Mesabi Trust (MSB) ARS2023 FY Annual report to shareholders

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MESABI TRUST

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

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PART I

ITEM 1.            BUSINESS.

(a)         General Development of Business.

The information under the headings “Trustees’ Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “The Trust Estate,” “Leasehold Royalties,” and “Land Trust and Fee Royalties” in the Annual Report of the Trustees of Mesabi Trust for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 13 to this Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) is incorporated herein by reference.

(b)         Financial Information About Segments.

Substantially all of the revenue, operating profits and assets of Mesabi Trust (“Mesabi Trust” or the “Trust”) relate to one business segment—iron ore mining. The information under the heading “Selected Financial Data” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

(c)         Narrative Description of Business.

The information under the headings “Overview,” “Trustees’ Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “The Trust Estate,” and “Leasehold Royalties” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

(d)         Financial Information About Geographical Areas.

All of the Trust’s revenues are derived from the assets of the Trust, information of which is set forth under the heading “The Trust Estate” of the Annual Report. The information under the heading “Selected Financial Data” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

(e)         Availability of Reports on Registrant’s Website.

The information on the cover page of the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A.         RISK FACTORS.

The information under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report is incorporated by reference.

ITEM 1B.         UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2.            PROPERTIES.

The information under the heading “The Trust Estate,” “Duration of the Trust Estate,” “History of the Trust’s Acquisition of the Trust Estate,” and “Description of the Mineral Properties and Northshore’s Mining Operations,” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 3.            LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Commencement of Arbitration in October 2022

On October 14, 2022, Mesabi Trust initiated arbitration against Northshore Mining Company (“Northshore”) and its parent, Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (“Cliffs”), (jointly, the “Operator”), the lessee/operator of the leased lands. The arbitration proceeding has been commenced with the American Arbitration Association. The Trust seeks an award of damages relating to the Operator’s underpayment of royalties in 2020, 2021, and 2022 by virtue of the Operator’s failure to use the highest price arm’s length iron ore pellet sale from the preceding four quarters in pricing internal production during the fourth quarter of 2020 through 2022. The Trust also seeks declaratory relief related to the Trust’s entitlement to certain documentation and to the time the Operator’s royalty obligation accrues on internal production.

ITEM 4.            MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5.            MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

The information under the headings “Unallocated Reserve” and “Certificates of Beneficial Interest” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 6.            SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

The information under the heading “Selected Financial Data” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 7.            TRUSTEES’ DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The information under the headings “Trustees’ Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Leasehold Royalties,” “Trust Expenses,” and “Unallocated Reserve” in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 7A.         QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.            FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

The financial statements, including the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report thereon, filed as a part of this Form 10-K, are presented on pages F-3 through F-14 and are incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 9.            CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A.         CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Trust maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in the reports that it furnishes or files under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Due to the pass-through nature of the Trust, the Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Mesabi Trust is received from Cliffs and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Northshore. In order to help ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information required to be disclosed in the Trust’s periodic and current reports, the Trust employs certified public accountants, geological consultants, engineering firms, and attorneys. These professionals hired by the Trust advise the Trust in its review and compilation of the information in this Form 10-K and the other periodic reports filed by the Trust with the SEC.

As part of their evaluation of Mesabi Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures, the Trustees rely on quarterly shipment and royalty calculations provided by Northshore and Cliffs. Because Northshore has declined to provide a written certification attesting to whether Northshore has established disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls sufficient to enable it to verify that the information furnished to the Trustees is accurate and complete, the Trustees also rely on (a) an annual certification from Northshore and Cliffs, certifying as to the accuracy of the royalty calculations, and (b) the related due diligence review performed by the Trust’s accountants. In addition, Mesabi Trust’s consultants review the schedule of leasehold royalties payable, and shipping and sales reports provided by Northshore against production and shipment reports prepared by Eveleth Fee Office, Inc., an independent consultant to Mesabi Trust (“Eveleth Fee Office”). Eveleth Fee Office performs inspections of the Northshore mine and its pelletizing operations, observes production and shipping activities, gathers production and shipping information from Northshore and prepares monthly production and shipment reports for the Trustees. Furthermore, as part of its engagement by Mesabi Trust, Eveleth Fee Office also attends Northshore’s calibration and testing of its crude ore scales and boat loader scales which are conducted on a periodic basis.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Trustees carried out an evaluation of Mesabi Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Trustees have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Trustees’ Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The Trustees’ Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is set forth on page F-2 of the Annual Report. This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include, and is not required to include, an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm on internal control over financial reporting based on an exemption from such rules related to the Trust’s status as a smaller reporting company and non-accelerated filer.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. To the knowledge of the Trustees there were no changes in the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Trust’s last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is likely to materially affect, the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting. The Trustees note for purposes of clarification that they have no authority over, and make no statement concerning, the internal controls of Northshore or Cliffs.

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ITEM 9B.         OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

ITEM 9C.         DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10.          DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

The Agreement of Trust dated July 18, 1961 (the “Agreement of Trust”) provides for a Corporate Trustee and four individual Trustees (collectively, the “Trustees”). The Trust does not have, nor does the Agreement of Trust provide for officers, a board of directors or any committees. Generally, the Trustees continue in office until their resignation or removal. Any Trustee may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by the holders of two-thirds in interest of the Certificates of Beneficial Interest in the Trust (the “Trust Certificates”) then outstanding. In the case of an individual Trustee, a successor is appointed if the individual Trustee dies, becomes incapable of acting or is adjudged bankrupt or insolvent. In the case of the Corporate Trustee, a successor is appointed if a receiver of the Corporate Trustee or of its property is appointed, or if any public officer takes charge or control of the Corporate Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation. Successor Trustees can only be appointed by the holders of a majority in interest of the Trust Certificates then outstanding. Because such appointments are not made on a regular or periodic basis, the Trust does not have a standing nominating committee or a policy in place for the recommendation and nomination of successor Trustees.

The Trust’s activities are limited to collecting income, paying expenses and liabilities, distributing net income to the holders of Trust Certificates (the “Unitholders”) after the payment of, or provision for, such expenses and liabilities, and protecting and conserving the assets held. The Trustees have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the Trustees. A copy of the Code of Ethics is incorporated by reference in Exhibit 14 of this Form 10-K. We intend to disclose any amendments to and any waivers from a provision of our Code of Ethics on our website within four business days following such amendment or waiver.

The Trust has not designated a separate audit committee comprised of independent committee members relying on an exemption provided by Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. As such, the Trustees have not designated an “audit committee financial expert.” The Trustees collectively perform the functions of an audit committee.

To carry out the Trustees’ duties under the Agreement of Trust, the Trustees meet on at least a quarterly basis to discuss information and circumstances relevant to the Trust. The Trustees also conduct telephone conferences from time to time between the quarterly meetings to address developments that require more timely attention. The Trustees held 15 meetings either in person or via teleconference in fiscal 2023. All of the Trustees attended at least 75% of the sum of all Trustee meetings held in fiscal 2023.

In the third quarter of each year, the Trustees also conduct an annual inspection trip in which they personally visit and tour Northshore’s mining operations and plant facilities located near Babbitt and in Silver Bay, Minnesota, respectively. During the inspection trip, the Trustees meet with and interview Northshore personnel with respect to Northshore’s current operations, changes in operations, mining plans, capital equipment and facilities.

Because Mesabi Trustees are appointed until they resign or are removed, at the time of nomination the Trustees believe that it is necessary for each Trustee to possess many qualities and skills. Set forth below are the present Trustees’ principal occupations and directorships held with other public corporations during the past five years, or longer as material, their ages and the year each of the Trustees was first elected as a Trustee of the Trust.

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Robert C. Berglund

Age: 76

Year Appointed and elected as Individual Trustee: 2009

Retired Vice President and General Manager, Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.

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Mr. Berglund has extensive experience in the mining industry. He retired from his position as Vice President and General Manager of Northshore Mining Company in 2003 after spending thirty-five years in mining production and operations management with Cliffs. Mr. Berglund joined Cliffs after graduating from Penn State University in 1968 with a B.S. in Mining Engineering. From 1968 until 2003, Mr. Berglund worked onsite at various mines owned and operated by Cliffs across North America.

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James A. Ehrenberg

Age: 80

Year Appointed and elected as Individual Trustee: 2006

Retired Vice President, U.S. Bank, N.A.

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Mr. Ehrenberg has extensive experience serving as corporate trustee. Before retiring from his position as Senior Vice President of U.S. Bank, N.A. Mr. Ehrenberg spent nearly forty years in the corporate trust department of U.S. Bank, N.A. and its predecessor, First Trust Company of Saint Paul. From 1983 until April 2005, Mr. Ehrenberg was directly responsible for providing corporate trustee services to the Mesabi Land Trust of which Mesabi Trust is the sole trust certificate holder.

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Michael P. Mlinar

Age: 69

Year Appointed and elected as Individual Trustee: 2014

Retired Vice President of North American Iron Ore Initiative, Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.

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Mr. Mlinar, appointed and elected as a Mesabi Trustee in 2014, retired from his position as Vice President of North American Iron Ore Initiative in 2013 after spending thirty-six years in mining production and operations management. Mr. Mlinar was General Manager at five different Cliffs’ subsidiaries: Tilden, Empire, Hibbing Taconite, United Taconite and Northshore Mining, and then was Integration Lead for the Bloom Lake Mine. In 2011, Mr. Mlinar became a Vice President of North American Iron Ore Initiatives.

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Robin M. Radke

Age: 52

Year Appointed and elected as Individual Trustee: 2019

Until January 2023, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, Merced Capital, L.P.

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Ms. Radke has more than twenty-five years of business and legal experience, including over fifteen years in private and in-house legal practice. Most recently, she was general counsel and chief compliance officer of Merced Capital, L.P., a privately held registered investment adviser, where she worked from 2014 to January 2023. Prior to Merced, Ms. Radke was an attorney with Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly LLP (now Fox Rothschild LLP) for eleven years where her work included advising the Trust on securities reporting, internal controls and general matters. Ms. Radke’s legal practice includes advising internal clients regarding a

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wide spectrum of industries, including financial services, lending, real estate, energy and shipping. In addition, she has experience in securities law and general corporate law.

The Trust believes that each of the individual Trustees has a diversified background and extensive financial, business and industry specific expertise that make them an important resource in the oversight of the Trust’s affairs. There are no family relationships among any of the Individual Trustees.

ITEM 11.          EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

The Trust does not have a board of directors, executive officers or any employees. The compensation paid to the Trustees is governed by the Amendment to the Agreement of Trust dated October 25, 1982, as amended (the “Amendment”). The Amendment does not provide for any stock awards, option awards, non-equity incentive plan compensation, change in pension value, nonqualified deferred compensation earnings or any other compensation. The Trust does not have severance agreements nor does it provide post-retirement benefits to the Trustees. Accordingly, all such tables have been omitted from the Annual Report.

Pursuant to the Amendment, each individual Trustee receives at least $20,000 in annual compensation for services as Trustee. Each year, annual Trustee compensation is adjusted up or down (but not below $20,000) in accordance with changes from the November 1981 level of 295.5 (the “1981 Escalation Level”) in the All Commodities Producer Price Index (with 1967 = 100 as a base). The All Commodities Producer Price Index is published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The adjustment is made at the end of each fiscal year and is calculated on the basis of the proportion between (a) the level of such index for the November preceding the end of such fiscal year, and (b) the 1981 Escalation Level. Any action to modify or otherwise vary the compensation of the individual Trustees as provided by the Amendment must be approved by the affirmative vote of 66 2/3% in interest of the Trust Certificates then outstanding. Each of the individual Trustees received total compensation of $53,322 during fiscal 2023.

Under the Amendment, the Corporate Trustee receives annual compensation for services as a Trustee in an amount equal to the greater of (i) $20,000, or such other amount determined in accordance with the adjustments described in the preceding paragraph, or (ii) one quarter of one percent (1/4 of 1%) of the trust moneys, exclusive of proceeds of sale of any part of the Trust Estate (as such terms are defined in the Agreement of Trust), received by the Trustees and distributed to Unitholders. The compensation paid to Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, for services as Corporate Trustee of the Trust, under this second prong of this compensation formula was $119,063 pursuant to the Amendment.

Additionally, each year the Corporate Trustee receives $62,500 to cover clerical and administrative services to Mesabi Trust, other than services customarily performed by a registrar or transfer agent for which the Corporate Trustee is paid additional service fees. The Corporate Trustee earned $181,563 in cash compensation for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, inclusive of the $62,500 administrative fee. The Corporate Trustee also received $5,901 for its services as registrar and transfer agent for the year ended January 31, 2023. Accordingly, the Corporate Trustee earned $187,464 in total compensation for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023.

Under the Amendment, the Individual Trustees may, in extraordinary circumstances, pay additional compensation to the Corporate Trustee. The decision to pay such compensation must be unanimously approved by the Individual Trustees. The Corporate Trustee did not receive any compensation for extraordinary services with respect to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023.

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Trustees’ Compensation Report

The Trustees have not designated a compensation committee and are not required to do so by applicable law or regulation. The Trustees, as a group, have reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) and based on such review and discussion have recommended that the CD&A be included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023.

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Trustee Compensation

Summary Compensation Table

The table below summarizes the total compensation earned by each of the Individual Trustees and the Corporate Trustee in the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023.

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ITEM 12.          SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND TRUSTEES.

Based on information that has been obtained from Mesabi Trust’s records and a review of statements of beneficial ownership filed with Mesabi Trust pursuant to Rule 13d-1 or Rule 13d-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, no person known to Mesabi Trust beneficially owns more than 5% in interest of the Trust Certificates outstanding as of April 24, 2023.

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The table below sets forth information as to the Units of Beneficial Interest in Mesabi Trust beneficially owned as of April 24, 2023 by the Trustees individually and as a group. Except as otherwise indicated and subject to applicable community property laws, each Trustee has sole voting and investment powers with respect to the securities listed. There were no Certificates of Beneficial Interest of Mesabi Trust pledged by the Trustees as of January 31, 2023. The Trust does not have any compensation plans under which securities of the Trust are authorized for issuance.

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** Less than 1%

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ITEM 13.          CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

Related Person Transaction Policy

During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, the Trustees met on at least a quarterly basis and reviewed and approved or ratified certain transactions that occurred during each of the prior fiscal quarters. In connection with their review of the Trust’s transactions, the Trustees consider whether there have been any related person transactions. In determining whether to approve a related person transaction, the Trustees consider the following factors, in addition to any other factors they deem necessary or appropriate:

The Trust maintains a written related person transaction approval policy, which sets forth the Trust’s policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of any transaction required to be reported in Mesabi Trust’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The policy applies to any financial transaction, arrangement or relationship or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships in which Mesabi Trust is a participant and in which a related person has a direct or indirect interest.

