| Significant Accounting Policies | 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial
statements include the accounts of Anixa Biosciences, Inc. and its wholly and majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions
have been eliminated. Noncontrolling Interest Noncontrolling interest
represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth
the changes in noncontrolling interest for the two years ended October 31, 2020:
Balance October 31, 2018 $ (251,377 )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (171,598 )
Balance October 31, 2019 (422,975 )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (74,008 )
Balance October 31, 2020 $ (496,983 ) Revenue Recognition Since fiscal 2016 our revenue
has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of
control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount
that reflects the consideration we expect to receive. On November 1, 2018 we
adopted Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using
the modified retrospective method. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09 we are required to make certain judgments and estimates in connection
with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s
rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the
transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction
of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services
and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time. Our revenue arrangements
provide for the payment of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration
for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements
typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture
and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the
release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual
property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms
of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation
to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property
rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were
satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements. Cost of Revenues Cost of revenues include
the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties
paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external
counsel, licensing and enforcement related research, consulting and other expenses paid to third-parties and the amortization of
patent-related investment costs. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying
consolidated statements of operations. Research and Development Expenses Research and development
expenses, consisting primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities and
other direct costs associated with developing a platform for non-invasive blood tests for early detection of cancer, developing
immuno-therapy drugs against cancer, development of our breast cancer vaccine, development of our ovarian cancer vaccine and development
of anti-viral drug candidates for COVID-19, are expensed in the consolidated financial statements in the year incurred. Fair Value Measurements Accounting Standards Codification
(“ASC”) 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”) defines fair value, establishes
a framework for measuring fair value under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and expands disclosures about
fair value measurements. In accordance with ASC 820, we have categorized our financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority
of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below. If the inputs used to measure
the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input
that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities
recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows: Level 1 – Financial instruments
whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market which we have the ability
to access at the measurement date. Level 2 – Financial instruments
whose values are based on quoted market prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently or whose values are based on quoted
prices of instruments with similar attributes in active markets. Level 3 – Financial instruments
whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the
overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant
would use in pricing the instrument. The following table presents
the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2020:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,902,292 $ - $ - $ 3,902,292
Certificates of deposit:
Cash and cash equivalents 2,250,000 - - 2,250,000
Short term investments - 2,640,000 - 2,640,000
Total financial assets $ 6,152,292 $ 2,640,000 $ - $ 8,792,292 The following table presents
the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2019:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,706,944 $ - $ - $ 2,706,944
Certificates of deposit:
Cash and cash equivalents 500,000 - 500,000
Short term investments - 2,350,000 - 2,350,000
Total financial assets $ 3,206,944 $ 2,350,000 $ - $ 5,556,944 Our non-financial assets
that are measured on a non-recurring basis include our property and equipment which are measured using fair value techniques whenever
events or changes in circumstances indicate a condition of impairment exists. The estimated fair value of accounts receivable,
prepaid expenses, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their individual carrying amounts due to the short-term nature
of these measurements. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at carrying value which approximates fair value. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consists
of highly liquid, short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Short-term Investments At October 31, 2020 and
2019, we had certificates of deposit with maturities greater than 90 days and less than 12 months when acquired of $2,640,000 and
$2,350,000, respectively, that were classified as short-term investments and reported at fair value. Patents Our only identifiable intangible
assets are patents and patent rights. We capitalize patent and patent rights acquisition costs and amortize the cost over the estimated
economic useful life. No patent acquisition costs were capitalized during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. We recorded
patent amortization expense of $-0- and approximately $419,000, respectively, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. In evaluating the carrying
amount of capitalized patents at January 31, 2019, we determined that a write-down of the carrying amount of approximately $419,000,
to a carrying value of approximately $168,000, should be recorded as of January 31, 2019. The write-down was based on estimated
undiscounted future cash flows of the capitalized patents compared to the carrying value. Our estimates of future
cash flows was based on our most recent assessment of the market for potential licensees, as well as the status of ongoing negotiations
with potential licensees. While we may be able to generate future cash flows from this patent portfolio, as of October 31, 2020
and 2019, we could not reasonably determine an estimate of any such future cash flows. The carrying value of capitalized patents
is $-0- as of October 31, 2020 and 2019. Property and equipment We capitalized computers
and test equipment used in our cancer diagnostics and therapeutics programs and charged depreciation on a straight-line basis over
60 months. Equipment purchases during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 were approximately $16,000 and $175,000, respectively.
We recorded depreciation expense of approximately $38,000 and 48,000, respectively, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and
2019. As a result of the suspension of operations of our subsidiary, Anixa Diagnostics Corporation, as discussed in Note 1, we
recorded a loss on disposal of property and equipment of approximately $148,000 during the year ended October 31, 2020. Income Taxes We recognize deferred tax
assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax effects of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or
tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial
statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected
to reverse. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Stock-Based Compensation We maintain stock equity
incentive plans under which we may grant non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock
awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, non-employee directors and consultants. Stock Option Compensation
Expense We account for stock options
granted to employees and directors using the accounting guidance in ASC 718 “Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”).
In accordance with ASC 718, we estimate the fair value of service-based options on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes pricing
model. We recognize compensation expense for stock option awards over the requisite or implied service period of the grant. We
recorded stock-based compensation expense, related to service-based stock options granted to employees and directors, of approximately
$3,923,000 and $3,185,000, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Included in stock-based
compensation cost for service-based options granted to employees and directors during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019
was approximately $3,011,000 and $3,166,000, respectively, related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted
in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2020, there was unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested service-based
stock options granted to employees and directors of approximately $2,605,000, which will be recognized over a weighted-average
period of 1.5 years. For stock options granted
to employees that vest based on market conditions, such as the trading price of the Company’s common stock exceeding certain
price targets, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over
the implied service period (median time to vest). On May 8, 2018, we issued market condition options to purchase 1,500,000 shares
of common stock, to our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, vesting at target trading prices of $5.00 to $8.00 per
share before May 31, 2021, with implied service periods of three to seven months. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation
were stock price on date of grant and exercise price of $3.70, contract term of 10 years, expected volatility of 119.6% and risk-free
interest rate of 2.97%. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to market condition stock options granted to employees
of $-0- and approximately $376,000 during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which included $-0- and approximately
$376,000, respectively, of expense related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods
but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to market condition stock options. On November 1, 2018 we
adopted Accounting Standards Update 2018-07 (“ASU 2018-07”) for stock options granted to consultants. Upon adoption
of ASU 2018-07 we estimated the fair value of unvested service-based and performance-based stock options at the date of adoption,
using the Black-Scholes pricing model. Subsequent to adoption of ASU 2018-07, future grants to consultants are measured at the
grant date, based on the fair value of the award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, consistent with our policy for grants to
employees and directors. In prior periods, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we estimated the fair value of service-based and performance-based
stock options granted to consultants at each reporting period using the Black-Scholes pricing model. We recognize the fair value
of stock options granted to consultants as consulting expense over the requisite or implied service period of the grant. We recorded consulting
expense, related to service based and performance-based stock options granted to consultants, during the years ended October 31,
2020 and 2019 of approximately $215,000 and $113,000, respectively. Included in stock-based consulting expense for the years ended
October 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $123,000 and $99,000, respectively, related to compensation cost for stock options
granted in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2020, there was unrecognized consulting expense related to non-vested
stock options granted to consultants, related to service-based options of approximately $340,000, which will be recognized over
a weighted-average period of --1.9 years. Fair Value Determination We use the Black-Scholes
pricing model in estimating the fair value of stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants which vest over a specific
period of time. The stock options we granted during each of the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 consisted of awards with
5-year and 10-year terms that vest over 12 to 36 months. The following weighted
average assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted during the years ended October 31, 2020 and
2019:
For the Year
2020 2019
Weighted average fair value at grant date $ 2.97 $ 3.87
Valuation assumptions:
Expected life (years) 5.86 5.47
Expected volatility 114.22 % 116.72 %
Risk-free interest rate 1.45 % 1.61 %
Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % The expected term of stock
options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. For employees and directors,
we use the simplified method, which is a weighted average of the vesting term and contractual term, to determine expected term.
The simplified method was adopted since we do not believe that historical experience is representative of future performance because
of the impact of the changes in our operations and the change in terms from historical options which vested immediately to terms
including vesting periods of up to three years. For consultants we use the contract term for expected term. Under the Black-Scholes
pricing model, we estimated the expected volatility of our shares of common stock based upon the historical volatility of our share
price over a period of time equal to the expected term of the options. We estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the implied
yield available on the applicable grant date of a U.S. Treasury note with a term equal to the expected term of the underlying grants.
We made the dividend yield assumption based on our history of not paying dividends and our expectation not to pay dividends in
the future. Under ASC 718, the amount
of stock-based compensation expense recognized is based on the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Accordingly,
if deemed necessary, we reduce the fair value of the stock option awards for expected forfeitures, which are forfeitures of the
unvested portion of surrendered options. Based on our historical experience and future expectations, we have not reduced the amount
of stock-based compensation expenses for anticipated forfeitures. We will reconsider use
of the Black-Scholes pricing model if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would
be more appropriate. If factors change and we employ different assumptions in the application of ASC 718 in future periods, the
compensation expense that we record under ASC 718 may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period. Stock Award Compensation
Expense We account for stock awards
granted to employees and directors in accordance with ASC 718. On May 8, 2018, a restricted stock award of 1,500,000 shares of
common stock was granted to our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer. The restricted stock award vests in its entirety
upon achievement of a target trading price of $11.00 per share of the Company’s common stock before May 31, 2021. For restricted
stock awards vesting upon achievement of a price target of our common stock we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair
value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period (median time to vest). The assumptions used
in the Monte Carlo Simulation were stock price on date of grant of $3.70, contract term of 3.06 years, expected volatility of 128.8%
and risk-free interest rate of 2.66%. During the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 we recorded compensation expense related
to the restricted stock award of $-0- and approximately $1,954,000, respectively. We did not issue any stock awards during the
years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. As of October 31, 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to the restricted
stock awards. Warrants For warrants granted to
consultants for services rendered we estimate the fair value using the Black-Scholes pricing model on the date of grant. During
the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 we recorded consulting expense, based on the fair value, of $-0- and approximately $85,000,
respectively, for warrants granted to consultants. Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock In accordance with ASC
260, “Earnings Per Share”, basic net loss per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss
by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed
by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents and convertible securities
then outstanding. Diluted EPS for all years presented is the same as Basic EPS, as the inclusion of the effect of common share
equivalents then outstanding would be anti-dilutive. For this reason, excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS for the years
ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 were options to purchase 7,952,195 and 7,632,068 shares, respectively, and warrants to purchase
560,000 shares and 525,000 shares, respectively. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial
statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities
at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates
and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, determining stock-based compensation, asset impairment evaluations, tax assets
and liabilities, license fee revenue, the allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation lives and other contingencies. Actual results
could differ from those estimates. Effect of Recently Issued Pronouncements In February 2016, the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”) Accounting Standards
Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), which supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and which requires lessees to recognize
most leases on the balance sheet. The new lease standard does not substantially change lessor accounting. For public companies,
the standard was effective for the first interim reporting period within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, although
early adoption was permitted. Lessees and lessors were required to apply the new standard at the beginning of the earliest period
presented in the financial statements in which they first apply the new guidance. In July 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases,
which provides an additional transition option for an entity to apply the provisions of ASC 842 by recognizing a cumulative effect
adjustment at the effective date of adoption without adjusting the prior comparative periods presented. The requirements of this
standard include a significant increase in required disclosures. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 on November 1, 2019. The adoption
of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 5 regarding the accounting and
disclosures related to our office lease. Concentration of Credit Risks Financial instruments that
potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. Cash
equivalents are primarily highly rated money market funds. Short-term investments are certificates of deposit within federally
insured limits. Where applicable, management reviews our accounts receivable and other receivables for potential doubtful accounts
and maintains an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts. Our policy is to write-off uncollectable amounts at the time it
is determined that collection will not occur. One licensee accounted for 100% of revenues from patent licensing activities during
fiscal year 2019. |
