Loans and Related Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 5: Loans and Related Allowance for Credit Losses Table 5.1 presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include unearned income, net deferred loan fees or costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums. These amounts were less than 1% of our total loans outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Outstanding balances exclude accrued interest receivable on loans, except for certain revolving loans, such as credit card loans. See Note 7 (Intangible Assets and Other Assets) for additional information on accrued interest receivable. Amounts considered to be uncollectible are reversed through interest income. During 2022, we reversed accrued interest receivable of $29 million for our commercial portfolio segment and $143 million for our consumer portfolio segment, compared with $44 million and $175 million, respectively, for 2021. Table 5.1: Loans Outstanding (in millions) Dec 31, Dec 31, Commercial and industrial $ 386,806 350,436 Commercial real estate 155,802 147,825 Lease financing 14,908 14,859 Total commercial 557,516 513,120 Residential mortgage 269,117 258,888 Credit card 46,293 38,453 Auto 53,669 56,659 Other consumer 29,276 28,274 Total consumer 398,355 382,274 Total loans $ 955,871 895,394 Our non-U.S. loans are reported by respective class of financing receivable in the table above. Substantially all of our non-U.S. loan portfolio is commercial loans. Table 5.2 presents total non-U.S. commercial loans outstanding by class of financing receivable. Table 5.2: Non-U.S. Commercial Loans Outstanding (in millions) Dec 31, Dec 31, Commercial and industrial $ 78,981 77,365 Commercial real estate 7,619 8,652 Lease financing 670 680 Total non-U.S. commercial loans $ 87,270 86,697 Loan Concentrations Loan concentrations may exist when there are amounts loaned to borrowers engaged in similar activities or similar types of loans extended to a diverse group of borrowers that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. Commercial and industrial loans and lease financing to borrowers in the financials except banks industry represented 15% and 16% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we did not have concentrations representing 10% or more of our total loan portfolio in the commercial real estate (CRE) portfolios (real estate mortgage and real estate construction) by state or property type. Residential mortgage loans to borrowers in the state of California represented 12% of total loans at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. These California loans are generally diversified among the larger metropolitan areas in California, with no single area consisting of more than 4% of total loans at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. We continuously monitor changes in real estate values and underlying economic or market conditions for all geographic areas of our residential mortgage portfolio as part of our credit risk management process. Some of our residential mortgage loans include an interest-only feature as part of the loan terms. These interest-only loans were approximately 2% and 3% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Substantially all of these interest-only loans at origination were considered to be prime or near prime. We do not offer option adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) products, nor do we offer variable-rate mortgage products with fixed payment amounts, commonly referred to within the financial services industry as negative amortizing mortgage loans. Loan Purchases, Sales, and Transfers Table 5.3 presents the proceeds paid or received for purchases and sales of loans and transfers from loans held for investment to mortgages/loans held for sale. The table excludes loans for which we have elected the fair value option and government insured/guaranteed residential mortgage – first lien loans because their loan activity normally does not impact the ACL. Table 5.3: Loan Purchases, Sales, and Transfers Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in millions) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Purchases $ 740 5 745 380 6 386 Sales and net transfers (to)/from LHFS (3,182) (1,135) (4,317) (4,084) (243) (4,327) Unfunded Credit Commitments Unfunded credit commitments are legally binding agreements to lend to customers with terms covering usage of funds, contractual interest rates, expiration dates, and any required collatera l. Our commercial lending commitments include, but are not limited to, (i) commitments for working capital and general corporate purposes, (ii) financing to customers who warehouse financial assets secured by real estate, consumer, or corporate loans, (iii) financing that is expected to be syndicated or replaced with other forms of long-term financing, and (iv) commercial