree Cloud and its directors, executive officers and existing shareholders agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell any PubCo Ordinary Shares for 180 days after the date of this annual report without the prior written consent of PubCo. Ordinary shares of PubCo held by Big Tree Cloud’s certain existing shareholders after the Business Combination may be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lockup agreements.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about PubCo or its business, its ordinary shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for PubCo’s ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about the PubCo or its business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on the PubCo. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of the PubCo, the trading price for its ordinary shares would likely be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover the PubCo downgrade its securities or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, its share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of the PubCo or fail to publish reports on the PubCo, demand for its ordinary shares could decrease, which might cause its ordinary share price and trading volume to decline.

PubCo’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contains anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of PubCo Ordinary Shares.

PubCo’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contains provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of PubCo or cause PubCo to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving PubCo shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third-parties from seeking to obtain control of PubCo in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, PubCo’s board of directors will have the authority, subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preference shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with PubCo Ordinary Shares. Preference shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of PubCo or make removal of management more difficult. If PubCo’s board of directors decides to issue preference shares, the price of PubCo Ordinary Shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of PubCo Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Mr. Wenquan Zhu has significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

Mr. Wenquan Zhu, the founder of Big Tree Cloud and the chairman and chief executive officer of PubCo beneficially owns 50,000,000 PubCo Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 87.6% of the total issued and outstanding share capital and 87.6% of the aggregate voting power of PubCo. Therefore, PubCo is, and expects to continue to be a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules, and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of its directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules, and the requirement that the compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee consist entirely of independent directors. The interests of Mr. Wenquan Zhu may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, Mr. Wenquan Zhu could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their ordinary shares as part of a sale of us or our assets and might affect the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

If PubCo ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer, it would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and it would incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that it would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, PubCo will be exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and its officers, directors, and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, it will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and it will not be required to disclose in its periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose. If it ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future, it would incur significant additional expenses that could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.

Because PubCo is a foreign private issuer and is exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if it were a domestic issuer.

PubCo’s status as a foreign private issuer exempts it from compliance with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements if it instead complies with the statutory requirements applicable to a Cayman Islands exempted company. The statutory requirements of PubCo’s home country of the Cayman Islands, do not strictly require a majority of its board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of PubCo, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management the company may decrease as a result. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have an independent compensation committee with a minimum of two members, a nominating committee, and an independent audit committee with a minimum of three members. PubCo, as a foreign private issuer, with the exception of needing an independent audit committee composed of at least three members, is not subject to these requirements. The Nasdaq Listing Rules may also require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters that PubCo’s home country’s rules do not. Following the Cayman Islands governance practices, as opposed to complying with the requirements applicable to a U.S. company listed on Nasdaq, may provide less protection to you than would otherwise be the case.

The requirements of being a public company may strain PubCo’s resources, divert PubCo’s management’s attention and affect PubCo’s ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

PubCo is subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, Nasdaq listing requirements and other applicable securities rules and regulations. As such, PubCo will incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses following completion of the Business Combination. These expenses may increase even more if PubCo no longer qualifies as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that PubCo files annual and current reports with respect to PubCo’s business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that PubCo maintains effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. PubCo may need to hire more employees or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will increase PubCo’s costs and expenses.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. PubCo expects these laws and regulations to increase PubCo’s legal and financial compliance costs after the Business Combination and to render some activities more time-consuming and costly, although PubCo is currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty.

Many members of PubCo’s management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. PubCo’s management team may not successfully or efficiently manage the transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and regulations and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. The need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert the management’s attention from implementing its growth strategy, which could prevent PubCo from improving its business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, PubCo expects these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for it to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and consequently PubCo’s may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. These additional obligations could have a material adverse effect on PubCo’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. These factors could also make it more difficult for PubCo to attract and retain qualified members of its board of directors, particularly to serve on PubCo’s audit committee, and qualified executive officers.

As a result of disclosure of information in this annual report filings required of a public company, PubCo’s business and financial condition will become more visible, which PubCo believes may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, PubCo’s business and operating results could be adversely affected, and, even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in PubCo’s favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could cause an adverse effect on PubCo’s business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects and reputation.

There may exist difficulties with respect to effecting service of legal process in mainland China against PubCo or its management through shareholder claims, including securities law and fraud claims, and the enforcement of foreign judgments and acceptance of such lawsuits by the courts in mainland China will depend on specific provisions of the existing or then effective laws and regulations of the PRC.

Big Tree Cloud conducts substantially all of its operations in China, and substantially all of Big Tree Cloud’s assets are located in China. In addition, all Big Tree Cloud’s senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and all of them are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for PubCo’s shareholders to pursue claims, including securities law and fraud claims, upon PubCo or those persons inside China. In addition, as this occurs in many other jurisdictions, the recognition and enforcement in China of judgement in respect of any matters that are not subject to a binding arbitration clause in these non-PRC jurisdictions depends on specific provisions of the laws and regulations existing or then effective in China.

The SEC, the U.S. Department of Justice and other U.S. authorities may also have difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against us or our directors or executive officers in the PRC. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism.

According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators, and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. See also “— Risks Related to PubCo’s Securities — You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because PubCo is incorporated under the Cayman Islands law.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because PubCo is incorporated under the Cayman Islands law.

PubCo is an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. PubCo’s corporate affairs are governed by its memorandum and articles of association, the Cayman Islands Companies Act (As Revised) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against PubCo’s directors, actions by PubCo’s minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of PubCo’s directors to PubCo under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England and Wales, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of PubCo’s shareholders and the fiduciary duties of PubCo’s directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standings to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like PubCo have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association, special resolutions which have been passed by shareholders, register of mortgages and charges, and a list of current directors) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. PubCo’s directors have discretion under its articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of the Business Combination to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, its corporate records may be inspected by its shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to its shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, PubCo’s public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by PubCo’s management, users of the board of directors, or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

PubCo is an “emerging growth company,” and it cannot be certain if the reduced SEC reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make PubCo Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors, which could have a material and adverse effect on PubCo, including PubCo’s growth prospects.

PubCo is an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. PubCo will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination, (b) in which PubCo has total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.235 billion or (c) in which PubCo is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of PubCo Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of PubCo’s prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which PubCo issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. PubCo intends to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies, including, but not limited to, an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that PubCo’s independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

In addition, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts “emerging growth companies” from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. PubCo has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, PubCo, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of PubCo’s financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Furthermore, even after PubCo no longer qualifies as an “emerging growth company,” as long as PubCo continues to qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, PubCo will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

As a result, PubCo’s shareholders may not have access to certain information they deem important or at the same time if PubCo was a non-foreign private issuer. PubCo cannot predict if investors will find PubCo Ordinary Shares less attractive because PubCo relies on these exemptions. If some investors find PubCo Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market and share price for PubCo Ordinary Shares may be more volatile.

The Business Combination may not qualify for tax-deferred treatment, in which case U.S. Holders of SPAC Common Stock or SPAC Rights would generally recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Business Combination for U.S. Holders of SPAC Common Stock or SPAC Rights will depend on whether it qualifies as an exchange pursuant to Section 351(a) of the Code that is generally eligible for tax-deferred treatment. There are significant factual and legal uncertainties as to whether the Business Combination will qualify as an exchange pursuant to Section 351(a) of the Code. For example, if more than 20% of the PubCo Ordinary Shares were subject to an arrangement or agreement to be sold or disposed of at the time of their issuance in the Business Combination, one of the requirements for Section 351(a) treatment would be violated. However, we do not expect that any of the PubCo Ordinary Shares issued in the Business Combination that will be subject to contractual restrictions on transfer will be subject to an arrangement or agreement by its owner to sell or dispose of such shares upon the issuance of those shares in the Business Combination.

Moreover, Section 367(a) of the Code and the applicable Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder provide that, where a U.S. person exchanges stock or securities in a U.S. corporation for stock or securities in a non-U.S. (“foreign”) corporation in a transaction that qualifies as a reorganization, the U.S. person is required to recognize any gain, but not loss, realized on such exchange unless certain additional requirements are met. There are significant factual and legal uncertainties concerning the determination of whether these requirements will be satisfied and there is limited guidance as to their application, particularly with regard to indirect stock transfers in cross-border reorganizations.

Although it was not a condition to closing that an opinion of counsel regarding the tax treatment of the Business Combination be provided, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati provided, in connection with the filing of the proxy statement/prospectus on Form F-4, its opinion to the effect that, as such opinion relates to the holders of SPAC Common Stock or SPAC Rights, taken together, the exchange of Holdco Shares for PubCo Ordinary Shares and the exchange of SPAC Securities for PubCo Ordinary Shares, in each case, pursuant to the Business Combination, should qualify as an exchange governed by Section 351(a) of the Code. Such opinion is based on current law and is based on, and assumes the correctness of, representations and assumptions as to factual matters made by Holdco and SPAC (disregarding any qualifications based on Holdco or the SPAC’s knowledge, belief or intent). If any of these representations or assumptions is incorrect, the validity of the opinion of counsel could be affected. In addition, there is a lack of authority directly addressing the tax consequences of the Business Combination, and the provisions of Section 351(a) of the Code are complex and qualification thereunder could be adversely affected by events or actions that occur following the Business Combination that are beyond SPAC’s control. For example, if 20% or more of the PubCo Ordinary Shares were subject to an arrangement or agreement to be sold or disposed of at the time of its issuance in the Business Combination, one of the requirements for Section 351(a) treatment might not be satisfied. An opinion of counsel is not binding on the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or any court, and neither Plutonian nor Big Tree Cloud intends to request a ruling from the IRS regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Business Combination. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge such treatment or that a court will not sustain a challenge by the IRS.

If the Mergers do not qualify for tax-deferred treatment, then a U.S. Holder that exchanges its SPAC securities for PubCo Securities pursuant to the Mergers will recognize gain or loss (provided, however, that loss shall not be recognized if the Mergers qualify as a transaction governed by Section 351 of the Code and the requirements of Section 367(a) of the Code are not satisfied) equal to the difference between (1) the fair market value of the PubCo Securities received and (2) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the SPAC securities exchanged.