Certain types of transactions, which would otherwise require review, are pre-approved by the Trustees in accordance with the policy. These types of transactions include, for example, (i) transactions, when aggregated with the amount of all other transactions between the related person and the Trust, that involve less than $120,000 in a fiscal year; (ii) transactions where the interest of the related person arises only by way of a directorship or minority stake in another organization that is a party to the transaction; (iii) transactions with a related person involving services as a bank depositary of funds, transfer agent, registrar, trustee under a trust indenture, or similar services; and (iv) a transaction that is specifically contemplated by provisions of the Agreement of Trust.

Based on their review of the Trust’s transactions during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, the Trustees concluded that there were no related person transactions required to be disclosed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Pass-Through Royalty Trust Exemptions

Because of its legal structure and character as a pass-through royalty trust, the Trust is exempt from Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act and the Corporate Governance Standards set forth in Section 303A of the New York Stock Exchange’s Listed Company Manual.

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ITEM 14.          PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

(a)         Audit Fees.

The aggregate fees paid during fiscal 2023 for professional services rendered by Baker Tilly US, LLP (“Baker Tilly”) for the audit of the Trust’s annual financial statements and review of the financial statements included in the Trust’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q were $104,098.

The aggregate fees paid during fiscal 2022 for professional services rendered by Baker Tilly for the audit of the Trust’s annual financial statements, and review of the financial statements included in the Trust’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q were $84,517.

(b)         Audit-Related Fees.

No fees were paid to Baker Tilly for assurance and related services that were not reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Trust’s financial statements for fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2022.

(c)         Tax Fees.

No fees were paid to Baker Tilly for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning for Mesabi Trust for fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2022.

(d)         All Other Fees.

No other fees were paid to Baker Tilly for services provided to Mesabi Trust, other than those described in item (a), for fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2022.

Before an independent registered public accounting firm is engaged to perform audit and review services for the Trust, the Trustees approve the engagement.

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PART IV

ITEM 15.          EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.

(a) 1.     Financial Statements:

The following Financial Statements are incorporated in this Report by reference from the following pages of the Annual Report:

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(a) 3.     Exhibits:

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ITEM 16.          FORM 10-K SUMMARY.

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None.

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SIGNATURES

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Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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Dated: April 24, 2023

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* There are no principal executive officers or principal financial officers of the registrant.

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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Exhibit 13

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES OF

MESABI TRUST

For The Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023

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ADDRESS

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Mesabi Trust

c/o Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas

Trust & Agency Services

1 Columbus Circle, 17th Floor

Mail Stop: NYC01-1710

New York, NY 10019

(904) 271-2520 (telephone)

www.mesabi-trust.com

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REGISTRAR AND TRANSFER AGENT

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Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas

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LEGAL COUNSEL

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Fox Rothschild LLP

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REGISTRANT INFORMATION

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Mesabi Trust maintains a website that provides access to its annual, quarterly, and other reports it files with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Such reports can be accessed at www.mesabi-trust.com. Mesabi Trust will provide, upon the written request of any Unitholder addressed to the Trustees at the above address and without charge to such Unitholder, (i) a paper copy of Mesabi Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and (ii) the Trustees’ Code of Ethics.

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

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This report contains certain forward-looking statements with respect to iron ore pellet production, iron ore pricing and adjustments to pricing, shipments by Northshore Mining Company (“Northshore”) during 2023, royalty (including bonus royalty) amounts, and other matters, which statements are intended to be made under the safe harbor protections of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Actual production, prices, price adjustments, and shipments of iron ore pellets, as well as actual royalty payments (including bonus royalties) could differ materially from current expectations due to inherent risks and uncertainties such as general adverse business and industry economic trends, uncertainties arising from war, terrorist events, the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and other global events, higher or lower customer demand for steel and iron ore, decisions by mine operators regarding curtailments or idling production lines or entire plants, environmental compliance uncertainties, difficulties in obtaining and renewing necessary operating permits, higher imports of steel and iron ore substitutes, processing difficulties, consolidation and restructuring in the domestic steel market, market inputs tied to indexed price adjustment factors found in Cliffs Pellet Agreements resulting in future adjustments to royalties payable to Mesabi Trust and other factors. Further, substantial portions of royalties earned by Mesabi Trust are based on estimated prices that are subject to interim and final adjustments, which can be positive or negative, and are dependent in part on multiple price and inflation index factors under agreements to which Mesabi Trust is not a party and that are not known until after the end of a contract year. Although the Mesabi Trustees believe that any such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially. Additional information concerning these and other risks and uncertainties is contained under the caption “Risk Factors” in Mesabi Trust’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including this Annual Report. Mesabi Trust undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any of the forward-looking statements made herein to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof.

Mesabi Trust qualifies as a “Small Reporting Company” under Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Therefore, Mesabi Trust has determined to comply with the disclosure requirements applicable to Smaller Reporting Companies in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Mesabi Trust has elected to voluntarily include certain disclosures not required by a Smaller Reporting Company.

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OVERVIEW

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Mesabi Trust (“Mesabi Trust” or the “Trust”), formed pursuant to an Agreement of Trust dated July 18, 1961 (the “Agreement of Trust”), is a trust organized under the laws of the State of New York. Mesabi Trust holds all of the interests formerly owned by Mesabi Iron Company (“MIC”), including all right, title and interest in the Amendment of Assignment, Assumption and Further Assignment of Peters Lease dated August 17, 1989 among the trustees of Mesabi Trust, Bruce D. Sherling, as Trustee in Bankruptcy for the Estate of Reserve Mining Company, and Cypress Northshore Mining Corporation, predecessor to Northshore Mining Company (referred to as the “Amended Assignment of Peters Lease” or the “Royalty Agreement”), the Amendment of Assignment, Assumption and Further Assignment of Cloquet Lease dated August 17, 1989 among the trustees of Mesabi Trust, Bruce D. Sherling, as Trustee in Bankruptcy for the Estate of Reserve Mining Company, and Cypress Northshore mining corporation (referred to as the “Amended Assignment of Cloquet Lease”) and together with the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, the “Amended Assignment Agreements”), the beneficial interest in a trust organized under the laws of the State of Minnesota to administer the Mesabi Fee Lands (as defined below) as the trust corpus in compliance with the laws of the State of Minnesota on July 18, 1961 (the “Mesabi Land Trust”) and all other assets and property identified in the Agreement of Trust. The Amended Assignment of Peters Lease relates to an Indenture made as of April 30, 1915 among East Mesaba Iron Company (“East Mesaba”), Dunka River Iron Company (“Dunka River”) and Claude W. Peters (the “Peters Lease”) and the Amended Assignment of

Cloquet Lease relates to an Indenture made May 1, 1916 between Cloquet Lumber Company and Claude W. Peters (the “Cloquet Lease”).

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A pass-through trust with certificates of beneficial interest in the trust traded on the New York Stock Exchange

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Pursuant to a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, which ruling was based on the terms of the Agreement of Trust including the prohibition against conducting any business, the Trust is not taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. Instead, the holders of Certificates of Beneficial Interest in Mesabi Trust (“Unitholders”) are considered “owners” of the Trust and the Trust’s income is taxable directly to the Unitholders. The Certificates of Beneficial Interest in Mesabi Trust are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and is therefore subject to extensive regulation under, among others, the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), each as amended, and the rules and regulations of the NYSE.

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Limited authorities and responsibilities of the Trustees

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The Agreement of Trust specifically prohibits the Trustees from entering into or engaging in any business. This prohibition seemingly applies even to business activities the Trustees may deem necessary or proper for the preservation and protection of the Trust Estate (as defined on page 31 of this Annual Report). Accordingly, the Trustees’ activities in connection with the administration of Trust assets are limited to collecting income, paying expenses and liabilities, distributing net income to the Unitholders after the payment of, or provision for, such expenses and liabilities, and protecting and conserving the assets held by the Trust.

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The Trustees do not intend to expand their responsibilities beyond those permitted or required by the Agreement of Trust, the Amendment to the Agreement of Trust dated October 25, 1982 (the “Amendment”), and those required under applicable law. The Trust has no employees, but it engages consultants to assist the Trustees in, among other things, monitoring the volume and sales prices of iron ore products shipped from Silver Bay, Minnesota, based on information supplied to the Trustees by Northshore, the lessee/operator of the lands leased under the Peters Lease and Cloquet Lease (the “Peters Lease Lands” and “Cloquet Lease Lands,” respectively, as further described on page 33 of this Annual Report) and the 20% fee interest of certain lands that are particularly described in, and subject to a mining lease under, the Peters Lease (the “Mesabi Fee Lands,” and together with the Peters Lease Lands and Cloquet Lease Lands, “Mesabi Trust Lands”), and its parent company Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (“Cliffs”). References to Northshore in this Annual Report, unless the context requires otherwise, are applicable to Cliffs as well.

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The information regarding amounts and sales prices of shipped iron ore products is used to compute the royalties payable to the Trust by Northshore. The Trustees request material information, from time to time, for use in the Trust’s periodic reports and as part of their evaluation of the Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures. The Trustees rely on Northshore to provide accurate and timely information for use in the Trust’s periodic and current reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

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Duration and Termination of the Trust

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The Trust is governed by New York trust and estate law, which prohibits creation of any trust estate that suspends the power of alienation by a condition or limitation for a period longer than lives in being at the time of the creation plus a term of twenty-one years. Pursuant to a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, which ruling was based on the terms of the Agreement of Trust including the prohibition against entering into any business, the Trust is not taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes.

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Instead, the Unitholders are considered “owners” of the Trust and the Trust’s income is taxable directly to the Unitholders. In accordance with the Agreement of Trust, the Trust may continue to remain in force and effect until twenty-one years after the death of the survivor of twenty-five persons named in an exhibit to the Agreement of Trust. Based upon the results of research conducted by the Trust’s outside legal counsel, as of March 2022, the Trustees believed that there are a number of individuals named in the Agreement of Trust who were also alive as of March 2022, the youngest of whom is believed to be 62 years old.

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The Trust may be terminated earlier at any time by the action of Unitholders holding 75% of the total Units of Beneficial Interest of the Trust as evidenced by any instrument executed by such Unitholders or by such Unitholders’ voting in favor of the termination of the Trust at a duly called and held meeting of the Unitholders.

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References in the Annual Report

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All references in this discussion and in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to iron ore products “shipped” shall include iron ore products that are actually shipped from Silver Bay, Minnesota and/or deemed shipped as referenced by the parties to, and in accordance with, the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease. Similarly, all references in this discussion and in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “shipments” shall include actual shipments and/or deemed shipments of iron ore products, as referenced by the parties to, and in accordance with, the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease. After the outcome of the arbitration and consistent with Cliffs’ practices, the Trust is entitled to payment upon production of pellets to be sold for internal use by facilities owned by Cliffs or its subsidiaries. As a result, the Trust recognizes revenue for internal use pellets upon production of those pellets, which are deemed to be shipped under the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, regardless of pellet grade. Pellets that are not designated for internal use by Cliffs, or its subsidiaries, continue to be recognized as revenue upon shipment from Silver Bay, Minnesota.

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RISK FACTORS

The results of operations and financial condition of the Trust are subject to various risks. Some of these risks are described below, and you should take such risks into account in evaluating the Trust or any investment decision involving the Trust. This section does not describe all risks that may be applicable to the Trust and it is intended only as a summary of certain material risk factors. More detailed information concerning the risk factors described below may also be contained in other sections of this Annual Report.

Risks Related to Pass-Through Trust Structure of Mesabi Trust

The Trustees have no control over the operations, sales and marketing efforts or other activities of Cliffs or Northshore.

Except within the framework of the Royalty Agreement, neither the Trust nor the Trustees have any control over the operations, decisions to reduce or idle operations, sales and marketing efforts or other and activities of Cliffs or its wholly-owned subsidiary, Northshore. Accordingly, the royalty income of the Trust is highly dependent upon the activities, investments and operational decisions of Cliffs and Northshore, including temporary or permanent reduction or idling of operations, the supply and demand of suppliers and customers in the iron ore and steel industry in the U.S. and internationally, and the terms and conditions of the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease. Northshore, together with Cliffs, without any input or influence from the Trust or the Trustees (except within the framework of the Royalty Agreement), control: (i) current operating plans, including iron ore production volumes, decisions to reduce or idle Northshore plant and mining operations, marketing of iron ore products, operating and capital expenditures as they relate to Northshore, environmental and other liabilities and the effects of regulatory changes; (ii) plans for Northshore’s future production, operations and capital expenditures, if any; (iii) geological data relating to iron ore reserve estimates; (iv) sales and marketing efforts, and shipments of iron ore products to customers of Cliffs and the extent to which sales of iron ore products are marketed and sold directly to independent third parties; (v) the terms and conditions, especially related to pricing, price adjustment mechanisms and delivery terms, of the sale of all iron ore products to Cliffs’ customers, including the Cliffs’ Customer Contracts; and (vi) the proportion of iron ore mined from the Mesabi Trust Lands that Cliffs sells to Cliffs’ corporate affiliates versus the proportion Cliffs sells to third parties in arm’s-length transactions. Any substantial change in Cliffs’ financial condition or business, or the operations, production and shipments of iron ore products by Northshore, including production curtailments, temporary idling or permanent idling of Northshore operations, about which the Trust may have little or no prior notice, could adversely affect the royalty income of the Trust, as well as the resulting cash available for distribution by the Trust to Unitholders. Further, such developments could have a material adverse impact on the market price of the Trust’s Units.

Cliffs’ announced intentions to shift DR-grade pellet production away from Northshore, use Northshore as a swing operation and idle Northshore operations from time to time, including from May 2022 through at least April 2023, would reduce or potentially eliminate funds available for distribution to unit holders.

On October 22, 2021, Cliffs, the parent of Northshore, the lessee/operator of the leased lands upon which Mesabi Trust is dependent for its royalties, held a conference call to discuss its third-quarter 2021 earnings. During the call, Lourenco Goncalves, Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer of Cliffs, disclosed “…we will soon be shifting our DR-grade pellet production away from Northshore and into Minorca, where we will not have to deal with the unreasonable royalty structure at Northshore.” Mr. Goncalves also indicated that “As we plan to no longer sell pellets to third parties in the coming years, Northshore will become a swing operation, which we will keep idle every time we decided to do so. In any event, we will continue to be able to feed our Toledo plant with a consistent feed of DR-grade pellets but from Minorca and not from Northshore.”

