Data I/O (DAIO) 10-Q2023 Q2 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)   

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

Or

For the transition period from ________________ to ________________

Commission file number: 0-10394

6645 185^th Ave NE, Suite 100, Redmond, Washington, 98052 425-881-6444

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Shares of Common Stock, no par value, outstanding as of July 31, 2023:  9,018,875

DATA I/O CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2023

INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

DATA I/O CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share data)

(UNAUDITED)

See notes to consolidated financial statements

See notes to consolidated financial statements

See notes to consolidated financial statements

See notes to consolidated financial statements

See notes to consolidated financial statements

DATA I/O CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Data I/O Corporation (“Data I/O”, “We”, “Our”, “Us”) is a global market leader for advanced programming, security deployment, security provisioning and associated Intellectual Property (“IP”) protection and management solutions used in electronics manufacturing with flash memory, microcontrollers, and flash memory-based intelligent devices as well as secure element devices, authentication devices and secure microcontrollers. Customers for our programming system products are located around the world, primarily in Asia, Europe and the Americas. Our manufacturing operations are currently located in Redmond, Washington, United States and Shanghai, China.

We prepared the financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 according to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These statements are unaudited but, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals) necessary to present fairly the results for the periods presented. The balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date. We have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America according to such SEC rules and regulations. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Significant Accounting Policies

These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the annual audited financial statements and the accompanying notes included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (filed with the SEC on March 30, 2023). There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies described in the Annual Report that have had a material impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Revenue Recognition

Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) provides a single, principles-based, five-step model to be applied to all contracts with customers. It generally provides for the recognition of revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled, net of allowances for estimated returns, discounts or sales incentives, as well as taxes collected from customers when control over the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer. 

We expense contract acquisition costs, primarily sales commissions, for contracts with terms of one year or less and will capitalize and amortize incremental costs with terms that exceed one year. During the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, the impact of capitalization of incremental costs for obtaining contracts was immaterial. We exclude sales, use, value added, some excise taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.

We recognize revenue upon transfer of control of the promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We have determined that our programming equipment has reached a point of maturity and stability such that product acceptance can be assured by testing at the factory prior to shipment and that the installation meets the criteria to be a separate performance obligation. These systems are standard products with published product specifications and are configurable with standard options. The evidence that these systems could be deemed as accepted was based upon having standardized factory production of the units, results from batteries of tests of product performance to our published specifications, quality inspections and installation standardization, as well as past product operation validation with the customer and the history provided by our installed base of products upon which the current versions were based.

The revenue related to products requiring installation that is perfunctory is recognized upon transfer of control of the product to customers, which generally is at the time of shipment. Installation that is considered perfunctory includes any installation that is expected to be performed by other parties, such as distributors, other vendors, or the customers themselves. This analysis considers the complexity, skill and training needed, as well as customer expectations regarding installation.

We enter into arrangements with multiple performance obligations that arise during the sale of a system that includes an installation component, a service and support component and a software maintenance component. We allocate the transaction price of each element based on relative selling prices. Relative selling price is based on the selling price of the standalone system. For the installation and service and support performance obligations, we use the value of the discount given to distributors who perform these components. For software maintenance performance obligations, we use what we charge for annual software maintenance renewals after the initial year the system is sold. Revenue is recognized on the system sale based on shipping terms, installation revenue is recognized after the installation is performed, and hardware service and support and software maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement, typically one year. Deferred revenue includes service, support and maintenance contracts and represents the undelivered performance obligation of agreements that are typically for one year.

When we license software separately, we recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of the software, which is generally upon shipment, provided that only inconsequential performance obligations remain on our part and substantive acceptance conditions, if any, have been met.

We recognize revenue when there is an approved contract that both parties are committed to perform, both parties’ rights have been identified, the contract has substance, collection of substantially all the consideration is probable, the transaction price has been determined and allocated over the performance obligations, the performance obligations including substantive acceptance conditions, if any, in the contract have been met, the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer’s obligation would not be changed in the event of theft, physical destruction or damage to the product, the buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from us and we do not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about the resale of the product by the buyer. We establish a reserve for sales returns based on historical trends in product returns and estimates for new items. Payment terms are generally 30 to 60 days from shipment.

We transfer certain products out of service from their internal use and make them available for sale. The products transferred are typically our standard products in one of the following areas: service loaners, rental or test units; engineering test units; or sales demonstration equipment. Once transferred, the equipment is sold by our regular sales channels as used equipment inventory. These product units often involve refurbishing and an equipment warranty, and are conducted as sales in our normal and ordinary course of business. The transfer amount is the product unit’s net book value and the sale transaction is accounted for as revenue and cost of goods sold.