U.S. Holders of SPAC securities should consult their tax advisors to determine the tax consequences if the Business Combination does not qualify for tax-deferred treatment.

PubCo may be or become a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders.

If PubCo or any of its subsidiaries is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, or portion thereof, that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of the PubCo Securities, such U.S. Holder may be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and may be subject to additional reporting requirements. There is no assurance that PubCo or its subsidiaries will not be currently PFICs for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year of the Business Combination or for foreseeable future taxable years. Moreover, PubCo does not expect to be required to provide a PFIC annual information statement for 2024 or going forward.

Future changes to U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws could adversely affect PubCo.

The U.S. Congress and other government agencies in jurisdictions where PubCo and its affiliates will do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. One example is in the area of “base erosion and profit shifting”, including situations where payments are made between affiliates from a jurisdiction with high tax rates to a jurisdiction with lower tax rates. As a result, the tax laws in the countries in which PubCo and its affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect PubCo and its affiliates.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

PubCo was incorporated in Cayman Islands as a merger vehicle to facilitate the business combination (“Business Combination”) between Plutonian Acquisition Corp. (“Plutonian”), a blank check company incorporated in the state of Delaware which was formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses, and Big Tree Cloud International Group Limited, an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands (“Holdco”), which was incorporated in Cayman Islands. Upon closing of the Business Combination on June 6, 2024, Holdco merged with Big Tree Cloud Merger Sub I Limited, an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of PubCo (“Merger Sub 1”), with Merger Sub 1 being the surviving entity. Plutonian merged with Big Tree Cloud Merger Sub II Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of PubCo (“Merger Sub 2”), with Merger Sub 2 being the surviving entity. As a result of the Business Combination, both Holdco and Plutonian became a wholly owned subsidiary of PubCo and the business of Holdco became our business. Starting from June 7, 2024, ordinary shares were listed on Nasdaq Global Market under the symbols “DSY” and Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and “DSYWW,” respectively. Big Tree Cloud conducts all of its operations and generates all of its revenue through its subsidiaries in the PRC.

Our principal executive offices are located at Room 3303, Building 1, Zhongliang Yunjing Plaza, Heshuikou Community, Matian Street, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518106, China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 755 2759-5623. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at 89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman, KY1-9009, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, New York 10168, United States.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC. Investors should contact us for any inquiries through the address and telephone number of our principal executive office. Our principal website is https://www.bigtreeclouds.com/. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

Nasdaq Notification Letter

On August 5, 2024, PubCo received a written notification (the “Notification Letter”) from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), notifying PubCo that it is not in compliance with the minimum market value of publicly held shares requirement (“MVPHS”) set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) requires companies to maintain a minimum MVPHS of US$15 million, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(D) provides that the failure to meet the minimum MVPHS requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Based on the MVPHS of PubCo for the last 33 consecutive business days, PubCo did not meet the minimum MVPHS requirement.

On September 23, 2024, PubCo received written notice from the Listing Qualifications Staff of Nasdaq notifying PubCo that, for more than the last ten (10) consecutive business days, from August 19, 2024 through September 20, 2024, the MVPHS of PubCo’s ordinary share has been $15,000,000 or greater. Accordingly, the written notice stated that PubCo has regained compliance with the MVPHS listing requirement set forth under the Rule.

Recent Regulatory Development

Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

PRC regulators have been increasingly focused on regulation in areas of data security and data protection and the PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are constantly evolving. Various regulatory bodies in China, specifically the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”), have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations. On December 28, 2021, the CAC and 12 other PRC regulatory authorities jointly issued the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “New CAC Measures”), which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaced the cybersecurity review measures issued in April 2020. According to Article 7 of the New CAC Measures, a network platform operator that holds personal information of more than one million users shall report to Cybersecurity Review Office for cybersecurity review when it seeks to list its securities overseas. The Company believes that neither it nor any of its PRC subsidiaries are network platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, nor do the Company control more than one million users’ personal information, and it would not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review for the Business Combination and listing of its securities under the New CAC Measures. For a more detailed analysis, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Any failure to comply with the various applicable PRC laws and regulations related to data security and cybersecurity could affect our offshore listing and lead to liabilities or other regulatory actions, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business operations.”

Filings Required by the PRC Regulatory Authorities for the Listing of Our Securities

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and circulated five supporting guidelines, which has become effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures has comprehensively improved and reformed the regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, the Company shall be required to comply with the filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures in connection with the Business Combination. In addition, any future securities offerings and listings outside of mainland China by the Company, including, but not limited to, follow-on offerings, secondary listings, and going private transactions, will be subject to the filing requirements with the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Failure to complete the filing procedure or concealment of any material fact or falsification of any major content by any domestic companies in the filing documents could result in administrative penalties such as order to rectify, warnings, and fines, and certain personnel of such domestic companies, such as their controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons, may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. As advised by Commerce & Finance Law Offices, the Company’s PRC counsel, the Company has filed with the CSRC on October 12, 2023 and the CSRC published the notification on the Company’s completion of the required filing procedures on February 5, 2024 for the Business Combination. For a more detailed analysis, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with this Business Combination under PRC law, and, if so required, we cannot predict whether or when we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing, and even if we obtain such approval, it could be rescinded.”

Revision of PRC Company Law

All companies (including FIEs) incorporated and operating in the PRC are governed by the PRC Company Law, which was promulgated on December 29, 1993 and was subsequently amended in 1999, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2018 and 2023 respectively. The latest amended PRC Company Law, or the Revised Company Law, which has become effective on July 1, 2024, further stipulates on the establishment and dissolution of the company, the organizational structure and the capital system of the company and strengthens the responsibilities of shareholders and management personnel and corporate social responsibility. Specifically, the Revised Company Law provides that: (i) shareholders of a limited liability company are required to fully contribute their subscribed capital within five years from the establishment of the company; (ii) shareholders seeking to transfer equity need only furnish written notification to other shareholders, specifying quantity, price, payment method, and time limit for such and the other shareholders may buy the equity before any third-party buyer acquires it on those terms; (iii) a company may establish an audit committee comprised of an unspecified number of directors of the board and responsible for supervising the company’s financial and accounting matters; and (iv) where a shareholder leveraging control over two or more companies attempts to evade debts and infringe upon creditors’ rights by exploiting the independent legal personality of the company and the limited liability of shareholders, each involved company shall undertake joint and several liability for the debts incurred by either entity. As of the date of this annual report, uncertainties remain as to the implementation and interpretation of the Revised Company Law, and how it will affect our business operations.

Implication of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the HFCAA. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law. HFCAA was further amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 signed into law on December 29, 2022. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted final amendments implementing the disclosure and submission requirements under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”). Under such rules, an issuer that has filed an annual report containing an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction will be identified by the SEC as a “Commission-Identified Issuer.” The SEC will impose a trading prohibition on an issuer after it is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for three consecutive years. If PubCo is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer and has a “non-inspection” year, there is no assurance that it will be able to take remedial measures in a timely manner. Besides, pursuant to the HFCAA, on December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determinations (the “PCAOB Determination”) that they are unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong. The Determination includes lists of public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong that the Board is unable to inspect or investigate completely.

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) and the Ministry of Finance (“MOF”) of the People’s Republic of China, which governs inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. The Protocol remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol released by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control, including positions taken by authorities of the PRC. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB is required under the HFCAA to make its determination on an annual basis with regards to its ability to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms based in the mainland China and Hong Kong. The possibility of being a “Commission-Identified Issuer” and risk of delisting could continue to adversely affect the trading price of our securities. Should the PCAOB again encounter impediments to inspections and investigations in mainland China or Hong Kong as a result of positions taken by any authority in either jurisdiction, the PCAOB will make determinations under the HFCAA as and when appropriate.

The Company’s auditor, Audit Alliance LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm headquartered in Singapore, is currently subject to the U.S. laws, pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to access its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Audit Alliance LLP has been registered with PCAOB since April 2019 and the most recent inspection was conducted in December 2023. Although the Company believes that the HFCAA and the related regulations do not currently affect it, the Company cannot assure you that there will not be any further implementations and interpretations of the HFCAA or the related regulations, which might pose regulatory risks to and impose restrictions on the Company because of its operations in mainland China. Recent developments with respect to audits of China-based companies, such as the Company, create uncertainty about the ability of their auditor to fully cooperate with the PCAOB’s request for audit workpapers without the approval of the Chinese authorities. As a result, the investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB’s oversight of the Company’s auditor through such inspections. We could still face the risk of delisting and cease of trading of our securities from a stock exchange or an over-the-counter market in the United States under the HFCAA, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, and the securities regulations promulgated thereunder if the PCAOB determines that it is unable to inspect and investigate completely our registered public accounting firms for a period of two consecutive years, and that as a result an exchange may determine to delist our securities. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit documentation related to their audit reports included in this registration statement/prospectus include audit documentation located in China. PCAOB may not be able to inspect audit documentation located in China and, as such, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access to the U.S. capital markets. Our ordinary shares may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HCFAA”) after the Business Combination if the PCAOB is unable to adequately inspect audit documentation located in China. The delisting of our ordinary shares or the threat of their being delisted, may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ordinary shares.”

Permits and Permission Required from the PRC Authorities

Business Permits

As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries have obtained all the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities for its business operations in the PRC as listed below.