On February 11, 2022, Cliffs held a conference call to discuss Cliffs’ full year and fourth-quarter 2021 earnings. During the call, Lourenco Goncalves disclosed “…with the use of additional scrap in our BOF’s [basic oxygen furnaces], our iron ore needs are not as high as before, and we no longer need to run our mines full out. When determining where to adjust production, our first look is at our cost structure. Because we are now able to produce DR-grade pellets at Minorca, and mainly due to the ridiculous royalty structure we have in place with the Mesabi Trust, we will be idling all production at our Northshore mine, starting in the Spring, carrying through at least to the Fall period, and maybe beyond. At Northshore, no production, no shipments, no royalty payments. We also acknowledge that our strategy to stretch hot metal, by adding increased amounts of scrap to the BOF’s is working extremely well. With more scrap in the BOF’s, we need fewer tons of hot metal to produce the same tonnage of liquid steel. As a consequence, the Northshore idle could go longer than currently planned.”

During Cliffs’ February 11, 2022 earnings call, Mr. Goncalves also said that, “Going forward, [Cliffs] will be limiting the tonnage of iron ore pellets we sell to third parties.”

On July 22, 2022, Cliffs held a conference call to discuss Cliffs’ second-quarter 2022 earnings. During the call, Lourenco Goncalves, Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Cliffs, disclosed “… we are now extending the ongoing idle at our Northshore swing facility to at least April of next year.  With the increased use of scrap company-wide in our steel making operations made possible by the acquisition of FPT last year, the pellets from Northshore are not needed at this time.  Rather than deplete this finite resource for the benefit of the Mesabi Trust and its so-called unit holders, we will keep Northshore idle until we decide otherwise.”

According to a published report by Minnesota Public Radio news on February 20, 2023, Cleveland-Cliffs disclosed it was recalling some of its more than 400 workers whom it had laid off in Spring 2022, when Cleveland-Cliffs announced it was idling Northshore Mining operations.  According to the published news report, Cleveland-Cliffs spokesperson, Patricia Persico, informed MPR news in response to an inquiry that “Cleveland-Cliffs is calling back some workers to Northshore Mining.  We will provide more details when we decide when and at what capacity this operation will be brought back online.”

As of the date of filing this Mesabi Trust Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Trustees of Mesabi Trust have not received any further information from Cliffs or Northshore about when or to what extent Northshore mining operations will be restarted, although various preparation activities involving some workers have been observed at Northshore operations during March and early April 2023.  Accordingly, the Trustees are unable to predict when or to what extent Cliffs will restart operations at Northshore.

Cliffs had not previously notified the Trust of any of the aforementioned operational changes. Pursuant to the Agreement of Trust, any change to the royalty structure would require an amendment to the royalty agreement, which would require the approval of the Trustees as well as approval of 66 2/3% in interest of the Trust Certificate Holders.

Under the Royalty Agreement, Northshore’s obligation to pay base overriding royalties and royalty bonuses with respect to the sale or use of iron ore products generally accrues upon production or shipment of those products from Silver Bay. However, regardless of whether any shipment has occurred, Northshore is obligated to pay to Mesabi Trust a minimum advance royalty. Each year, the amount of the minimum advance royalty is adjusted (but not below $500,000 per annum) for inflation and deflation. The minimum advance royalty was $964,659 for calendar year 2020, $976,765 for calendar year 2021 and $1,034,237 for calendar year 2022.

Operational decisions about when, how often and for how long to idle Northshore operations are solely in the control of Cliffs and Northshore. The Trustees are not notified in advance of such decisions to

idle, or to restart, Northshore operations, and the Trustees cannot predict the frequency or duration of such idling events.

Accordingly, these plans, if and when implemented by Cliffs, would have a material adverse effect on Mesabi Trust’s future royalty revenue and would materially reduce or potentially eliminate funds available for distribution. In addition, the market price of the Trust’s Units, which are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, could be negatively impacted, and the Trust’s ability to continue to meet the continued listing criteria of the NYSE could be compromised, and could result in delisting of our Units.

The limited or lack of arm’s-length third party sales of iron ore products (processed at Northshore using Mesabi Trust iron ore) by Cliffs could lead to uncertainty under the royalty agreement with respect to the calculation of royalties, which could in turn result in potential disputes regarding the amount of royalties owed to the Trust.

In order to calculate the royalties owed by Northshore to the Trust, the 1989 royalty agreement requires that Northshore make sales of iron ore products to third parties on an arm’s-length basis without regard to any other business relationship between Northshore and the third-party buyer of the iron ore products. In order to calculate royalties on less than arm’s-length sales (including sales from Northshore to Cliffs’ corporate affiliates), the royalty agreement requires reference to the highest contract price obtained by Northshore in the preceding four calendar quarters in a sale to a buyer not affiliated with Northshore and made on an arm’s-length basis. Since Cliffs’ Toledo HBI plant came online in mid-2021, and accelerating after Cliffs’ acquisition of ArcelorMittal USA in late-2021, Northshore has increased the proportion of iron ore mined from the Mesabi Trust Lands that it sells to Cliffs’ corporate affiliates and decreased the proportion of such iron ore that it sells to third parties in arm’s-length transactions. Cliffs’ public statements beginning in third quarter of 2021 have indicated that Cliffs will be limiting the tonnage of iron ore pellets that it sells to third parties from all of its mines, and particularly Northshore. Without consistent arm’s-length sales from Northshore to third parties, the calculation of royalties on iron ore Northshore ships to Cliffs’ affiliates could be uncertain under the royalty agreement, which could in turn result in potential disputes regarding the amount of royalties owed to the Trust. Such disputes could lead to arbitration, which reduces cash available for distribution to unitholders, until and unless an outcome favorable to the Trust may be realized.

Our future royalties could be adversely affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Our future royalties could be adversely affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The spread of this virus has had and may continue to lead to the disruption of the business operations of Cliffs or its wholly-owned subsidiary, Northshore, by impacting the global economy as well as their employees, customers, service providers, vendors and suppliers. Responses by individuals, governments and businesses to ever-changing developments in the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to reduce its spread, including quarantines, travel restrictions, business closures, and mandatory stay-at-home or work-from-home orders, while largely lifted during 2022, could be reinstituted in the event novel strains or new variants prove resistant to existing vaccines. We cannot predict whether there will be any disruptions to Cliffs’ business operations in the future as a result of adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cliffs is also subject to risks arising out of the turbulence of the economic recovery associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including inflationary pressures, which may increase the costs of labor, raw materials, energy supplies, and other production inputs. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the risk that a portion of Cliffs’ workforce and on-site contractors will suffer illness or otherwise be unable to perform their ordinary work functions. As reported in its annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023 (“Cliffs’ Annual Report”), Cliffs has disclosed that it also experienced, and may continue to experience, supply chain disruptions or operational issues with its vendors or logistics providers, as its suppliers and contractors face similar challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including as a result of new or continued pandemic lockdowns in China. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact Cliffs’ and Northshore’s business operations is uncertain and will depend on future

developments, regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. These events could have a material adverse effect on the business operations of Cliffs and Northshore, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on future royalties payable to the Trust.

Cliffs’ Annual Report has cited certain economic and market risks, including risks related to the volatility of commodity prices, uncertainty or weakness in global economic conditions, reduced economic growth in China and oversupply of iron ore and excess steel or imported products, any of which could adversely affect Cliffs’ ability to generate revenue, maintain stable cash flows and fund its operations, which in turn could adversely affect Northshore operations and could adversely affect royalties payable to the Trust.

In Cliffs’ Annual Report, Cliffs disclosed that, as a mining company, Cliffs’ profitability is dependent upon the price of the steel, iron ore and scrap metal, and that the price of steel, iron ore and scrap metal has fluctuated significantly in the recent past and is affected by factors beyond its control including: international demand for, and the impact of higher inflation on, raw materials used in steel production; availability of scrap metal substitutes such as pig iron; commodity prices speculation; rates of global economic growth, especially construction and infrastructure activity that requires significant amounts of steel; changes in the levels of economic activity in the U.S., China, India, Europe and other industrialized or developing economies, including as a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict or otherwise; changes in China’s emissions policies and environmental compliance enforcement practices; changes in the production capacity, production rate and inventory levels of other steel producers, iron ore suppliers and scrap metal processors and traders; changes in trade laws; volumes of unfairly traded imports; imposition or termination of duties, tariffs, import and export controls and other trade barriers impacting the steel and iron ore markets; climate change and other weather-related disruptions, infectious disease outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or natural disasters that may impact the global supply of steel, iron ore or scrap metal; and the proximity, capacity and cost of infrastructure and transportation. Further, Cliffs stated that its revenues may fluctuate with the prices of the products it sells. Although Cliffs indicated it experienced generally higher average selling prices for its steel products in 2022 as compared to 2021 due to the impact of fixed price contracts and lagging price mechanisms, to the extent that commodity prices, including the HRC price, coated and other specialty steel prices, international steel prices and scrap metal prices, significantly decline for an extended period of time as they generally did during the second half of 2022, Cliffs may have to revise its operating plans, including curtailing production, reducing operating costs and deferring capital expenditures. Cliffs also disclosed that it may have to record impairments on its goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets and/or inventory. Sustained lower prices also could cause Cliffs to reduce existing reserves if certain reserves no longer can be economically mined or processed at prevailing prices. Particularly during periods of increased inflation resulting in higher input costs as Cliffs experienced during 2022, Cliffs may be unable to decrease its costs in an amount sufficient to offset reductions in revenues and may incur losses. These events could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs and, in certain circumstances, could potentially adversely affect Northshore, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on future royalties payable to the Trust.

Cliffs sells a significant portion of its steel products to the automotive market, and fluctuations or changes in the automotive market could adversely affect Cliffs’ business operations and financial performance, which in turn could adversely affect the royalties payable to the Trust.

Cliffs’ Annual Report indicated that the largest end user of Cliffs’ steel products is the automotive industry in North America. Beyond these direct sales to the automotive industry, Cliffs makes additional sales to distributors and converters, which may ultimately resell some of that volume to the automotive market. In addition to the magnitude of Cliffs’ exposure to the automotive industry, Cliffs faces risks arising from Cliffs’ relative concentration of sales to certain specific automotive manufacturers, and its sales volumes and revenues may be adversely affected if it is unable to renew its fixed-price contracts with one or more significant automotive customers or if those customers choose to move certain portions of their parts business to alternate suppliers. In addition, automotive production and sales are cyclical and sensitive to general

economic conditions and other factors, including interest rates, consumer credit, spending and preferences, and supply chain disruptions, such as the current semiconductor shortage. If automotive production and sales decline, whether due to consumers facing reduced purchasing power caused by inflation, newly higher interest rates or otherwise, Cliffs’ sales and shipments to the automotive market are likely to decline in a corresponding manner. Adverse impacts that Cliffs may sustain as a result include, without limitation, lower margins because of the need to sell steel to less profitable customers and markets, higher fixed costs from lower steel production if Cliffs is unable to sell the same amount of steel to other customers and markets, and lower sales, shipments, pricing and margins generally as Cliffs’ competitors face similar challenges and compete vigorously in other markets that Cliffs serves. These adverse impacts would negatively affect Cliffs’ sales, financial results and cash flows.

Moreover, despite Cliffs’ position as the largest flat-rolled steel producer in North America, competition for automotive business has intensified in recent years, as steel producers and companies producing alternative materials have focused their efforts on capturing and/or expanding their market share of automotive business because of less favorable conditions in other markets for steel and other metals, including commodity products. As a result, the potential exists that Cliffs may lose market share to existing or new entrants or that automotive manufacturers will take advantage of the intense competition among potential suppliers during periodic contract renewal negotiations to pressure Cliffs’ pricing and margins in order to maintain or expand market share with them, which could negatively affect Cliffs’ sales, financial results and cash flows.

These events could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs and, in certain circumstances, could potentially adversely affect Northshore, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on future royalties payable to the Trust.

Severe financial hardship or bankruptcy of one or more of Cliffs’ major customers or key vendors could adversely affect Cliffs’ business operations and financial performance, which in turn could adversely affect the royalties payable to the Trust.

Sales and operations of a majority of Cliffs’ customers are sensitive to general economic conditions in the North American automotive, housing, construction, appliance, energy, defense and other industries. Some of Cliffs’ customers are highly leveraged. If there is a significant weakening of current economic conditions, whether because of operational, cyclical, supply chain or other issues, including inflationary pressures, higher interest rates or currently unanticipated adverse developments arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic, it could cause customers to reduce, delay or cancel their orders, impact significantly the creditworthiness of Cliffs’ customers and lead to other financial difficulties or even bankruptcy filings by Cliffs’ customers. Failure to receive payment for products that Cliffs has delivered could adversely affect Cliffs’ results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The concentration of customers in a specific industry, such as the automotive industry, may increase Cliffs’ risk because of the likelihood that circumstances may affect multiple customers at the same time. Such events could cause Cliffs to experience lost sales or losses associated with the potential inability to collect all outstanding accounts receivable and reduced liquidity. Similarly, if Cliffs’ key vendors face financial hardship or need to operate in bankruptcy, as Cliffs has been experiencing with one of its major steel mill slag services providers since 2022, such vendors could experience operational disruption or even face liquidation, which could result in such vendor defaulting on its obligations to Cliffs or Cliffs’ inability to secure replacement materials or services on a timely basis, or at all, or cause Cliffs to incur increased costs to do so. Such events could adversely impact Cliffs’ continuity of operations, financial results and cash flows, which in turn could adversely affect the royalties payable to the Trust.

U.S. government actions regarding its trade policies may have a material adverse impact on Cliffs’ business, which could adversely affect Cliffs’ ability to generate revenue, which in turn could adversely affect royalties payable to the Trust.

In recent years, the U.S. government has altered its approach to international trade policy, both generally and with respect to matters directly and indirectly affecting the steel industry, including by undertaking certain unilateral actions affecting trade, renegotiating existing bilateral or multilateral trade agreements, and entering into new agreements or treaties with foreign countries. For example, in March 2018, the U.S. government issued a proclamation pursuant to Section 232 imposing a 25% tariff on imported steel. These Section 232 tariffs were imposed on the basis of national security and addressed imported steel that was being unfairly traded by certain foreign competitors at artificially low prices. In retaliation against the Section 232 tariffs, the European Union subsequently imposed its own tariffs against certain steel products and other goods imported from the U.S. Following the U.S. government leadership changes resulting from the November 2020 presidential election, further changes in U.S. international trade policy have occurred and may be forthcoming. For example, the U.S. government has agreed to modified tariff rate quota systems with each of the European Union, Japan and the United Kingdom that allow more imports from those trading partners to enter the U.S. market free of Section 232 tariffs. The U.S. government may also negotiate reductions or eliminations of Section 232 duties with other trading partners. If the Section 232 tariffs are further removed or substantially lessened, whether through legal challenge, legislation, executive action or otherwise, imports of foreign steel would likely increase and steel prices in the U.S. would likely fall, which could materially adversely affect Cliffs’ revenues, financial results and cash flows.