The following table represents our revenues by major categories:

Share-Based Compensation

All stock-based compensation awards are measured based on estimated fair values on the date of grant and recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line method. Our share-based compensation is reduced for estimated forfeitures at the time of grant and revised as necessary in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Income Tax

Income taxes are computed at current enacted tax rates, less tax credits using the asset and liability method. Deferred taxes are adjusted both for items that do not have tax consequences and for the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those previously used to determine deferred tax assets or liabilities. Tax provisions include amounts that are currently payable, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities that arise because of temporary differences between the timing of when items of income and expense are recognized for financial reporting and income tax purposes, and any changes in the valuation allowance caused by a change in judgment about the realization of the related deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no recently issued accounting pronouncements that had, or are expected to have, a material impact to Data I/O Corporation’s consolidated financial statements. In the first quarter of 2023, ASU 326 became effective for the Company. The adoption of the ASU 326 CECL (Current Estimate of Credit Losses) did not have a material impact to Data I/O Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 2 – INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following components:

NOTE 3 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment consisted of the following components:

NOTE 4 – OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following components:

The changes in our product warranty liability for the six months ending June 30, 2023 and year ending December 31, 2022 are as follows:

NOTE 5 – LEASES

Our leasing arrangements are primarily for facility leases we use to conduct our operations. The following table presents our future lease payments for long-term operating leases as of June 30, 2023:

Cash paid for operating lease liabilities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were $219,254 and $442,909, respectively. There were no new operating leases during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of:

At June 30, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term is 2.5 years and the weighted average discount rate used is 5%.

The components of our lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 include operating lease costs of $213,000 and $430,000, respectively, and short-term lease costs of $7,000 and $13,000, respectively. This compares to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 with operating lease costs of $213,000 and $434,000 respectively, and short-term lease costs of $6,000 and $27,000, respectively.

The Redmond, Washington headquarters facility lease runs to January 31, 2026. The lease is for approximately 20,460 square feet. The lease for a facility located in Shanghai, China runs to October 31, 2024. This lease is for approximately 19,400 square feet. The lease for our facility located near Munich, Germany runs to August 2027. This lease is for approximately 4,895 square feet.

NOTE 6 – OTHER COMMITMENTS

We have purchase obligations for inventory and production costs as well as other obligations such as capital expenditures, service contracts, marketing, and development agreements. Arrangements are considered purchase obligations if a contract specifies all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased, a pricing structure and approximate timing of the transaction. Most arrangements are cancelable without a significant penalty, and with short notice, typically less than 90 days. At June 30, 2023, the purchase commitments and other obligations totaled $2.0 million of which all but $0.3 million are expected to be paid over the next twelve months.

NOTE 7 – CONTINGENCIES

As of June 30, 2023, we were not a party to any legal proceedings or aware of any indemnification agreement claims, the adverse outcome of which in management’s opinion, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

NOTE 8 – INCOME TAXES

Income tax benefit (expense) primarily relates to foreign and state taxes. The first quarter of 2022 included dividend withholding taxes of $445,000 on a dividend repatriation.

The effective tax rate differed from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the effect of valuation allowances, as well as foreign taxes. We have a valuation allowance of $9.6 million as of June 30, 2023. As of June 30, for both 2023 and 2022, our deferred tax assets and valuation allowance have been reduced by approximately $437,000 and $405,000, respectively, associated with the requirements of accounting for uncertain tax positions. Given the uncertainty created by our loss history, as well as the volatile and uncertain economic outlook for our industry and capital spending, we have limited the recognition of net deferred tax assets including our net operating losses and credit carryforwards and continue to maintain a valuation allowance for the full amount of the net deferred tax asset balance.

NOTE 9 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated based on these same weighted average shares outstanding plus the effect of potential shares issuable upon assumed exercise of stock options based on the treasury stock method.

Potential shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share to the extent their effect would be anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

Options to purchase 12,500 and 12,500 shares, respectively, were outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, but were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the periods then ended because the options were anti-dilutive.

NOTE 10 – SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

For share-based awards granted, we have recognized compensation expense based on the estimated grant date fair value method. For these awards, we have recognized compensation expense using a straight-line amortization method reduced for estimated forfeitures.