However, the licensing requirements in China are constantly evolving, and our PRC subsidiaries may be subject to more stringent regulatory requirements due to changes in the political or economic policies in the relevant jurisdictions. The Company cannot assure you that our PRC subsidiaries will be able to satisfy such regulatory requirements, and as a result, our PRC subsidiaries may be unable to retain, obtain or renew relevant licenses, permits or approvals in the future. If our PRC subsidiaries (i) do not receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (iii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and our PRC subsidiaries are required to obtain additional permissions or approvals in the future, our PRC subsidiaries may have to spend great efforts and expenses to obtain such clearance, otherwise it may be subject to administrative penalties or sanctions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For risks relating to licenses and approvals required for our PRC subsidiaries’ operations in China, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses, permits, registrations and filings applicable to our business, or fail to obtain additional licenses, permits, registrations or filings that become necessary as a result of new enactment or promulgation of government policies, laws or regulations or the expansion of our business, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.” If our PRC subsidiaries fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for operating their business in China, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected, completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

Cash and Asset Flows through the Organization

Dividend Distribution and Taxation: In light of the holding company structure, Holdco’s, and following the Business Combination, PubCo’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders, and to service any debt the Holdco or PubCo may incur, may depend upon dividends paid by the PRC Subsidiaries to PubCo or Holdco, despite that PubCo or Holdco may obtain financing at the holding company level through other methods. However, the PRC Subsidiaries are subject to certain statutory reserve and solvency conditions before they can distribute dividends or make payment to Holdco or PubCo, which, if failed, may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make payment to Holdco or PubCo following the Business Combination. Under PRC laws and regulations, PRC Subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Furthermore, PRC Subsidiaries are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. The statutory reserve fund requires that annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income should be set aside prior to payment of any dividends, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of their registered capital. As a result of such restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, PRC Subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to Holdco either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to US$4,249,352, US$4,249,352 and US$4,249,352 as of June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. As of the date of this report, none of PubCo, Holdco and its subsidiaries has made any dividends or distributions to their respective shareholder(s), including any U.S. investors, nor do they have any present plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of the respective board of Holdco and PubCo. As of the date of this report, none of PubCo, Holdco and its subsidiaries intends to distribute earnings. Holdco and PubCo are not subject to any restrictions under Cayman Islands law on dividend distribution to their shareholders.

Subject to the “passive foreign investment company” rules and following the Business Combination, the gross amount of any distribution that PubCo makes to a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Proposal No. 2 The Redomestication Proposal — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) with respect to the PubCo Ordinary Shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to the extent paid out of PubCo’s current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Because PubCo may not calculate earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, a U.S. Holder should expect to generally treat any distributions PubCo makes as dividends.

Foreign Exchange Restriction: Following the Business Combination, PubCo and its subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on foreign exchange and their ability to transfer cash between entities, across borders, and to U.S. investors. Under existing foreign exchange regulations in mainland China, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. Similar to many other jurisdictions that have foreign exchange control, the PRC government enacts laws and regulations on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of funds out of China, which may restrict the transfer of cash between PubCo, its subsidiaries, or the investors following the Business Combination.

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions with respect to payment of dividends or otherwise transfers of any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by our PRC subsidiaries out of China is also subject to certain procedures with the banks designated by SAFE. These restrictions are benchmarked against the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries. While there are currently no such restrictions on foreign exchange and our ability to transfer cash or assets between PubCo and our Hong Kong subsidiary, if certain PRC laws and regulations, including existing laws and regulations and those enacted or promulgated in the future were to become applicable to our Hong Kong subsidiary in the future, and to the extent our cash or assets are in Hong Kong or a Hong Kong entity, such funds or assets may not be available due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on our ability to transfer funds or assets by the PRC government. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on PubCo and its subsidiaries to transfer or distribute cash within the organization following the Business Combination, which could result in an inability of or prohibition on making transfers or distributions to entities outside of mainland China and Hong Kong. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaty on dividends paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary.”

Transfer of Cash and Assets: 

Cash will be transferred among PubCo and our subsidiaries in the PRC (“PRC Subsidiaries”) in the following manners: (i) funds may be transferred to the PRC subsidiaries, from PubCo as needed through Holdco, BRIGHT CONNECTED LIMITED, or BVI Subsidiary, and HONGKONG PLOUTOS INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED, or Hong Kong Subsidiary, in the form of capital contributions or shareholder loans, as the case may be; (ii) dividends or other distributions may be paid by the PRC Subsidiaries, to PubCo through Hong Kong Subsidiary, BVI Subsidiary and Holdco. As a holding company, PubCo may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the PRC Subsidiaries. If any of the PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to PubCo. Current PRC regulations permit PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to PubCo through the Hong Kong Subsidiary only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. PubCo is permitted under the laws of Cayman Islands to provide funding to its subsidiaries in mainland China, Cayman Islands and Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Each of Hong Kong Subsidiary and BVI Subsidiary is also permitted under the laws of Hong Kong SAR and Cayman Islands, respectively, to provide funding to PubCo through dividend distributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. As of the date of this report, there has not been any funds transferred from the Holdco, BVI Subsidiary or Hong Kong Subsidiary to the PRC Subsidiaries. In the future, however, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by PubCo to PRC Subsidiaries via capital contribution or shareholder loans. As of the date of this report, there have not been any such dividends or other distributions from PRC Subsidiaries to the Hong Kong Subsidiary, BVI Subsidiary, Holdco or Holdco’s shareholders outside of China.

B. Business Overview

Mission

Provide quality personal and hygienic care for families in China.

Overview

Big Tree Cloud is a consumer-oriented, mission-driven and technology-empowered company encompassing development, production, distribution and sales and brand promotion of personal care products and other consumer goods under a consumer to manufacturer and merchant model, or C2M. We are devoted to establish a platform to consolidate the vast resource of the personal care product industry in China and strive to become a well-known brand in China and globally. In particular, we focus on the development and production and sales of feminine hygiene products including sterilized feminine pads, menstrual pants and other feminine hygiene products. We are driven to establish a platform for our modern, health-conscious and independent-minded consumers who demand high-quality and well-designed products to satisfy their personal care needs. We incorporated a C2M model as part of our platform to connect our online and offline operations to create a community for our consumers to provide product feedbacks and requests. For our core feminine care products, consumer feedbacks are of particular importance for our product development and delivery of high-quality products. These channels and resources lead the market movement towards a quality self-care lifestyle in the course of our pursuit to accomplish our mission. We aim to integrate our resources and capabilities to promote our brand in order to strengthen our competitiveness the vast feminine hygiene and personal care products in China.

Our connection with our community enables us to understand our consumers’ needs and inspires our product development and promotion, which afford us competitive advantages over the traditional market participants in the industry. As an emerging company with expanding business operations, our product portfolio included more than 50 commercialized products, including nine series of feminine pads. In an effort to broaden our market reach and better serve our consumer base, we continue to develop new products and update our commercialized products. We believe our capabilities and continued efforts allow us to achieve our mission of providing better personal and hygienic care for families in China.

In addition to the sales our products, we operate Big Tree Cloud convenience stores to offer Big Tree Cloud branded products, food and beverage and other products at membership prices. To further diversify our operations, we begin to accept partnership for the establishment of Big Tree Cloud convenience stores in early 2023. We adopt a brand licensing system for our Big Tree Cloud convenience stores, under which our partners primarily promote and carry our products on a non-exclusive basis. Our licensees use our storefront designs and trademarks to promote and sell our products, and the licensees are also allowed to sell products by other manufacturers. As of June 30, 2024, we entered into licensing agreements with 89 Big Tree Cloud convenience store licensees to establish our store presence in twenty cities in China along with our self-operated Big Tree Cloud convenience stores. 

Recent Developments and Business Strategies

In August 2024, we sold our manufacturing facilities to a third party in order to become an asset-light company. To ensure our production capabilities, we have reached an agreement with the third-party to for it to manufacture our products on “make-per-order” business using the facilities we previously constructed. We are fully able to work with third-party manufacturers since we cooperated with third-party merchants to complement our production capabilities in the past, and we will continue to use this model to allocate our resources sufficiently. We successfully engaged a number of independent merchants for the production of our body and oral care products and other products. These capabilities afford us a flexible approach and allow us to diversify our product portfolio and control costs. We maintain a quality control system to ensure our products adhere to strict quality criteria and meet consumer demands for high-quality products.

We sold our facilities in part due to our efforts to utilize our resources effectively and in light of our recent business development strategy. After operating in the personal and feminine hygiene care industry in China, we observed significant business opportunities in the development and manufacturing of raw materials used for manufacturing of feminine pads. Therefore, we begin our research into this segment of the industry to assess this market. Our efforts are aimed to diversify our business operations, and to become a supplier of raw materials to medium size feminine hygiene care manufacturers. We are currently conducting market researches concerning this segment and plan on devoting resources to this segment if we find this business opportunity viable.

In addition, we continue to expand our products coverage in China as we have established sales channels with over 200 large retail stores and supermarkets. Through working closely with retail enterprise customers in China, we continue to adjust optimize our products portfolio to meet the changes in market demands. We also continue to devote significant research and development for new products to diversify our company’s products variety and enhance product competitiveness to explore new channels in the market

Our Products

Our omni-channel, C2M business model enables us to launch and scale multiple categories of personal care products, which allows us to offer a broad range of products and address the needs of a large consumer community. We currently focus on the production and sales of feminine hygiene products, including sterilized feminine pads and menstrual pants. Based on our understanding of our target consumers’ demand, we selectively introduced additional products, including body and oral care products, accessories and other products to address unmet needs of our core consumer base.

Feminine hygiene products

We are committed to develop high-quality menstrual hygiene product series to promote a lifestyle of self-care, health consciousness and wellness enhancement. We believe our feminine pad products differ from traditional feminine pad products commonly available on the market due to our use of ethylene oxide sterilization process to sterilize our feminine pad products. The sterilization process effectively reduces fungal infection and irritation caused by exposure to germs and bacteria during product. The result of this key step absent from the common manufacturers promotes women’s wellness during the menstrual cycle.

Our feminine pad products also use a compounded absorbent core structure designed with high-molecular absorbent resin. This core structure can effectively improve the comfort and breathability of our feminine pad products. As of the date of this annual report, all our feminine pad products are produced in our in-house production and sterilization facilities.

In October 2022, we obtained a utility patent for our novel anti-leakage feminine pads. We added a leak-proof pack near the junction between each wing and the contact surface of the pad. The outer edge of the leak-proof pack is connected to the outer edge of the contact surface of the pad, and the inner edge of the leak-proof pack is connected to a set position on the contact surface. The leak-proof packs are slightly higher than the contact surface of the pad. Compared to the traditional leak-proof edge, our leak-proof pack uses more materials and has a larger leak-proof surface to provide better anti-leakage performance. This design can effectively prevent menstrual blood from leakage, to significantly improve user experience. In addition, the surface of our leak-proof pack is smoother than the traditional leak-proof edge, which improves the comfort level of our feminine pads.