In addition, during 2020, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (“USMCA”) was implemented among the U.S., Mexico and Canada in place of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Because all of Cliffs’ steel manufacturing facilities are located in North America and one of Cliffs’ principal markets is automotive manufacturing in North America, Cliffs believes that the USMCA has the potential to positively impact its business by incentivizing automakers and other manufacturers to increase manufacturing production in North America and to use North American steel. However, it is difficult to predict the short- and long-term implications of changes in trade policy and, therefore, whether the USMCA or other new or renegotiated trade agreements, treaties, laws, regulations or policies that may be implemented by the U.S. government, or otherwise, will have a beneficial or detrimental impact on Cliffs’ business and its customers’ and suppliers’ businesses. Adverse effects could occur directly from a disruption to trade and commercial transactions and/or indirectly by adversely affecting the U.S. economy or certain sectors of the economy, impacting demand for Cliffs’ customers’ products and, in turn, negatively affecting demand for Cliffs’ products. According to Cliffs’ disclosures, important links of the supply chain for some of Cliffs’ key customers, including automotive manufacturers, could be negatively impacted by the USMCA or other new or renegotiated trade agreements, treaties, laws, regulations or policies.

While Cliffs may currently benefit from certain antidumping and countervailing duty orders, any such relief is subject to periodic reviews and challenges, which can result in revocation or modification of the orders or reduction of the duties. During 2022, the U.S. International Trade Commission reviewed and continued antidumping and countervailing duty orders covering imports from several major trading partners of some of its key products, including corrosion-resistant steel, cold-rolled steel, hot-rolled steel and cut-to-length plate. However, previously granted and currently pending petitions for trade relief, such as Cliffs’ recently filed trade cases seeking relief from unfairly traded tin mill products imports, may not be successful or fully effective at preventing harm from dumped and subsidized imports. Any of these actions and their direct and indirect impacts could materially adversely affect Cliffs’ revenues, financial results and cash flows.

As a result, certain events could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs and, in certain circumstances, could potentially adversely affect Northshore, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on future royalties payable to the Trust, and the Trustees are not able to predict the impact that changing U.S. trade policy, or its results and/or consequences, will have on future royalties payable to the Trust.

Global steelmaking overcapacity, steel imports and oversupply of iron ore could lead to lower or more volatile global steel and iron ore prices, directly or indirectly impacting Cliffs’ profitability, which in turn could adversely affect royalties payable to the Trust.

Significant existing global steel capacity and new or expanded production capacity in recent years has caused could potentially cause capacity to exceed demand globally. Although certain of Cliffs’ U.S. competitors temporarily shut down production capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the previously idled capacity has been restarted, and certain of Cliffs’ competitors have announced and are moving ahead with plans to develop new steelmaking capacity in the near term. In addition, certain foreign competitors, which may have cost advantages due to being owned, controlled or subsidized by foreign governments, have substantially increased their steel production capacity in the last few years and in some instances appear to have targeted the U.S. market for imports. The risk of even greater levels of imports may continue, depending upon foreign market and economic conditions, changes in trade agreements and treaties, laws, regulations or government policies affecting trade, the ability of foreign producers to circumvent U.S. trade sanctions and policy (including in the markets for tin mill products and electrical steels), the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies and other variables beyond Cliffs’ control. In addition, higher sustained market prices of steel and iron ore products could cause new producers to enter the market or existing producers to further expand productive capacity, which could in turn lead to lower steel prices and increasing prices of steel making inputs, such as scrap metal. Excess steel and iron ore supply combined with reduced global steel demand, including in China due to new or continuing COVID-19 lockdowns or otherwise, and increased foreign imports, also could lead to lower steel and iron ore prices. Downward pressure on steel and/or iron ore prices could have an adverse effect on Cliffs’ results of operations, financial condition and profitability, which in turn could adversely affect royalties payable to the Trust.

Due to the lack of industry and geographic diversification, adverse developments in the iron ore mining industry could adversely impact the Trust’s financial condition and reduce its ability to make distributions to the Trust’s Unitholders.

Substantially all of the revenue, operating profits and assets of the Trust relate to one business segment—iron ore mining. In addition, the principal assets of the Trust consist of two different interests in certain properties in the Mesabi Iron Range located in northern Minnesota. This concentration could disproportionally expose the Trust’s interests to operational and regulatory risks in that area. Due to the lack of diversification in industry type and location of the Trust’s interests, adverse developments in the iron ore markets or at the location of the Trust’s real estate interests could have a significantly greater impact on the Trust’s financial condition, results of operations and royalty revenues than if the Trust’s interests were more diversified.

Royalties received by the Trust, and distributions paid to Unitholders, in any particular quarter or year are highly variable and are not necessarily indicative of royalties or distributions that will be paid in any subsequent quarter or in any full year. Idling of Northshore plant and mining operations exacerbate this volatility.

Royalties received by the Trust can fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year based upon market prices for iron ore products, the level of orders for iron ore products from Cliffs’ customers, the sales and marketing efforts of Cliffs, the consumption of inventory by Cliffs’ customers, and production decisions made by Northshore, including, as discussed above, decisions to reduce or idle Northshore plant and mining operations. For example, Cliffs elected to idle Northshore operations from May 2022 until at least April 2023 (and maybe beyond), which resulted in no royalty payments to the Trust for a period of time. Moreover, because some of the royalties paid to the Trust in any particular quarter include payments made with respect to pellets shipped and sold at estimated prices that are subject to future interim and final multi-year adjustments in accordance with the supply agreements between Cliffs and its customers, a downward trend in demand and market prices for iron and steel products could result in negative

adjustments to royalties in future quarters, some of which may be significant. These negative price adjustments could have a material adverse effect on the Trust’s royalty income, which in time could result in lower quarterly distributions paid by the Trust to Unitholders, and possibly reduce or even eliminate funds available for distribution in any quarter and in some quarters may completely offset royalties otherwise payable to the Trust.

Due to the factors described above, cash available for distribution to Unitholders in future quarters could materially decrease, and in some cases, such decrease could result in little or no cash being available for distribution to Unitholders. As a result, royalties received by the Trust generally can fluctuate materially from quarter to quarter and year to year. As a result, distributions that may be declared and paid to Unitholders, in any particular quarter, are not necessarily indicative of royalties that will be received, or distributions that will be paid, in any subsequent quarter or in any full year. Based on the foregoing and the current uncertainty in the economic environment, the Trust cannot ensure that there will be adequate cash available to make a distribution to Unitholders in any particular quarter.

Cliffs’ Annual Report has disclosed certain financial risks, including risks related to Cliffs’ existing and future level of indebtedness, risks related to potential limitations on its ability to invest in the ongoing needs of its business, risks concerning its ability to generate sufficient cash flow to service all of its debt, and risks related to adverse changes in credit ratings, which may adversely affect its cost of financing.

Cliffs’ Annual Report has disclosed that (i) a portion of its cash flow from operations is used to service debt, reducing the availability of its cash to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions or other strategic development initiatives and other general corporate purposes, (ii) if it is unable to service its debt service obligations, it may face substantial liquidity problems and may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital, including additional secured or unsecured debt, or restructure or refinance its debt, and (iii) the cost of financing or refinancing, access to the capital markets, and the terms under which it purchases goods and services if credit rating agencies could downgrade Cliffs’ ratings, whether due to factors specific to its business or debt profile, a prolonged cyclical downturn in the steel, scrap metal and mining industry or macroeconomic trends (such as global or regional recessions), increases in pension and OPEB obligations, recent adverse impacts of inflation and higher interest rates, or trends in credit and capital markets more generally.

Cliffs’ Annual Report also disclosed that if it is unable to service its debt obligations, it could face substantial liquidity problems and may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital, including additional secured or unsecured debt, or restructure or finance its debt, and may be unable to continue as a going concern.

These potential circumstances, if they become real developments, could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs and Northshore, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on royalties paid to the Trust in the future.

Equipment failures and other unexpected events at Northshore may lead to production curtailments, idling or shutdown.

Interruptions in production capabilities at the mine operated by Northshore may have an adverse impact on the royalties payable to the Trust. In addition to planned production shutdowns, idling or curtailments and equipment failures, the Northshore facilities are also subject to the risk of loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, explosions or extreme weather conditions due to climate change or otherwise and natural and human-caused disasters, terrorist events, lack of energy or other supplies, and infectious disease outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, the temporary production shutdowns in the automotive industry during 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated

reduction in demand for Cliffs’ products led to Cliffs’ decision to temporarily idle certain steelmaking facilities and iron ore mines. The manufacturing processes that take place in Northshore’s mining operations, as well as in Northshore’s crushing, concentrating and pelletizing facilities, depend on critical pieces of equipment, such as drilling and blasting equipment, crushers, grinding mills, pebble mills, thickeners, separators, filters, mixers, furnaces, kilns and rolling equipment, as well as electrical equipment, such as transformers. It is possible that this equipment may, on occasion, be out of service because of unanticipated failures or unforeseeable acts of vandalism or terrorism. In addition, because the Northshore processing facilities have been in operation for several decades, some of the equipment may be aged. Because the Trustees have no control over the operations or maintenance of the equipment at Northshore, a shutdown or reduction in capacity may come with little or no advance warning. The remediation of any interruption in production capability at Northshore could require Cliffs to make large capital expenditures which may take place over an extended period of time. According to Cliffs’ Annual Report, if Cliffs’ cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund its debt service obligations, it may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures. Any additional idling, shutdown, reduction in operations, or production curtailment at Northshore would likely adversely affect the royalties payable to the Trust.

The mining operations of Northshore are subject to extensive governmental regulations and Northshore is subject to risks related to its compliance with federal and state environmental regulations.

Northshore, as the operator of the mine on Mesabi Trust Lands, is subject to various international, foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those relating to air quality, water quality and conservation, plant, wetlands, natural resources and wildlife protection (including endangered and threatened species), reclamation, remediation and restoration of properties and related surety bonds or other financial assurances, land use, the discharge of materials into the environment, and the effects that industrial operations and mining has on groundwater quality and availability, the management of electrical equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls, and other related matters. Northshore is required to maintain numerous permits and approvals issued by federal and state regulatory agencies and its mining operations are subject to inspection and regulation by the Mine Safety and Health Administration of the United States Department of Labor (“MSHA”) under the provisions of the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) has jurisdiction over safety and health standards not covered by MSHA and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (“MPCA”) regulates various aspects of Northshore’s operations. Northshore may from time to time be involved in disputes or litigation with the regulatory agencies over certain aspects of its operation but because the Trust has no control over Northshore’s operations, the potential impact of these proceedings cannot be determined. Moreover, Northshore is solely responsible for its compliance with all laws, regulations or permits applicable to Northshore’s operations and Northshore may at times fail to operate in compliance with such laws, regulations and permits. The Trust has no ability to control or determine whether Northshore has been or will in the future operate in compliance with such laws and regulations. If Northshore fails to comply with these laws, regulations or permits, it could be subject to fines or other sanctions, any of which could have an adverse effect on its operations and its ability to ship iron ore products from Silver Bay, Minnesota, which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on the royalties paid to the Trust.

TMDL (a regulatory term describing a value of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards under the Clean Water Act) regulations are contained in the Clean Water Act and, as a part of Minnesota’s Mercury TMDL Implementation Plan, in cooperation with the MPCA, the taconite industry developed a Taconite Mercury Reduction Strategy and signed a voluntary agreement to effectuate its terms. The strategy includes a 72% target reduction of mercury air emissions from Minnesota pellet plants collectively by 2025. For Cliffs, the requirements in the voluntary agreement do not apply to Northshore. Late in 2013, however, Minnesota published a draft mercury control rule that would require annual mercury emissions reporting and could require installation of mercury emission control equipment on all Cliffs’ Minnesota facilities including those of Northshore. On September

22, 2014, Minnesota promulgated the Mercury Air Emissions Reporting and Reduction Rule mandating mercury air emissions reporting and reduction. The adopted rule expanded applicability to all of Cliffs’ Minnesota operations and required (i) a 70% reduction of mercury emissions from Northshore’s industrial boilers by January 1, 2018, and (ii) by the end of 2018, the submission of a plan to reduce mercury emissions by 72% from all of Cliffs’ Minnesota taconite furnaces, with such plan implementation requirements to become effective on January 1, 2025. Cliffs expressed its concerns about the technical and economic feasibility to reduce taconite mercury emissions by 72% and conducted detailed engineering analyses to determine the impact of the regulations on each unique iron ore indurating furnace affected by the Mercury Air Emissions Reporting and Reduction Rule. Cliffs’ Annual Report states that one of the main tenets agreed upon for evaluating potential mercury reduction technologies during TMDL implementation and the 2014 rule development proceedings was that the selected technology must meet the following “Adaptive Management Criteria”: the technology (i) must be technically feasible; (ii) must be economically feasible; (iii) must not impact pellet quality; and (iv) must not cause excessive corrosion in the indurating furnaces or air pollution control equipment. According to Cliffs’ Annual Report, there is currently no proven technology to cost-effectively reduce mercury emissions from taconite furnaces to the target level of 72% that would meet all four Adaptive Management Criteria. Cliffs submitted its mercury reduction plans for its Minnesota facilities to the MPCA in December 2018. The plans determined that there are currently no proven technologies to cost effectively reduce mercury emissions from taconite furnaces to achieve the targeted 72% reduction rate, while satisfying all Adaptive Management Criteria. According to Cliffs, this determination was based on detailed engineering analysis and research testing. In January 2023, the MPCA responded that certain technologies may be appropriate, and the MPCA requested submission of revised Mercury Reduction Plans from the facilities. Potential impacts to Cliffs are not estimable at this time because the revised Mercury Reduction Plans remain under development.

The Trustees are unable to predict what impact, if any, the Mercury Air Emissions Reporting and Reduction Rule will have on production and shipments of iron ore products from Northshore or future royalties payable to the Trust.

The Trust does not control the portion of Northshore’s shipments that will come from iron ore mined from Mesabi Trust Lands.