The impact on our results of operations of recording share-based compensation, net of forfeitures, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows:

Equity awards granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Non-employee directors Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) typically vest over the earlier of one year or the next annual meeting of shareholders and Non-Qualified stock options vest over three years and have a six-year exercise period. Employee RSUs typically vest annually over three or four years and employee Non-Qualified stock options typically vest quarterly over four years and have a six-year exercise period. Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) typically cliff vest at the end of the performance period and the performance metric is cumulative revenue growth over the three-year period ending December 31, 2025 with a cumulative revenue threshold, target, and maximum.

The remaining unamortized expected future equity compensation expense and remaining amortization period associated with award grants of unvested options, PSUs and RSUs at June 30, 2023 and 2022 are:

The weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute earnings (loss) per share included the following:

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. This Act provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements to encourage companies to provide prospective information about themselves as long as they identify these statements as forward-looking and provide meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ from the projected results. All statements other than statements of historical fact made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking. In particular, statements herein regarding economic outlook, impact of COVID-19 including shutdown in Shanghai, China and related recovery; industry prospects and trends; expected business recovery; industry partnerships; future results of operations or financial position; future spending; expected expenses, breakeven revenue point; expected market decline, bottom or growth; market acceptance of our newly introduced or upgraded products or services; the sufficiency of our cash to fund future operations and capital requirements; development, introduction and shipment of new products or services; changing foreign operations; taxes, trade issues and tariffs; expected inventory levels; expectations for unsupported platform or product versions and related inventory and other charges; Russian invasion of Ukraine impacts; supply chain expectations; semiconductor chip shortages; and any other guidance on future periods are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, achievements, or other future events. Moreover, neither Data I/O nor anyone else assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of these forward-looking statements. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report. The Reader should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The discussions above and in the section in Item 1A., Risk Factors “Cautionary Factors That May Affect Future Results” in our Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, describe some, but not all, of the factors that could cause these differences.

Overview

The second quarter of 2023 reflects strong revenues, gross margin, and profitability. It represented the fourth consecutive quarter of profitability and more normal operations. The prior year comparisons reflect impacts from COVID-19, Ukraine war and a host of other challenges that have positioned us where we are now in 2023.

COVID-19 Background and Update

During 2022, we continued to react to, and manage our business relative to, the COVID-19 pandemic. Early in the year as our business started to return to more normal in parts of the world, challenges arose that were difficult for our business. During parts of the first and second quarters of 2022, our Shanghai facility and operations were shut down for two and a half months as required by China pursuant to their zero-COVID policy. This shutdown impacted our supply chains, shipping times, travel, trade shows, and forced remote work. We were largely able to resume operations and begin recovery late in the second quarter and throughout the third quarter of 2022. Customers continued to restrict in-person sales and other visits. We continued to do business by converting these interactions to remote and virtual means as we have implemented new processes and technology. Our resilient supply chain model was able to support our customers by having alternate facilities that were open and responded to the critical impacts of the shutdown. Later in the fourth quarter of 2022, China’s zero-COVID policy was effectively cancelled. In December most of our employees in Shanghai China were out briefly with COVID-19 and we resumed normal operations early in 2023. We believe that our China demand was soft during the first and second quarter of 2023 due to both COVID-19 recovery in China and customers dealing with the implications of new emission standards effective mid-year.

Other Major Impacts

The war in Ukraine starting in early 2022, while having little direct impact on us from Russia or Ukraine, affected supply chains, shipping, European economic uncertainty and energy concerns. Inflation impacted everyone. We believe we were able to adequately address inflation with pricing adjustments such that our margins were mostly maintained. The strengthening of the dollar in 2022 created headwinds for revenues, as typically over 90% of our business is international. Interest rate hikes by central banks were a concern, especially for cyclical industries with resulting worries about capital spending and planning for recessionary impacts. Certain labor markets were tight during the year causing recruiting challenges. The impact of semiconductor chip shortages, that began mid-2021 and continued well into 2022, are not completely resolved yet in 2023. Many of the issues described in the overview have caused supply chain disruptions and lead time unreliability, which we have managed carefully by maintaining and increasing key inventory levels. We believe there is less risk exposure on these issues and we are now reducing inventory levels and expect to continue reducing inventory through 2023. Finally on a brighter note, the continued outlook by industry analysts for automotive electronics, which remains our primary market focus, remains strong based on the long-term forecast for a decade.

2023

During both the first and second quarter of 2023, our operations were much more normal. The strong dollar impacts started to reverse during the fourth quarter of 2022 and have provided tail winds for revenue sequentially through the second quarter of 2023, especially for the Euro. Macroeconomic news, while improving, continued to be fairly negative. On a more positive note, inflation, while still elevated, appears to be diminishing. Interest rates continue to be higher, but an anticipated recession has not occurred outside of Germany. COVID-19, semiconductor shortages, shipping & supply chain issues, and domestic labor tightness slowing recruiting, are improving situations and no longer top of mind. In-person trade shows are occurring and generating leads. Travel and face-to-face customer meetings are happening. We think our new capabilities of supplier resilience, inventory and production in multiple locations, leveraging remote and virtual services, are capabilities to retain and build upon. We continue to focus on managing our costs carefully and executing strategies for growth.

