VBI Vaccines (VBIVQ) 10-K2019 FY Annual report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

OR

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number 001-37769

VBI VACCINES INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

222 Third Street, Suite 2241

Cambridge, MA 02142

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(617) 830-3031

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging growth company [X]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ] No [X]

As of June 30, 2019, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the last sale price of the common equity was $78,984,578

As of March 4, 2020, the registrant had 178,257,199 common shares issued and outstanding, with no par value per share.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A to be furnished to stockholders in connection with its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, are incorporated by reference in Part III, Items 10-14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

VBI VACCINES INC.

FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VBI Vaccines, Sci-B-Vac, our logo and other trademarks or service marks appearing in this report are the property of VBI Vaccines Inc. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names included in this report are without the ®, ™ or other applicable symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION

CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “will”, “may,” or other similar expressions in this Form 10-K. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions; prospective products, applications, customers and technologies; future performance or results of anticipated products; anticipated expenses; and projected financial results. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Form 10-K, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make or collaborations or strategic partnerships we may enter into.

You should read this Form 10-K and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Form 10-K is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “VBI,” “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to VBI Vaccines Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Unless indicated otherwise, all references to the United States Dollar, Dollar or $ are to the United States Dollar, the legal currency of the United States of America and all references to € mean Euros, the legal currency of the European Union. We may also refer to NIS, which is the New Israeli Shekel, the legal currency of Israel, and the Canadian Dollar or CAD, which is the legal currency of Canada.

Except for share and per share amounts or as otherwise specified, amounts presented are stated in thousands.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We are a commercial-stage, biopharmaceutical company developing a next generation of vaccines to address unmet needs in infectious disease and immuno-oncology. We are advancing the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B, with the only trivalent hepatitis B vaccine, Sci-B-Vac, which is approved for use and commercially available in Israel, and recently completed a pivotal Phase III program in the United States, Europe and Canada, and with VBI-2601 (BRII-179), an immunotherapeutic candidate in development in collaboration with Brii Biosciences Limited (“Brii Bio”) for a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B. Our enveloped virus-like particle (“eVLP”) platform technology allows for the development of eVLP vaccines that closely mimic the target virus to elicit a potent immune response. Integrating our cytomegalovirus (“CMV”) expertise with the eVLP platform technology, our lead eVLP program candidates include a glioblastoma (“GBM”) vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, VBI-1901, and a prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate, VBI-1501. We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and manufacturing operations in Rehovot, Israel.

Product Pipeline – Lead Program Candidates

A summary of these programs and recent developments follows.

Hepatitis B

Sci-B-Vac: Trivalent Prophylactic Hepatitis B Vaccine

Sci-B-Vac is a trivalent prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine, which is approved for use and commercially available in Israel, and recently completed its pivotal Phase III program in the United States, Europe, and Canada. In contrast to other commercially-available hepatitis B vaccines, which contain only one surface antigen (the S antigen) of hepatitis B, Sci-B-Vac contains all three of the hepatitis B surface antigens: the S antigen, the pre-S1 antigen, and the pre-S2 antigen. Moreover, Sci-B-Vac is distinguished from other commercially-approved hepatitis B vaccines because it is produced in mammalian cells (Chinese hamster ovary “CHO” cells) rather than in yeast. Published data demonstrate that T cell responses to the pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens can further boost responses to the S antigen, resulting in a more immunogenic response.

Sci-B-Vac has not yet been approved for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) or Health Canada. The recently completed global Phase III clinical program was designed to achieve FDA, EMA, and Health Canada market approvals for commercial sale of Sci-B-Vac in the United States, Europe, and Canada, respectively. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, SciVac Ltd., in Rehovot, Israel, manufactures and sells Sci-B-Vac.

On June 17, 2019, we announced positive top-line results from the randomized, double-blind, controlled pivotal Phase III study, PROTECT, designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 10µg dose of Sci-B-Vac compared with a 20µg dose of the standard of care vaccine, Engerix-B. The study, which enrolled a total of 1,607 adults, of which 81% were age ≥ 45 years, met both of its co-primary endpoints: (1) non-inferiority of seroprotection rate (“SPR”) of Sci-B-Vac (91.4%) vs. Engerix-B (76.5%) in all subjects age ≥ 18 years, 4 weeks after 3^rd vaccination (SPR difference: 14.9%; 95% confidence interval (“CI”) [11.2%, 18.5%]); and (2) superiority of SPR of Sci-B-Vac (89.4%) vs. Engerix-B (73.1%) in subjects age ≥ 45 years, 4 weeks after 3^rdvaccination (SPR difference: 16.4%; 95% CI [12.2%, 20.7%]). Moreover, the SPR of Sci-B-Vac compared to Engerix-B was higher in all key subgroup analyses of adults age ≥ 18 years, including by age, gender, body mass index (“BMI”), diabetic status, and smoking status, four weeks after 3^rd vaccination.

OnJanuary 9, 2020 we reported positive top-line results from CONSTANT, the second pivotal Phase III study, designed to assess lot-to-lot manufacturing consistency of Sci-B-Vac, and compare the safety and immunogenicity of Sci-B-Vac to Engerix-B. The CONSTANT Phase III study, which enrolled 2,838 adults, age 18-45 years, met both the primary and secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint of CONSTANT study was directed to the manufacturing consistency of Sci-B-Vac. For this primary endpoint, the study evaluated the vaccine immune response, as measured by geometric mean concentration (“GMC”) of antibodies across three independent, consecutively-manufactured lots of Sci-B-Vac, four weeks after the third vaccination. Together with the positive safety and immunogenicity results of the PROTECT Phase III study, we expect these data to comprise the basis for the regulatory submissions in the United States, Europe, and Canada.

A secondary endpoint of the CONSTANT study demonstrated non-inferiority of SPR of Sci-B-Vac (99.3%) vs. Engerix-B (94.8%), one month after completion of the full course of vaccination (SPR difference: 4.49%; 95% CI [2.90%, 6.63%] – up from 90.4% for Sci-B-Vac and 51.6% for Engerix-B at day 168, after only two vaccinations. In addition to demonstrating non-inferiority, the SPR achieved with Sci-B-Vac compared to Engerix-B was higher after both two and three vaccinations. An exploratory analysis in CONSTANT also compared the SPR after two doses of Sci-B-Vac (90.4%) to the SPR after three doses of Engerix-B (94.8%) (SPR difference: -4.3%; 95% CI [-6.48%, -1.90%]). As per the commonly-used statistical margin of non-inferiority for hepatitis B vaccines, defined as the lower limit of the 95% CI being above -10%, this analysis demonstrated non-inferiority after two doses of Sci-B-Vac (at day 168) compared with three doses of Engerix-B (at day 196). Similarly, at these time points, preliminary data from the integrated immunogenicity analysis of both the PROTECT and CONSTANT studies in subjects age 18-45 years demonstrate a difference in SPR of -4.2%; 95% CI [-6.38%, -1.99%]. The two versus three dose comparison is not part of the regulatory approval process and will not be included in the expected indication we will seek, but we believe it contributes to the robust immunogenicity profile of Sci-B-Vac.

The safety and tolerability seen in CONSTANT and PROTECT studies were consistent with the known safety profile of Sci-B-Vac. No new safety risks were identified, and no safety signals were observed in either study cohort. The integrated safety data analysis from both the PROTECT and CONSTANT studies is underway.

The completed Phase III studies are expected to support the Biologics License Application (“BLA”) to the FDA, the Marketing Authorization Application (“MAA”) to the EMA and the New Drug Submission (“NDS”) to Health Canada. We plan to submit applications for regulatory approvals in the United States, Europe and Canada beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020.

VBI-2601: Hepatitis B Immunotherapeutic Candidate

VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is our novel, recombinant, protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection, a disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocellular cancer, and other liver disease, making it a life-threatening global health problem. VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is formulated to induce broad immunity against the hepatitis B virus, including T-cell immunity which plays an important role in controlling hepatitis B infection.

On December 6, 2018, the Company announced that it had entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (“License Agreement”) with Brii Bio, pursuant to which, among other things, subject to terms and conditions set forth in the License Agreement, we and Brii Bio agreed to collaborate on the development of a hepatitis B recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau (the “Licensed Territory”), and to conduct a Phase Ib/IIa collaboration clinical trial for the purpose of comparing VBI-2601 (BRII-179) with a novel composition developed jointly with Brii Bio.

On November 14, 2019 we announced initiation of enrollment in a Phase Ib/IIa Study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. The Phase Ib/IIa clinical study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is a randomized, controlled study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, antiviral, and immunological activity of VBI-2601 (BRII-179). The study is designed as a two-part dose-escalation study assessing different dose levels of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) with and without an immunomodulatory adjuvant, and is expected to enroll up to 65 patients. Initial human proof-of-concept data from the clinical study is anticipated in the second half of 2020. The study is sponsored by Brii Bio and will be conducted at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and China.

eVLP Platform

The eVLP technology enables the synthetic manufacture of an “enveloped” virus-like particle, or “eVLP”. Many viruses are “enveloped” in that they are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Such viruses display antigenic proteins on the surface of their “envelope” which can be targets for vaccine development. The ability to synthetically manufacture an “enveloped” virus-like particle is different from previously developed VLP technologies, which did not include the lipid bilayer membrane, and thus these technologies were unable to express antigenic proteins within an “envelope” as they occur in nature.