Big Tree Cloud is our flagship brand for feminine hygiene products. We have multiple series of sterilized feminine pad products and menstrual pants products that cater to different consumer profiles and preferences.

The Yaluota brand is our sub-brand of feminine hygiene products specifically designed for the younger age group. We currently have three product series under the Yaluota brand.

Other products

Our other products primarily consist the distribution of dietary supplements, such as glucosamine supplement, ginseng tablets and reishi mushroom spore powder. We distributed these dietary supplements to complement our primary operations, and revenues generated from other products comprise a minimal amount of our total revenue. We ceased the distribution of the dietary supplements as of December 31, 2023 to focus on our primary operations.

Seasonality

Our products are generally not affected by persistent and long term seasonal fluctuations due to the essential nature of our products for female customers, which keeps a relatively consistent demand throughout the year. However, as a result of higher sales volume during a series of shopping festivals across e-commerce platforms, such as “618,” “Double 11” and “Double 12,” we typically records higher transaction volumes and revenue in the second and the fourth calendar quarters of each year. Since we have a limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not be representative of future trends.

Big Tree Cloud Convenience Stores

Our Big Tree Cloud convenience stores were first established in early 2023 and have become a key component of our downstream operations. Big Tree Cloud convenience stores combine our membership system with a convenient shopping experience. We have established two self-operated Big Tree Cloud convenience stores. We also adopted a brand licensing system for our Big Tree Cloud convenience stores. As the licensor, we provide store remodeling services as well as management and operational guidance to support our licensees. Our licensees sell Big Tree Cloud branded products, food and beverage and other products selected by the licensees. Big Tree Cloud convenience stores function as an offline contact point with our consumers. The convenience stores’ presence increases our brand exposure in local communities and contributes to the expansion of our consumer base. We also plan to cooperate with large suppliers and industry-leading brands to offer their products at a lower purchase price to our licensees. As of June 30, 2024, we entered into licensing agreements with 89 Big Tree Cloud convenience store licensees, covering 20 cities in China, including Beijing, Yingkou, Yangzhou and other cities.

Consumers

We believe that our consumers are modern, health-conscious and independent-minded, and that they seek high-quality, effective and thoughtfully designed products available in the market. Our target consumers cover a wide range of age groups, geographical locations and income level. Approximately 15% of our consumers are from tier 1 cities in China, and the remaining 85% are from other tier 2 cities, tier 3 cities and suburban areas. We expect to further expand our consumer base in terms of geographical locations and age groups as we continue to enhance our brand awareness and expand our distribution channels. Our consumers are digitally inclined and mobile-centric, and hold the quality of the products they use as the highest priority. We also believe our consumers would build trust and connections with brands that offer high-quality products that resonate with their values, and it is Big Tree Cloud’s goal to utilize this principle to achieve optimum operation.

Product development

We adopt a consumer-oriented product development approach. We intend to develop high-quality personal care products that cater to different consumer profiles and needs. We currently focus on the development of feminine hygiene products, and in particular, sterilized feminine pads, which we believe function as a consumer acquisition product for our target consumers to familiarize with our portfolio of high-quality products. We continue to introduce new products and upgrade our existing products under this category based on market feedback that we receive through multiple avenues, including through our internal customer service team, distributor network as well as feedbacks provided by consumers on our social media platforms and e-commerce platforms. Our connection with our consumer community enables us to understand our consumers’ needs to inspire our product innovation and development. In addition to feminine hygiene products, we also strive to develop other high quality products to generate satisfactory user experience.

Our dedicated research and development team works closely with our sales and marketing team to expand and improve our product portfolio. Our research and development team has extensive work experience with the development of personal care products and are educated in biology, chemistry and other consumer product fields. Our research and development team also collaborates with various research institutions and experts in China for product design and innovation. Our in-house laboratory is furnished with equipment and facilities that can perform comprehensive functions, including material quality testing, structure design, performance evaluation and safety evaluation. Leveraging the expertise of our research and development team as well as our professional equipment and facilities, we adopted a compounded absorbent core structure, which improves the comfort and breathability of our personal care products. We also developed an anti-leakage design for our feminine pad products that can effectively prevent side leakage and enhance consumer experience. In addition, we are in the process of developing antimicrobial menstrual care products, day-care menstrual pants and ultra-thin feminine pads.

To further identify consumer needs and market opportunities, we use advanced technology to analyze data of existing and potential consumers across various social platforms, and work closely with our sales and marketing team to conduct frequent surveys and interviews with our target consumers and KOLs. We use these insights to screen market demands and develop product prototypes. Benefiting from our deep consumer insights accumulated through data analysis and surveys, we are able to monitor consumer behaviors and preferences to identify the consumers’ needs and then to rapidly originate, develop and deliver products that address these needs. We believe this approach enables us to adopt and adjust our product development strategy to introduce products that can better match our consumers’ evolving needs for high-quality products.

Manufacturing and Supply Chain

Third-party production

As of August 2024, we rely on our trusted third-party partners to handle our production needs. These manufacturers procure raw materials and conduct production based on our mandated specifications, designs and production techniques. All of our outsourced manufacturers are located in China and have established high-quality production standards by serving industry-leading brands. To fulfill our large order volume with short turnover times, many of our outsourced manufacturers have also expanded their manufacturing capabilities with investment in automated production lines, multiple sets of customized tools and expanded storage for raw materials.

We adopt measures to assess the qualifications and capabilities of the third-party manufacturers we engage. We also conduct regular review and inspection for the products produced by these manufacturers to ensure that these products meet our quality standard. We implemented an audit program to ensure these third-party manufacturers are in compliance with the product safety compliance standards enforced by regulatory agencies. We take great care to ensure that our third-party manufacturers share our commitment to quality and ethics. We require these manufacturers to conduct inspection and testing for raw materials according to our raw material acceptance standards. We also require them to adopt strict internal guidelines and conduct regular inspections to ensure the product quality meets our rigorous standards.

Fulfillment and logistics

Our fulfillment team ensures orders are efficiently and accurately processed, packed, shipped and delivered to our consumers, retail locations and distributors. We collaborate with third-party storage companies and utilize their warehouse and geographical coverage to extend our market reach. For logistics, we work closely with major third-party logistics companies, including STO Express and Deppon Express.

Our proprietary warehouse management system enables us to monitor our inventory level and fulfillment status in real-time. Our enterprise resource planning system is connected to the major e-commerce platforms’ internal system we use to allow us to access data needed directly for fulfillment. We continue to improve our fulfillment and logistics system to provide timely delivery of our products to our consumers as part of our efforts to enhance consumer experience.

Sales and Marketing

Our products are marketed primarily through a direct sales force and supplemented by strategic exclusive and non-exclusive distributors and wholesalers. Our marketing efforts rely on our ability to attract consumers to trust our brand and accept our product offerings across a breadth of channels, including our official accounts on social media, our flagship stores on e-commerce platforms and our offline distribution channels.

We recognize that we live in a digital-orient world with a new generation of consumers possessing unique shopping behaviors. Accordingly, we strategically lead with digital outreach to engage our consumer community. We employ emotional and educational brand marketing by “snackable” contents we share through our social media accounts, initiate marketing campaigns and charitable activities, and partner with influencers and social service organizations. In addition, we launched the “Smiling Cloud” campaign in collaboration with our authorized partner to donate feminine pads, stationary and other school supplies to girls in less developed rural areas in China. We plan to donate a total amount of one million packs of feminine pads to 20,000 girls through this campaign. We believe this campaign can help remove the stigma associated with menstrual cycle and promote self-care and health-consciousness among girls in rural areas to raise awareness among our consumer community and increase our brand exposure.

For our online sales, we adopted a mixed approach that combines to-business distribution and to-consumer distribution across various e-commerce platforms, which enables us to provide more comprehensive services tailored to different consumer groups’ needs. In particular, we use to-business distribution channels to promote our products to corporate consumers for bulk sales, and we use consumer distribution channels to reach individual consumers and expand our market coverage.

KOLs also have a significant impact on the purchasing behaviors of the new generation of consumers in China. Typically, KOLs maintain social media presence on platforms such as Douyin and RED, and have millions of followers who view, comment, like and share their lifestyle posts. As part of our marketing strategy, we work closely with KOLs to tailor their contents for each social media platform to promote our products. We typically enter into commercial arrangements with KOLs, the terms of which are determined on a project-by-project basis. Under these arrangements, KOLs may earn a fixed fee, a commission based on the value of products they successfully promote, or a combination of both.

In addition to our in-house sales and marketing efforts, we also maintain a distributor network to reach more consumers across China. Our distributor network comprises corporate distributor and individual distributors. We engaged one large corporate distributor. Our large corporate distributor has extensive sales channels and is able to promote our products to various geographic regions within a short period of time and at a relatively low cost. In addition, the corporate distributor has the capabilities and resources to conduct large-scale marketing events, which help increase our brand exposure and market share.

Intellectual Property

We protect our intellectual property through a combination of trademarks, domain names, copyrights, trade secrets and patents, as well as contractual provisions and restrictions on access to our proprietary technology. As of June 30, 2024, we have registered 183 trademarks. Our principal trademark assets include the trademarks “Big Tree Cloud” and “Yaluota.” As of June 30, 2024, we had one design patent and one utility patent registered with the PRC State Intellectual Property Office. 

We further protect our intellectual property, such as unpatented proprietary expertise and production formulation, innovation and other know-how through confidentiality agreements which we include in our employment contracts and in our agreements with third-party manufacturers and business partners to whom our formulae, designs or business information may be made available. We also regularly monitor the market for infringement of our intellectual properties and will vigorously pursue and defend our rights against third parties whom we believe have infringed upon our intellectual property rights. So far, we have not experienced any material difficulties in protecting against the infringement of our intellectual property rights.

We have not had any material action brought against us by any third parties claiming that we have infringed any of their intellectual property rights. However, from time to time we may be involved in disputes relating to intellectual property rights belonging to or asserted by third parties.