The Trustees do not exert any influence over mining operational decisions at Northshore and Northshore alone determines whether to mine from Mesabi Trust Lands or state-owned lands, based on its current production estimates and engineering plan. Northshore’s mining operations include Mesabi Trust Lands and mineral-producing land owned by the State of Minnesota and others. Iron ore mined by Northshore from lands other than Mesabi Trust Lands is processed, along with iron ore mined from Mesabi Trust Lands, in Northshore-owned crushing, concentrating and pelletizing facilities and is separately accounted for on a periodic basis. Northshore also has the ability to process and ship iron ore products from lands other than Mesabi Trust Lands. In certain circumstances, the Trust may be entitled to royalties on those other shipments, but not in all cases. In general, the Trust will receive higher royalties (assuming all other factors are equal) if a higher percentage of shipments is from Mesabi Trust Lands. The percentages of shipments from Mesabi Trust Lands were 99.7%, 91.3%, 92.3%, 89.6%, 89.8%, 92.6%, 99.6% and 88.9% in calendar years 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. If Northshore decides to materially reduce the percentage of iron ore mined, or pellets shipped, from Mesabi Trust Lands, the income of the Trust could be materially adversely affected.

The Trust relies on Cliffs’ estimates of recoverable reserves, and if those estimates are inaccurate, the total potential future royalty stream to the Trust and distributions payable to Unitholders may be materially adversely affected.

The Trustees do not participate in preparing the recoverable iron ore reserve estimates reported by Cliffs. According to Cliffs’ Annual Report, Cliffs regularly evaluates its iron ore reserves based on revenues

and costs and updates them as required in accordance with SEC regulations. In 2018, the Trustees engaged an independent firm of geological experts to evaluate the process Cliffs uses to estimate the recoverable iron ore reserves at the Peter Mitchell Mine. Additionally, according to Cliffs’ Annual Report, Cliffs updates its iron ore reserve estimates to comply with Final Rule 13-10570, Modernization of Property Disclosures for Mining Registrants. Still, there are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of reserves of mineral producing lands and such estimates necessarily depend upon a number of variable factors and assumptions, such as production capacity, effects of regulations by governmental agencies, future prices for iron ore, future industry conditions and operating costs, severance and excise taxes, development costs and costs of extraction and reclamation costs. All of these factors are outside of the control and influence of the Trustees. Actual reserves will likely vary from estimates, and if such variances are negative and material, the expected royalties payable to the Trust could be materially adversely affected and the value of the Trust’s Units could decline.

Cliffs has disclosed certain operational risks, including risks that could arise related to substantial costs from idled production capacity, announced and potential mine closures and risks related to its ability to transport its products to customers at competitive rates and in a timely manner.

According to Cliffs’ Annual Report, Cliffs indicated that its decisions concerning which facilities to operate and at what production levels are made based in part upon its customers’ orders for products, as well as the quality, performance capabilities and production cost of its operations. During depressed market conditions, Cliffs may concentrate production at certain facilities and not operate others in response to customer demand or other reasons, and as a result Cliffs would incur idle costs that could offset its anticipated savings from not operating the idled facility. For example, due to increased scrap usage and reduced demand for iron ore pellets in Cliffs’ steelmaking operations, Cliffs’ Northshore operations were temporarily idled from May 2022 until at least April 2023 (and maybe beyond), and Cliffs continued to incur fixed costs during the idle period. When Cliffs restarts idled facilities, it incurs certain costs to replenish inventories, prepare the previously idled facilities for operation, perform the required repair and maintenance activities, and prepare employees to return to work safely and resume production responsibilities. The amount of any such costs can be material, depending on a variety of factors, such as the period of idle time, necessary repairs and available employees, and is difficult to project.

Cliffs also disclosed that in its iron ore operations, disruption of the rail, trucking, lake or other waterway transportation services due to weather-related problems, climate change, strikes, lock-outs, driver shortages and other disruptions in the trucking industry, train crew shortages or other rail network constraints, infectious disease outbreaks or other events and lack of alternative transportation sources could impair Cliffs’ ability to move products internally amount its facilities and to supply products to its customers at competitive rates or in a timely manner, and thus, could adversely affect its operations, revenues, margins and profitability.

These events could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs and potentially Northshore, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on royalties paid to the Trust in the future.

Certain risk factors affecting Cliffs’ North American iron ore business generally, and Northshore operations in particular, could have a material adverse effect on the royalties payable to the Trust.

Because substantially all of the Trust’s revenue is derived from iron ore products shipped by Northshore from Silver Bay, Northshore’s iron ore pellet processing and shipping activities directly impact the Trust’s revenues in each quarter and each year. According to Cliffs’ Annual Report, a number of risk factors affect Cliffs’ operations and could impact Northshore’s production and shipment volume. Cliffs’ Annual Report identified the following seven categories of risk to which Cliffs is subject: (i) economic and market, (ii) regulatory, (iii) financial, (iv) operational, (v) sustainability and development, and (vi) human capital. These risk factors include, among others, the volatility of commodity prices, concentration of

business in the automotive market, global steelmaking overcapacity, severe financial hardship or bankruptcy of major customers or key vendors, the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. government trade policies, extensive governmental regulations relating to the environment and human health and the costs and risks related thereto, use of hazardous materials, inability to obtain, maintain or renew operational permits and licenses, financial risks associated with existing and future indebtedness, dependence on certain raw materials and energy sources, the cost or time to implement strategic capital projects, natural or human-caused disasters, weather conditions, disruptions or failures of its IT systems, costs associated with the idling or closures of an operating facility or mine, lack of appropriate insurance coverage, pressures to reduce carbon footprint, risks associated with maintaining social license, assumptions regarding recoverable mineral reserves, defects in title to any leasehold interests, dependence or senior management team and key employees, labor relations, pension costs and labor shortages. Specifically, if any portion of Northshore’s pelletizing lines becomes idle for any reason, production, shipments and, consequently, the royalties payable to the Trust could be materially adversely affected.

Furthermore, other events such as terrorist acts, conflicts, wars and geopolitical uncertainties, whether or not occurring in or involving, directly or indirectly, the United States, may cause serious harm to Cliffs’ and/or Northshore’s business, operations and revenue. The potential for the occurrence of any of these types of events has created global and domestic economic and political uncertainties. As disclosed by Cliffs, if any of these types of events were to occur, the results would be unpredictable, but may include decreases in demand for iron ore, difficulties related to shipping of iron ore products to Cliffs’ customers, and delays and inefficiencies in Cliffs’ supply chain. The Trust is uninsured, and cannot obtain insurance, for losses and interruptions caused by any of these types of events.

We are dependent upon third party information technology systems, which are subject to cyber threats, disruption, damage and failure.

We are dependent upon third party information systems and other technologies, including those related to our financial and operational management and those related to Cliffs’ and Northshore’s financial and operational management. Network and information systems-related events, such as computer hackings, cyber-attacks, ransomware, computer viruses, worms or other destructive or disruptive software, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks, malicious social engineering or other malicious activities, or any combination of the foregoing, or power outages, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other similar events, could result in damage to our information and data that is stored or transmitted by our third party vendors or damage or disruption to Cliffs’ or Northshore’s business operations. Any security breaches, such as computer viruses and more sophisticated and targeted cyber-related attacks, as well as misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in these information technology systems could result in significant losses and damage to our reputation, or the reputations of Northshore and/or Cliffs, and require us, Northshore or Cliffs to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy any such security breach. There can be no assurance that these events and security breaches will not occur in the future or not ultimately have an adverse effect on the royalties payable to the Trust.

Risks Related to Human Capital

The Trustees are not subject to annual election and, as a result, the ability of the holders of Trust Certificates to influence the policies of the Trust may be limited.

Directors of a corporation are generally subject to election at each annual meeting of shareholders or, in the case of staggered boards, at regular intervals. However, under the Agreement of Trust, the Trust is not required to hold annual meetings of holders of Trust Certificates to elect Trustees and Trustees generally hold office until their death, resignation or disqualification. As a result, the ability of holders of Trust Certificates to effect changes in the composition of those serving as Trustees and the policies of the Trust is significantly more limited than that of the shareholders of a corporation.

Royalties payable to the Trust could be materially adversely affected by the failure of the Trust’s independent consultants to competently perform.

As permitted by the terms of the Agreement of Trust and the Amendment, the Trustees are authorized to, and in fact do, rely upon certain independent consultants to assist the Trustees in carrying out and fulfilling their obligations as Trustees. Independent consultants perform a variety of services for the Trust, render advice and produce reports with respect to monthly production and shipments, which include figures on crude iron ore production, iron ore pellet production, iron ore pellet shipments, and discussions concerning the condition and accuracy of the scales used to weigh iron ore pellets produced at Northshore’s facilities. The Trustees have also retained an accounting firm to provide non-audit services, including preparing financial statements, reviewing financial data related to shipping and sales reports provided by Northshore and reviewing the schedule of leasehold and fee royalties payable to the Trust. The Trustees believe that the independent consultants engaged by the Trust are qualified to perform the services and functions assigned to them. Nevertheless, any negligence or the failure of any such independent consultants to competently perform could materially adversely affect the royalties to be received by the Trust.

General Risk Factors

The Trust is subject to disputes from time to time that could result in litigation, arbitration or other administrative proceedings that could adversely affect the Trust’s operating results and financial condition and the market value of Mesabi Trust Units.

The Trust may become involved in litigation, arbitration or other administrative proceedings from time to time. These proceedings can be costly, and the results and other consequences of such proceedings are often difficult to predict. The Trust may not have adequate insurance coverage or contractual protection to cover costs and liability in the event we are sued, and to the extent we resort to litigation, arbitration or other administrative proceedings to enforce our rights, we may incur significant costs and ultimately be unsuccessful or unable to recover amounts we believe are owed to us or unable to resolve the matter on favorable terms.

More specifically on December 9, 2019, the Trust initiated arbitration with the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) against Northshore, the lessee/operator of the leased lands, and its parent, Cliffs. The Trust asserted claims concerning the calculation of royalties related to the production, shipment and sale of iron ore, including DR-grade pellets. The arbitration was completed before a panel of three arbitrators in July 2021 under the commercial rules of the AAA. The Trust received the AAA final award on October 1, 2021, which awarded the Trust damages in the amount of $2,312,106 for the resolution of royalties on DR grade pellets in 2019 and 2020 and interest in the amount of $430,710, calculated through June 30, 2021, and continuing to accrue until paid. Pursuant to the award, Cliffs paid the damages award to the Trust on October 29, 2021. The Tribunal granted the Trust’s request for a declaration that “for purposes of calculating royalties on intercompany sales, Northshore shall reference all third-party pellet sales, regardless of grade, and select the highest price arm’s length pellet sale from the preceding four quarters.” The Tribunal denied the Trust’s request for declaratory relief regarding access to certain information.

On October 14, 2022, the Trust initiated arbitration against Northshore and its parent, Cliffs. The arbitration proceeding was commenced with the AAA. The Trust seeks an award of damages relating to the underpayment of royalties in 2020, 2021, and 2022 by virtue of the failure to use the highest price arm’s length iron ore pellet sale from the preceding four quarters in pricing internal production during the fourth quarter of 2020 through 2022. The Trust also seeks declaratory relief related to the Trust’s entitlement to certain documentation and to the time the royalty obligation accrues on internal production.

Any arbitration, legal or administrative proceedings to which the Mesabi Trust is subject could require the significant involvement of Trustees and the professional advisors and consultants to the Trust, and

may divert attention from the Trustees’ other roles and responsibilities. In addition, it is difficult to foresee the results of legal actions, arbitration matters and other proceedings currently involving the Mesabi Trust or of those which may arise in the future, and an adverse result in these matters could have a material adverse effect on the market value of Mesabi Trust units and on Mesabi Trust’s asset value, royalty income, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the continued listing criteria of the NYSE, and our failure to satisfy these criteria may result in delisting of our Units.

Our Units are currently listed for trading on the NYSE. In order to maintain the listing, we must maintain certain objective standards such as Unit prices and a minimum number of public Unitholders. In addition to objective standards, the NYSE may delist the securities of any issuer using subjective standards such as, if in the NYSE’s opinion, the issuer’s financial condition and/or operating results appear unsatisfactory or if any event occurs or any condition exists which makes continued listing on the NYSE inadvisable.

If the NYSE delists our Units, Unitholders may face material adverse consequences, including, but not limited to, a lack of trading market for our Units and reduced liquidity.

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OVERVIEW OF TRUST’S ROYALTY STRUCTURE

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Leasehold royalty income constitutes the principal source of the Trust’s revenue. The income of the Trust is highly dependent upon the activities and operations of Northshore. Royalty rates and the resulting royalty payments received by the Trust are determined in accordance with the terms of the Trust’s leases and assignments of leases.

Three types of royalties, as well as royalty bonuses, comprise the Trust’s leasehold royalty income:

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The current royalty rate schedule became effective on August 17, 1989 pursuant to the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, which the Trust entered into with Cyprus Northshore Mining Corporation (“Cyprus NMC”). Pursuant to the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, overriding royalties are determined by both the volume and selling price of iron ore products shipped. In 1994, Cyprus NMC was sold by its parent corporation to Cliffs and renamed Northshore Mining Company. Cliffs now operates Northshore as a wholly-owned subsidiary.

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Under the relevant agreements, Northshore has the right to mine and ship iron ore products from lands other than Mesabi Trust Lands. Northshore alone determines whether to conduct mining operations on Mesabi Trust Lands and/or such other lands based on its current mining and engineering plan. The Trustees do not exert any influence over mining operational decisions. To encourage the use of iron ore products from Mesabi Trust Lands, Mesabi Trust receives royalties on stated percentages of iron ore shipped from Silver Bay, whether or not the iron ore products are from Mesabi Trust Lands. Mesabi Trust receives royalties at the greater of (i) the aggregate quantity of iron ore products shipped that were mined from Mesabi Trust Lands, and (ii) a portion of the aggregate quantity of all iron ore products shipped from Silver Bay that were mined from any lands, such portion being 90% of the first four million tons shipped from Silver Bay during such year, 85% of the next two million tons shipped during such year, and 25% of all tonnage shipped during such year in excess of six million tons. The royalty percentage paid to the Trust increases as the aggregate tonnage of iron ore products shipped, attributable to the Trust, in any calendar year increases past each of the first four one-million ton volume thresholds. Assuming a consistent sales price per ton throughout a calendar year, shipments of iron ore product attributable to the Trust later in the year generate a higher royalty to the Trust, as total shipments for the year exceed increasing levels of royalty percentages and pass each of the first four one-million ton volume thresholds.

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Royalty income, which constitutes the principal source of the Trust’s revenue, comprised 96.8% to 99.9% of the Trust’s total revenue in each of the fiscal years ended January 31, 2023, January 31, 2022 and January 31, 2021. A more complete discussion of royalty rates and the manner in which they are determined is set forth under the headings “Leasehold Royalties” and “Land Trust and Fee Royalties,” in this Annual Report.

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During the course of its fiscal year some portion of royalties expected to be paid to Mesabi Trust is based in part on estimated prices for iron ore products sold under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements. The Cliffs Pellet Agreements use estimated prices which are subject to interim and final pricing adjustments, which can be positive or negative, and which adjustments are dependent in part on multiple price and inflation index factors that are not known until after the end of a contract year. Even though Mesabi Trust is not a party to the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, these adjustments can result in significant variations in royalties payable to Mesabi Trust (and in turn the resulting amount available for distribution to Unitholders by the Trust) from quarter to quarter and on a comparative historical basis, and these variations, which can be positive or negative, cannot be predicted by the Trust. In either case, these price adjustments will impact future royalties payable to the Trust and, in turn, will impact cash reserves that become available for distribution to Unitholders.

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According to Cliffs’ Annual Report, sales volumes under most of its multi-year supply agreements with Cliffs’ customers are largely dependent on customer requirements and contain a base price that is adjusted annually using one or more adjustment factors. The factors that could result in price adjustments under Cliffs’ customer contracts include changes in the Platts 62% Price, hot-rolled coil steel price, the Atlantic Basin pellet premium, published Platts international indexed freight rates and changes in specified producer price indices, including those for industrial commodities, fuel and steel.

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As also described elsewhere in this Annual Report, the Trust receives a bonus royalty equal to a percentage of the gross proceeds of iron ore products (mined from Mesabi Trust lands) shipped from Silver Bay and sold at prices above the Adjusted Threshold Price. Although 94.5% of all the iron ore products shipped from Silver Bay during calendar 2022 were sold at prices higher than the Adjusted Threshold Price, the Trustees are unable to project whether Cliffs will continue to be able to sell iron ore products at prices above the applicable Adjusted Threshold Price, entitling the Trust to any future bonus royalty payments.

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Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the Corporate Trustee, performs certain administrative functions for Mesabi Trust. The Trust maintains a website at www.mesabi-trust.com. The Trust makes available (free of charge) its annual, quarterly and current reports (and any amendments thereto) filed with the SEC through its website as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such material with or to the SEC.

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SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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TRUSTEES’ DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL

CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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Results of Operations

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Comparison of Iron Ore Pellet Production and Shipments for the Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2023, January 31, 2022 and January 31, 2021

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During fiscal 2023, production attributed to Trust lands totaled approximately 0.9 million tons, a decrease of 81.1% as compared to production for fiscal year 2022 and a decrease of 74.9% as compared to production for fiscal 2021. Shipments to Northshore’s customers attributed to the Trust totaled approximately 0.9 million tons during fiscal 2023. This represents a decrease of 80.1% as compared to shipments for fiscal year 2022 and a decrease of 76.0% as compared to shipments for fiscal year 2021. The table below, which is based on information provided to the Trust by Northshore, shows the total production and total shipments of iron ore pellets from Mesabi Trust lands during the prior three fiscal years. As a result of the arbitration award discussed in Note 2, in addition to the shipped tons shown in the table below, as reported to the Trust in Cliffs’ quarterly royalty reports, the Trust recognized revenue during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 on an additional 1,173,667 tons deemed shipped from Mesabi Trust Lands for production that occurred in previous fiscal quarters.

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Production of iron ore pellets for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 decreased 104.8% as compared to production of iron ore pellets for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 due to the idling of the mine in fiscal 2023 as well as the result of negative survey adjustments related to pellets produced in fiscal 2023 and recognized

in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. Shipments of iron ore pellets by Northshore during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 decreased by 104.8% as compared to shipments of iron ore pellets during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. The decrease in shipments in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was related to the same factors noted in production.

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The table below shows the change in the percentages of production and shipments from lands owned or leased by Mesabi Trust versus the percentages of production and shipments from lands owned by the State of Minnesota and others for the most recent three fiscal years.

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As is the case with the volume of shipments from Silver Bay, Minnesota, the Trustees cannot predict what percentage of production or shipments will be attributable to iron ore mined from Mesabi Trust lands in fiscal 2024. However, pursuant to the Amendment, Mesabi Trust will be credited with at least 90% of the first four million tons of iron ore pellets shipped from Silver Bay, Minnesota in each calendar year, at least 85% of the next two million tons of pellets shipped from Silver Bay, Minnesota in each calendar year, and at least 25% of all tons of pellets shipped from Silver Bay, Minnesota in each calendar year in excess of six million tons.

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Comparison of Financial Results for Fiscal Years ended January 31, 2023 and January 31, 2022

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Royalty Income

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As shown in the table below, in fiscal 2023 base royalties decreased by 94.2%, bonus royalties decreased by 82.4% and fee royalties decreased by 70.3%, each as compared to fiscal 2022. Accordingly, the Trust’s total royalty income decreased by 89.4% in fiscal 2023 as compared to fiscal 2022. The decrease in royalties received by the Trust is the result of the mine being idled in fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal 2022.

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The royalty amounts set forth in the table above include pricing adjustments made to royalty payments previously received by the Trust based on shipments from Silver Bay, Minnesota during prior calendar years. Depending on the year, the volume of shipments, and the interim and final price paid to the Trust for shipments from Silver Bay, Minnesota, the price adjustment provisions of the Cliffs Pellet Agreements may increase or decrease, in some cases materially, the royalties paid to the Trust. Because the Trust is not a party to the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, the Trustees are unable to predict the extent of any pricing adjustments that may occur under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements or whether the adjustments will increase or

decrease royalties payable to the Trust. With the current volatility in demand and prices for iron ore and steel products, the price adjustment provisions in the Cliffs Pellet Agreements may have a significant impact on future royalties payable to the Trust and the adjustments, depending on whether they are positive or negative, may increase or decrease the distributions payable to Unitholders.

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Total Revenues, Expenses, Net Income and Distributions

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As set forth in the table below, net income for fiscal 2023 decreased by 92.3%, as compared to fiscal 2022, primarily due to a decrease in total revenues related to the mine being idled in fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal 2022. Total expenses for fiscal 2023 decreased by 9.7% as compared to fiscal 2022. A more detailed summary of the Trust’s expenses, including legal and consulting expenses, is set forth under the heading “Trust Expenses” in this Annual Report.

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As discussed in the paragraph above, the Trust’s total revenue and net income for fiscal 2023 decreased by 89.2% and 92.3%, respectively, primarily due to a decrease in total revenues related to the mine being idled during fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal 2022. The decrease in the Trust’s net income resulted in a 54.7% decrease in total distributions declared to Unitholders in fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal year 2022.

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Unallocated Reserve

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As set forth in the table below, the Unallocated Reserve decreased by $19,356,535 or 62.9% to $11,438,214, as of January 31, 2023, as compared to $30,794,749 as of January 31, 2022. As of January 31, 2023, the Unallocated Reserve included $13,966,500 in unallocated cash and U.S. Government Securities, $23,562 of accrued income receivable, and $2,298,121 of a contract liability. Comparatively, as of January 31, 2022, the Unallocated Reserve included $24,767,504 in unallocated cash and U.S. Government Securities, $4,631,510 of accrued income receivable, and $1,431,633 of a contract asset.

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The 62.9% decrease in the Unallocated Reserve for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 as compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, is primarily the result of a decrease in the unallocated cash and U.S. Government securities, and a decrease in the accrued income receivable.

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Contract Asset & Liability. The $1,431,633, or 100%, decrease in the contract asset portion of the Unallocated Reserve is the result of prior year revenue recognized on the base overriding royalties, at the estimated prices for iron ore products sold under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, that was collected in

subsequent quarters as the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The $2,298,121, or 100%, increase in the contract liability portion of the Unallocated Reserve is the result of a negative survey adjustment to pellets produced in fiscal 2023 as well as negative pricing adjustments recognized in the last quarter of the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 as compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022. These negative adjustments will be offset against future royalties payable to the Trust.

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Accrued Income Receivable. The $4,607,948, or 99.5%, decrease in the accrued income receivable portion of the Unallocated Reserve is the result of the idling of the mine through the end of the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, as compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022.

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Unallocated Cash and U.S. Government Securities. The Trust’s unallocated cash and U.S. Government Securities for unexpected obligations decreased by 43.6% to $13,966,500 as of January 31, 2023 from $24,767,504 as of January 31, 2022. The $10,801,004 decrease in the Trust’s cash reserve resulted from no royalty payment received in January 2023 due to the mine being idled, as compared to the royalty payment received in January 2022.

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As described elsewhere in this Annual Report, pricing estimates are adjusted on a quarterly basis as updated pricing information is received from Northshore. It is possible that future negative price adjustments could offset, or even eliminate, royalties or royalty income that would otherwise be payable to the Trust in any particular quarter, or at year end, thereby potentially reducing cash available for distribution to the Trust’s Unitholders in future quarters. See discussion under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

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Comparison of Financial Results for Fiscal Years ended January 31, 2022 and January 31, 2021

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Royalty Income

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As shown in the table below, in fiscal 2022 base royalties increased by 196.6%, bonus royalties increased by 148.5% and fee royalties increased by 63.6%, each as compared to fiscal 2021. Accordingly, the Trust’s total royalty income increased by 173.7% in fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021. The increase in royalties received by the Trust is primarily the result of an increase in prices received on tons shipped in fiscal 2022, as compared to fiscal 2021.

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The royalty amounts set forth in the table above include pricing adjustments made to royalty payments previously received by the Trust based on shipments from Silver Bay, Minnesota during prior calendar years. Depending on the year, the volume of shipments, and the interim and final price paid to the Trust for shipments from Silver Bay, Minnesota, the price adjustment provisions of the Cliffs Pellet Agreements may increase or decrease, in some cases materially, the royalties paid to the Trust. Because the Trust is not a party to the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, the Trustees are unable to predict the extent of any pricing adjustments that may occur under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements or whether the adjustments will increase or decrease royalties payable to the Trust. With the current volatility in demand and prices for iron ore and steel products, the price adjustment provisions in the Cliffs Pellet Agreements may have a significant impact on future royalties payable to the Trust and the adjustments, depending on whether they are positive or negative, may increase or decrease the distributions payable to Unitholders.

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Total Revenues, Expenses, Net Income and Distributions

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As set forth in the table below, net income for fiscal 2022 increased by 193.8%, as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to an increase in tons shipped as well as an increase in prices received for tons shipped. Total expenses for fiscal 2022 increased by 5.9% as compared to fiscal 2021. A more detailed summary of the Trust’s expenses, including legal and consulting expenses, is set forth under the heading “Trust Expenses” in this Annual Report.

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As discussed in the paragraph above, the Trust’s total revenue and net income for fiscal 2022 increased by 175.4% and 193.8%, respectively, due to an increase in the tons shipped and prices received for tons shipped during fiscal 2022, as compared to fiscal 2021. The increase in the Trust’s net income resulted in a 190.2% increase in total distributions declared to Unitholders in fiscal 2022, as compared to fiscal year 2021.

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Unallocated Reserve

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As set forth in the table below, the Unallocated Reserve increased by $14,317,703 or 86.9% to $30,794,749, as of January 31, 2022, as compared to $16,477,046 as of January 31, 2021. As of January 31, 2022, the Unallocated Reserve included $24,767,504 in unallocated cash and U.S. Government Securities, $4,631,510 of accrued income receivable, and $1,431,633 of a contract asset. Comparatively, as of January 31, 2021, the Unallocated Reserve included $16,372,405 in unallocated cash and U.S. Government Securities, $249,477 of accrued income receivable, and $177,251 of a contract asset.

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The 86.9% increase in the Unallocated Reserve for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 as compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021, is primarily the result of a increase in the unallocated cash and U.S. Government securities, and an increase in the accrued income receivable.

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Contract Asset. The $1,254,382, or 707.7%, increase in the contract asset portion of the Unallocated Reserve is the result of revenue recognized on the base overriding royalties, at the estimated prices for iron ore products sold under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, that will be collected in subsequent quarters as the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved.

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Accrued Income Receivable. The $4,382,033, or 1756.5%, increase in the accrued income receivable portion of the Unallocated Reserve is the result of the royalties earned on shipments in the last month of the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, as compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021.

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Unallocated Cash and U.S. Government Securities. The Trust’s unallocated cash and U.S. Government Securities for unexpected obligations increased by 51.3% to $24,767,504 as of January 31, 2022 from $16,372,405 as of January 31, 2021. The $8,395,099 increase in the Trust’s cash reserve resulted from an increase in the royalty payment received in January 2022 as compared to the royalty payment received in January 2021.

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As described elsewhere in this Annual Report, pricing estimates are adjusted on a quarterly basis as updated pricing information is received from Northshore. It is possible that future negative price adjustments could offset, or even eliminate, royalties or royalty income that would otherwise be payable to the Trust in any particular quarter, or at year end, thereby potentially reducing cash available for distribution to the Trust’s Unitholders in future quarters. See discussion under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

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The Trust’s activities are limited to the collection of royalties, payment of expenses and liabilities, distribution of net income to the Trust’s Unitholders and protection and conservation of Trust assets. Distributions of net income to the Trust’s Unitholders are determined by the Trustees in their discretion and are based on the amount of total royalty income after providing for the payment of expenses and, to the extent deemed prudent by the Trustees, reserving funds in the Unallocated Reserve to provide for potential fixed or contingent future liabilities, including potential future liabilities that cannot be accurately quantified. See the discussion of the Trustees’ management of liquidity set forth under the heading “Unallocated Reserve” in this Annual Report.

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The Trust’s primary short-term liquidity needs are related to the Trust’s distributions to its Unitholders following the Trust’s receipt of royalty payments from Northshore each calendar quarter. After the Trust receives the royalty payments, the Trust’s current assets are invested in U.S. Government Securities, either through direct purchases of U.S. Government Securities or through investments in a money market fund that invests its assets in U.S. Treasury securities and securities guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities, or the FDIC. Due to the short-term duration and investment grade nature of these investments, the Trustees believe that the Trust’s current assets are adequate to meet the Trust’s currently foreseeable liquidity needs. As of January 31, 2023, the Trust held $13,966,500 in cash and cash equivalents, all of which was invested in a money market fund that exclusively invests in obligations of the U.S. Treasury. On January 12, 2023, the Trustees of Mesabi Trust announced that no distribution was declared. Accordingly, the Trust paid no distribution in February 2023.

See “Risk Factors -- Cliffs’ announced intentions to shift DR-grade pellet production away from Northshore, use Northshore as a swing operation and idle Northshore operations from time to time, including from May 2022 through at least April 2023, would reduce or potentially eliminate funds available for distribution to unit holders.”

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

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The Trust has no off-balance sheet arrangements.

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Contractual Obligations

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The Trust has no payment obligations under any long-term borrowings, capital lease, operating lease, or purchase agreement.

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New Accounting Standards

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See Note 2 to the financial statements, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for information on our adoption of recently issued accounting standards.

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Critical Accounting Policies

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This “Trustees’ Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is based upon the Trust’s financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Trustees to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The Trustees base their estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that the Trustees believe are reasonable under the circumstances. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. Critical accounting policies are those that have meaningful impact on the reporting of the Trust’s financial condition and results of operations, and that require significant judgment and estimates. For a complete description of the Trust’s significant accounting policies, please see Note 2 to the financial statements on pages F-8 through F-12.

Revenue Recognition

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The Trust accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. All revenue is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. In accordance the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, the Trust recognizes revenue upon providing access to the lands and minerals only after the consideration that is entitled to be received is determinable. Prior to the AAA arbitration outcome (in October 2021), discussed further in Footnote 2 in the Accounting Estimates section of the Financial Statements (beginning on page F-12 of this Annual Report), the Trust was not entitled to consideration for base and bonus royalties until product was shipped from Northshore. After the outcome of the AAA arbitration and consistent with Cliffs’ payment and pricing practices, the Trust is entitled to payment upon production of pellets to be sold for internal use by facilities owned by Cliffs or its subsidiaries. As a result, the Trust recognizes revenue for internal use pellets upon production of those pellets at Northshore, which are “deemed to be shipped” under the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, regardless of pellet grade. Pellets produced by Northshore that are not designated for internal use by Cliffs or its subsidiaries, and instead are intended for sale to third parties in arms-length sales, continues to be recognized as revenue upon shipment from Silver Bay, Minnesota.

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The Trust’s royalty income includes accrued income receivable. Accrued income receivable represents royalty income earned but not yet received by the Trust. Accrued income receivable is calculated using estimated prices and includes (i) shipments during the last month of Mesabi Trust’s fiscal year, if any, and (ii) net positive adjustments (which may include the sum of positive and negative price adjustments) calculated using the pricing adjustment mechanisms in the iron ore pellet sales agreements between Cliffs and its customers that determine the final sales price of the shipments from Silver Bay, Minnesota.

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The Trust’s royalty income also includes a contract asset. The contract asset represents the revenue recognized on the base overriding royalties, at the estimated prices for iron ore products sold under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, that will be collected in subsequent quarters as the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Trust includes estimated future royalty rates on current contracted volumes within contract asset.

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Adjustments to royalty income may result from changes in final reconciliations of tonnage shipped by Northshore with the final amounts received from Cliffs’ customers. Adjustments may also result from revisions to estimated prices previously used to record revenue for tonnage shipped. Pricing decreases may give rise to negative price adjustments which may be applied against future royalty income recognized by the Trust and changes in iron ore pellet prices may have a significant impact on the revenue recognized by the Trust.

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Also included in royalty income, the contract liability represents an estimate of decreases in pellet revenue related to tons of iron ore that were shipped by Northshore, but for which Northshore has indicated that final pricing is not yet known and is adjusted in accordance with the Trust’s revenue recognition policy each quarter as updated pricing information is received. Changes in iron ore pellet prices may have a significant impact on the revenue recognized by the Trust. The contract liability also represents iron ore that has not been shipped by Northshore, but for which the Trust has received a royalty payment based on an initial estimated price. Revenue will be recognized in accordance with the Trust’s revenue recognition policy at the estimated prices for iron ore products sold under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements as shipments of these products are made.

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During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, negative pricing adjustments were recorded by Mesabi Trust and added to the contract liability due to price adjustment mechanisms in the agreements between Cliffs and its customers that determine the final sales price of the shipments from Northshore with respect to shipments during calendar year 2021.

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Current Developments

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Receipt of Quarterly Royalty Report and Royalty Payment

On January 30, 2023, the Trustees of Mesabi Trust received the quarterly royalty report of iron ore shipments out of Silver Bay, Minnesota during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 (the “Royalty Report”) from Cliffs, the parent company of Northshore. The Royalty Report indicated that, because of the current idling of Northshore, the Trust received no royalty payments for the quarter.

As reported to Mesabi Trust by Cliffs in the Quarterly Royalty Report, based on shipments of iron ore products by Northshore during the three months ended December 31, 2022, Mesabi Trust was credited with a base royalty of $0. Also for the three months ended December 31, 2022, Mesabi Trust was credited with a bonus royalty in the amount of $0. After applying a reduction of $789,080 as a result of negative survey adjustments to base and bonus royalty calculations related to changes in estimates of tons deemed shipped in prior quarters, Cliffs paid Mesabi Trust $0 for shipments during the quarter ended December 31, 2022. In addition, a royalty payment of $0 was paid to the Mesabi Land Trust. Accordingly, the total royalty payments received by Mesabi Trust on January 31, 2023 from Cliffs was $0.

The royalties paid to Mesabi Trust are based on the volume of iron ore pellets produced or shipped during the quarter and the year to date, the pricing of iron ore product sales, and the percentage of iron ore pellet shipments from Mesabi Trust lands rather than from non-Mesabi Trust lands. In the fourth calendar quarter of 2022, Cliffs credited Mesabi Trust with negative (54,026) tons shipped during the quarter based on inventory surveys conducted during the quarter, as compared to 1,085,427 tons shipped during the fourth calendar quarter of 2021.

The volume of iron ore pellets (and other iron ore products) produced and shipped by Northshore varies from quarter to quarter and year to year based on a number of factors, including, among others, Cliffs’ decisions to idle Northshore operations (which is the current situation), the requested delivery schedules of customers, general economic conditions in the iron ore industry, production schedules and weather conditions on the Great Lakes. These multiple factors can result in significant variations in royalties received by Mesabi Trust (and in turn, the resulting funds available for distribution to Unitholders by Mesabi

Trust) from quarter to quarter and from year to year. These variations, which can be positive or negative, cannot be predicted by the Trustees of Mesabi Trust. Based on the above factors, and as indicated by Mesabi Trust’s historical distribution payments, the royalties received by Mesabi Trust, and the distributions paid to Unitholders, if any, in any particular quarter are not necessarily indicative of royalties that will be received, or distributions that will be paid, if any, in any subsequent quarter or full year.

Cliffs’ Quarterly Royalty Report stated that the reported royalty calculations and volume shipment amounts were based on estimated iron ore prices that are subject to change. It is possible that future negative price adjustments could offset, or even eliminate, royalties or royalty income that would otherwise be payable to Mesabi Trust in any particular quarter, or at year end, thereby potentially reducing cash available for distribution to Mesabi Trust’s Unitholders in future quarters.

As previously announced by Cliffs on July 22, 2022, the current idling of Northshore operations was extended until at least April 2023 and maybe beyond. Further, Cliffs’ Annual Report disclosed that it is anticipated that the Northshore mine will restart no earlier than the second quarter of 2023.

With respect to calendar year 2023, Northshore has not advised Mesabi Trust of its expected shipments of iron ore products, or what percentage of 2023 shipments will be from Mesabi Trust iron ore. Further, Cliffs has not advised the Trust of any implementation of, or changes to, its publicly announced plans for Northshore. In the Cliffs’ Royalty Report, Cliffs stated that the royalty payments being reported were based on estimated iron ore pellet prices under the Cliffs Pellet Agreements, which are subject to change. It is possible that future production decreases, idling of the Northshore plant, or negative price adjustments could offset, or even eliminate, royalties or royalty income that would otherwise be payable to Mesabi Trust in any particular quarter, or at year end, thereby potentially reducing cash available for distribution to Mesabi Trust’s Unitholders in future quarters.

According to a published report by Minnesota Public Radio news on February 20, 2023, Cleveland-Cliffs disclosed it was recalling some of its more than 400 workers whom it had laid off in Spring 2022, when Cleveland-Cliffs announced it was idling Northshore Mining operations. According to the published news report, Cleveland-Cliffs spokesperson, Patricia Persico, informed MPR news in response to an inquiry that “Cleveland-Cliffs is calling back some workers to Northshore Mining. We will provide more details when we decide when and at what capacity this operation will be brought back online.”

As of the date of filing this Mesabi Trust Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Trustees of Mesabi Trust have not received any further information from Cliffs or Northshore about when Northshore mining operations will be restarted, although various preparation activities involving some workers have been observed at Northshore operations during March and early April 2023. Accordingly, the Trustees are unable to predict when Cliffs will restart operations at Northshore.

Operational decisions about when, how often and for how long to idle Northshore operations are solely in the control of Cliffs and Northshore. The Trustees are not notified in advance of such decisions to idle, or to restart, Northshore operations, and the Trustees cannot predict the frequency or duration of such idling events.

Under the Royalty Agreement, Northshore’s obligation to pay base overriding royalties and royalty bonuses with respect to the sale or use of iron ore products generally accrues upon production or shipment of those products from Silver Bay. However, regardless of whether any shipment has occurred, Northshore is obligated to pay to Mesabi Trust a minimum advance royalty. Each year, the amount of the minimum advance royalty is adjusted (but not below $500,000 per annum) for inflation and deflation. The minimum advance royalty was $976,765 for calendar year 2021 and $1,034,237 for calendar year 2022 and will be $1,105,212 for calendar year 2023.

Mesabi Trust Distribution Announcements

As previously announced by Mesabi Trust, on January 12, 2023 the Trustees of Mesabi Trust announced that, given the uncertainties arising from the July 22, 2022 announcement by Cliffs to extend the then ongoing idling of Northshore operations until at least April 2023 and maybe beyond, no distribution was declared in January 2023. Accordingly, no distribution was paid in February 2023.

On April 14, 2023, the Trustees of Mesabi Trust announced that no distribution will be declared in April 2023 with respect to Units of Beneficial Interest. The Trustees’ announcement on April 14, 2023 of declaring no distribution for the first quarter 2023 primarily reflects the Trustees’ caution about uncertainties related to a number of factors, including principally Cleveland-Cliffs’ previously announced plans to idle Northshore Mining Company’s iron ore operations until April 2023 or maybe beyond, that recent press reports of Cliffs’ public statements were not definitive on a date or scope of a possible restart of Northshore operations, that the Trust received no royalty payments the last two fiscal quarters, that there has been no apparent iron ore production or shipping at Northshore during the most recent calendar quarter ended March 31, 2023 and that negative pricing adjustments, which were recognized in the last quarter of the Trust’s fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, increased the contract liability portion of the Trust’s unallocated reserve. See “Comparison of Financial Results for Fiscal Years ended January 31, 2023 and January 31, 2022” under “Trustees’ Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” on page 21 of this Mesabi Trust Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year-ended January 31, 2023. Further, Cliffs’ Annual Report also disclosed that it is anticipated that the Northshore mine will restart no earlier than the second quarter of 2023.

Commencement of Arbitration in October 2022

On October 14, 2022, Mesabi Trust initiated arbitration against Northshore and its parent, Cliffs (jointly, the “Operator”), the lessee/operator of the leased lands. The arbitration proceeding has been commenced with the American Arbitration Association. The Trust seeks an award of damages relating to the Operator’s underpayment of royalties in 2020, 2021, and 2022 by virtue of the Operator’s failure to use the highest price arm’s length iron ore pellet sale from the preceding four quarters in pricing internal production during the fourth quarter of 2020 through 2022. The Trust also seeks declaratory relief related to the Trust’s entitlement to certain documentation and to the time the Operator’s royalty obligation accrues on internal production.

Important Factors Affecting Mesabi Trust

The Agreement of Trust specifically prohibits the Trustees from entering into or engaging in any business. This prohibition seemingly applies even to business activities the Trustees deem necessary or proper for the preservation and protection of the Trust’s assets. Accordingly, the Trustees’ activities in connection with the administration of Trust assets are limited to collecting income, paying expenses and liabilities, distributing net income to Mesabi Trust’s Unitholders after the payment of, or provision for, such expenses and liabilities, monitoring royalties and protecting and conserving the held assets.

Neither Mesabi Trust nor the Trustees have any control over the operations and activities of Northshore, except within the framework of the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease. Cliffs alone controls (i) historical operating data, including iron ore production volumes, decisions to reduce or idle the Northshore plant and mining operations, marketing of iron ore products, operating and capital expenditures as they relate to Northshore, environmental and other liabilities and the effects of regulatory changes; (ii) plans for Northshore’s future operating and capital expenditures; (iii) geological data relating to ore reserves; (iv) projected production of iron ore products; (v) contracts between Cliffs and Northshore with their customers; and (vi) the decision to mine off Mesabi Trust and/or state lands, based on Cliffs’ current mining and engineering plan. The Trustees do not exert any influence over mining operational decisions at

Northshore, nor do the Trustees provide any input regarding the ore reserve estimated at Northshore as reported by Cliffs. While the Trustees request relevant information from Cliffs and Northshore in accordance with the royalty agreement for use in periodic reports as part of their evaluation of Mesabi Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures, the Trustees do not control this information and they rely on the information in Cliffs’ periodic and current filings with the SEC to provide accurate and timely information in Mesabi Trust’s reports filed with the SEC.

In accordance with the Agreement of Trust and the Amendment, the Trustees are entitled to, and in fact do, rely upon certain experts in good faith, including (i) the independent consultants with respect to monthly production and shipment reports, which include figures on crude ore production and iron ore pellet shipments, and discussions concerning the condition and accuracy of the scales and plans regarding the development of Mesabi Trust’s mining property; and (ii) the accounting firm they have contracted with for non-audit services, including reviews of financial data related to shipping and sales reports provided by Northshore and a review of the schedule of leasehold royalties payable to Mesabi Trust.

For a discussion of additional factors, including but not limited to those that could adversely affect Mesabi Trust’s actual results and performance, see “Risk Factors” set forth on pages 4 through 17 of this Mesabi Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year-ended January 31, 2023.

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TO THE HOLDERS OF

CERTIFICATES OF BENEFICIAL INTEREST IN

MESABI TRUST

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THE TRUST ESTATE

The principal assets of Mesabi Trust consist of two different interests in certain properties in the Mesabi Iron Range: (i) Mesabi Trust’s interest as assignor in the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease and the Amended Assignment of Cloquet Lease, which together cover properties aggregating approximately 9,750 largely contiguous acres in St. Louis County, Minnesota (the “Peters Lease Lands” and the “Cloquet Lease Lands,” respectively), and (ii) Mesabi Trust’s ownership of the entire beneficial interest in the Mesabi Land Trust, which has a 20% interest as fee owner in the Peters Lease Lands and a 100% fee ownership in certain non-mineral-bearing lands adjacent to the Peters and Cloquet Lease Lands (the “Mesabi Lease Lands,” together with Mesabi Trust Lands, the “Trust Estate”). The map below shows the approximate location of the Trust Estate.

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Under the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease, Northshore produces iron ore from Mesabi Trust Lands for the manufacture of iron ore products to be sold to various customers of Cliffs. Mesabi Trust receives royalties on the crude ore extracted from such lands and the pellets produced from such crude ore,

and in each case the royalties are based upon the volume of iron ore products shipped and the prices charged to Cliffs’ customers.