VBI-1901: Cancer Vaccine Immunotherapeutic Candidate

Our GBM brain cancer vaccine immunotherapeutic program, VBI-1901, targets CMV proteins present in GBM tumor cells. CMV is associated with a number of other solid tumors in addition to GBM, including breast cancer and pediatric medulloblastoma. We initiated dosing in a multi-center Phase I/IIa clinical study evaluating VBI-1901, in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”), in patients with recurrent GBM in January 2018. Enrollment in Part A of the study was completed in December 2018. In April 2019, the independent data safety monitoring board completed reviews of all safety data from our fully-enrolled Part A portion of the Phase I/IIa trial in recurrent GBM subjects, which included 6 subjects in each of 3 different dose cohorts. The data safety monitoring board unanimously recommended the continuation of the study without modification and had no safety concerns about any of the 3 dose levels of VBI-1901. On April 23, 2019, we announced that, based on safety and immunogenicity data, the highest dose tested in Part A of the ongoing Phase I/IIa study in recurrent GBM patients, 10µg, was selected as the optimal dose level to test in Part B of the study. Where Part A was designed as a dose-escalation phase to assess safety, tolerability, and to define the optimal dose level of VBI-1901, Part B is a subsequent extension phase of the optimal dose level defined in Part A.

On September 10, 2019, we entered into a Clinical Collaboration Agreement (“Collaboration Agreement”) with GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”) pursuant to which we will investigate the use of GSK’s proprietary AS01_Badjuvant system in our ongoing study of VBI-1901. As a result of the Collaboration Agreement, a second study arm was added to Part B of the ongoing Phase I/IIa clinical study. Part B is now a two-arm open-label study, enrolling 20 first recurrent GBM patients to receive VBI-1901 in combination with either granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”) or AS01_Bas immunomodulatory adjuvants. Enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm was initiated at the end of July 2019. Initiation of enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with AS01_Bwas announced in March 2020.

Safety, immunologic responses, and clinical and tumor responses from the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF in Part A and in the GM-CSF arm of Part B of the study were announced throughout 2019 and early 2020, respectively. VBI-1901 continues to be well-tolerated, with no vaccine-related safety signals observed. In the high-dose cohort of Part A, vaccine response correlated with tumor response, with all three vaccine responders demonstrating stable disease (“SD”) for greater than 12 weeks. Two patients in the high-dose cohort of Part A experienced a 60% reduction in the size of primary tumor. VBI-1901 also induced and expanded robust T cell responses in these two patients. For patients who were vaccines responders, the 12-month overall survival (“OS”) rate was 83% (n = 5/6), compared to 33% (n = 3/9) for vaccine non-responders. Similarly, among patients evaluable for response and survival in Part A, vaccine responders saw a 6.25-month improvement in median OS (14.0 months) compared to vaccine non-responders (7.75 months). VBI-1901 continues to be safe and well tolerated at al doses tested, with no safety signals observed.

Based on the data announced in November 2019, the early tumor and immunologic responses seen in Part B appear similar to the responses observed in Part A of the study. Correlations between immunologic biomarkers and tumor/clinical responses will continue to be refined throughout the duration of Part B of the study.

We expect expanded immunologic data and tumor imaging data from the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm in Part B of the study in the first half of 2020.

VBI-1501: Prophylactic CMV Vaccine Candidate

Another of our eVLP programs is a vaccine candidate that aims to prevent CMV infections. CMV may cause severe infections in newborn children (congenital CMV) and may also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients. Our prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate uses the eVLP platform to express a modified form of the CMV glycoprotein B (“gB”) antigen and is adjuvanted with alum, an adjuvant used in FDA-approved products.

In May 2018, we announced positive top-line results from the randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I study of VBI-1501. The final Phase I study results demonstrated that VBI-1501 was safe and well-tolerated at all doses, with and without the adjuvant alum. The highest dose of VBI-1501, 2.0µg, with alum, elicited CMV-neutralizing antibodies against fibroblast cell infection in 100% of subjects after the third vaccination, up from 81% of subjects after the second vaccination, inducing titers comparable to those observed in patients protected as a result of natural infection. Neutralizing antibodies against epithelial cell infection were also seen in 31% of subjects after the third vaccination of VBI-1501 2.0µg with alum. The data also showed the formulation of the vaccine with alum enhanced antibody titers. The highest dose of VBI-1501 tested, 2.0µg with alum, contains approximately 10-fold less antigen content than that used in several other VLP-based vaccines or in previous CMV vaccine candidates developed by other companies.

On December 20, 2018 we announced plans for a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-1501 following positive discussions with Health Canada. We received similarly positive guidance from the FDA in July 2019. The Phase II study is expected to assess the safety and immunogenicity of dosages of VBI-1501 up to 20µg with alum. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of next steps for the program.

We may also seek to in-license clinical-stage vaccines or vaccine-related technologies that we believe complement our product and pipeline portfolio, in addition to technologies that may supplement our therapeutic vaccination efforts in immuno-oncology.

Recent Corporate Developments

Modernization and Capacity Increase of our Manufacturing Facility

In 2018, we temporarily closed our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, for modernization and capacity increase. We re-commenced operations in May 2019 and the review of the modernization and the capacity increase by the Israeli Ministry of Health (“IMoH”) occurred in December of 2019. We received our certificate of Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) compliance from the IMoH on January 27, 2020. In addition to the GMP compliance certification, the IMoH will also need to review and approve the process validation submission and provide approval for us to sell Sci-B-Vac manufactured at the modernized facility. We increased the capacity of our manufacturing facility to be able to supply commercial quantities of Sci-B-Vac upon FDA, and/or EMA and/or Health Canada approval, as well as supply the clinical materials of VBI-2601 (BRII-179).

Equity Financing Activities

In September 2019, we received aggregate gross proceeds of $40.25 million from an underwritten public offering of an aggregate of 80,500,000 common shares at a price of $0.50 per share. After deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, net proceeds from the offering were $37.4 million. Net proceeds from the offering are being used to support our pipeline programs, to continue the advancement of our clinical development and research programs and for other general corporate purposes.

NASDAQ Minimum Bid Price Requirement

As previously reported, on August 14, 2019, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common shares for the 30 consecutive business day period between July 2, 2019 through August 13, 2019, we did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The letter also indicated that we would be provided with a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until February 10, 2020 (the “Compliance Period”), in which to regain compliance pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). In order to regain compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid price requirement, our common shares needed to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 for at least ten consecutive business days during the Compliance Period. On January 9, 2020 we received notice from the NASDAQ indicating that the Company has regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and the matter is now closed.

Corporate History

We were incorporated under the laws of British Columbia by Memorandum of Association on April 9, 1965 under the name “Alice Arm Molybendum Co. Ltd.” On October 21, 1965, we changed our name to “Alice Arm Mining Ltd.” and subsequently, on July 13, 1975, changed our name to “New Congress Resources Ltd.” On January 12, 1983, we changed our name to “Levon Resources Ltd.”

On July 9, 2015, we, then known as Levon Resources Ltd. (“Levon”), completed a plan of arrangement (the “Levon Merger”) pursuant to which SciVac Ltd. (“SciVac”), an Israel based company, completed a reverse takeover of Levon. Levon changed its name from Levon Resources Ltd. to SciVac Therapeutics Inc. and SciVac became our wholly-owned subsidiary.

On May 6, 2016, we completed our acquisition of VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc. (“VBI DE”), pursuant to which Seniccav Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiary, merged with and into VBI DE, with VBI DE continuing as the surviving corporation and as our wholly-owned subsidiary (the “VBI-SciVac Merger”). Upon completion of the VBI-SciVac Merger, we (then named “SciVac Therapeutics Inc.”) changed our name to “VBI Vaccines Inc.” and received approval for the listing of our common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Our common shares commenced trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market at the opening of trading on May 9, 2016 under our new name and the symbol “VBIV.” Following the effective time of the VBI-SciVac Merger, our common shares began to trade on the TSX under the new symbol “VBV.” Effective as of March 23, 2018, we voluntarily delisted our common shares from the TSX.

Our registered office is located at Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street, Vancouver British Columbia V6C 2X8. Our principal executive offices are located at 222 Third St. Suite 2241, Cambridge, MA 02142. Our manufacturing operations are located at 13 Gad Feinstein Road, POB 580, Rehovot, Israel 7610303 and our research operations are located at 310 Hunt Club Road East, Suite 201, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1V 1C1.