Competition

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and rapidly evolving, with many new brands and product offerings emerging in the marketplace. We compete with both established multinational and domestic brands, as well as small targeted niche brands that continue to enter the Chinese and global personal care markets. We believe that we compete primarily on the basis of perceived value, including product quality, product efficacy, consumer experience, promotional activities, marketing campaigns, new product introductions, package design, e-commerce initiatives, direct sales, supply chain management and other activities. In response to these competition factors, we continue to devote resources to product development and intellectual property protection. We also strive to refine our production management to reduce costs and increase production capacity while ensuring the delivery of products with consistent quality. Our marketing campaigns are expected to further increase our brand exposure as well as market share. However, it is difficult for us to predict the timing, scale and effectiveness of our competitors’ actions in these areas or the timing and impact of new entrants into the marketplace. For additional risks associated with our competitive position, see “Risk Factors — Risk Relating to Our Business and Industry — The personal care industry is highly competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively, we may fail to gain or lose our market share and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.”

Facilities

Our principal office is located on a premise comprising 898.73 square meters in Shenzhen, China, which also serves the functions of sales and marketing, customer service and other administrative activities. This office is our self-owned property.

We previously owned two production plants in Dongguan, China on leased premises comprising approximately 5,700 square meters, which mainly serves the production function for our feminine pad products. In August 2024, we sold our manufacturing facilities to a third party in order to become an asset-light company. To ensure our production capabilities, we have reached an agreement with the third-party to for it to manufacture our products on “make-per-order” business using the facilities we previously constructed. We are fully able to work with third-party manufacturers since we cooperated with third-party merchants to complement our production capabilities in the past, and we will continue to use this model to allocate our resources sufficiently.

Employees

As of June 30, 2024, we had 50 full-time employees, all of whom are based in China, primarily at our headquarters in Shenzhen, China.

The following table sets forth the number of its employees by function as of June 30, 2024.

As required under PRC regulations, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by applicable local municipal and provincial governments, including housing, pension, medical, work-related injury, and unemployment benefit plans, under which we make contributions at specified percentages of the salaries of its employees. However, we cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all labor-related law and regulations including those relating to obligations to make full social insurance payments and contribute to the housing provident funds. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in China may adversely affect our business and our profitability.”

Bonuses are generally discretionary and based in part on employee performance and in part on the overall performance of our business. We enter into standard confidentiality and employment agreements with our key employees. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes or any difficulty in recruiting staff for our operations.

Insurance

We maintain a range of insurance coverage in relation to our business that is customary for our industry, including, without limitation, property damage and carriage of goods insurance. We have not made any material claims on any insurance policy maintained by us as of the date of this prospectus.

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.

C. Organizational Structure

The following chart shows our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report, including our principal subsidiaries.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Big Tree Cloud owns the property for its principal executive office, which is located at Room 3303, Building 1, Zhongliang Yunjing Plaza, Heshuikou Community, Matian Street, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518106, PRC. In addition, Big Tree Cloud leased two production plants in Dongguan, China on leased premises comprising approximately 5,700 square meters and two warehouses in Dongguan, China comprising 2,400 square meters. Such properties are described in the Form F-4 in the section entitled “Big Tree Cloud’s Business ” and are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of Big Tree Cloud’s financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the section entitled “Selected Combined and Consolidated Financial Data”, Big Tree Cloud’s combined and consolidated financial statements, and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Big Tree Cloud’s actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

Overview

Big Tree Cloud is a consumer-oriented, mission-driven and technology-empowered company encompassing development, production, distribution and sales and brand promotion of personal care products and other consumer goods. In particular, we are focused on the development and production of feminine pads and other feminine hygiene products. We have achieved significant growth since our inception in 2020 We generate substantially all of our net revenues from the sale of our products. Our omni-channel, consumer to manufacturing, or C2M, business model, coupled with our production capabilities, enables us to launch and scale multiple categories of personal care products, which allows us to offer a broad range of products and address the needs of a large consumer community. In particular, we focus on the production and sales of feminine hygiene products, including sterilized feminine pads and menstrual pants. Our revenue from the sales of sterilized feminine hygiene products represented 23.5%, 60.2% and 70.5% of our revenues for the years ended June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Based on our understanding of our target consumers’ demand, we selectively introduced additional products, including earrings, bracelets and pendants under our accessories line of products to address our consumer’s multifaceted demands.

We have experienced substantial growth since our inception. For the year ended June 30, 2024, our total revenue increased to US$7.3 million compared to our revenue for the same period in 2023. In particular, our revenue from feminine hygiene products increased significantly from US$3.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$5.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2024. We continue to rely on the sales of our feminine hygiene products to sustain our business operation. At the same time, we aim to accelerate the development of our other products to diversify our product offerings to achieve optimal financial performance.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations are affected by the following company-specific factors.

Our ability to expand portfolios of product offerings.

Our results of operations depend on our ability to provide a broad range of products to meet the varying demands of our diverse consumer base for feminine hygiene products and personal care products, and thus enhance their appreciation and loyalty to our brand. In order to achieve this goal, we continue to expand the range of products we offer to our consumers, including a manifold of feminine hygiene products and personal care products.

While we have earned our consumer’s trust in our products, we strive to strengthen this relationship by continuing to advance our existing products and develop new feminine hygiene products, as well as develop high-quality personal care products that cater to different consumer profiles and needs. We currently have seven series of feminine hygiene products under our flagship Big Tree Cloud brand all of which feature our sterilization process catering to the female population in different age groups and for variety of comfort and needs. While we maintain a relatively mature portfolio of feminine pad products, we will continue to develop new feminine pad series to increase our product offerings and expand our customer base. In addition, we also develop other personal care products such as body and oral care products, and other personal care products leveraging our established relationship with our consumers. We believe having a broad and diverse product portfolio maintains and broadens our relationship with our loyal consumers, and thus allows us to improve our results of operation and financial performance.

Our ability to grow our brand.

Our brand is integral to the growth of our business and essential to our ability to engage and stay connected with our consumer base. We believe our brand and the reputation it carries distinguish us from our competitors. Therefore, our ability to maintain and enhance our brand reputation is essential to our financial performance. Our brand value also affords us the ability to attract new consumers, and to promote our company value, commitment to quality products and care for feminine hygiene and personal wellness.

Since our inception, we built and promoted our brand to our key demographic and customer base, and deepened connection with our consumer community through an omni-channel approach. We engage our consumers through multiple channels and touchpoints, including our flagship stores on major e-commerce platforms, our social media presence, commitment to educational and philanthropic activities, our convenience stores and our distributor network. Through these diverse channels, our brand and value effectively reach our loyal customer, and directly contribute to our growth. We believe that as our brand continues to grow, it will strengthen our ability to create and capture value across the personal care industry and the feminine hygiene industry in particular, to increase our competitive advantages among industry participants. We believe that our mission, quality of products and the value we promote have helped us build our brand into a household name, and as a result, establish a large and highly engaged consumer base. We believe the strength of our brand enables us to continue to grow in the industry in China and seek opportunity in the global market to achieve optimal financial results.

Our ability to retain and grow our consumer base

Our long-term success also depends on our ability to retain our existing consumers and attract new consumers to our community, which we hold to the highest regard. Since our inception, we have been steadfast in terms of reaching our key demographic in second and third tiers cities due to these consumers’ relative lack of access to quality products and product variety. We have been successful in achieving this goal. At the same time, we recognize that our financial growth relies on our ability to expand our consumer base coverage and in turn, expand the reach of our products. We design our products to satisfy the needs and preferences of consumers for different age groups and preferences. We strive to enhance customer experience and brand recognition by delivering high-quality products with advanced designs and technologies to our consumers. Enhanced consumer satisfaction can drive word-of-mouth referrals and strengthen our brand reputation, which is expected to increase our sales and expand our consumer base.

At the same time, our large consumer base and tightknit consumer community have helped us gain insights into the needs and preferences of our existing and prospective consumers. We believe the innovative features of our feminine pad series that differentiate us from the majority of the products currently marketed are effected with the contribution from our loyal and involved consumer base. With meaningful inputs from our consumer, we regularly upgrade our existing products to improve consumer experience by heeding to their suggestions after our consumers gain familiarity with our products. Our consumers’ input is also a source of inspiration for our new product development. We continue to explore the application of new materials and production techniques to improve our products’ quality and efficacy. Accordingly, we are able to design more quality and demanding products to serve consumers of different age groups and with different preferences for menstrual and personal care, and to ensure we are at the forefront of the market. This positive cycle with our consumers establishes a mutually beneficial relationship to ensure the improvement of our products and the expansion of our consumer base. And we believe this fundamental element lays the blueprint for the long-term growth of our customers and their continued involvement will contribute to our long term financial performance.

Our ability to effectively manage our costs and expenses.

Our results of operations are affected by our ability to control our operating costs and expenses and the continued optimization of our supply chain and warehouse management. For the years ended June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, our operating expenses were US$3.0 million, US$3.0 million and US$4.9 million, respectively. We operate our own production facilities for our core products such as our feminine hygiene products, and we have developed an efficient supply chain involving manufacturing, warehousing and logistics. We leverage our technological and data resources to manage supplier partners, third-party manufacturing partners, logistics partners and other service partners, and adjust our partners’ operations to maintain optimal inventory levels as well as ensure smooth product launches. We cooperate with leading manufacturers and logistics companies with strong capabilities, enabling us to shorten the fulfilment process. We expect the absolute amount of operating expenses to continue increasing as our business operations continue to grow, but we plan to continue to leverage our proprietary supply chain and warehouse management system to manage our operating costs and expenses and maintain attractive net profit margins. To accomplish this goal, we also further diversified our distribution channels to include offline convenience stores in 2023 and plan to continue the expansion of our Big Tree Cloud convenience store network in China. As of June 30, 2024, we entered into licensing agreements with 89 Big Tree Cloud convenience store licensees to establish our store presence in 20 cities in China along with our self-operated Big Tree Cloud convenience stores.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Net revenues

We generate revenues from sales of our products which include feminine hygiene products, skincare products, accessories and other products. The following table breaks down our net revenue by product type and as percentages of our net revenues for the periods presented:

Sales of product. We generate our revenues primarily from sales of our products including feminine hygiene products, body and oral care products, accessories and other consumer goods. Our feminine hygiene products comprise multiple series of sterilized feminine pad products and menstrual pants products that cater to different consumer profiles and preferences. Our body and oral care products include shampoo and conditioner, body wash, facial mask and cream, and other personal care products. Our accessories include earrings, bracelets, pendants and other jewelry accessories. We expect that net revenues generated from sales of our feminine hygiene products will continue to account for a majority of our total net revenues in the foreseeable future.