real estate lending. We also originate multipurpose lending commitments under which commercial customers have the option to draw on the facility in one of several forms, including the issuance of letters of credit, which reduces the unfunded commitment amounts of the facility. The maximum credit risk for these commitments will generally be lower than the contractual amount because these commitments may expire without being used or may be cancelled at the customer’s request. We may reduce or cancel lines of credit in accordance with the contracts and applicable law. Certain commitments either provide us with funding discretion or are subject to loan agreements with covenants regarding the financial performance of the customer or borrowing base formulas that must be met before we are required to fund the commitment. Our credit risk monitoring activities include managing the amount of commitments, both to individual customers and in total, and the size and maturity structure of these commitments. We do not recognize an ACL for commitments that are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion. We issue commercial letters of credit to assist customers in purchasing goods or services, typically for international trade. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $1.8 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, of outstanding issued commercial letters of credit. See Note 17 (Guarantees and Other Commitments) for additional information on issued standby letters of credit. We may be a fronting bank, whereby we act as a representative for other lenders, and advance funds or provide for the issuance of letters of credit under syndicated loan or letter of credit agreements. Any advances are generally repaid in less than a week and would normally require default of both the customer and another lender to expose us to loss. The contractual amount of our unfunded credit commitments, including unissued letters of credit, is summarized in Table 5.4. The table excludes issued letters of credit and is presented net of commitments syndicated to others, including the fronting arrangements described above. Table 5.4: Unfunded Credit Commitments (in millions) Dec 31, Dec 31, Commercial and industrial $ 457,473 388,162 Commercial real estate 29,518 31,458 Total commercial 486,991 419,620 Residential mortgage (1) 39,155 60,439 Credit card 145,526 130,743 Other consumer (2) 69,244 75,919 Total consumer 253,925 267,101 Total unfunded credit commitments $ 740,916 686,721 (1) Includes lines of credit totaling $35.5 billion and $45.6 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively. (2) Primarily includes securities-based lines of credit. Allowance for Credit Losses Table 5.5 presents the allowance for credit losses (ACL) for loans, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. The ACL for loans decreased $179 million from December 31, 2021, reflecting reduced uncertainty around the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our loan portfolio. This decrease was partially offset by loan growth and a less favorable economic environment. Table 5.5: Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans Year ended December 31, ($ in millions) 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period $ 13,788 19,713 Provision for credit losses 1,544 (4,207) Interest income on certain loans (1) (108) (145) Loan charge-offs: Commercial and industrial (307) (517) Commercial real estate (21) (99) Lease financing (27) (46) Total commercial (355) (662) Residential mortgage (175) (260) Credit card (1,195) (1,189) Auto (734) (497) Other consumer (407) (423) Total consumer (2,511) (2,369) Total loan charge-offs (2,866) (3,031) Loan recoveries: Commercial and industrial 224 299 Commercial real estate 32 46 Lease financing 20 22 Total commercial 276 367 Residential mortgage 238 277 Credit card 344 389 Auto 312 316 Other consumer 88 108 Total consumer 982 1,090 Total loan recoveries 1,258 1,457 Net loan charge-offs (1,608) (1,574) Other (7) 1 Balance, end of period $ 13,609 13,788 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 12,985 12,490 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 624 1,298 Allowance for credit losses $ 13,609 13,788 Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans 0.17 % 0.18 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 1.36 1.39 Allowance for credit losses for loans as a percentage of total loans 1.42 1.54 (1) Loans with an allowance measured by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. Table 5.6 summarizes the activity in the ACL by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. Table 5.6: Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans Activity by Portfolio Segment Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 (in millions) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Balance, beginning of period $ 7,791 5,997 13,788 11,516 8,197 19,713 Provision for credit losses (721) 2,265 1,544 (3,373) (834) (4,207) Interest income on certain loans (1) (29) (79) (108) (58) (87) (145) Loan charge-offs (355) (2,511) (2,866) (662) (2,369) (3,031) Loan recoveries 276 982 1,258 367 1,090 1,457 Net loan charge-offs (79) (1,529) (1,608) (295) (1,279) (1,574) Other (6) (1) (7) 1 — 1 Balance, end of period $ 6,956 6,653 13,609 7,791 5,997 13,788 (1) Loans with an allowance measured by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL for loans. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date. COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Commercial loans are generally subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings, which is our primary credit quality indicator. Our ratings are aligned to regulatory definitions of pass and criticized categories with the criticized segmented among special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss categories. Table 5.7 provides the outstanding balances of our commercial loan portfolio by risk category and credit quality information by origination year for term loans. Revolving loans may convert to term loans as a result of a contractual provision in the original loan agreement or if modified in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). At December 31, 2022, we had $532.4 billion and $25.1 billion of pass and criticized commercial loans, respectively. Table 5.7: Commercial Loan Categories by Risk Categories and Vintage Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans Total (in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior December 31, 2022 Commercial and industrial Pass $ 61,646 31,376 11,128 13,656 3,285 5,739 247,594 842 375,266 Criticized 872 1,244 478 505 665 532 7,244 — 11,540 Total commercial and industrial 62,518 32,620 11,606 14,161 3,950 6,271 254,838 842 386,806 Commercial real estate Pass 38,022 38,709 16,564 16,409 10,587 16,159 6,765 150 143,365 Criticized 2,785 2,794 965 2,958 1,088 1,688 159 — 12,437 Total commercial real estate 40,807 41,503 17,529 19,367 11,675 17,847 6,924 150 155,802 Lease financing Pass 4,543 3,336 1,990 1,427 765 1,752 — — 13,813 Criticized 330 275 190 169 94 37 — — 1,095 Total lease financing 4,873 3,611 2,180 1,596 859 1,789 — — 14,908 Total commercial loans $ 108,198 77,734 31,315 35,124 16,484 25,907 261,762 992 557,516 Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans Total 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior December 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial Pass $ 65,562 15,193 20,553 7,400 3,797 13,985 211,452 679 338,621 Criticized 1,657 884 1,237 1,256 685 551 5,528 17 11,815 Total commercial and industrial 67,219 16,077 21,790 8,656 4,482 14,536 216,980 696 350,436 Commercial real estate Pass 44,091 19,987 23,562 14,785 7,830 16,355 6,453 5 133,068 Criticized 3,972 1,385 3,561 2,068 943 2,428 400 — 14,757 Total commercial real estate 48,063 21,372 27,123 16,853 8,773 18,783 6,853 5 147,825 Lease financing Pass 4,100 3,012 2,547 1,373 838 1,805 — — 13,675 Criticized 284 246 282 184 86 102 — — 1,184 Total lease financing 4,384 3,258 2,829 1,557 924 1,907 — — 14,859 Total commercial loans $ 119,666 40,707 51,742 27,066 14,179 35,226 223,833 701 513,120 Table 5.8 provides days past due (DPD) information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices; however, delinquency is not a primary credit quality indicator for commercial loans. Table 5.8: Commercial Loan Categories by Delinquency Status Still accruing Nonaccrual loans Total (in millions) Current-29 DPD 30-89 DPD 90+ DPD December 31, 2022 Commercial and industrial $ 384,164 1,313 583 746 386,806 Commercial real estate 153,877 833 134 958 155,802 Lease financing 14,623 166 — 119 14,908 Total commercial loans $ 552,664 2,312 717 1,823 557,516 December 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 348,033 1,217 206 980 350,436 Commercial real estate 146,084 464 29 1,248 147,825 Lease financing 14,568 143 — 148 14,859 Total commercial loans $ 508,685 1,824 235 2,376 513,120 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique credit risks. Loan delinquency, Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) credit scores and loan-to-value (LTV) for residential mortgage loans are the primary credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL for the consumer loan portfolio segment. Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the ACL for loans rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality in the establishment of our ACL for consumer loans. Credit quality information is provided with the year of origination for term loans. Revolving loans may convert to term loans as a result of a contractual provision in the original loan agreement or if modified in a TDR. We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). FICO scores are not available for certain loan types or may not be required if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. Table 5.9 provides the outstanding balances of our residential mortgage loans by our primary credit quality indicators. Payment deferral activities in the residential mortgage portfolio instituted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could continue to delay the recognition of delinquencies for residential mortgage customers who otherwise would have moved into past due status. For additional information on customer accommodations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this Report. LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s outstanding balance to the property’s collateral value. Combined LTV (CLTV) refers to the combination of first lien mortgage and junior lien mortgage (including unused line amounts for credit line products) ratios. We obtain LTVs and CLTVs using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. Generally, we obtain available LTVs and CLTVs on a quarterly basis. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to a lack of industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. Table 5.9: Credit Quality Indicators for Residential Mortgage Loans by Vintage Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans (in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total December 31, 2022 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 48,581 65,705 37,289 20,851 6,190 61,680 11,031 6,913 258,240 30-89 DPD 65 66 32 33 21 683 58 159 1,117 90+ DPD 6 17 15 25 15 530 32 260 900 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 9 59 133 148 200 8,311 — — 8,860 Total residential mortgage $ 48,661 65,847 37,469 21,057 6,426 71,204 11,121 7,332 269,117 By FICO: 740+ $ 43,976 61,450 35,221 19,437 5,610 51,551 8,664 4,139 230,048 700-739 3,245 2,999 1,419 941 314 4,740 1,159 1,021 15,838 660-699 1,060 851 438 306 169 2,388 567 656 6,435 620-659 211 248 106 82 50 1,225 223 349 2,494 <620 59 81 44 46 28 1,323 227 466 2,274 No FICO available 101 159 108 97 55 1,666 281 701 3,168 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 9 59 133 148 200 8,311 — — 8,860 Total residential mortgage $ 48,661 65,847 37,469 21,057 6,426 71,204 11,121 7,332 269,117 By LTV/CLTV: 0-80% $ 40,869 64,613 37,145 20,744 6,155 62,593 10,923 7,188 250,230 80.01-100% 7,670 1,058 112 97 30 107 109 97 9,280 >100% (2) 48 20 13 6 3 23 28 16 157 No LTV available 65 97 66 62 38 170 61 31 590 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 9 59 133 148 200 8,311 — — 8,860 Total residential mortgage $ 48,661 65,847 37,469 21,057 6,426 71,204 11,121 7,332 269,117 Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans (in millions) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior December 31, 2021 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 70,022 41,547 24,917 7,686 13,755 62,276 16,131 6,099 242,433 30-89 DPD 139 34 32 12 28 558 60 111 974 90+ DPD 1 79 76 75 98 1,458 114 422 2,323 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 14 134 209 349 364 12,088 — — 13,158 Total residential mortgage $ 70,176 41,794 25,234 8,122 14,245 76,380 16,305 6,632 258,888 By FICO: 740+ $ 64,616 39,168 23,259 7,009 12,584 51,881 12,448 3,568 214,533 700-739 4,129 1,671 1,127 399 766 5,007 1,684 972 15,755 660-699 980 489 358 193 301 2,720 853 653 6,547 620-659 187 122 93 50 55 1,420 352 370 2,649 <620 61 28 40 30 58 1,597 391 467 2,672 No FICO available 189 182 148 92 117 1,667 577 602 3,574 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 14 134 209 349 364 12,088 — — 13,158 Total residential mortgage $ 70,176 41,794 25,234 8,122 14,245 76,380 16,305 6,632 258,888 By LTV/CLTV: 0-80% $ 69,511 41,070 24,419 7,544 13,677 63,544 15,300 6,243 241,308 80.01-100% 486 437 474 147 134 394 711 283 3,066 >100% (2) 15 41 34 15 10 99 186 66 466 No LTV available 150 112 98 67 60 255 108 40 890 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 14 134 209 349 364 12,088 — — 13,158 Total residential mortgage $ 70,176 41,794 25,234 8,122 14,245 76,380 16,305 6,632 258,888 (1) Government insured or guaranteed loans represent loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Loans insured/guaranteed by the FHA/VA and 90+ DPD totaled $3.2 billion and $5.7 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (2) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. Table 5.10 provides the outstanding balances of our credit card loan portfolio by primary credit quality indicators. The revolving loans converted to term loans in the credit card loan category represent credit card loans with modified terms that require payment over a specific term. Table 5.10: Credit Quality Indicators for Credit Card December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans (in millions) Total Total By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 