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DURATION OF THE TRUST ESTATE

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The largest component of the Trust Estate is the Peters Lease Lands. The Peters Lease provides that the leasehold estate thereunder will continue until the reserves of iron ore, taconite and other minerals or materials on the land subject to the Peters Lease are exhausted. The Amended Assignment of Peters Lease terminates when the Peters Lease terminates. The Cloquet Lease, executed in 1916, provides that the leasehold estate thereunder will continue until the reserves of iron ore, taconite and other minerals or materials on the land subject to the Cloquet Lease are exhausted. The Amended Assignment of Cloquet Lease terminates when the Cloquet Lease terminates. If Northshore decides to terminate or surrender either the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease or the Amended Assignment of Cloquet Lease, or both of them, it must first give Mesabi Trust at least six months’ notice of its intention to do so and, at Mesabi Trust’s request, reassign all of such leasehold interests to Mesabi Trust. If any such reassignment occurs, Northshore must transfer the leasehold interests to Mesabi Trust free and clear of liens, except public highways. In return, Mesabi Trust must assume Northshore’s future obligations as lessee under the reassigned leases. Upon termination of the lease under either the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease or the Amended Assignment of Cloquet Lease, or both of them, Northshore is obligated to remove within 90 days all engines, tools, machinery, railroad tracks and structures erected or placed by it, or under its direction, on the lands but may not remove or impair any supports placed in the mines, nor any timber or frameworks necessary to the use and maintenance of the shafts or other approaches to the mine.

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The Peters Lease Lands and the Cloquet Lease Lands are located at the northeastern end of the Mesabi Iron Range and contain mineral deposits consisting of a highly metamorphosed sedimentary bed of banded magnetite in siliceous gangue, a form of low-grade iron ore known as taconite, approximately three tons of which must be beneficiated to produce one ton of high-grade pellets. The Mesabi Lease Lands contain substantially no commercial ore deposits and have been used principally in connection with mining the taconite from other parts of the Trust Estate, such as the provision of an area for location of service roads, supporting plants and equipment and dump sites for overburden.

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Because the Trust is not involved with the mining operations at Northshore, the Trust relies on the ore reserve estimates reported by Cliffs’ in its Form 10-K (and related reports) filed with the SEC each year. In Cliffs’ Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 96.3 (filed February 11, 2022) and as amended in Cliffs’ Form 10-K as of December 31, 2022 (filed February 14, 2023), the following information was provided by Cliffs regarding the estimated ore reserves at Northshore.

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Iron Ore Mineral Reserves

As of December 31, 2022

(In Millions of Long Tons)

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As disclosed in Cliffs’ Annual Report, mineral reserves are defined under Item 1300 of Regulation S-K as an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person (within the meaning of Item 1300 of Regulation S-K), can be the basis of an economically viable project.  More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated

mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted.

Proven mineral reserves are defined under Item 1300 of Regulation S-K as the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource and can only result from conversion of a measured mineral resource.  Probable mineral reserves are defined under Item 1300 of Regulation S-K as the economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured mineral resource.  All mineral reserves are classified as proven or probable and are supported by life-of-mine plans.

Mineral reserves are based on pricing that does not exceed the three-year trailing average index price of iron pellets adjusted to realized price. Cliffs’ disclosed that it evaluates and analyzes, and engages qualified persons to review and verify mineral reserves in accordance with its mineral policy and SEC requirements, and then completes updated life-of-mine plans. Cliffs last updated the Northshore life-of-mine plan in 2020.

As Cliffs’ disclosed in Cliffs’ Annual Report, mineral reserves estimates for its iron mines are constrained by fully designed open pits developed using three-dimensional modeling techniques. These open pits incorporate design slopes, practical mining shapes and access ramps to assure the accuracy of our mineral reserve estimates. The Trustees typically visit and inspect the open pits and mining and processing operations of Northshore in the fall each year. All of Cliffs’ mineral reserve estimates as of December 31, 2021 were reviewed and validated by its qualified person, SLR International Corporation, Lakewood, Colorado. The Technical Report Summary on the Northshore property was filed as Exhibit 96.3 to Cliffs’ Current Report on Form 8-K (filed February 11, 2022).

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HISTORY OF THE TRUST’S ACQUISITION OF THE TRUST ESTATE

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Prior to the creation of Mesabi Trust and Mesabi Land Trust on July 18, 1961, MIC, the Trust’s predecessor in interest, owned the interests in the Peters Lease Lands, Cloquet Lease Lands and Mesabi Lease Lands. MIC obtained its interests as follows:

Peters Lease Lands. MIC owned a 20% interest in the fee ownership in the Peters Lease Lands. Originally, the Peters Lease Lands were owned by East Mesaba Iron Company and Dunka River Iron Company which were wholly-owned subsidiaries of Dunka-Mesaba Security Company (“Dunka-Mesaba”). In August 1951, East Mesaba Iron Company and Dunka River Iron Company conveyed the Peters Lease Lands to their parent company, Dunka-Mesaba, which in turn conveyed to each of its stockholders an undivided interest in the Peters Lease Lands in proportion to each stockholder’s ownership in the parent company. Accordingly, MIC, which had been the owner of 20% of the outstanding capital stock of Dunka-Mesaba, acquired a 20% undivided interest in the Peters Lease Lands and the right to receive a 20% fee royalty under the Peters Lease.

By an instrument dated October 1, 1917, as of April 30, 1915, East Mesaba and Dunka River leased their properties to Claude W. Peters. This instrument, as modified by instruments dated February 3, 1921, July 17, 1939 and July 31, 1951, is known as the “Peters Lease.” Claude W. Peters acquired the Peters Lease on behalf of MIC and an assignment of the Peters Lease from Claude W. Peters to MIC was recorded in 1919. In 1939, MIC assigned the Peters Lease to Reserve Mining Company (“RMC”) in consideration for which RMC agreed to pay MIC a percentage of its net profits. Later, these payments were changed to royalty payments.

Cloquet Lease Lands. MIC held a leasehold interest in the Cloquet Lease Lands pursuant to the Indenture of Lease dated May 1, 1916. In 1939, MIC assigned its interest in the Cloquet Lease as lessee to RMC.

Mesabi Lease Lands. MIC held a fee interest in the Mesabi Lease Lands, subject to earlier grants of mineral rights to other parties. In 1939, MIC leased its interest in the Mesabi Lease Lands to RMC (“Mesabi Lease”).

Acquisition of Interests from MIC. MIC had not engaged in actual mining operations since 1939, with all of its ownership of land in fee having been leased out and its leaseholds in land assigned to RMC in exchange for royalty payments. Because MIC’s activities in connection with the administration of its assets were limited to the collection of income, the payment of expenses and liabilities, the distribution of the net income and the protection and conservation of the assets held, in July 1961 its board of directors proposed, and its stockholders subsequently approved, to adopt a plan of complete liquidation as a result of which MIC’s assets were transferred to and administered by two trust entities.

To comply with the law of the State of Minnesota, which requires that a trust holding real property located in that state must be administered under Minnesota law, the Mesabi Land Trust was created under Minnesota law on July 18, 1961 pursuant to an Agreement of Trust of even date. MIC transferred to the Mesabi Land Trust its 20% interest as fee owner in the Peters Lease Lands and its interest as 100% fee owner in the Mesabi Lease Lands and as lessor of the Mesabi Lease (subject to the reservation of mineral rights described above).

Also pursuant to an Agreement of Trust, the Mesabi Trust was created under New York law on July 18, 1961. MIC transferred to the Mesabi Trust instruments assigning the Amended Assignment of Peters Lease and the Amended Assignment of Cloquet Lease (covering its interest as assignor of the entire leasehold interest in the Peters Lease Lands and the Cloquet Lease Lands), together with cash, marketable securities and other assets. The Mesabi Trust also received all of the beneficial interest in the Mesabi Land Trust.

RMC, the original lessee, operated the mine until it closed on July 31, 1986. Cyprus Minerals Company (“Cyprus”) purchased substantially all of RMC’s assets on August 17, 1989 and resumed operations as Cyprus NMC. On September 30, 1994, Cliffs purchased all of Cyprus NMC’s capital stock from Cyprus. Cliffs renamed the operation Northshore Mining Company.

Since the creation of Mesabi Land Trust and Mesabi Trust, although the mining operators have changed and the Peters Lease, the Cloquet Lease and the Mesabi Lease have been further amended and assigned, the Trust Estate has not changed beyond the forfeiture of one parcel of the Mesabi Lease Lands described above.

The diagram below illustrates the relationships of the various parties that own the lands and have interests in the lands the Trust has interests in:

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DESCRIPTION OF THE MINERAL PROPERTIES AND NORTHSHORE’S MINING OPERATIONS

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Mine and Rock Formation. The Trust Estate, including the ore mine, are located in northeastern Minnesota, approximately two miles south of Babbitt, Minnesota. The ore mine on the Trust Estate is called the Peter Mitchell Mine, an open pit mine consisting of a 10-mile long segment of a host rock called the Biwabik Iron Formation, which is a very hard cherty rock containing magnetite as the ore mineral. The Biwabik Iron Formation extends west and southwest for over 100 miles and constitutes the Mesabi Iron Range. Recoverable iron grades range from 21% magnetic iron in the west end of the mine open pit to 26% magnetic iron in the central portion and east end. The ore body dips south under the hanging wall called the Virginia Formation. To date, the Mesabi Trust properties have been explored for their iron ore potential. To the knowledge of the Mesabi Trustees, no other minerals have been explored on the Trust Estate.

Mining Properties. As disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, Northshore, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs, currently conducts the mining operation upon the Trust Estate. The main entrance to the Northshore mine is accessed by means of a gravel road and is located off County Road 70. Northshore’s processing facilities are located in Silver Bay, Minnesota, near Lake Superior, on U.S. Highway 61. Each year, the Trustees visit the Northshore mine in Babbitt, Minnesota and the processing plant in Silver Bay, Minnesota. During such visits, the Trustees inspect the condition of the mining properties as well as mining equipment and facilities. Based on information provided to the Trustees during the most recent inspection trip in September 2022, the mining properties and facilities at Northshore were in good operating condition.

Northshore’s Operations. Because Mesabi Trust is not involved in Northshore’s mining operations, the Trustees do not have detailed firsthand information relating to such operations or the equipment and facilities used by Northshore. Therefore, the Trustees rely on information provided by Cliffs’ and Northshore’s personnel, disclosures by Cliffs in its periodic and current reports filed with the SEC and, to some extent, information provided in other reports published by independent organizations, in providing the information relating to Northshore’s mining operations, equipment and facilities.

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During the concentrating process, ore concentrate is separated by a two-stage magnetic separation, which removes low grade tailings from the ore concentrate. The tailings are pumped uphill to the Mile Post 7 disposal site. The concentrate is then fed into hydro-separators followed by a final flotation upgrading accomplished with two flotation cells per grinding line. Next, the concentrate proceeds to a central filtering facility, through which the moisture content in the concentrate is reduced and the final concentrate becomes ready for pelletizing. The pelletizing process first feeds the ore concentrate, to which bentonite and organic binder has been added as a

binder, into a balling drum. The revolving action of the drum causes the concentrate to build up into green balls. Next, the green balls are conveyed to moving grates and enter into an accompanying high temperature furnace where they are heated to over 2,400°F and are hardened into the final pellet product. From the furnaces the pellets are conveyed to a dockside storage area. Northshore’s sheltered harbor at Silver Bay can handle lake-going vessels.

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Further, as disclosed in Cliffs’ Annual Report, from 2017 to 2021, Cliffs invested approximately $1 billion into its Toledo direct reduction plant, which provides a low carbon intensity raw material to Cliffs’ steelmaking operations.  The HBI produced from the plant requires less energy to produce compared to traditional feedstock and can be used in blast furnaces to reduce emissions by improving energy efficiency and reducing the amount of coke required for steel production.

Under the Dodd-Frank Act, each operator of a coal or other mine is required to include certain mine safety results within its periodic reports filed with the SEC. As required by the reporting requirements included in §1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act, in Cliffs’ Annual Report, Cliffs presented the following items regarding certain mining safety and health matters for the Northshore Mine.

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In Cliffs’ Annual Report, Cliffs reported that the Northshore mine did not receive any flagrant violations under Section 110(b)(2) of the FMSH Act (30 U.S.C. 820(b)(2)) and did not receive any written notices of a pattern of violations, or the potential to have a pattern of such violations, under section 104(e) of the FMSH Act (30 U.S.C. 814(e)) during the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, according to Cliffs there were no mining-related fatalities at the Northshore mine during the same period.

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Following is a summary of the information listed above with respect to Northshore for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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LEASEHOLD ROYALTIES

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Northshore is obligated to pay to Mesabi Trust base overriding royalties and royalty bonuses on all pellets (and other iron ore products) produced from the Peters Lease Lands and the Cloquet Lease Lands (“Mesabi Ore”) and shipped from Silver Bay in each calendar year. The royalties are based on prices per unit of product, volumes of product shipped and where on the escalating scale of royalties—2-1/2% on the first million long tons to 6% on shipments above four million long tons per calendar year—each shipment falls.

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Base overriding royalties. Base overriding royalties are calculated on the basis of an escalating scale of percentages of gross sales proceeds of iron ore shipped. The applicable percentage is determined by reference to the tonnage of pellets (and other iron ore products) previously shipped in the then current calendar year, as follows:

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Royalty bonuses. Royalty bonuses are payable on all iron ore products produced from Mesabi Ore shipped from Silver Bay during a calendar quarter and sold at prices above the Adjusted Threshold Price. The Adjusted Threshold Price was $58.58 for calendar year 2021 and $62.03 for calendar year 2022, and will be $66.29 for calendar year 2023. The Adjusted Threshold Price is subject to adjustment (but not below $30 per ton) for inflation and deflation and is determined each year on the basis of the change in the Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator, a broad-based index of inflation and deflation published quarterly by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

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The amount of royalty bonuses payable for any calendar quarter is calculated on the basis of an escalating scale of percentages of the gross sales proceeds to Northshore of pellets produced from Mesabi Ore that are sold at prices above the Adjusted Threshold Price. The applicable percentage is determined by reference to the amount by which the sales prices for a particular quantity of pellets exceeds the Adjusted Threshold Price, as follows:

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Leasehold royalty example. To illustrate the calculation of base overriding royalties and royalty bonuses, assume that no shipments of iron ore products were made during the first calendar quarter of 2023, and further assume that pellets were shipped from Silver Bay in the second and third calendar quarters of 2023 in the following tonnage quantities and rendering the following gross proceeds:

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