Licensing fees. We generate revenue from our customers and third-party commercial stores by authorizing them to use our logo, trademark and brand name.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues includes the cost of purchase of goods for the manufacture of our products and rents and other costs related to our business operation. The following table breaks down our cost of revenues by amounts and percentages of our net revenues for the periods presented:

Operating expenses

The following table sets forth our operating expenses and as percentages of our net revenues for the periods presented:

Selling expenses. Our selling expenses primarily consist of (i) advertising costs and market promotion expenses, and (ii) delivery costs charged by logistic companies. We expect our selling expenses to increase as we increase our sales, introduce new products, and expand marketing efforts for our products.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of (i) staff cost, rental and depreciation related to general and administrative personnel, (ii) professional service fees; and (iii) other corporate expenses. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in the future as we incur additional expenses related to the anticipated growth of our business and our operations as a public company after the completion of the Business Combination.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains, or appreciation, and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties, which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of, the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiary in Hong Kong, Hongkong Ploutos International Holdings Limited, is subject to an income tax rate of 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over HKD2,000,000 and 8.25% for assessable profits below HKD2,000,000. In addition, payments of dividends from our Hong Kong subsidiary to us are not subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax. No provision for Hong Kong profits tax was made as we had no estimated assessable profit that was subject to Hong Kong profits tax during 2022, 2023 and 2024.

Mainland China

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the EIT Law) effective from January 1, 2008, which was most recently amended on December 29, 2018, as well as its implementation rules effective from January 1, 2008 and amended on April 23, 2019, our mainland China subsidiaries are subject to the statutory rate of 25%, subject to preferential tax treatments available to qualified enterprises in certain encouraged sectors of the economy.

Pursuant to the relevant regulations applicable to small and micro businesses, in 2022, 2023 and 2024, several of our mainland China subsidiaries enjoyed a preferential tax rate of 20% with a discount to taxable income. For taxable income less than RMB1 million, and for taxable income over RMB1 million but less than RMB3 million, 75% of the taxable income could be exempted in tax computation. In order to qualify as a small and micro business, an entity needs to engage in industries not restricted or prohibited by the state, and it needs to simultaneously meet the following three conditions: (i) the annual taxable income does not exceed RMB3 million, (ii) the number of employees does not exceed 300, and (iii) the total assets do not exceed RMB50 million. Under the EIT Law, a withholding tax of 10% is also imposed on dividends declared and paid to non-PRC resident in respect of profits earned by our mainland China subsidiaries from January 1, 2008 onwards.

Pursuant to the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established under the laws of a foreign country or region whose “de facto management body” is located within the PRC territory is considered a resident enterprise and will generally be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of mainland China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — If we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise for purposes of income tax in mainland China, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland China shareholders.”

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods presented, both in absolute amount and as percentages of our net revenues. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of operations in any particular period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends.

The Year Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended June 30, 2024

Net Revenue

Our net revenue, which mainly consisted of revenue from sales of feminine hygiene products, body and oral care products, accessories and others, increased by US$1.0 million, or 16.4%, from US$6.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$7.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2024. Our revenue from the sales of feminine hygiene products increased significantly from US$3.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$5.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the increase of sales volume: i) we were able to introduce various models of products to meet expectations from a wider range of customers and ii) with our increased marketing efforts, we managed to maintain and even increase our market shares as we established brand loyalty among existing customers. Our revenue from body and oral care products increased significantly from US$0.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$1.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the marketing promotion projects launched and increasing market need, which increased our sales volume. Our revenue from accessories decreased from US$2.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$1.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the adjustment of our business strategies to focus on the promotion and sales of our feminine hygiene products.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues decreased a little by US$0.3 million, or 9.1%, from US$2.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$2.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, which was mainly due to our increasing production efficiency to reduce unit costs.

Gross profit (loss) and gross margin

As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased from US$3.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$4.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2024. Our gross margins were 57.7% for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 66.9% for the year ended June 30, 2024.

Operating expenses

Our selling expenses increased by 68.6% from US$0.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$1.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the increase of payroll expenses of sales person and marketing staff, and the increase of amortization of the intangible assets purchased during the year.

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 61.7% from US$2.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$3.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to an increase of US$0.8 million in professional service expense related to the offering and an increase in payroll expenses due to the increase of salaries and bonus.

Operating (loss)/profit

As a result of the foregoing, we generated an operating loss of US$0.03 million and an operating profit of US$0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 respectively.

Other expenses, net

Our financial expenses increased from US$10,615 for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$75,392 for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the increase of interest expenses as we obtained bank loans in November, 2023 and a loan from a related party in May, 2024.

Our financial income increased from US$9,287 for the year ended June 30, 2023 to US$206,592 for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the our obtaining of interest-free long-term loans.

We generated a loss on deregistration of subsidiaries of US$0.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 a gain on deregistration of subsidiaries of US$0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, as we deregistered two inactive subsidiaries during the year ended June 30, 2023 and two subsidiaries during the year ended June 30, 2024 to achieve operating efficiency.

Income tax benefit/(expense)

We recorded income tax expense of US$0.03 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 and income tax benefit of US$0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributed to the increase of tax credits generated from subsidiaries with losses.

Net income/(loss)

As a result of the foregoing, we generated a net income of US$0.6 million and US$0.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 respectively.

The Year Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to the Year Ended June 30, 2023

Net Revenue

Our net revenue, which mainly consisted of revenue from sales of feminine hygiene products, body and oral care products, accessories and others, increased significantly by US$4.3 million, or 224.34%, from US$2.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$6.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023. Our revenue from the sales of feminine hygiene products increased significantly from US$0.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$3.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to the increase of sales volume: i) as our own factory began production in 2023, we were able to introduce our new feminine hygiene brands with various models of products, in order to meet expectations from a wider range of customers and ii) with our increased marketing efforts which extended our market reach into new regions and cities, we managed to establish brand loyalty among existing customers. In addition, the average selling price of new feminine hygiene brands introduced in 2023 increases approximately 30% compared to the average selling price of existing feminine hygiene brands. Our revenue from body and oral care products decreased significantly from US$1.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$0.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to the adjustment of our business strategies to focus on the promotion and sales of our feminine hygiene products. As a result, sales volume of body and oral care products decreased significantly in 2023. Our revenue from accessories increased significantly from US$0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$2.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to our increased efforts to promote and market our accessory products including bracelets, earrings and pendants.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues increased significantly by US$1.8 million, or 214.79%, from US$0.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$2.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, mainly due to the increase of product costs, which is aligned with the increase of revenues.

Gross profit (loss) and gross margin

As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased significantly from US$1.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$3.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2023. Our gross margins were 56.4% for the year ended June 30, 2022 and 57.7% for the year ended June 30, 2023.

Operating expenses

Our selling expenses increased by 13.9% from US$0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$0.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to the increase in advertising and promotion expenses as we expanded our distribution channels nationwide.

Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 7.0% from US$2.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$2.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to the decrease of rental expenses from US$0.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$0.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 as we bought the office space in December 2022.

Operating profit/(loss)

As a result of the foregoing, we generated an operating loss of US$1.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 and an operating profit of US$0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2023.

Other expenses, net

Our financial expenses increased from US$1,785 for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$10,615 for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to the increase of bank charges.

Our financial income increased from US$4,531 for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$9,287 for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to the increase of interest income along with the increase of cash balances.

Loss on deregistration of subsidiaries increased from US$77,407 for the year ended June 30, 2022 to US$0.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, as we deregistered one inactive subsidiary during the year ended June 30, 2022 and two inactive subsidiaries during the year ended June 30, 2023 to achieve operating efficiency.

Income tax benefit/(expense)

We recorded income tax benefit of US$0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 and income tax expense of US$0.03 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributed to our growth in profits.

Net income/(loss)

As a result of the foregoing, we generated a net loss of US$1.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2022 and a net income of US$0.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented:

Our principal source of liquidity has been cash generated by our operating activities and loans from our shareholder and other financial institutions. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, our cash and cash equivalents were US$0.7 million and US$3.2 million, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand and our demand deposits with financial institutions. As of June 30, 2024, we had total current assets of US$2.0 million, while had total current liabilities of US$7.1 million. Our net current liabilities as of June 30, 2024 was US$5.1 million as compared to our current assets of US$0.03 million as of June 30, 2023.

On July 29, 2024, we entered into an equity transfer agreement with a third party to dispose 100% equity of one of our wholly-owned subsidiary, and has already received approximately US$1.4 million of the consideration. On August 12, 2024, we received a 3-year long-term loan from our controlling shareholder for a total of approximately US$1.3 million with an annual interest rate of 6.5%. As a result, we believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and expected cash provided by operating and financing activities will be sufficient to meet our current and anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. We may, however, need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changes in business conditions or other developments. We may also need additional cash resources in the future if we identify and wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, capital expenditure or similar actions. If we determine that the cash requirements exceed the amount of cash on hand, we may seek to issue equity or equity linked securities or obtain debt financing. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to the shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations.

As of June 30, 2024, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents were held in mainland China and denominated in Renminbi. As of June 30, 2024, substantially all of our short-term investments were held in mainland China and denominated in Renminbi. For restrictions and limitations on liquidity and capital resources as a result of our corporate structure, see “— Holding Company Structure.”

In utilizing the trust account proceeds we expect to receive from this Business Combination and any proceeds in our follow-on offerings after becoming a listed company, we may make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, establish new mainland China subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new mainland China subsidiaries, make loans to our mainland China subsidiaries, or acquire offshore entities with operations in mainland China in offshore transactions. However, most of these uses are subject to mainland China regulations. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Regulations in mainland China of loans to and direct investment in PRC domestic companies by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans to or make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Substantially all of our revenues have been, and we expect will likely to continue to be, denominated in Renminbi. Under existing mainland China foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior SAFE approval as long as certain routine procedural requirements are fulfilled. Therefore, our mainland China subsidiaries are allowed to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior SAFE approval by following certain routine procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with competent government authorities is required where the Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The mainland China government may restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2024 was US$1.5 million. The difference between the net income of US$0.6 million, adjusted for depreciation and amortization expenses of US$0.9 million and operating cash flow was primarily due to (i) a decrease in contract liabilities of US$3.0 million as we recognized product sales related to advances received from a third-party customer, and partially offset by a decrease in advance to suppliers of US$0.7 million attributed to obtaining more bargaining power in negotiating the payment terms with suppliers without paying in advance.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2023 was US$8.8 million. The difference between the net income of US$0.3 million, adjusted for depreciation and amortization expenses of US$0.7 million and operating cash flow was primarily due to (i) an increase in contract liabilities of US$8.1 million attributed to the increase of advances received from a customer for achieving at least RMB50,000,000 (approximately US$6.9 million) for the next three years of product sales and (ii) an increase in accounts payables of US$0.7 million attributed to the increase of product procurement in the second quarter of 2023 compared to the second quarter of 2022, and partially offset by a decrease in advance to suppliers of US$0.5 million attributed to obtaining more bargaining power in negotiating the payment terms with suppliers without paying in advance.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2022 was US$1.9 million. The difference between the net loss of US$1.9 million and operating cash flow was primarily due to (i) an increase in inventories of US$0.2 million due to higher inventory turnover, and partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivables of US$0.2 million attributed to timely collection of receivables within one month.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended June 30, 2024 was US$2.5 million, which was due to the increase of purchase of the intangible asset of US$2.6 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 was US$4.6 million and US$24,218, respectively, which were due to the increase of purchases of US$4.6 million for office space for headquarter operations.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2024 was US$1.6 million, which was primarily attributed to proceeds of US$2.2 million from loans from related parties and US$1.4 million from bank loans, and partially offset by payments of listing fess of US$1.5 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2023 was US$1.2 million, which was primarily attributed to repayment of loans to related parties of US$0.9 million and payments of listing fess of US$0.8 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2022 was US$0.9 million, which was primarily attributed to loans received from related parties of US$1.0 million.

Material Cash Requirements

Our material cash requirements as of June 30, 2024 and any subsequent period primarily include our capital expenditures and contract obligations.

Capital Expenditures

We incurred capital expenditures of US$2.9 million and US$4.6 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Capital expenditure primarily represents capital payment for purposes of property acquisitions, leasehold improvements and purchase of intangible assets. We expect to continue to incur similar capital expenditure in the future as we grow our business. We intend to fund our future capital expenditures with our existing cash balance.

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2024:

Other than as shown above, we did not have any significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees as of June 30, 2024.

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholders’ equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity, or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk, or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging, or product development services with us.

Holding Company Structure

DSY Holdings is our holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. DSY Holdings has no material operations of its own. We conduct a substantial majority of our operations through our operating subsidiaries in China. As a result, DSY Holdings’ ability to pay dividends depends largely upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries including our mainland China subsidiaries. If our existing mainland China subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our mainland China subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our mainland China subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our subsidiaries in China may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the surplus funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our mainland China subsidiaries have not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

Inflation

To date, inflation in mainland China has not materially affected our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for 2022 and 2023 were increases of 2.0% and 0.2%, and for the first half year in 2024 were increases of 0.1%. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in mainland China in the past, we may be affected if mainland China experiences higher rates of inflation in the future.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign exchange risk

Substantially all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi for the years ended June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024. We do not believe that we have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in international political and economic development and by the central government’s policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation subsided and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The Renminbi depreciated approximately by 5% against the U.S. dollar in 2018, and further depreciated by 4% against the U.S. dollar in 2019. Since October 1, 2016, the Renminbi has joined the International Monetary Fund’s basket of currencies that make up the SDR, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and there is no guarantee that the RMB will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollars against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

Interest rate risk

We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates, nor have we used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rate in the future.

We may invest in interest-earning instruments, and investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall.

Critical Accounting Estimates

An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the currently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other disclosures included in this prospectus. When reviewing our financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.

We consider our critical accounting estimates include (i) revenue recognition; (ii) inventories; and (iii) valuation allowance of deferred tax assets.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue pursuant to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). According to ASC 606, revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services, reduced by estimates for return allowances, promotional discounts, rebates and business tax and Value Added Tax (“VAT”). Consistent with the criteria of this standard, we follow five steps for our revenue recognition: (i) identify the contract(s) with the customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Our revenues are primarily derived from (i) product sales and (ii) licensing fees from commercial stores.

Revenue from product sales

Our revenue from product sales is primarily derived from (i) sales of our products to third party platform distributor customers and wholesale customers; (ii) e-commerce sales to retail customers through our online stores on third party e-commerce platforms; and (iii) sales to retail customers through our self-operated offline stores. We recognize revenue from product sales at the point in time control of the products is transferred, and in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified goods or services transferred. For sales through offline channels, revenues are recognized seven days after the start of transportation. For sales through online platforms, revenues are recognized fourteen days after the start of transportation..

We record revenues net of return allowances, sales incentives, value-added taxes and related surcharges. For sales through offline channels, our sales terms do not provide a right of return beyond a standard quality policy. For sales through online channels, we offer an unconditional right of return for a period of seven days upon receipt of products. We estimate sales return on historical results. For years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our amount of sales return was insignificant. We may also provide sales incentives in the form of discounts to customers. Our revenue is allocated based on the relative standalone selling prices for respective products and recognized on a net basis after such sales incentives.

Revenue from licensing fees

We enter into licensing agreements with our customers and third-party commercial stores (collectively, the “Licensees”), to authorize the Licensee to use our logo, trademark and our brand name of “Big Tree Cloud”. Therefore, the performance obligation is satisfied over time because the Licensees simultaneously receive and consume the benefits (of utilizing our logo, trademark and brand name) during the authorized period of two years. Therefore, revenues generated from licensing fees are recognized overtime during the authorized period of two years. The transaction price contains variable considerations, including prompt incentive payment to the Licensees if a Licensee reaches certain milestones. We use the “most likely amount” method based on our historical experiences and update our estimated transaction price at the end of each reporting period to estimate the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction.

Inventories

Inventories, net consisting of finished products available for sales are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined using the weighted average cost method. Net realizable value is based on estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable transportation cost. Write-down is recorded when the future estimated net realizable value is less than cost, which is recorded in cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

Inventory write-down is estimated based on significant management estimates and assumptions used to determine the write-down percentages that are applied to different aging groups and assess the condition of the merchandise within each category. In determining the write-down percentages on inventories, we take into considerations of factors, such as the inventories’ aging, historical trends, forecasted demands, expected selling prices and future promotional events.

US$7,594, US$3,358 and US$1,391 of inventory write-down were recorded for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, 2022, respectively. Inventories, net accounted for 6.7% and 5.2% of total assets as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and thus were regarded material and significant accounts in our financial statements.

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities represent the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration from the customer. Contract liabilities consist of advanced product payments from customers. We recognize contract liabilities of $5,152,925 and $8,151,549 as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The balance as of June 30, 2024 mainly from a third-party customer for product sales.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

We recorded deferred tax assets balance of US$502,965 and US$381,191 as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and a valuation allowance of deferred tax assets of nil, nil and nil for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

When we determine and quantify the valuation allowances, we consider such factors as projected future taxable income, the availability of tax planning strategies, the historical taxable income and losses in prior years, and future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. The assumptions used in determining projected future taxable income require significant judgment. Actual operating results in future years could differ from our current assumptions, judgements and estimates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions may materially affect the tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. The above-mentioned assumptions have not changed over the reporting periods.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any, and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Cost represents the purchase price of the asset and other costs incurred to bring the asset into its intended use. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expenses as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterment that extends the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the costs, accumulated depreciation and impairment with any resulting gain or loss recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Management estimates the residual value of its office equipment and computers, transportation equipment and office equipment to be 5%.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Prior to the completion of the Business Combination, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and 2024 and for the years ended June 30, 2022 2023 and 2024, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness that has been identified relates to:

We have implemented and plan to implement a number of measures to address the material weakness:

As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue for fiscal year of 2024, we will qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

References in this section to “we,” “our,” “us,” and “PubCo,” generally refer to Big Tree Cloud Holdings Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Management and Board of Directors

The following persons are expected to serve as PubCo’s executive officers and directors immediately after the consummation of the Business Combination. The biographical information concerning the executive officers and directors has been set forth as below as of the date of this annual report.

Executive Officers and Directors

Mr. Wenquan Zhu is the founder and chief executive officer of Big Tree Cloud and has served as the chairman of the board of directors of Big Tree Cloud since April 2021. Prior to that, he served at government authorities in Yunyan District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province from 2004 to 2020. Mr. Zhu received a bachelor of laws degree from the Open University of China (formerly known as China Central Radio and TV University) and a master’s degree in business administration from Hong Kong Asia Business College.

Ms. Ting Yan has served as a director of Big Tree Cloud since November 2023 and is the chief financial officer of Big Tree Cloud. Prior to joining Big Tree Cloud in 2020, she served at Shenzhen Tiancheng Huaxin Certified Tax Agents (Special General Partnership) as project manager. Ms. Yan also served at Shenzhen Weifeng Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shenzhen Weifeng Haosi New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) as financial manager. Ms. Yan received her bachelor’s degree in accounting from Beijing Technology and Business University in 2018 and her master’s degree in business administration from Hong Kong Asia Business College in 2021.

Mr. Frank Li has served as a director of Big Tree Cloud since November 2023. Prior to that, he was a partner at Pengsheng Certified Public Accountants’ Firm (Special General Partnership) from 2018 to 2023. From 2017 to 2018, he served as the financial director of Shenzhen Saige Jianye Construction Investment Co., Ltd. From 1994 to 2005, Mr. Li worked at several accounting firms, commercial banks and private companies including Shenzhen Jinxinda Certified Public Accountants’ Firm (General Partnership), Shenzhen Commercial Bank (later known as Ping An Bank) and Hong Kong Jialai (China) Investment Holdings Co., Ltd., where he was responsible for financial matters. Mr. Li is a member of the Certified Public Accountant and a Certified Tax Agent. He received a master’s degree in accounting in 2015.