45,131 223 45,354 37,686 192 37,878 30-89 DPD 457 27 484 294 12 306 90+ DPD 441 14 455 263 6 269 Total credit cards $ 46,029 264 46,293 38,243 210 38,453 By FICO: 740+ $ 16,681 19 16,700 14,240 19 14,259 700-739 10,640 37 10,677 9,254 39 9,293 660-699 9,573 55 9,628 7,934 52 7,986 620-659 4,885 45 4,930 3,753 38 3,791 <620 4,071 107 4,178 2,945 61 3,006 No FICO available 179 1 180 117 1 118 Total credit cards $ 46,029 264 46,293 38,243 210 38,453 Table 5.11 provides the outstanding balances of our Auto and Other consumer loan portfolios by primary credit quality indicators. Table 5.11: Credit Quality Indicators for Auto and Other Consumer by Vintage Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans (in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total December 31, 2022 By delinquency status: Auto Current-29 DPD $ 19,101 19,126 7,507 4,610 1,445 421 — — 52,210 30-89 DPD 218 585 253 167 69 45 — — 1,337 90+ DPD 23 56 22 13 4 4 — — 122 Total auto $ 19,342 19,767 7,782 4,790 1,518 470 — — 53,669 Other consumer Current-29 DPD $ 3,718 1,184 341 240 63 83 23,431 117 29,177 30-89 DPD 17 12 2 3 1 2 14 8 59 90+ DPD 5 5 1 1 — 1 13 14 40 Total other consumer $ 3,740 1,201 344 244 64 86 23,458 139 29,276 By FICO: Auto 740+ $ 9,361 8,233 3,193 2,146 664 166 — — 23,763 700-739 3,090 3,033 1,287 788 238 64 — — 8,500 660-699 2,789 2,926 1,163 641 192 58 — — 7,769 620-659 2,021 2,156 796 421 130 47 — — 5,571 <620 2,062 3,389 1,316 756 263 126 — — 7,912 No FICO available 19 30 27 38 31 9 — — 154 Total auto $ 19,342 19,767 7,782 4,790 1,518 470 — — 53,669 Other consumer 740+ $ 1,908 546 174 112 21 50 1,660 43 4,514 700-739 726 216 62 44 10 13 568 18 1,657 660-699 527 177 34 33 9 8 449 19 1,256 620-659 204 81 13 14 4 5 181 11 513 <620 89 64 14 16 5 5 154 18 365 No FICO available 286 117 47 25 15 5 920 30 1,445 FICO not required (1) — — — — — — 19,526 — 19,526 Total other consumer $ 3,740 1,201 344 244 64 86 23,458 139 29,276 (continued on following page) (continued from previous page) Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans (in millions) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total December 31, 2021 By delinquency status: Auto Current-29 DPD $ 29,246 12,412 8,476 3,271 1,424 714 — — 55,543 30-89 DPD 289 260 218 106 60 78 — — 1,011 90+ DPD 31 28 23 9 6 8 — — 105 Total auto $ 29,566 12,700 8,717 3,386 1,490 800 — — 56,659 Other consumer Current-29 DPD $ 2,221 716 703 203 107 125 23,988 143 28,206 30-89 DPD 5 3 5 2 — 3 15 5 38 90+ DPD 1 1 2 1 — 1 13 11 30 Total other consumer $ 2,227 720 710 206 107 129 24,016 159 28,274 By FICO: Auto 740+ $ 12,029 5,127 4,009 1,566 672 245 — — 23,648 700-739 4,899 2,233 1,519 572 237 112 — — 9,572 660-699 4,953 2,137 1,251 451 190 106 — — 9,088 620-659 3,991 1,453 800 298 135 95 — — 6,772 <620 3,678 1,716 1,126 486 247 232 — — 7,485 No FICO available 16 34 12 13 9 10 — — 94 Total auto $ 29,566 12,700 8,717 3,386 1,490 800 — — 56,659 Other consumer 740+ $ 1,197 382 303 85 19 77 2,509 49 4,621 700-739 412 116 110 39 9 18 713 25 1,442 660-699 261 68 79 31 8 12 490 20 969 620-659 91 24 34 14 4 5 193 13 378 <620 31 17 29 14 5 7 160 16 279 No FICO available 235 113 155 23 62 10 1,236 36 1,870 FICO not required (1) — — — — — — 18,715 — 18,715 Total other consumer $ 2,227 720 710 206 107 129 24,016 159 28,274 (1) Substantially all loans not requiring a FICO score are securities-based loans originated by the Wealth and Investment Management operating segment. NONACCRUAL LOANS Table 5.12 provides loans on nonaccrual status. Nonaccrual loans may have an ACL or a negative allowance for credit losses from expected recoveries of amounts previously written off. Customer payment deferral activities in the residential mortgage portfolio instituted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could continue to delay the recognition of nonaccrual loans for those residential mortgage customers who would have otherwise moved into nonaccrual status. Table 5.12: Nonaccrual Loans Amortized cost Recognized interest income Nonaccrual loans Nonaccrual loans without related allowance for credit losses (1) Year ended December 31, (in millions) Dec 31, Dec 31, Dec 31, Dec 31, 2022 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 746 980 174 190 63 97 Commercial real estate 958 1,248 134 71 54 69 Lease financing 119 148 5 9 — — Total commercial 1,823 2,376 313 270 117 166 Residential mortgage 3,611 4,604 2,316 3,219 211 175 Auto 153 198 — — 26 34 Other consumer 39 34 — — 4 3 Total consumer 3,803 4,836 2,316 3,219 241 212 Total nonaccrual loans $ 5,626 7,212 2,629 3,489 358 378 (1) Nonaccrual loans may not have an allowance for credit losses if the loss expectations are zero given the related collateral value. LOANS IN PROCESS OF FORECLOSURE Our recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $1.0 billion and $694 