We are focusing our research and development efforts in our strategic growth markets, namely automotive electronics and IoT new programming technologies, secure supply chain solutions, automated programming systems and their enhancements for the manufacturing environment and software. At Data I/O, we are investing for the long-term to retain and extend our leadership position in automotive electronics and security deployment. We are continuing to develop technology to securely provision newer categories of semiconductors, including Secure Microcontrollers, Authentication Chips, and Secure Elements. We continue to focus on extending the capabilities and support for our product lines and supporting the latest semiconductor devices, including various configurations of NAND Flash, eMMC, UFS and microcontrollers on our newer products.

Our customer focus has been on global and strategic high-volume manufacturers in key market segments like automotive electronics, IoT, industrial controls and consumer electronics, as well as programming centers. Although the long-term prospects for our strategic growth markets should remain good, these markets and our business have been, and are likely to continue to be, adversely impacted by COVID-19 and other global political and economic factors.

On the product side, we continue to invest with a long-term focus towards expanding our markets and creating unique value for our customers. This is true for both our traditional core business as well as the emerging security deployment business. Our strong cash position and balance sheet, combined with our long-term view of the market, gives us the financial flexibility to make these investments.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICY JUDGMENTS AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires that we make estimates and judgments, which affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, sales returns, bad debts, inventories, income taxes, warranty obligations, restructuring charges, contingencies such as litigation and contract terms that have multiple elements and other complexities typical in the capital equipment industry. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Revenue Recognition: Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) provides a single, principles-based, five-step model to be applied to all contracts with customers. It generally provides for the recognition of revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled, net of allowances for estimated returns, discounts or sales incentives, as well as taxes collected from customers when control over the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer. 

We expense contract acquisition costs, primarily sales commissions, for contracts with terms of one year or less and will capitalize and amortize incremental costs with terms that exceed one year. During 2023 and 2022, the impact of capitalization of incremental costs for obtaining contracts was immaterial. We exclude sales, use, value added, some excise taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.

We recognize revenue upon transfer of control of the promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We have determined that our programming equipment has reached a point of maturity and stability such that product acceptance can be assured by testing at the factory prior to shipment and that the installation meets the criteria to be a separate performance obligation. These systems are standard products with published product specifications and are configurable with standard options. The evidence that these systems could be deemed as accepted was based upon having standardized factory production of the units, results from batteries of tests of product performance to our published specifications, quality inspections and installation standardization, as well as past product operation validation with the customer and the history provided by our installed base of products upon which the current versions were based.

The revenue related to products requiring installation that is perfunctory is recognized upon transfer of control of the product to customers, which generally is at the time of shipment. Installation that is considered perfunctory includes any installation that is expected to be performed by other parties, such as distributors, other vendors, or the customers themselves. This analysis considers the complexity, skill and training needed, as well as customer expectations regarding installation.

We enter into arrangements with multiple performance obligations that arise during the sale of a system that includes an installation component, a service and support component and a software maintenance component. We allocate the transaction price of each element based on relative selling prices. Relative selling price is based on the selling price of the standalone system. For the installation and service and support performance obligations, we use the value of the discount given to distributors who perform these components. For software maintenance performance obligations, we use what we charge for annual software maintenance renewals after the initial year the system is sold. Revenue is recognized on the system sale based on shipping terms, installation revenue is recognized after the installation is performed, and hardware service and support and software maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement, typically one year. Deferred revenue includes service, support and maintenance contracts and represents the undelivered performance obligation of agreements that are typically for one year.

When we license software separately, we recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of the software, which is generally upon shipment, provided that only inconsequential performance obligations remain on our part and substantive acceptance conditions, if any, have been met.

We recognize revenue when there is an approved contract that both parties are committed to perform, both parties’ rights have been identified, the contract has substance, collection of substantially all the consideration is probable, the transaction price has been determined and allocated over the performance obligations, the performance obligations including substantive acceptance conditions, if any, in the contract have been met, the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer’s obligation would not be changed in the event of theft, physical destruction or damage to the product, the buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from us and we do not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about the resale of the product by the buyer. We establish a reserve for sales returns based on historical trends in product returns and estimates for new items. Payment terms are generally 30 to 60 days from shipment.

We transfer certain products out of service from their internal use and make them available for sale. The products transferred are typically our standard products in one of the following areas: service loaners, rental or test units; engineering test units; or sales demonstration equipment. Once transferred, the equipment is sold by our regular sales channels as used equipment inventory. These product units often involve refurbishing and an equipment warranty, and are conducted as sales in our normal and ordinary course of business. The transfer amount is the product unit’s net book value, and the sale transaction is accounted for as revenue and cost of goods sold.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: We base the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable (Current Estimate of Credit Losses) on our assessment of the credit losses collectively expected for the future, as well as collectability of specific customer accounts and the aging of accounts receivable. If there is deterioration of a major customer’s credit worthiness or actual defaults are higher than historical experience, or events forecast that collectively indicate some impairment is expected, our estimates of the recoverability of amounts due to us could be adversely affected.

Inventory: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Adjustments are made to standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. We estimate reductions to inventory for obsolete, slow-moving, excess and non-salable inventory by reviewing current transactions and forecasted product demand. We evaluate our inventories on an item-by-item basis and record inventory adjustments accordingly. If there is a significant decrease in demand for our products, uncertainty during product line transitions, or a higher risk of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, we may be required to increase our inventory adjustments, and our gross margin could be adversely affected.

Warranty Accruals: We accrue for warranty costs based on the expected material and labor costs to fulfill our warranty obligations. If we experience an increase in warranty claims, which are higher than our historical experience, our gross margin could be adversely affected.

Tax Valuation Allowances: Given the uncertainty created by our loss history, as well as the current and ongoing cyclical and COVID-19 pandemic related uncertain economic outlook for our industry, capital and geographic spending, as well as income and current net deferred tax assets by entity and country, we expect to continue to limit the recognition of net deferred tax assets and accounting for uncertain tax positions and maintain the tax valuation allowances. At the current time, we expect, therefore, that reversals of the tax valuation allowance will take place as we are able to take advantage of the underlying tax loss or other attributes in carry forward or their use by future income or circumstances allow us to realize these attributes. The transfer pricing and expense or cost sharing arrangements are complex areas where judgments, such as the determination of arms-length arrangements, can be subject to challenges by different tax jurisdictions.

Share-based Compensation: We account for share-based awards made to our employees and directors, including employee stock option awards, performance stock unit awards and restricted stock unit awards, using the estimated grant date fair value method of accounting. For options, we estimate the fair value using the Black-Scholes valuation model and an estimated forfeiture rate. Restricted stock unit awards and performance stock unit awards are valued based on the average of the high and low price on the date of the grant and an estimated forfeiture rate. For options, performance and restricted stock unit awards, expense is recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line basis. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) shares were issued under provisions that do not require us to record any equity compensation expense.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:
 
NET SALES

Net sales in the second quarter of 2023 were $7.4 million, up 55% as compared with $4.8 million in the second quarter of 2022. The dramatic comparison reflects the continued second quarter of 2022 Shanghai COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns, and the war in Ukraine which impacted European business as well as supply chain, and revenue recognition for shipments that had been held up or delayed. Revenues also benefited from the impact of the weakening US Dollar for translation of foreign subsidiary amounts. Recurring and consumable revenues, which includes adapter sales, represented a more normal proportion at 41% of revenues in the second quarter of 2023, as compared with 45% of the second quarter of 2022. Year-to-date, total capital equipment sales were 59% of revenues, adapters were 29%, and software and services revenues were 12% of revenues, respectively, in the second quarter of 2023 compared with 54%, 31% and 15%, respectively, for the second quarter of 2022.

On a geographic basis, international sales represented approximately 86.3% of total net sales for the second quarter of 2023 compared with 89.2% in the prior year period.

Second quarter 2023 bookings were $7.6 million, as compared with $6.4 million in the prior year period. Year-to -date bookings were $13.3 million, as compared with $12.6 million in the prior year-to date period. We experienced softness in China demand in the first and second quarter of 2023, we believe, as they recovered from COVID-19 and in their preparation for new automotive emission standards. Longer term, we see potential for more demand in China driven by new production changes and especially the transition to electric vehicles (EV).

Backlog at June 30, 2023 was approximately $3.8 million, up from $3.2 million at March 31, 2023 and down from $5.8 million at June 30, 2022, which reflected the build up from the Shanghai shutdown. Data I/O had $1.6 million in deferred revenue at June 30, 2023, down from $2.0 million at March 31, 2023 due to a lease to purchase conversion with a large deferred credit recognition, and $1.5 million at June 30, 2022.

GROSS MARGIN