Mr. Yumao Huang has served as a director of Big Tree Cloud since March 2024. Prior to that, he served as the director of supply chain at Shenzhen Changjiawang Network Technology Co., Ltd. He also held positions including the general manager and the director of sales department at Shenzhen Tomorrow Network Technology Co., Ltd. Mr. Huang received a bachelor’s degree in business administration from the Open University of China (formerly known as China Central Radio and TV University).

Independent Directors

Ms. Yanjie Zhu  has served as PubCo’s independent director since the closing of the Business Combination. Ms. Zhu currently serves at Baozun Group (Nasdaq: BZUN; 9991.HK) as a vice president of finance. Prior to joining Baozun Group in 2020, Ms. Zhu served at Shanghai IBR Information Technology Co., Ltd. from 2019 to 2020 as the finance director and head of live business. From 2018 to 2019, Ms. Zhu served at Shanghai CUE Information Technology Co., Ltd. as the chief financial officer. From 2016 to 2018, Ms. Zhu served at Experience (Shanghai) Exhibition Services Co., Ltd. as the finance director. From 2014 to 2016, Ms. Zhu served at Shanghai Pudong Porsche Automobile Sales & Services Co., Ltd. as the finance manager. In 2013, Ms. Zhu served at Bovis Lend Lease Projects (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. as the finance manager. From 2005 to 2013, Ms. Zhu served at KPMG Huazhen. Ms. Zhu received her bachelor’s degree in business administration from Shanghai International Studies University in 2005. Ms. Zhu is a member of Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA) and a Certified Internal Auditor (CIA).

Ms. Yifan He  has served as PubCo’s independent director since the closing of the Business Combination. Ms. He currently serves at IMAX China (1970.HK) as the senior vice president, general counsel, joint company secretary. Prior to joining IMAX China in 2020, Ms. He served at Kennametal Inc. from 2016 to 2020 as the general counsel of Asia Pacific. From 2015 to 2016, Ms. He served at Guardian Industries as the general counsel of Asia Pacific. From 2013 to 2015, Ms. He served at United Technologies Corporation/Otis Elevator Company as the legal counsel of China / North Asia. From 2005 to 2010, Ms. He served at White & Case LLP. Ms. He received her bachelor’s degree in law from Fudan University in 2006 and her Master of Laws degree from the University of Virginia in 2009. Ms. He has the legal profession qualification in China and was also admitted to the New York State Bar.

Ms. Fengxin Zhang  has served as PubCo’s independent director since the closing of the Business Combination. Ms. Zhang joined Fosun (00656.HK) in 2014 and currently serves as the senior investment director. Ms. Zhang also serves at Ningbo Meishan Free Trade Port Zone Mingxing Equity Investment Fund Partnership (LP) as the head of investment director since 2018. Ms. Zhang serves at Silver Cross Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. as a director since 2020, she serves at Shanghai Bohe Health Technology Co., Ltd. as the supervisor since 2021, and she also serves at Shanghai Yierrun Medical Technology Co., Ltd. as a director since 2022. Ms. Zhang received her bachelor’s degree in economics from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2011 and her master degree in applied economics from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2014. Ms. Zhang is an advanced registered ESG analyst in China and holds the CFA ESG investment certificate, and she is also a qualified fund practitioner in China.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

PubCo has entered into employment agreements with each of its executive officers immediately prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. Under these agreements, each of PubCo’s executive officers is employed for a five-year period. PubCo may terminate an executive officer’s employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the officer, including but not limited to incapacity to fulfill job responsibilities, breach of internal procedures or regulations which cause material damage to PubCo or breach of obligation of confidentiality.

An executive officer may terminate his/her employment at any time with 30 days prior written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires or is earlier terminated, in strict confidence and not to use, except for PubCo’s benefit, any confidential information of PubCo. In addition, all of PubCo’s executive officers have agreed to be bound by the non-competition agreements entered into between such executive officers and PubCo.

In addition, PubCo has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and executive officers. PubCo is expected to indemnify its directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of them being PubCo’s directors or executive officers.

B. Compensation

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, we paid an aggregate of approximately US$586,000 in cash to our directors and executive officers. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and executive officers. Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

The primary responsibilities of PubCo’s board of directors (the “Board”) is to provide oversight, strategic guidance, counseling and directions to the PubCo’s management. We have seven directors, including four non-independent directors and three independent directors. Mr. Wenquan Zhu serves as Chairman of the Board. The Board meet on a regular basis and additionally as required.  

Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of PubCo (“Amended Articles”) may by an ordinary resolution appoint any person to be a director, and the Board may, by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the remaining directors present and voting at a Board meeting, appoint any person as a director, to fill a casual vacancy on the Board or as an addition to the existing Board. A director may be removed from office by an ordinary resolution of PubCo and or by the Board, notwithstanding anything in the Amended Articles or in any agreement between PubCo and such director (but without prejudice to any claim for damages under such agreement). A vacancy on the Board created by the removal of a director under the previous sentence may be filled by an ordinary resolution or by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the remaining directors present and voting at a Board meeting. The office of director shall be vacated if, among other things, the director (1) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (2) dies, or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company, or (4) is removed from office by ordinary resolution or by the Board at any time before the expiration of his or her term.

Director Independence

The Board has determined that each of Ms. Yanjie Zhu, Ms. Yifan He and Ms. Fengxin Zhang qualifies as independent, as defined under the listing rules of Nasdaq. In addition, we are subject to the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq relating to the memberships, qualifications and operations of the audit committee, as discussed below.

Board Oversight of Risk

One of the core functions of the Board is to be informed to oversee PubCo’s risk management process. PubCo does not anticipate having a standing risk management committee, but rather anticipate administering this oversight function directly through the Board as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of the Board that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight.

Committees of the Board of Directors

The Board has established an audit committee, a compensation committee, and a nominating and corporate governance committee. The Board has adopted a charter for each of the committees, which complies with the applicable requirements of current Nasdaq rules. The charter of each committee is available on PubCo’s website.

Audit Committee

PubCo has established an audit committee of the board of directors. Ms. Yanjie Zhu, Ms. Yifan He and Ms. Fengxin Zhang serve as members of the audit committee. Each member is “independent” in accordance with applicable law, including the rules of Nasdaq and the more rigorous SEC independence requirements for audit committee members set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, as determined by the Board after consideration of all factors determined to be relevant rules and regulations of Nasdaq and the SEC. Each member of the audit committee can read and understand fundamental financial statements in accordance with Nasdaq audit committee requirements.

Ms. Yanjie Zhu serves as chairman of the audit committee. Each member of the audit committee meets the financial literacy requirements of Nasdaq listing standards, and the Board has determined that Ms. Yanjie Zhu qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in applicable SEC rules.

The purpose of the audit committee is to assist our board of directors in overseeing and monitoring:

Compensation Committee

PubCo has established a compensation committee of the Board. Ms. Yanjie Zhu, Ms. Yifan He and Ms. Fengxin Zhang serve as members of PubCo’s compensation committee. Ms. Yifan He serves as chair of the compensation committee.

The purpose of the compensation committee is to assist the Board in discharging its responsibilities relating to:

The composition and function of compensation committee complies with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, SEC rules and regulations and Nasdaq’s listing rules, and so will to future requirements to the extent they become applicable to PubCo.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

PubCo has established a nominating and corporate governance committee of the board of directors. Ms. Yanjie Zhu, Ms. Yifan He and Ms. Fengxin Zhang serve on PubCo’s nominating and corporate governance committee. Ms. Fengxin Zhang serves as chairman of the nominating and corporate governance committee.

The primary purposes of the nominating and corporate governance committee is to assist the Board in:

Director Nominations

PubCo’s nominating and corporate governance committee will screen and recommend to the Board candidates for nomination for election at the annual meeting of the shareholders. The Board will also consider director candidates recommended for nomination by its shareholders during such times as they are seeking proposed nominees to stand for election at the next annual meeting of shareholders (or, if applicable, a special meeting of shareholders). PubCo’s shareholders that wish to nominate a director for election to the Board should follow the procedures set forth in Amended Articles (as amended from time to time).

In general, in identifying and evaluating nominees for director, the Board considers educational background, diversity of professional experience, knowledge of our business, integrity, professional reputation, independence, character, and the ability to exercise sound judgement, and relevant skills and experience, including financial literacy, and experience in the context of the needs of the Board.

D. Employees

As of June 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, we had a total of 24, 82 and 50 full-time employees, respectively. A substantial majority of our employees are based in China.

We believe that we have a good working relationship with our employees and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes.  

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares by:

The beneficial ownership of ordinary shares of the Company is based on 50,000,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of this report.

Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he, she or it possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security, including options and warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixty (60) days.

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. Any shares of our ordinary shares subject to options or warrants exercisable within 60 days of the consummation of this annual report are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the persons holding those options or warrants for the purpose of computing the number of shares beneficially owned and the percentage ownership of that person. They are not, however, deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— E. Share Ownership.”

B. Related Party Transactions

Our Related Parties

Transactions with Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen

For the year ended June 30, 2022, we engaged Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen for the provision of technical services in relation to our business operations and incurred a total service fee of US$152,507. We paid this amount in the regular course of business operations. For the year ended June 30, 2023, Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen provided technical services in the amount of US$572,250, and we periodically paid this amount in the regular course of business operations, with US$31,965 remain due to Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen as of June 30, 2023.

For the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, we sold certain goods to and made payments on behalf of Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen, and the total amount due from Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen was US$832,897 as of June 30, 2023.

We and Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen agree to offset the remaining balance among the parties, and Big Tree Cloud Shenzen paid the remaining balance of US$800,932 as of October 2023.

For the year ended June 30, 2024, we leased certain property to Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen. As of June 30, 2024, the amount due from Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen under the lease was US$16,595, and Big Tree Cloud Shenzhen will pay this amount in accordance with the terms of the lease.

Transactions with Shenzhen Jingxihui