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which included $771 million and $583 million, respectively, of loans that are government insured/guaranteed. Under the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau guidelines, we do not commence the foreclosure process on residential mortgage loans until after the loan is 120 days delinquent. Foreclosure procedures and timelines vary depending on whether the property address resides in a judicial or non-judicial state. Judicial states require the foreclosure to be processed through the state’s courts while non-judicial states are processed without court intervention. Foreclosure timelines vary according to state law. LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) residential mortgage or consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. Table 5.13 shows loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing by class for loans not government insured/guaranteed. Table 5.13: Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing ($ in millions) Dec 31, Dec 31, Total: $ 4,340 5,358 Less: FHA insured/VA guaranteed (1) 3,005 4,699 Total, not government insured/guaranteed $ 1,335 659 By segment and class, not government insured/guaranteed: Commercial and industrial $ 583 206 Commercial real estate 134 29 Total commercial 717 235 Residential mortgage 28 49 Credit card 455 269 Auto 111 88 Other consumer 24 18 Total consumer 618 424 Total, not government insured/guaranteed $ 1,335 659 TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS (TDRs) When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $9.2 billion and $10.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions such as foreclosure or short sale to be a TDR. In addition, COVID-19-related modifications are generally not classified as TDRs due to the relief under the CARES Act and the Interagency Statement. For additional information on the TDR relief, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) in this Report. We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Commitments to lend additional funds on loans whose terms have been modified in a TDR amounted to $434 million and $431 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Table 5.14 summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that modify more than once, the table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and are paid off or written-off within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table. Table 5.14: TDR Modifications Primary modification type (1) Financial effects of modifications ($ in millions) Principal forgiveness Interest Other Total Charge- Weighted Recorded Year Ended December 31, 2022 Commercial and industrial $ 24 24 349 397 — 10.69 % $ 24 Commercial real estate — 12 112 124 — 0.92 12 Lease financing — — 2 2 — — — Total commercial 24 36 463 523 — 7.51 36 Residential mortgage 1 369 1,357 1,727 6 1.61 369 Credit card — 311 — 311 — 20.33 311 Auto 2 7 63 72 16 4.33 7 Other consumer — 19 3 22 1 11.48 19 Trial modifications (5) — — 228 228 — — — Total consumer 3 706 1,651 2,360 23 10.14 706 Total $ 27 742 2,114 2,883 23 10.02 % $ 742 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Commercial and industrial $ 2 9 879 890 20 0.81 % $ 9 Commercial real estate 41 15 259 315 — 1.28 14 Lease financing — — 7 7 — — — Total commercial 43 24 1,145 1,212 20 1.11 23 Residential mortgage — 70 1,324 1,394 3 1.80 70 Credit card — 106 — 106 — 19.12 106 Auto 1 4 131 136 54 3.82 4 Other consumer — 18 1 19 — 11.83 18 Trial modifications (5) — — (3) (3) — — — Total consumer 1 198 1,453 1,652 57 12.01 198 Total $ 44 222 2,598 2,864 77 10.84 % $ 221 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Commercial and industrial $ 24 47 2,971 3,042 162 0.74 % $ 48 Commercial real estate 10 35 684 729 5 1.11 35 Lease financing — — 1 1 — — — Total commercial 34 82 3,656 3,772 167 0.90 83 Residential mortgage — 25 4,277 4,302 7 1.93 51 Credit card — 272 — 272 — 14.12 272 Auto 4 6 166 176 93 4.65 6 Other consumer — 23 34 57 1 8.28 23 Trial modifications (5) — — 3 3 — — — Total consumer 4 326 4,480 4,810 101 11.80 352 Total $ 38 408 8,136 8,582 268 9.73 % $ 435 (1) Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $445 million, $737 million, and $1.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. (2) Other concessions include loans with payment (principal and/or interest) deferral, loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the contractual interest rate. The reported amounts include loans that are new TDRs that may have COVID-19-related payment deferrals and exclude COVID-19-related payment deferrals on loans previously reported as TDRs given limited current financial effects other than payment deferral. (3) Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. (4) Recorded investment related to interest rate reduction reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes |