Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses | 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses A summary of current, past due and nonaccrual loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 follows: Current 30-89 Days Accruing Past Nonaccrual Total (In thousands) September 30, 2023 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 44,298,562 $ 252,987 $ 21,064 $ 485,420 $ 45,058,033 Real estate: Commercial 34,018,257 424,005 65,426 1,236,087 35,743,775 Residential builder and developer 1,090,355 6,786 — 3,353 1,100,494 Other commercial construction 6,371,793 221,532 — 136,004 6,729,329 Residential 21,342,546 645,696 261,290 240,753 22,490,285 Residential — limited documentation 865,988 29,747 — 62,250 957,985 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 4,578,381 36,014 — 78,316 4,692,711 Recreational finance 9,448,458 67,149 — 30,524 9,546,131 Automobile 3,855,578 46,257 — 15,959 3,917,794 Other 2,040,303 18,324 6,249 53,272 2,118,148 Total $ 127,910,221 $ 1,748,497 $ 354,029 $ 2,341,938 $ 132,354,685 December 31, 2022 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 40,982,398 $ 448,462 $ 72,502 $ 347,204 $ 41,850,566 Real estate: Commercial 34,972,627 311,188 67,696 1,396,662 36,748,173 Residential builder and developer 1,304,798 8,703 — 1,229 1,314,730 Other commercial construction 6,936,661 239,521 549 124,937 7,301,668 Residential 21,491,506 595,897 345,402 272,090 22,704,895 Residential — limited documentation 950,782 22,456 — 77,814 1,051,052 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 4,891,311 30,787 — 84,788 5,006,886 Recreational finance 8,974,171 54,593 — 44,630 9,073,394 Automobile 4,393,206 44,486 — 39,584 4,477,276 Other 1,958,196 22,961 4,869 49,497 2,035,523 Total $ 126,855,656 $ 1,779,054 $ 491,018 $ 2,438,435 $ 131,564,163 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued One-to-four family residential mortgage loans held for sale were $ 205 million and $ 32 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Commercial real estate loans held for sale were $ 226 million at September 30, 2023 and $ 131 million at December 31, 2022. Credit quality indicators The Company utilizes a loan grading system to differentiate risk amongst its commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. Loans with a lower expectation of default are assigned one of ten possible “pass” loan grades and are generally ascribed lower loss factors when determining the allowance for credit losses. Loans with an elevated level of credit risk are classified as “criticized” and are ascribed a higher loss factor when determining the allowance for credit losses. Criticized loans may be classified as “nonaccrual” if the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is delinquent 90 days or more. Line of business personnel in different geographic locations with support from and review by the Company’s credit risk personnel review and reassign loan grades based on their detailed knowledge of individual borrowers and their judgment of the impact on such borrowers resulting from changing conditions in their respective regions. Factors considered in assigning loan grades include borrower-specific information related to expected future cash flows and operating results, collateral values, geographic location, financial condition and performance, payment status, and other information. The Company’s policy is that at least annually, updated financial information be obtained from commercial borrowers associated with pass grade loans and additional analysis performed. On a quarterly basis, the Company’s credit personnel review all criticized commercial loans and commercial real estate loans greater than $ 5 million to determine the appropriateness of the assigned loan grade, including whether the loan should be reported as accruing or nonaccruing. 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The following table summarizes the loan grades applied at September 30, 2023 to the various classes of the Company’s commercial loans and commercial real estate loans and gross charge-offs for those types of loans for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 by origination year. Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Revolving Loans Converted to Term 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Loans Loans Total (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc.: Loan grades: Pass $ 5,789,909 7,017,863 4,114,909 1,510,693 1,238,701 1,995,635 20,869,512 56,263 $ 42,593,485 Criticized accrual 109,004 264,016 180,450 113,930 99,434 307,309 878,730 26,255 1,979,128 Criticized nonaccrual 12,337 57,857 42,081 33,338 21,447 68,028 240,285 10,047 485,420 Total commercial, $ 5,911,250 7,339,736 4,337,440 1,657,961 1,359,582 2,370,972 21,988,527 92,565 $ 45,058,033 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ 2,124 7,929 2,998 1,766 2,539 3,300 6,188 — $ 26,844 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ 2,959 18,887 11,108 8,518 7,056 11,615 6,961 — $ 67,104 Real estate: Commercial: Loan grades: Pass $ 2,553,454 3,578,095 2,989,307 2,978,906 4,446,005 12,208,078 710,648 — $ 29,464,493 Criticized accrual 725 630,132 478,637 494,243 905,654 2,510,960 22,844 — 5,043,195 Criticized nonaccrual 245 54,904 14,255 159,956 151,052 831,527 24,148 — 1,236,087 Total commercial real $ 2,554,424 4,263,131 3,482,199 3,633,105 5,502,711 15,550,565 757,640 — $ 35,743,775 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — — 48,093 — — $ 48,093 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — 424 77,906 100,004 — — $ 178,334 Residential builder and developer: Loan grades: Pass $ 433,338 337,680 67,233 6,818 2,050 13,503 133,839 — $ 994,461 Criticized accrual 310 11,867 25,379 — 64,125 336 663 — 102,680 Criticized nonaccrual — — 2,835 — 518 — — — 3,353 Total residential builder $ 433,648 349,547 95,447 6,818 66,693 13,839 134,502 — $ 1,100,494 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ — 245 — — — — — — $ 245 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ — 245 — — — 55 1,678 — $ 1,978 Other commercial construction: Loan grades: Pass $ 636,314 1,481,975 1,023,831 676,613 465,423 204,511 20,171 — $ 4,508,838 Criticized accrual 7,180 130,644 184,379 531,138 837,446 393,700 — — 2,084,487 Criticized nonaccrual — — 10,018 46,626 50,165 26,237 2,958 — 136,004 Total other commercial $ 643,494 1,612,619 1,218,228 1,254,377 1,353,034 624,448 23,129 — $ 6,729,329 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — 3,236 — — — $ 3,236 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — 3,236 — — — $ 3,236 The Company considers repayment performance a significant indicator of credit quality for its residential real estate loan and consumer loan portfolios. A summary of loans in accrual and nonaccrual status at September 30, 2023 for the various classes of the Company’s residential real estate loans and consumer loans and gross charge-offs for those types of loans for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 by origination year follows: 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Revolving Loans Converted to Term 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Loans Loans Total (In thousands) Residential: Current $ 1,349,605 4,827,335 3,817,652 2,605,414 1,240,538 7,419,338 82,664 — $ 21,342,546 30-89 days past due 8,385 87,178 68,811 41,367 22,082 416,816 1,057 — 645,696 Accruing loans past due 913 27,348 19,355 13,736 13,169 186,769 — — 261,290 Nonaccrual 971 14,353 13,730 3,500 8,529 192,207 7,463 — 240,753 Total residential $ 1,359,874 4,956,214 3,919,548 2,664,017 1,284,318 8,215,130 91,184 — $ 22,490,285 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ — 31 — — — 248 — — $ 279 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ — 164 192 21 139 2,173 — — $ 2,689 Residential - limited documentation: Current $ — — — — — 865,988 — — $ 865,988 30-89 days past due — — — — — 29,747 — — 29,747 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual — — — — — 62,250 — — 62,250 Total residential - limited $ — — — — — 957,985 — — $ 957,985 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — — 1,053 — — $ 1,053 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — — 1,416 — — $ 1,416 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans: Current $ 75 27 1,918 1,874 13,594 103,236 3,032,468 1,425,189 $ 4,578,381 30-89 days past due — — — 144 232 2,104 — 33,534 36,014 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual — — 19 — 27 6,091 1,158 71,021 78,316 Total home equity lines and loans $ 75 27 1,937 2,018 13,853 111,431 3,033,626 1,529,744 $ 4,692,711 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — — — — 1,522 $ 1,522 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ — — — — — 84 1,298 3,339 $ 4,721 Recreational finance: Current $ 1,824,498 2,438,925 1,944,826 1,344,923 820,557 1,074,729 — — $ 9,448,458 30-89 days past due 5,564 11,669 15,168 12,145 7,973 14,630 — — 67,149 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual 1,138 3,935 6,338 5,477 4,013 9,623 — — 30,524 Total recreational finance $ 1,831,200 2,454,529 1,966,332 1,362,545 832,543 1,098,982 — — $ 9,546,131 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ 1,261 3,415 3,475 2,377 1,872 3,673 — — $ 16,073 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ 2,134 8,565 9,502 8,108 6,035 11,030 — — $ 45,374 Automobile: Current $ 653,170 1,192,810 1,164,074 489,259 236,991 119,274 — — $ 3,855,578 30-89 days past due 3,019 12,198 13,492 6,866 5,582 5,100 — — 46,257 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual 1,148 2,679 4,632 2,525 2,217 2,758 — — 15,959 Total automobile $ 657,337 1,207,687 1,182,198 498,650 244,790 127,132 — — $ 3,917,794 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ 476 1,584 1,288 625 436 579 — — $ 4,988 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ 557 4,403 5,272 2,502 1,919 1,977 — — $ 16,630 Other: Current $ 209,451 200,204 128,475 38,232 19,931 19,668 1,421,161 3,181 $ 2,040,303 30-89 days past due 2,592 2,055 1,546 314 185 383 10,337 912 18,324 Accruing loans past due — — — — — 208 6,041 — 6,249 Nonaccrual 1,805 852 430 119 149 305 49,408 204 53,272 Total other $ 213,848 203,111 130,451 38,665 20,265 20,564 1,486,947 4,297 $ 2,118,148 Gross charge-offs three months ended September 30, 2023 $ 5,716 2,200 1,222 323 263 348 9,723 — $ 19,795 Gross charge-offs nine months ended September 30, 2023 $ 11,829 14,060 6,218 2,927 3,178 9,682 9,915 — $ 57,809 Total loans and leases at $ 13,605,150 22,386,601 16,333,780 11,118,156 10,677,789 29,091,048 27,515,555 1,626,606 $ 132,354,685 Total gross charge-offs for $ 9,577 15,404 8,983 5,091 8,346 57,294 15,911 1,522 $ 122,128 Total gross charge-offs for $ 17,479 46,324 32,292 22,500 99,469 138,036 19,852 3,339 $ 379,291 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The following table summarizes the loan grades applied at December 31, 2022 to the various classes of the Company’s commercial loans and commercial real estate loans by origination year. Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Revolving Loans Converted to Term 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Loans Loans Total (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc.: Loan grades: Pass $ 8,575,130 4,952,758 2,024,603 1,796,047 817,569 1,970,947 19,444,247 40,471 $ 39,621,772 Criticized accrual 247,626 222,861 190,368 116,881 71,485 246,846 768,497 17,026 1,881,590 Criticized nonaccrual 18,379 52,067 37,608 36,241 35,689 59,146 100,972 7,102 347,204 Total commercial, $ 8,841,135 5,227,686 2,252,579 1,949,169 924,743 2,276,939 20,313,716 64,599 $ 41,850,566 Real estate: Commercial: Loan grades: Pass $ 4,136,890 3,379,900 3,388,590 4,557,065 3,293,380 10,905,956 869,981 — $ 30,531,762 Criticized accrual 324,652 463,484 467,557 688,239 937,421 1,890,297 48,099 — 4,819,749 Criticized nonaccrual 11,541 22,459 183,986 297,106 170,382 688,079 23,109 — 1,396,662 Total commercial real $ 4,473,083 3,865,843 4,040,133 5,542,410 4,401,183 13,484,332 941,189 — $ 36,748,173 Residential builder and developer: Loan grades: Pass $ 680,705 230,079 11,280 22,111 12,812 9,865 150,404 — $ 1,117,256 Criticized accrual 2,969 28,472 9,952 108,968 15,069 — 30,815 — 196,245 Criticized nonaccrual 57 654 — 518 — — — — 1,229 Total residential builder $ 683,731 259,205 21,232 131,597 27,881 9,865 181,219 — $ 1,314,730 Other commercial construction: Loan grades: Pass $ 1,032,774 1,080,141 1,225,845 1,185,685 366,686 297,355 15,575 — $ 5,204,061 Criticized accrual 37,893 145,199 320,463 1,025,371 299,350 144,394 — — 1,972,670 Criticized nonaccrual — 9,992 44,037 35,841 10,542 22,099 2,426 — 124,937 Total other commercial $ 1,070,667 1,235,332 1,590,345 2,246,897 676,578 463,848 18,001 — $ 7,301,668 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued A summary of loans in accrual and nonaccrual status at December 31, 2022 for the various classes of the Company’s residential real estate loans and consumer loans by origination year follows: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Revolving Loans Converted to Term 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Loans Loans Total (In thousands) Residential: Current $ 5,071,379 4,001,652 2,717,371 1,392,866 753,908 7,523,890 30,440 — $ 21,491,506 30-89 days past due 59,477 51,308 40,337 21,849 23,126 399,301 499 — 595,897 Accruing loans past due 12,012 39,934 20,067 14,050 14,007 245,332 — — 345,402 Nonaccrual 5,686 10,865 2,583 9,860 4,650 231,093 7,353 — 272,090 Total residential $ 5,148,554 4,103,759 2,780,358 1,438,625 795,691 8,399,616 38,292 — $ 22,704,895 Residential - limited documentation: Current $ — — — — — 950,782 — — $ 950,782 30-89 days past due — — — — — 22,456 — — 22,456 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual — — — — — 77,814 — — 77,814 Total residential - limited $ — — — — — 1,051,052 — — $ 1,051,052 Consumer: Home equity lines and Current $ 930 2,109 2,441 15,361 23,321 97,282 3,262,533 1,487,334 $ 4,891,311 30-89 days past due — — — 171 126 2,030 — 28,460 30,787 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual — 15 — 536 334 6,458 2,799 74,646 84,788 Total home equity lines and $ 930 2,124 2,441 16,068 23,781 105,770 3,265,332 1,590,440 $ 5,006,886 Recreational finance: Current $ 2,842,091 2,280,627 1,587,629 963,907 486,964 812,953 — — $ 8,974,171 30-89 days past due 8,648 9,525 12,412 8,387 5,202 10,419 — — 54,593 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual 3,533 7,440 9,427 7,625 5,344 11,261 — — 44,630 Total recreational finance $ 2,854,272 2,297,592 1,609,468 979,919 497,510 834,633 — — $ 9,073,394 Automobile: Current $ 1,491,076 1,557,676 702,711 378,962 167,438 95,343 — — $ 4,393,206 30-89 days past due 6,926 13,324 7,284 7,239 5,464 4,249 — — 44,486 Accruing loans past due — — — — — — — — — Nonaccrual 2,493 10,698 7,372 7,520 5,620 5,881 — — 39,584 Total automobile $ 1,500,495 1,581,698 717,367 393,721 178,522 105,473 — — $ 4,477,276 Other: Current $ 274,530 172,238 58,339 38,439 8,217 23,163 1,375,049 8,221 $ 1,958,196 30-89 days past due 3,783 1,450 326 386 141 569 15,655 651 22,961 Accruing loans past due — — — — — 226 4,643 — 4,869 Nonaccrual 2,745 830 332 371 120 465 44,449 185 49,497 Total other $ 281,058 174,518 58,997 39,196 8,478 24,423 1,439,796 9,057 $ 2,035,523 Total loans and leases at $ 24,853,925 18,747,757 13,072,920 12,737,602 7,534,367 26,755,951 26,197,545 1,664,096 $ 131,564,163 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Allowance for credit losses For purposes of determining the level of the allowance for credit losses, the Company evaluates its loan and lease portfolio by type. Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: Commercial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Total (In thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Beginning balance $ 511,929 765,676 118,392 602,369 $ 1,998,366 Provision for credit losses 45,637 73,588 ( 3,390 ) 34,165 150,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs ( 26,844 ) ( 51,574 ) ( 1,332 ) ( 42,378 ) ( 122,128 ) Recoveries 6,976 4,290 824 13,799 25,889 Net charge-offs ( 19,868 ) ( 47,284 ) ( 508 ) ( 28,579 ) ( 96,239 ) Ending balance $ 537,698 791,980 114,494 607,955 $ 2,052,127 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Beginning balance $ 414,473 708,393 124,326 576,598 $ 1,823,790 Provision for credit losses 43,343 26,949 ( 11,169 ) 55,877 115,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs ( 37,396 ) ( 35,213 ) ( 2,572 ) ( 26,086 ) ( 101,267 ) Recoveries 22,022 401 2,234 13,411 38,068 Net charge-offs ( 15,374 ) ( 34,812 ) ( 338 ) ( 12,675 ) ( 63,199 ) Ending balance $ 442,442 700,530 112,819 619,800 $ 1,875,591 Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: Commercial, Financial, Real Estate Leasing, etc. Commercial Residential Consumer Total (In thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Beginning balance $ 502,153 676,684 115,092 631,402 $ 1,925,331 Provision for credit losses 69,801 290,672 ( 955 ) 60,482 420,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs ( 67,104 ) ( 183,548 ) ( 4,105 ) ( 124,534 ) ( 379,291 ) Recoveries 32,848 8,172 4,462 40,605 86,087 Net (charge-offs) recoveries ( 34,256 ) ( 175,376 ) 357 ( 83,929 ) ( 293,204 ) Ending balance $ 537,698 791,980 114,494 607,955 $ 2,052,127 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Beginning balance $ 283,899 557,239 71,726 556,362 $ 1,469,226 Allowance on acquired PCD loans 41,003 55,812 1,833 352 99,000 Provision for credit losses (a) 167,985 116,288 40,719 102,008 427,000 Net charge-offs Charge-offs (b) ( 94,555 ) ( 45,809 ) ( 9,407 ) ( 78,148 ) ( 227,919 ) Recoveries 44,110 17,000 7,948 39,226 108,284 Net charge-offs ( 50,445 ) ( 28,809 ) ( 1,459 ) ( 38,922 ) ( 119,635 ) Ending balance $ 442,442 700,530 112,819 619,800 $ 1,875,591 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ (a) Includes $ 242 million related to non-PCD acquired loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. (b) For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net charge-offs do not reflect $ 33 million of charge offs related to PCD acquired loans. 