Background of VBI DE

VBI DE was originally established in 1970 as Paulson Capital Corp., an Oregon corporation (“Paulson Oregon”), which began as a holding company whose operating subsidiary, Paulson Investment Company, Inc., was a full-service brokerage firm. Effective March 20, 2014, Paulson Oregon changed its state of incorporation from the State of Oregon to the State of Delaware, and as a result, Paulson Oregon became “Paulson Capital (Delaware) Corp.” and Paulson Oregon ceased to exist.

On July 25, 2014, Variation Biotechnologies (US), Inc. (“VBI US”) completed its merger with VBI Acquisition Corp. (“Merger Sub”), a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Paulson Capital (Delaware) Corp., whereby Merger Sub merged with and into VBI US, with VBI US continuing as the surviving corporation. As a result of this merger, VBI US was acquired by, and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Paulson Capital (Delaware) Corp., which changed its name to VBI Vaccines Inc. and then subsequently to VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc. on July 19, 2016.

Subsidiaries

SciVac, located in Rehovot, Israel, is our wholly-owned subsidiary that was incorporated on April 18, 2005 pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law (1999), as amended. SciVac currently manufactures and sells our lead product, Sci-B-Vac, a trivalent hepatitis B vaccine for adults, children and newborns.

SciVac USA, LLC, located in Miami, Florida, was a wholly-owned subsidiary of SciVac and was organized on November 26, 2014 in the State of Florida. SciVac USA, LLC was dissolved on December 18, 2017.

VBI DE, a Delaware corporation, is our wholly-owned subsidiary.

VBI US, a Delaware corporation, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of VBI DE and was incorporated on December 18, 2006 in the State of Delaware.

Variation Biotechnologies Inc. (“VBI Cda”), located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of VBI US, was incorporated on August 24, 2001 under the Canada Business Corporations Act and is a research focused subsidiary.

SciVac Hong Kong Limited, is a wholly-owned subsidiary, and was incorporated pursuant to the Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong) on January 29, 2019.

Contractual Arrangements

Collaboration and License Agreement with Brii Biosciences – VBI-2601 (BRII-179)

On December 4, 2018, we entered the License Agreement with Brii Bio, pursuant to which, among other things, subject to terms and conditions set forth in the License Agreement:

Pursuant to the License Agreement and the initial development plan, Brii Bio shall fund all clinical trials for the Licensed Territory. We and Brii Bio will jointly own all right, title and interest in the joint know-how development and the patents claiming joint inventions made pursuant to the License Agreement.

As part of the consideration for the collaboration, we received from Brii Bio a total upfront payment of $11 million. We are also eligible to receive an additional $117.5 million in potential milestone payments, along with potential low double-digit royalties on commercial sales in the Licensed Territory. In connection with the License Agreement, we and Brii Bio entered into a stock purchase agreement, dated as of December 4, 2018, pursuant to which we issued to Brii Bio an aggregate of 2,295,082 common shares in exchange for a gross contractual allocation of $7 million (included in the $11 million upfront payment), or $3.05 per share, which had a fair value of $3.6 million on the date of issuance.

The License Agreement will be in effect until the last-to-expire of the latest of the following terms in each region of the Licensed Territory: (i) expiration, invalidation or lapse of the last of our patent claiming a Licensed Product, (ii) 10 years from the date of first commercial sale of a Licensed Product in the applicable region, or (iii) termination or expiration of our obligation to pay third party royalties with respect to sales of a Licensed Product. Upon expiration (but not an earlier termination) of the License Agreement in each region of the Licensed Territory, we will grant Brii Bio a perpetual, non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free license under our technology related to the licensed compounds or Licensed Products pursuant to the License Agreement in such region to make and sell Licensed Products for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B in such region. Each party may terminate the License Agreement upon a material breach of the License Agreement which has not been cured within 60 days (or 30 days for a breach payment obligations) after notice from the terminating party requesting cure of the breach, or upon bankruptcy or insolvency, either voluntary or involuntary, dissolution or liquidation of a party. In addition, Brii Bio may terminate the License Agreement without cause upon 180 days’ notice or, if the Data and Safety Monitoring Board or any regulatory authority in the Licensed Territory imposes a clinical hold on any clinical trial for a Licensed Product for six consecutive months, immediately upon notice. We may terminate the License Agreement immediately upon notice, if Brii Bio or its affiliates, directly, or indirectly through any third party, commences any interference or opposition proceeding with respect to, challenges the validity or enforceability of, or opposes any extension of or the grant of a supplementary protection certificate with respect to, any patents owned or controlled by us related to the composition or the method of making or using licensed compounds or Licensed Products, or are otherwise necessary or useful to research, develop, make, or otherwise commercialize the licensed compounds or Licensed Products.

Prior to us entering into the License Agreement, we paid $6 million to terminate a distribution agreement with a third party who previously held certain distribution rights to certain Asian markets.

Ferring and SciGen License Agreements

Our manufactured and marketed product, Sci-B-Vac is a trivalent hepatitis B vaccine which is the subject of a license agreement with Savient Pharmaceuticals Inc. and SciGen Ltd dated June 2004, as subsequently amended (the “Ferring License Agreement”). Under the Ferring License Agreement, we are committed to pay Ferring royalties equal to 7% of net sales (as defined therein) of HbsAg “Product” (as defined therein). Under an Assignment Agreement between FDS Pharm LLP and SciGen Ltd., dated February 14, 2012 (the “SciGen Assignment Agreement”), we are required to pay royalties to SciGen Ltd. equal to 5% of net sales (as defined in the Ferring License Agreement) of Product. Under the Ferring License Agreement and the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we originally were to pay royalties on a country-by-country basis until the date 10 years after the date of commencement of the first royalty year in respect of such country. In April 2019, we exercised our option to extend the Ferring License Agreement in respect of all the countries that still make up the territory for an additional 7 years by making a one-time payment to Ferring of $100. Royalties under the Ferring License Agreement and SciGen Assignment Agreement will continue to be payable for the duration of the extended license periods.

Royalty payments under the Ferring License Agreement of $38 and $42, were recorded in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Royalty payments under the SciGen Assignment Agreement of $27 and $30 were recorded in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

In addition, we are committed to pay 30% of any and all non-royalty consideration, in any form, received by us from sub-licensees (other than consideration based on net sales for which a royalty is due under the Ferring License Agreement), provided that the payment of 30% shall not apply to a grant of rights in or relating to: (i) the Territory (as such term was defined prior to an amendment dated January 24, 2005); or (ii) the Berna Territory (as defined therein).

eVLP Technology

We are engaged in the inbound licensing of key intellectual property (“IP”). We identified the need for a vaccine antigen discovery and design platform and, through that certain sale and purchase agreement entered into on July 18, 2011 (the “Sale and Purchase Agreement”) among VBI Cda and ePixis SA (“ePixis”) and the shareholders of ePixis (collectively, the “Sellers”), acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of ePixis in order to obtain access to its exclusive rights to key IP covering its “enveloped Virus Like Particle” or “eVLP” vaccine platform (the “Technology”), including patents (the “Acquired Patents”) covering the Technology. We paid a purchase price of €400 (approximately $450) for the ePixis shares and approximately $75 in related transaction costs. VBI Cda also agreed to make certain contingent payments to the Sellers as follows:

If any eVLP Product is commercialized by one or more sublicensees, we have agreed to make the following payments to the Sellers:

Included in the eVLP Acquired Patents were patents (the “UPMC Patents”) co-owned by L’Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (“UPMC”), and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (“INSERM”), both in Paris, France. In July 2006, ePixis entered into a license agreement (the “ePixis License Agreement”) with UPMC, INSERM and L’école Normale Supérieure de Lyon (collectively the “Licensor”) pursuant to which the Licensor granted to ePixis an exclusive license (with the right to sublicense with written consent from UPMC) to exploit the UPMC Patents for the purpose of developing, promoting and marketing products within the United States, Japan, Canada, and Europe until the invalidation of the last of the UPMC Patents, including any supplementary protection certificates. Pursuant to the ePixis License Agreement, ePixis was to pay certain fees to the Licensor based on net sales (as defined in the ePixis License Agreement) of products developed from the UPMC Patents, sublicensing income based on net sales (“Sublicensing Payments”) and one-time payments (“Lump Sum Payments”) for each product developed from the UPMC Patents. ePixis also agreed to reimburse UPMC for fees and costs related to filing and maintaining the patent applications.

On July 12, 2011, the parties to the ePixis License Agreement entered into the first amendment to the ePixis License Agreement (the “ePixis Amendment”). The ePixis Amendment authorized the transfer of the ePixis License Agreement to us and laid out new financial terms and conditions for the rights granted under the ePixis License Agreement.