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Despite the allocation in the preceding tables, the allowance for credit losses is general in nature and is available to absorb losses from any loan or lease type. In determining the allowance for credit losses, accruing loans with similar risk characteristics are generally evaluated collectively. The Company utilizes statistically developed models to project principal balances over the remaining contractual lives of the loan portfolios and to determine estimated credit losses through a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Individual loan credit quality indicators, including loan grade and borrower repayment performance, can inform the models, which have been statistically developed based on historical correlations of credit losses with prevailing economic metrics, including unemployment, gross domestic product and real estate prices. Model forecasts may be adjusted for inherent limitations or biases that have been identified through independent validation and back-testing of model performance to actual realized results. At each of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company utilized a reasonable and supportable forecast period of two years. Subsequent to this forecast period the Company reverted, ratably over a one-year period, to historical loss experience to inform its estimate of losses for the remaining contractual life of each portfolio. The Company also estimates losses attributable to specific troubled credits identified through both normal and targeted credit review processes. The amounts of specific loss components in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios are determined through a loan-by-loan analysis of larger balance commercial loans and commercial real estate loans that are in nonaccrual status. Such loss estimates are typically based on expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors that may impact the borrower’s ability to pay. To the extent that those loans are collateral-dependent, they are evaluated based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral as estimated at or near the financial statement date. As the quality of a loan deteriorates to the point of classifying the loan as “criticized,” the process of obtaining updated collateral valuation information is usually initiated, unless it is not considered warranted given factors such as the relative size of the loan, the characteristics of the collateral or the age of the last valuation. In those cases where current appraisals may not yet be available, prior appraisals are utilized with adjustments, as deemed necessary, for estimates of subsequent declines in values as determined by line of business and/or loan workout personnel. Those adjustments are reviewed and assessed for reasonableness by the Company’s credit risk personnel. Accordingly, for real estate collateral securing larger nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, estimated collateral values are based on current appraisals and estimates of value. For non-real estate loans, collateral is assigned a discounted estimated liquidation value and, depending on the nature of the collateral, is verified through field exams or other procedures. In assessing collateral, real estate and non-real estate values are reduced by an estimate of selling costs. For residential real estate loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, the excess of the loan balance over the net realizable value of the property collateralizing the loan is charged-off when the loan becomes 150 days delinquent. That charge-off is based on recent indications of value from external parties that are generally obtained shortly after a loan becomes nonaccrual. Loans to consumers that file for bankruptcy are generally charged-off to estimated net collateral value shortly after the Company is notified of such filings. When evaluating individual home equity loans and lines of credit for charge-off and for purposes of estimating losses in determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company gives consideration to the required repayment of any first lien positions related to collateral property. Changes in the amount of the allowance for credit losses reflect the outcome of the procedures described herein, including the impact of changes in macroeconomic forecasts as compared with previous forecasts, as well as the impact of portfolio concentrations, imprecision in economic forecasts, geopolitical conditions and other risk factors that might influence the loss estimation process. The Company’s reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures was not material at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Information with respect to loans and leases that were considered nonaccrual at the beginning and end of the reporting period and the interest income recognized on such loans for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 follows: Amortized Cost with Allowance Amortized Cost without Allowance Total Amortized Cost Interest Income Recognized September 30, 2023 June 30, 2023 January 1, 2023 Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Nine (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 324,774 $ 160,646 $ 485,420 $ 416,022 $ 347,204 $ 3,726 $ 7,914 Real estate: Commercial 458,720 777,367 1,236,087 1,383,190 1,396,662 12,446 22,379 Residential builder and developer 3,353 — 3,353 1,193 1,229 — 396 Other commercial construction 4,080 131,924 136,004 146,024 124,937 249 1,974 Residential 90,879 149,874 240,753 238,509 272,090 3,480 12,247 Residential — limited documentation 21,634 40,616 62,250 66,614 77,814 426 686 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 48,737 29,579 78,316 77,090 84,788 1,493 5,172 Recreational finance 20,955 9,569 30,524 32,286 44,630 185 536 Automobile 11,981 3,978 15,959 21,791 39,584 36 107 Other 53,100 172 53,272 52,862 49,497 66 233 Total $ 1,038,213 $ 1,303,725 $ 2,341,938 $ 2,435,581 $ 2,438,435 $ 22,107 $ 51,644 September 30, 2022 June 30, 2022 January 1, 2022 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Nine (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 207,841 $ 160,325 $ 368,166 $ 442,496 $ 221,022 $ 4,708 $ 20,423 Real estate: Commercial 394,502 1,011,698 1,406,200 1,476,658 1,069,280 7,059 14,944 Residential builder and developer 1,930 — 1,930 518 3,005 — 1,687 Other commercial construction 25,235 40,952 66,187 73,046 111,405 22 3,398 Residential 160,704 124,691 285,395 331,376 355,858 8,059 21,397 Residential — limited documentation 61,297 34,085 95,382 112,608 122,888 229 456 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 38,324 39,884 78,208 79,445 70,488 669 3,291 Recreational finance 31,295 7,423 38,718 33,414 27,811 166 488 Automobile 36,075 4,243 40,318 36,266 34,037 35 110 Other 48,741 81 48,822 47,178 44,289 84 268 Total $ 1,005,944 $ 1,423,382 $ 2,429,326 $ 2,633,005 $ 2,060,083 $ 21,031 $ 66,462 Loan modifications During the normal course of business, the Company modifies loans to maximize recovery efforts from borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Such loan modifications typically include payment deferrals and interest rate reductions but may also include other modified terms. Those modified loans may be considered nonaccrual if the Company does not expect to collect the contractual cash flows owed under the loan agreement. On January 1, 2023 the Company adopted amended guidance that eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings while expanding disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The amended guidance also requires disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination. 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The table that follows summarizes the Company’s loan modification activities to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023: Amortized cost at September 30, 2023 Payment Deferral Interest Rate Reduction Other Combination of Modification Types (a) Total (b) Percent of Total Loan Class at Period End (Dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 39,058 $ — $ — $ 1,204 $ 40,262 0.09 % Real estate: Commercial 273,201 — — 6,253 279,454 0.78 % Residential builder and developer — — — — — — Other commercial construction 215,598 — — — 215,598 3.20 % Residential 53,239 — — 1,446 54,685 0.24 % Residential — limited documentation 1,721 — — — 1,721 0.18 % Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 125 — — 150 275 0.01 % Recreational finance 40 — — — 40 — Automobile 61 — — — 61 — Other — — — — — — Total $ 583,043 $ — $ — $ 9,053 $ 592,096 0.45 % Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 93,583 $ 381 $ — $ 1,659 $ 95,623 0.21 % Real estate: Commercial 440,195 — — 14,250 454,445 1.27 % Residential builder and developer 70,683 — — — 70,683 6.42 % Other commercial construction 431,668 — — 8,253 439,921 6.54 % Residential 120,632 — — 4,525 125,157 0.56 % Residential — limited documentation 9,971 — — 699 10,670 1.11 % Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 482 134 — 437 1,053 0.02 % Recreational finance 240 — — — 240 — Automobile 274 — — — 274 0.01 % Other — — — — — — Total $ 1,167,728 $ 515 $ — $ 29,823 $ 1,198,066 0.91 % (a) Predominantly payment deferrals combined with interest rate reductions. (b) Includes approximately $ 45 million and $ 92 million, respectively, of loans guaranteed by government-related entities (predominantly first lien residential mortgage loans) for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 . 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The financial effects of the modifications for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 include an increase in the weighted-average remaining term for commercial loans of 1.1 years and 1.0 years, respectively, for commercial real estate loans, inclusive of residential builder and development loans and other commercial construction loans, of 1.3 years and 1.2 years, respectively, and for residential real estate loans, of 11.5 years and 10.1 years, respectively. The following table summarizes the payment status, at September 30, 2023, of loans that were modified for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 : Payment status at September 30, 2023 (amortized cost) Current 30-89 Days Past Due Past Due 90 Days or More (a) Total Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (In thousands) Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. $ 81,558 $ 2,326 $ 11,739 $ 95,623 Real estate: Commercial 433,428 19,022 1,995 454,445 Residential builder and developer 70,683 — — 70,683 Other commercial construction 439,921 — — 439,921 Residential (b) 79,331 33,344 12,482 125,157 Residential — limited documentation 7,943 932 1,795 10,670 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 1,034 19 — 1,053 Recreational finance 240 — — 240 Automobile 274 — — 274 Other — — — — Total $ 1,114,412 $ 55,643 $ 28,011 $ 1,198,066 (a) Predominantly loan modifications with payment deferrals. (b) Includes loans guaranteed by government-related entities classified as 30-89 days past due of $ 28 million and as past due 90 days or more of $ 11 million. Prior to January 1, 2023, if the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty such that the Company did not expect to collect the contractual cash flows owed under the original loan agreement and a concession in loan terms was granted, the Company considered the loan modification as a troubled debt restructuring. The table that follows summarizes the Company’s loan modification activities that were considered troubled debt restructurings for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022. The table is not comparative to the preceding table. The Company no longer designates modified loans as a troubled debt restructuring in conjunction with the adoption of amended accounting guidance on January 1, 2023. 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued Post-modification (a) Number Pre- Principal Deferral Interest Rate Reduction Other Combination of Concession Types Total (Dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 70 $ 32,451 $ 11,237 $ 446 $ 229 $ 21,519 $ 33,431 Real estate: Commercial 14 22,951 7,222 — 122 15,543 22,887 Residential 57 14,380 11,094 — — 3,470 14,564 Residential — limited documentation 2 155 155 — — — 155 Consumer: Home equity lines and loans 25 1,700 1,504 — — 196 1,700 Recreational finance 167 6,937 6,937 — — — 6,937 Automobile 474 9,755 9,755 — — — 9,755 Other 30 371 371 — — — 371 Total 839 $ 88,700 $ 48,275 $ 446 $ 351 $ 40,728 $ 89,800 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial, financial, leasing, etc. 147 $ 79,437 $ 49,671 $ 455 $ 983 $ 30,262 $ 81,371 Real estate: Commercial 44 33,349 13,052 — 2,223 17,728 33,003 Residential 221 56,912 40,821 — — 18,469 59,290 Residential — limited documentation 7 1,231 1,049 — — 193 1,242 Consumer: — Home equity lines and loans 93 6,483 6,089 — — 461 6,550 Recreational finance 514 19,138 19,131 — — — 19,131 Automobile 1,537 29,789 29,759 — — — 29,759 Other 128 1,170 1,170 — — — 1,170 Total 2,691 $ 227,509 $ 160,742 $ 455 $ 3,206 $ 67,113 $ 231,516 _____________________________________________ (a) Financial effects impacting the recorded investment included principal payments or advances, ch arge-offs and capitalized escrow arrearages. The present value of interest rate concessions, discounted at the effective rate of the original loan, was not material. The amount of foreclosed property held by the Company, predominantly consisting of residential real estate, was $ 37 million and $ 41 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively. There were $ 182 million and $ 201 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of loans secured by residential real estate that were in the process of foreclosure. Of all loans in the process of foreclosure at September 30, 2023 , approximately 35 % were government guaranteed. 4. Loans and leases and the allowance for credit losses, continued The Company pledged certain loans to secure outstanding borrowings and available lines of credit. At September 30, 2023 , the Company pledged approximately $ 13.1 billion of commercial loans and leases, |