The ePixis Amendment provides that the fees to be paid to the Licensor by ePixis on net sales of eVLP Products based on the UPMC Patents will be 1.75% of net sales for annual sales between €0 and €50,000, 1% of net sales for annual sales between €50,000 and €100,000, and 0.75% of net sales for annual sales in excess of €100,000. Pursuant to the ePixis Amendment, Lump Sum Payments would be made as follows:

Sublicensing Payments under the ePixis Amendment were revised as follows: 25% of any amounts received by ePixis for the sublicense if the sublicense is entered into prior to the start of Phase I clinical studies; 10% of any amounts received by ePixis if the sublicense is entered into during Phase I clinical studies and prior to the start of Phase II clinical studies; 7% of any amounts received by ePixis if the sublicense is entered into during Phase II clinical studies and prior to the start of Phase III clinical studies, and 5% of any amounts received by ePixis if the sublicense is entered into after the start of Phase III clinical studies. There was no change to the requirement that ePixis reimburse UPMC for fees and costs related to filing and maintaining the patent applications.

The parties may terminate the ePixis License Agreement, as amended, by mutual agreement. There is also a cancellation right that may be exercised in the event of breach. UPMC may terminate the ePixis License Agreement if we, among other things, declare bankruptcy; do not put forth reasonable effort or are unable to develop and market the products, and, in particular, if we suspend the development of the products for more than six months; our inability to make the payments required by the ePixis License Agreement; lack of sales of a product, or lack of a signed sub-license agreement within one year from the date of acquiring AMM (Autorisation de mise sur le marché – Regulation of Therapeutic Goods) authorization, or the necessary equivalent authorization for the use of the products; and lack of sales of a product for more than two years after the initial marketing has taken place. During the year-ended December 31, 2016, VBI Cda paid UPMC €200, in milestone payments related to CMV Phase I clinical trial approval and start. Payments made to UPMC were €0 during the year ended December 31, 2019 and €200 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Description of Operations

We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel and our research facility in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Cambridge headquarters allows us to leverage our location in a biotechnology hub, and provides us with access to experienced consultants and executive level talent.

We operate a proprietary, mammalian cell-derived vaccine manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, which we use to manufacture Sci-B-Vac. The facility was built in December 2006 and was GMP certified by the IMoH. It has also received IMoH authorization to release vaccine batches to export markets. In 2013, the EU entered into an agreement with Israel regarding conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products. This agreement recognizes Israel’s industrial standards as being equivalent to EU standards. It covers products for human and veterinary use (medicinal products, active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients) and procedures related to GMP. The agreement means that Israel and the EU recognize each other’s GMP inspection conclusions, manufacturing and import authorizations and certification of conformity of batches; however, our facility will have to pass FDA inspection as part of the BLA application process for Sci-B-Vac in the United States. In 2018, we temporarily closed our manufacturing facility for modernization and capacity increase. We re-commenced operations in May 2019 and we received a certificate of GMP compliance from the IMoH on January 27, 2020. In addition to the GMP compliance certification, the IMoH will also need to review and approve the process validation submission and provide approval for us to sell Sci-B-Vac manufactured at the modernized facility. We increased the capacity of our manufacturing facility to be able to supply commercial quantities of Sci-B-Vac upon FDA, EMA and/or Health Canada approval as well as supply clinical materials of VBI-2601 (BRII-179).

The Canadian research site benefits from its location in Canada’s National Capital Region, providing us with access to world-class research facilities at reasonable rates. This helps keep the unit cost of doing research lower compared to other locations in Canada or the United States. VBI Cda’s active research collaboration with the Canadian federal government’s National Research Council (“NRC”) provides its staff with on-site access to the NRC’s animal facility for greater control over the testing of our pipeline candidates. NRC staff manages the general animal husbandry and maintenance requirements for VBI Cda’s animal research activities.

The three sites collaborate efficiently through the use of a unified information technology infrastructure and web-based video-conferencing services.

Sales and Marketing

We maintain a business development function responsible for inbound and outbound licensing of our IP portfolio. We do not have a traditional sales and marketing function and distribute Sci-B-Vac through a network of distributors. We have an active named-patient program to supply Sci-B-Vac to patients in a few countries where Sci-B-Vac has not yet been approved via partnership with local distributors. Additionally, internal work is underway to prepare for the potential commercial launch of Sci-B-Vac in the United States, Europe, and Canada subject to receiving the applicable regulatory approvals.

Customers

Our customers for Sci-B-Vac vaccines are mainly physicians and pharmacists in markets where the product is approved. Through SciVac, services are also made available to the biotechnology industry in Israel pursuant to an agreement with the Israel Innovations Authority (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist in Israel) and ancillary to the core vaccine development and manufacturing focus.

In addition to direct sales of Sci-B-Vac in approved territories, we are also engaged in the development of vaccine platforms and products which may be licensed to major pharmaceutical companies and larger biotechnology companies.

Competitors

Our products and pipeline candidates face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies as well as academic and research institutions. We compete in an industry that is characterized by: rapid technological change; evolving industry standards; emerging competition; and new product introductions. Competitors have existing products and technologies that will compete with our pipeline candidates and technologies and may develop and commercialize additional products and technologies that will compete with our pipeline candidates and technologies. Because several competing companies and institutions may have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to: provide broader services and product lines; make greater investments in research and development (“R&D”); and carry on larger R&D initiatives. Competitors may also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking nonclinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. They may also have greater name recognition and better access to customers.

We face general market competition from several subsectors of the vaccine development field, including: large, multinational pharmaceutical companies including Sanofi S.A., GSK, Merck & Co (“Merck”), Janssen Pharmaceutical, Inc (“Janssen”), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited and Pfizer, Inc.; mid-size pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotechnology companies including Dynavax Technologies Corporation (“Dynavax”), Moderna, Inc., Hookipa Biotech AG; and academic and not-for-profit vaccine researchers and developers including the National Institutes of Health. The industry is typified by extensive collaboration, licensing, and merger and acquisition activity despite the intense competition.

Within the hepatitis B vaccine space, we have several key competitors currently commercializing monovalent hepatitis B vaccines, including: GSK, the manufacturer of Engerix-B, Merck, the manufacturer of Recombivax HB, and Dynavax, the manufacturer of Heplisav-B. While Engerix-B and Recombivax HB are approved globally, Heplisav-B is currently only approved in the United States.

Within the therapeutic hepatitis B space, we face both competition from and potential collaboration with other developers of innovative hepatitis B therapeutics designed to achieve a hepatitis B functional cure either as a monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutics. Key large pharmaceutical companies in the space include: GSK, Janssen, Gilead Sciences, Inc, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (“Roche”). Additionally, there are a number of mid-size companies developing alternative approaches to treat hepatitis B, including: VIR Biotechnology Inc., Arbutus Biopharma Corp, Dicerna Pharmaceuticals Inc, and Assembly Biosciences, Inc. It is not yet known which mode of action, or combinations thereof, will lead to a hepatitis B functional cure.

Given the significant unmet medical need for GBM, there are numerous competitors seeking to develop new immunotherapies or vaccines to treat GBM. Among these, Immunomic Therapeutics Inc (“Immunomic”), Immatics Biotechnologies GmBH, Stemline Therapeutics Inc., Mimivax LLC, and Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc are developing vaccines that are also currently completing Phase II studies. Immunomic’s approach also targets CMV antigens associated with GBM using a dendritic cell vaccine. Additional cell-based therapies and oncolytic viruses include those under clinical study by DNAtrix Inc, Transgene SA, and Ziopharm Oncology Inc.

Within the CMV vaccine space, we have several key competitors, some of whom are further advanced with their CMV vaccine development. Among these, Merck’s replication-defective CMV vaccine entered Phase II testing in 2019 and Moderna Inc’s mRNA-based CMV vaccine is in Phase II. Additionally, Hookipa Biotech AG is engaged in clinical development of a prophylactic CMV vaccine.

Suppliers, Contractors and Collaborations

Suppliers

We currently rely on a single source for our supply of vials and certain raw materials required for the manufacturing of Sci-B-Vac. We have supply agreements with these vendors intended to assure quality and flow of materials. Alternative sources from which we can obtain our supply of these materials is under assessment. We may not be able to find alternative suppliers in a timely manner that would provide supplies of these materials at acceptable quantities and prices, if at all. Any interruption in the supply of these materials would disrupt our ability to manufacture Sci-B-Vac and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Contractors

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations (“CROs”) for clinical trials and with vendors for research studies, research supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice.

We engage CRO’s to conduct our clinical programs including the ongoing GBM Phase I/IIa clinical program and the completed Sci-B-Vac Global Phase III clinical program. Our reliance on these CRO’s reduces our control over these activities and involves certain risks. See “Risk Factors” on page 21 for more information regarding the risks associated with our reliance on CROs.

We rely on a number of contractors to provide services to characterize and release Sci-B-Vac for Israel and other markets. While alternative contractors exist for these services, we may not be able to transition to alternative contractors in a manner that does not disrupt the normal course of manufacturing operations and the supply of Sci-B-Vac.

Our novel vaccine development efforts depend on a number of key suppliers to continue our research operations. We have identified the following parties as key suppliers of reagents, technology or expertise which impact our development plans with our eVLP pipeline candidates:

Collaborations

We also enter into contracts in the normal course of business with vendors for preclinical safety and research studies, research supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice and do not include any minimum purchase commitments, and therefore are cancellable contracts.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we had a total of 123 full-time and 2 part-time employees. The SciVac manufacturing site in Israel had 85 full-time employees and 1 part-time employee and the VBI Cda research site employed 31 full-time and 1 part-time employee, as of December 31, 2019. The remaining 7 full-time employees worked out of our headquarters in Cambridge, MA. None of our employees are represented by unions. Our management considers its relationship with our employees to be good.

Facilities and Offices

Our registered office is located at Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 2X8 with our headquarters located at 222 Third Street, Suite 2241, Cambridge, MA 02142. Our manufacturing operations are located in Rehovot, Israel and our primary research facility is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, refer to “Part I – Item 2. Properties.”

We rent office, manufacturing and research facility space under various operating leases, and we made rent payments of $1,128 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

We believe that our office, manufacturing and research facilities are suitable and adequate for our current operations but will consider term extensions or expansion of leased space, depending on market conditions and needs.

Research and Development

We invest heavily in R&D. R&D expenses were $26 million and $38 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. All R&D was funded by equity financings, term loan financings, collaboration agreements or government grants. Our most significant R&D expenses to date have been related to Sci-B-Vac, and the development of our CMV candidate, our GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, and the related eVLP platform. Our R&D expenses are expected to decrease as the Phase III Sci-B-Vac clinical program is complete, however we plan to continue to invest in the Phase I/IIa GBM clinical program, further development of our hepatitis B immunotherapeutic candidate and our CMV prophylactic vaccine candidate. In addition, we may bring other pipeline candidates through the clinical development stage and explore other vaccine opportunities and/or collaborations.

Intellectual Property

Patents

Our IP portfolio includes 18 active patent families consisting of 142 fully owned or co-owned or exclusively licensed patents and patent applications. The highlights of our patent portfolio include:

We have a process of continuously monitoring the competitive landscape for infectious disease vaccines to better understand the research, business and patent activities of our academic and industrial competitors. This process helps management to understand the competitive positioning of our pipeline. This knowledge has informed and shaped our patent portfolio, which is designed to protect our proprietary vaccine technologies and establish a defense against third-party infringement claims. Our licensed patent family relating to virus like particles (7 of which have now been issued) has a patent term that extends to 2022 and in the United States and 2021 in other countries. Our most recently filed patent family will have a patent term that extends to 2039.

Trade Secrets

Some of our know-how and technology is not patentable. To protect our proprietary rights in unpatentable intellectual property and trade secrets, we require employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into agreements regarding intellectual property and confidentiality information.

Trademarks

We use the Sci-B-Vac trademarks in connection with our hepatitis B virus vaccine product. We have registered these trademarks in 16 countries. The trademarks are renewable indefinitely, so long as we make the appropriate filings when required. We also have a registration for the LPV mark in Canada.

Governmental Regulation and Product Approval

Vaccine development is a highly regulated field. The manufacturing and marketing of our potential products and our ongoing research and development activities are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable regulatory agencies of local, state and foreign jurisdictions, such as Health Canada in Canada. New products must go through extensive preclinical and clinical development prior to product launch. This process can take more than ten years from candidate identification to licensure/marketing approval by health authorities worldwide. Despite efforts to harmonize regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions, there exists a divergence of legal and regulatory requirements in different countries and territories. Delays in regulatory approval to move from one stage of development to another can potentially cause us significant delays and can affect our market capitalization.

United States, Europe and Canada Regulatory Agencies

Before any of our products can be marketed and sold in the United States, Europe or Canada, they must receive approval from the relevant regulatory agencies, including the FDA, EMA or Health Canada, respectively. To receive regulatory approvals to market any drug or vaccine, including those we develop, the products in development must undergo rigorous preclinical testing and clinical studies that demonstrate the product’s safety and effectiveness for each indicated use. This extensive regulatory path includes process controls in development, testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, record keeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, and distribution of the pharmaceutical products.

In general, before any new pharmaceutical or biological product can be marketed in the mentioned geographical areas, the process typically required by the regulatory agencies includes:

Preclinical Testing

In the United States, drug candidates are tested in animals until adequate proof of safety and efficacy is established. These preclinical studies generally evaluate the mechanism of action and pharmacology of the product and assess the potential safety and efficacy of the product. Tested compounds must be produced according to applicable current GMP requirements and preclinical safety tests must be conducted in compliance with FDA and international regulations regarding good laboratory practices. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are generally submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence. The IND will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA requests an extension or raises concerns about the conduct of the clinical trials as outlined in the application. If the FDA has any concerns, the sponsor of the application and the FDA must resolve those concerns before clinical trials may begin. Regulatory authorities may require additional preclinical data before allowing the clinical studies to commence or proceed from one phase to another, and could demand that the studies be discontinued or suspended at any time if there are significant safety issues. Furthermore, an independent institutional review board for each medical center proposing to participate in the conduct of the clinical trial must review and approve the clinical protocol and patient informed consent form before commencement of the study at the respective medical center.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials for new vaccine drug candidates are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap. In Phase I, the initial introduction of the vaccine drug candidate into human volunteers, the emphasis is on testing for safety or adverse effects, dosage, tolerance, metabolism, distribution, excretion, and clinical pharmacology. Phase II involves studies in a limited patient population to determine the initial efficacy of the vaccine drug candidate for specific targeted indications, to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, and to identify possible adverse side effects and safety risks. Once a vaccine compound shows evidence of effectiveness and is found to have an acceptable safety profile in Phase II evaluations, pivotal Phase III trials are undertaken to more fully evaluate clinical outcomes and to establish the overall risk/benefit profile of the drug, and to provide, if appropriate, an adequate basis for product labeling. During all clinical trials, physicians will monitor patients to determine the effectiveness of the drug candidate and to observe and report any reactions or safety risks that may result from use of the vaccine drug candidate. The FDA, the trial sites internal review board and/or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, the results of product development, nonclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of a BLA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The submission of a BLA requires payment of a substantial user fee to the FDA, and the sponsor of an approved BLA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees. These fees are typically increased annually. A waiver of user fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances. Under applicable laws and FDA regulations, each BLA submitted for FDA approval is usually given an internal administrative review within 60 days following submission of the BLA. If deemed complete, the FDA will “file” the BLA, thereby triggering substantive review of the application. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable. The FDA has established internal substantive review goals of six months for priority BLAs (for biologics addressing serious or life-threatening conditions for which there is an unmet medical need) and ten months for regular BLAs. However, these are agency proposed time frames, and so the FDA is not legally required to complete its review within these periods, and these performance goals may change over time. Moreover, the outcome of the review, even if generally favorable, is not typically an actual approval, but an “action letter” that describes additional work that must be done before the BLA can be approved. The FDA’s review of a BLA may involve review and recommendations by an independent FDA advisory committee. The FDA may deny approval of a BLA or BLA supplement if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or the FDA may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase III clinical study. Even if such data are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide the BLA or BLA supplement does not satisfy its criteria for approval.

Data Review and Approval

Substantial financial resources are necessary to fund the research, clinical trials and related activities necessary to satisfy FDA requirements or similar requirements of state, local and foreign regulatory agencies. It normally takes many years to satisfy these various legal and regulatory requirements, assuming they are ever satisfied. Information generated in this process is susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval at any stage of the process. Accordingly, the actual time and expense required to bring a product to market may vary substantially. We cannot assure you that we will submit applications for required authorizations to manufacture and/or market potential products or that any such application will be reviewed and approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities in a timely manner, if at all. Success in early stage clinical trials does not ensure success in later stage clinical trials. Even if a product candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages, or have conditions placed on them that restrict the commercial applications, advertising, promotion or distribution of these products.

Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory standards are not met or if safety problems occur after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products which have been commercialized. The FDA also has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. The FDA may also request additional clinical trials after a product is approved. These so-called Phase IV studies may be made a condition to be satisfied after a drug receives approval. The results of Phase IV studies can confirm the effectiveness of a product candidate and can provide important safety information via the FDA’s voluntary adverse drug reaction reporting system. Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to any FDA approvals would be subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse experiences with the drug. Drug and biologics manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with GMP, which impose certain procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third-party manufacturers. We cannot be certain that we or our present or future suppliers will be able to comply with the GMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements. If our present or future suppliers are not able to comply with these requirements, the FDA may halt our clinical trials, require us to recall a product from distribution, withdraw approval of the NDA for that drug, or revoke or suspend a biologics license. Furthermore, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown negative effects of a product may result in restrictions on the product or even its complete withdrawal from the market.

The FDA closely regulates the marketing and promotion of drugs and biologics. Approval is typically subject to post-marketing surveillance and other record keeping and reporting obligations, and involves ongoing requirements such as post-marketing annual reports and labeling updates. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur following initial marketing. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy that are approved by the FDA. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising and potential civil and/or criminal penalties. Physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, restrict manufacturers’ communications on the subject of such off-label use.

Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA)

Under the Federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “Affordable Care Act”), enacted in 2010, and specifically, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA) included therein, there is an abbreviated path in the United States for regulatory approval of biosimilar versions of approved biological products. The Affordable Care Act provides a regulatory mechanism that enables FDA approval of biologic drugs that are similar to (but not exact copies of) innovative drugs on the basis of less extensive data than is required by a full BLA. Under this regulation, an application for approval of a biosimilar may not be filed until four years after marketing approval of the innovator product. Pioneer innovative biological products will receive 12 years of regulatory exclusivity, meaning that the FDA will not approve a biosimilar version until 12 years after the innovative biological product was first approved by the FDA.

Fast Track Approval

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), as amended, and the related FDA regulations provide certain mechanisms for the accelerated “Fast Track” approval of potential products intended to treat serious or life-threatening illnesses which have demonstrated the potential to address unmet medical needs. These procedures permit early consultation and commitment from the FDA regarding the preclinical and clinical studies necessary to gain marketing approval. Provisions of this regulatory framework also permit, in certain cases, BLAs to be approved on the basis of valid indirect measurements of benefit of product effectiveness, thus accelerating the normal approval process. In the future, certain potential products employing our technology might qualify for this accelerated regulatory procedure. Even if the FDA agrees that these potential products qualify for accelerated approval procedures, FDA may deny approval of our drugs or may require additional studies before approval. The FDA may also require us to perform post-approval, or Phase IV, studies as a condition of such early approval. In addition, the FDA may impose restrictions on distribution and/or promotion in connection with any accelerated approval, and may withdraw approval if post-approval studies do not confirm the intended clinical benefit or safety of the potential product.

Orphan Drug Designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs or biologics intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process. If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in very limited circumstances, for seven years. These very limited circumstances are (i) an inability to supply the drug in sufficient quantities or (ii) a situation in which a new formulation of the drug has shown superior safety or efficacy. This exclusivity, however, also could block the approval of our product for seven years if a competitor obtains earlier approval of the same drug for the same indication.

Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we are and will continue to be subject to a variety of laws and regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our products in foreign countries. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must separately obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of those foreign countries before we may commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.

Under the applicable EU regulatory systems, we may submit marketing authorization applications either under a centralized or decentralized procedure. The centralized procedure, which is available for medicines produced by biotechnology or which are highly innovative, provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU member states. This authorization is an MAA. The decentralized procedure provides for mutual recognition of national approval decisions.

Under this decentralized procedure, the holder of a national marketing authorization may submit an application to the remaining member states. Within 90 days of receiving the applications and assessment report, each member state must decide whether to recognize approval. This procedure is referred to as the mutual recognition procedure.

The policies of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be enacted which could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our products and could also increase the cost of regulatory compliance. For example, the procedure for obtaining marketing approval in the United Kingdom will be affected by Brexit, which took place on January 31, 2020. A transitional period is in place until December 31, 2020, during which time regulation of pharmaceuticals will be governed by EU law. However, it is not known at this time whether EU law will continue to be applied after this period, or whether a separate regulatory system will be established in the United Kingdom. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad.

Other Government Regulation

Our research and development activities use biological and hazardous materials that are dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. We are subject to a variety of federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes resulting from these materials. We are also subject to regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and federal, provincial and state environmental protection agencies and to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act.

In addition, once our products are marketed commercially, we will have to comply with the various laws relating to the Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. These federal laws include, by way of example, the following:

Sanctions for violating these federal laws include criminal and civil penalties that range from punitive sanctions, damage assessments, money penalties, imprisonment, denial of Medicare and Medicaid payments, or exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or some combination thereof. These laws also impose an affirmative duty on those receiving Medicare or Medicaid funding to ensure that they do not employ or contract with persons excluded from Medicare and other government programs.

We are building our government relations and regulatory capabilities by leveraging consultants who have extensive experience with the regulatory process.

We also use additional regulatory consultants including several former FDA regulators with experience at the Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (“CBER”) which is the division of FDA that regulates vaccines and other drugs.

Available Information

Our Internet website can be found at www.vbivaccines.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this report. We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and, in accordance therewith, we file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may access our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.

ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS

We are subject to various risks that may materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. An investment in our common shares is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. In evaluating an investment in our common shares, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information included in this Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes.

The risks described below are not the only risks we face. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occurs, or if additional risks and uncertainties later materialize, that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, then our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment in our shares. The risks discussed below include forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements.

Risks Related to Our Product Development

Because our product development efforts depend on new and rapidly evolving technologies, we cannot be certain that our efforts will be successful.

Our product development efforts depend on new, rapidly evolving technologies and on the marketability and profitability of our products. Commercialization of our vaccines could fail for a variety of reasons, and include the possibility that:

The FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory agencies may require more clinical trials for our Sci-B-Vac than we currently expect or are conducting before granting regulatory approval, if regulatory approval is granted at all.

Our registration and commercial timelines for Sci-B-Vac depend on further discussions with the FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory agencies. They could have additional requirements and requests, beyond the ongoing Phase III studies, for additional data or completion of additional clinical trials, including a request to increase the size of the safety data set. Any such requirements or requests could:

Pre-clinical and clinical trials will be lengthy and expensive. Delays in clinical trials are common for many reasons and any such delays could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales as currently contemplated.

As part of the regulatory process, we must conduct clinical trials for each vaccine candidate to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the regulatory authorities, including the FDA for the United States, the EMA for the European Union and Health Canada for Canada. Clinical trials are subject to current Good Clinical Practice regulations (“cGCP”). cGCPs are rigorous practices that are incorporated into the FDA’s clinical trial regulatory requirements and are expensive and time-consuming to design and implement. We may experience delays in clinical trials for any of our pipeline candidates, and the projected timelines for continued development of the technologies and related pipeline candidates by us may otherwise be subject to delay or suspension. Our planned clinical trials might not begin on time; may be interrupted, delayed, suspended, or terminated once commenced; might need to be redesigned; might not enroll a sufficient number of patients; or might not be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including the following:

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials, and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the biologic being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new biologics that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Any of these delays in completing our clinical trials could increase costs, slow down the product development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue.

Development of sufficient and appropriate clinical protocols to demonstrate safety and efficacy are required, and we may not adequately develop such protocols to support approval.

In addition to FDA requirements and those of other regulatory authorities, an independent institutional review board or an independent ethics committee at each medical institution proposing to participate in the conduct of the clinical trial generally must review and approve the clinical trial design and patient informed consent form before commencement of the study at the respective medical institution. The institutional review boards approve the clinical trial protocols and conduct periodic reviews of the clinical trials. The clinical trial protocols describe the type of people who may participate in the clinical trial, the schedule of tests and procedures, the medications and dosages to be studied, the length of the study, the study’s objectives, and other details. In general, the institutional review board will consider, among other matters, ethical factors, the safety of human subjects and the possibility of liability of the institution conducting the trial. Our preclinical studies may not be adequate proof of safety and efficacy, and as a result, we may not be successful in developing clinical trial protocols necessary to support institutional review board approval. Any delay or failure to obtain institutional review board approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site could materially impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial.

We rely on CROs, third-party investigators, and independent sites to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not fulfill their contractual obligations or meet expected deadlines, our planned clinical trials may be extended, delayed, modified, or terminated and we may fail to obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize our pipeline candidates.

We rely on third-party CROs to conduct our clinical trials, including the Sci-B-Vac Phase III clinical studies. CROs, third-party investigators, and independent sites are subject to cGCPs that include conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials and to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. The FDA enforces cGCPs through periodic inspections. If these CROs do not perform their obligations, comply with laws or cGCPs, or meet expected deadlines, our planned clinical trials may be extended, delayed, modified or terminated. We rely on the processes of our CROs to ensure that accurate records are maintained to support the results of the clinical trials. While we or our CROs conduct regular monitoring of clinical sites, we are dependent on the processes and quality control efforts of our third-party contractors to ensure that detailed, quality records are maintained to support the results of the clinical trials that they are conducting on our behalf. Any extension, delay, modification or termination of our clinical trials or failure to ensure adequate documentation and the quality of the results in the clinical trials could delay or otherwise adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products and pipeline candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We rely upon independent sites and investigators, such as universities and medical institutions and their faculty or staff, to conduct our clinical trials. These sites and investigators are not our employees and we cannot control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. If these investigators or collaborators fail to devote sufficient time and resources to our product development programs, do not conduct their activities in compliance with the law, or if their performance is substandard, the approval of our regulatory submissions and our introductions of new products will be delayed or prevented.

Our potential collaborators may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. If outside collaborators assist our competitors to our detriment, the approval of our regulatory submissions will be delayed and the sales from our products, if and when commercialized, will be less than expected. Even if clinical trials are completed as planned, their results may not support expectations or intended marketing claims. The clinical trials process may fail to demonstrate that our pipeline candidates are safe and effective for indicated uses. Such failure could cause us to abandon one or more pipeline candidates and could delay development of other pipeline candidates.

Additional delays to the completion of clinical studies may result from modifications being made to the protocol during the clinical trial, if such modifications are warranted and/or required by the occurrences in the given trial.

Each modification to a protocol for a clinical trial must be submitted to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities and the institutional review boards. This submission could result in the delay or suspension of a clinical trial while the modification is evaluated. In addition, depending on the magnitude and nature of the changes made, the FDA and other regulatory authorities could take the position that the data generated by the clinical trial prior to the protocol modification cannot be pooled with the data collected after the modification because the same protocol was not used throughout the trial. This prohibition might require the enrollment of additional subjects, which could result in the extension of the clinical trial and the FDA and other regulatory authorities delaying approval of one or more pipeline candidates.

We may be required to suspend or discontinue clinical trials because of adverse side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of our biologic candidates.

Our clinical trials may be suspended or terminated at any time for a number of reasons. A clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, our collaborators, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities because of a failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, presentation of unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the investigational biologic, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions, lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial, or negative or equivocal findings of the data safety monitoring board or the institutional review board for a clinical trial. An institutional review board may also suspend or terminate our clinical trials for failure to protect patient safety or patient rights. We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants. If we elect or are forced to suspend or terminate any clinical trial of any proposed product that we develop, the commercial prospects of such proposed product will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue from such proposed product will be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects significantly.

The future results of our current or future clinical trials may not support our pipeline candidates claims or may result in the discovery of unexpected adverse side effects.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that the results will support our pipeline candidates claims or that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our pipeline candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses. If the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities conclude that the clinical trials for any of our pipeline candidates for which we might seek approval have failed to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, we would not receive regulatory approval to market that product in the United States or in other jurisdictions for the indications sought. In addition, such an outcome could cause us to abandon the pipeline candidates and might delay development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing of any product submissions with the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our pipeline candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of the product candidate’s profile. Adverse clinical trial results, such as death or injury due to side effects, could jeopardize regulatory approval, and if approval is granted, such results may also lead to marketing restrictions or prohibitions. In addition, the clinical trials performed for programs other than for Sci-B-Vac involve a relatively small patient population. Because of the small sample size, their results may not be indicative of future results.

International commercialization of Sci-B-Vac and our pipeline candidates faces significant obstacles, including obtaining regulatory approvals. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing or selling our products in such jurisdictions.

Sci-B-Vac is approved for sale in Israel. In countries where we do not currently have the required approvals (including the United States, many European countries and Canada), we will need to obtain separate approvals from the relevant regulatory, pricing and reimbursement authorities to market or sell Sci-B-Vac or any of our pipeline candidates. Pursuing regulatory approvals will be time-consuming and expensive, and we may not obtain United States or foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. The regulations vary among countries, and regulatory authorities in one market may require different or additional clinical trials than those required to obtain approval for Sci-B-Vac or our pipeline candidates in another market, and the time required to obtain approval may differ in one market from that required to obtain approval for Sci-B-Vac or our pipeline candidates in another market. Obtaining approval in one country does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries.

In addition, we have limited international regulatory, clinical and commercial resources. We currently market or sell Sci-B-Vac through collaborative relationships with foreign partners and entered into a collaborative relationship with Brii Bio for development of a hepatitis B recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau, and may plan to do so with other pipeline candidates in the future, and, as such, current and future partners are critical to our international success. We may not be able to maintain current, or enter into future, collaboration agreements with appropriate partners for important foreign markets on acceptable terms, if at all. Current and future collaborations with foreign partners may not be effective or profitable.

Future legislation, or regulations and policies adopted by the FDA or other regulatory authorities may increase the time and costs required for us to conduct and complete clinical trials for Sci-B-Vac and our pipeline candidates.

The FDA has established regulations, guidelines and policies to govern the pharmaceutical and biologic development and approval processes, as have foreign regulatory authorities. We expect there will continue to be federal and state laws and/or regulations, proposed and implemented, that could impact our operations and business. Any change in regulatory requirements resulting from the adoption of new legislation, regulations or policies may require us to amend existing clinical trial protocols or add new clinical trials to comply with these changes. Such amendments to existing protocols or clinical trial applications or the need for new ones, may significantly and adversely affect the cost, timing and completion of the clinical trials for our candidates.

In addition, the FDA’s policies and those of other regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be issued that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our pipeline candidates, or impose more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

Developments by competitors may establish standards of care that affect our ability to conduct our clinical trials as planned.

Changes in standards related to clinical trial design could affect our ability to design and conduct clinical trials as planned. For example, regulatory authorities may not allow us to compare one or more of our pipeline candidates to a placebo in a particular clinical indication where approved products are available. In that case, both the cost and the amount of time required to conduct a clinical trial could increase.

We face product liability exposure, which, if not covered by insurance, could result in significant financial liability.

The risk of product liability is inherent in the research, development, manufacturing, marketing and use of pharmaceutical products. Sci-B-Vac which is currently approved for sale in Israel; our pipeline candidates currently in clinical trials; and any products that we may commercially market in the future may cause, or may appear to have caused, injury or dangerous drug reactions, and expose us to product liability claims. These claims might be made by patients who use the product, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, our corporate collaborators or others selling such products. If our current products or any of our pipeline candidates during clinical trials were to cause adverse side effects, we may be exposed to substantial liabilities. In September 2018, two civil claims were brought in the District of Court of the central district in Israel which named our subsidiary SciVac Ltd. as a defendant. In one claim, two minors, through their parents, allege among other things, defects in certain batches of Sci-B-Vac discovered in July 2015; that Sci-B-Vac was approved for use in children and infants in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; that SciVac Ltd failed to provide accurate information about Sci-B-Vac to consumers and that each child suffered side effects from the vaccine. The claim was filed together with a motion seeking approval of a class action on behalf of 428,000 children vaccinated with Sci-B-Vac in Israel since April 2011 and seeking damages in a total amount of NIS 1,879,500,000 (not in thousands) ($543.8 million). The second claim is a civil action brought by two minors and their parents against SciVac Ltd and IMoH alleging, among other things, that SciVac Ltd. marketed an experimental, defective, hazardous or harmful vaccine; that Sci-B-Vac was marketed in Israel without establishing its safety; and that Sci-B-Vac was produced and marketed in Israel without approval of a western regulatory body. The claim seeks damages for past and future losses and expenses as well as punitive damages. The motion seeking approval of a class action has been suspended until a ruling is given on the question of liability in the civil action. The preliminary hearings for the trial of the civil action began on January 15, 2020. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, product liability claims or other claims related to our products or pipeline candidates may result in:

We currently maintain product liability insurance, and we generally obtain clinical trial insurance once a clinical trial is initiated. However, the insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive, and, in the future, we, or any of our collaborators, may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts or at all to protect us against losses due to liability. Even if our agreements with any current or future collaborators entitle us to indemnification against product liability losses, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise. Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our pipeline candidates. If a successful product liability claim or series of claims is brought against us for uninsured liabilities or in excess of insured liabilities, our assets may not be sufficient to cover such claims and our business operations could be impaired.

Should any of the events described above occur, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our pipeline candidates, we will still face extensive, ongoing regulatory requirements and review, and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our pipeline candidates in the United States or other regions, which we cannot guarantee, the FDA or other regulatory bodies may still impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or impose conditions for approval, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies, including Phase IV clinical trials or post-market surveillance. As a condition to granting marketing approval of a product, the FDA or other regulatory bodies may require us to conduct additional clinical trials. The results generated in these post-approval clinical trials could result in loss of marketing approval, changes in product labeling, or new or increased concerns about side effects or efficacy of a product. For example, the labeling for our pipeline candidates, if approved, may include restrictions on use or warnings. The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 gives the FDA enhanced post-market authority, including the explicit authority to require post-market studies and clinical trials, labeling changes based on new safety information and compliance with FDA-approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (“REMS programs”). If approved, our pipeline candidates will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record keeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The FDA’s exercise of its authority could result in delays or increased costs during product development, clinical trials and regulatory review, increased costs to comply with additional post-approval regulatory requirements and potential restrictions on sales of approved products. Foreign regulatory agencies often have similar authority and may impose comparable costs. Post-marketing studies, whether conducted by us or by others and whether mandated by regulatory agencies or voluntary, and other emerging data about marketed products, such as adverse event reports, may also adversely affect sales of our pipeline candidates once approved, and potentially our other marketed products. Further, the discovery of significant problems with a product similar to one of our products that implicate (or are perceived to implicate) an entire class of products could have an adverse effect on sales of our approved products. Accordingly, new data about our products could negatively affect demand because of real or perceived side effects or uncertainty regarding efficacy and, in some cases, could result in product withdrawal or recall. Furthermore, new data and information, including information about product misuse, may lead government agencies, professional societies and practice management groups or organizations involved with various diseases to publish guidelines or recommendations related to the use of our products or the use of related therapies or place restrictions on sales. Such guidelines or recommendations may lead to lower sales of our products.

The holder of a BLA that has been approved also is subject to obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the BLA. License holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws, including, by way of example, the Federal Trade Commission Act. Any sales and promotional activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA, or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. In particular, any labeling approved by such regulatory agencies for our pipeline candidates may also include restrictions on use. Such regulatory agencies may impose further requirements or restrictions on the distribution or use of our pipeline candidates as part of a mandatory plan, such as limiting prescribing to certain physicians or medical centers that have undergone specialized training, limiting treatment to patients who meet certain safe-use criteria and requiring treated patients to enroll in a registry. If we receive marketing approval for one or more of our pipeline candidates, physicians may nevertheless prescribe such products to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. In particular, the United States federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed.

Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet post-approval requirements by us or our third-party collaborators can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, FDA issuance of Form 483, untitled letters, and/or warning letters, suspension or termination of any ongoing clinical trials, or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant amounts of time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity and significantly inhibit our ability to bring to market or continue to market our products and generate revenue.

We may seek to in-license pipeline candidates or technologies to expand our product pipeline and may not succeed.

If and when we deem it to be our strategic priority, we may seek to in-license pipeline candidates or technologies to expand our product pipeline and may not succeed. The number of such candidates and technologies is limited. Competition among large pharmaceutical companies and biopharmaceutical companies for promising pipeline candidates and technologies is intense because such companies generally desire to expand their product pipelines through in-licensing. If we fail to carry out such in-licensing and expand our product pipeline, our potential future revenues may suffer especially if our current products or pipeline candidates fail to generate material revenue.

The failure by us or our current or future manufacturers to obtain FDA or other regulatory agencies’ approval for manufacturing facilities could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our manufacturing facilities and any of our current and future contract manufacturers, whether the facilities are ours or third-party manufacturer facilities, must be inspected by the FDA, after we submit a BLA and before approval, or by the regulators in other jurisdictions for our pipeline candidates to be manufactured for commercial production. In the event that we are approved to market a drug product in the United States, we or our third-party manufacturers must register the manufacturing facilities with the FDA and are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations. Similar rules apply in the event we are approved to market a medicinal product in the European Union. Other than Sci-B-Vac, which is currently manufactured by us, we are completely dependent on these third-party manufacturers for compliance with the requirements of United States and non-United States regulators for the manufacture of our finished products. If we or our third-party manufacturers cannot successfully produce material that conforms to our specifications and current good manufacturing practice requirements of any applicable regulatory agency, we will not be able to secure approval for our manufacturing facilities. If the FDA or another regulatory agency does not approve these facilities for commercial production, we will need to find alternative suppliers, which would result in significant delays in obtaining required regulatory approvals. In addition, if we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility, or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing, requiring new warnings or other labeling changes to limit use of the drug, requiring that we conduct additional clinical trials, imposing new monitoring requirements or requiring that we establish a REMS program. These challenges may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We manufacture clinical and commercial supplies of Sci-B-Vac at a single location. Any disruption in the operations of our manufacturing facility could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, for the manufacture of all clinical and commercial supplies of Sci-B-Vac and clinical supplies of VBI-2601. Our current manufacturing facility contains highly specialized equipment and materials and utilizes complicated production processes developed over a number of years, which would be difficult, time-consuming and costly to duplicate or, though a remote risk, may be impossible to duplicate. If our facility were damaged or destroyed, or otherwise subject to disruption, including contamination, it would require substantial lead-time to replace our manufacturing capabilities and could cause costly delays. In such event, we would be forced to identify and rely entirely on third-party contract manufacturers for an indefinite period of time, which we may not be able to do in a timely manner and would further increase our production costs. Any disruptions or delays at our facility or its failure to meet regulatory compliance would significantly impair our ability to manufacture Sci-B-Vac for sale in the jurisdictions where it is approved for sale and for our ongoing and future clinical studies of VBI-2601 and for future clinical studies of Sci-B-Vac, if required, where we seek regulatory approval, which would result in increased costs and losses and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We incurred significant costs to modernize and increase the capacity of our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel. Any delays in validating the modernization and capacity increase of our facility could adversely affect our ability to supply our vaccines for commercial sale and clinical development.

We invested substantial funds to modernize and increase the capacity of our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, where we manufacture all clinical and commercial supplies of Sci-B-Vac and clinical materials of VBI-2601. During the modernization and capacity increase, which started in April 2018, we ceased manufacturing operations at our manufacturing facility. Although the modernization and the capacity increase of our manufacturing facility has been completed and we obtained a certificate of GMP compliance from the IMoH on January 27, 2020, the IMoH will also need to review and approve the process validation submission and provide approval for us to sell Sci-B-Vac manufactured at the modernized facility. If we are unable to promptly obtain IMoH approval, our ability to commercially sell Sci-B-Vac could be interrupted, the costs associated with our modernization project would increase, and our sales of Sci-B-Vac and the timing of our clinical studies related to VBI-2601 could be adversely affected.

If a supplier of our raw materials and certain reagents fails to provide sufficient quantities to us, we may not be able to obtain an alternative supply on a timely or acceptable basis.

We rely on a single source for our supply of some of our raw materials and certain reagents required for the manufacture of Sci-B-Vac and VBI-2601. We do not have a written or oral agreement with these single sources of supply, as all orders are handled through individual purchase orders or on an order-by-order basis. Alternative sources from which we can obtain our supply of most of these materials exist. However, we may not be able to find alternative suppliers in a timely manner that would provide supplies of these raw materials or reagents at acceptable quantities and prices, if at all. Any interruption in the supply of these materials would disrupt our ability to manufacture Sci-B-Vac or VBI-2601 for further development, current and future clinical trials, and commercial manufacturing, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, commercialization of Sci-B-Vac and VBI-2601 and future profit margins, if any.

We do not manufacture any of our raw materials nor do we plan to develop any capacity to do so. Instead, we rely on multiple sources to supply our raw materials so that we can manufacture sufficient quantities of Sci-B-Vac and VBI-2601 at our manufacturing facility. Some of the countries of origin of our raw materials are not the same as our drug manufacturing location. Any disruption in supply of raw materials from a qualified supplier could result in significant delays with our manufacturing, clinical trials, BLA filing, BLA approval or commercial sale of the finished product due to contract delays, the need to manufacture new raw materials, out of specification raw materials, the need for import and export permits, and the failure of the newly sourced raw materials to perform to the standards of the previously sourced raw materials. These delays could have a material adverse effect on our business and future profit margins, if any.

We expect the healthcare industry to face increased limitations on reimbursement, rebates and other payments as a result of continued healthcare reform changes, which could adversely affect third-party coverage of our products and how much or under what circumstances healthcare providers will prescribe or administer our products.

In both the United States and other countries, sales of our products will depend in part upon the availability of reimbursement from third-party payers, which include governmental authorities, managed care organizations and other private health insurers. Third-party payers are increasingly challenging the price and examining the cost effectiveness of medical products and services.

Increasing expenditures for healthcare have been the subject of considerable public attention in the United States. Both private and government entities are seeking ways to reduce or contain healthcare costs. Numerous proposals that would effect changes in the United States healthcare system have been introduced or proposed in Congress and in some state legislatures, including reducing reimbursement for prescription products and reducing the levels at which consumers and healthcare providers are reimbursed for purchases of pharmaceutical products.

Cost reduction initiatives and changes in coverage implemented through legislation or regulation could decrease utilization of and reimbursement for any approved products, which in turn would affect the price we can receive for those products. Any reduction in reimbursement that results from federal legislation or regulation may also result in a similar reduction in payments from payers. New laws may also result in additional reductions in healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers, which may affect our financial operations. Legislative and regulatory proposals may expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be certain whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether relevant regulations, guidance, or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on our products may be.

Although we cannot predict the full effect on our business of the implementation of existing legislation or the enactment of additional legislation pursuant to healthcare and other legislative reform, we believe that legislation or regulations that would reduce reimbursement for, or restrict coverage of, our products could adversely affect how much or under what circumstances healthcare providers will prescribe or administer our products. This could materially and adversely affect our business by reducing our ability to generate revenue, raise capital, obtain additional collaborators and market our products. In addition, we believe the increasing emphasis on managed care in the United States has and will continue to put pressure on the price and usage of pharmaceutical products, which may adversely impact product sales.

Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our future revenues.

In some countries, particularly countries in Europe, the pricing and/or reimbursement of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In Canada, the prices of patented medicines are subject to price controls. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a study that compares the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.

We face intense competition and rapid technological change, which may make it more difficult to achieve significant market penetration. If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other drug companies, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

The market for our pipeline candidates is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological advances. For example, if it is approved in the future, Sci-B-Vac will compete in the United States with approved hepatitis B virus vaccines marketed by GSK, Dynavax, and Merck and compete outside the United States with vaccines from GSK, Merck, and several additional established pharmaceutical companies. If competitors’ existing products or new products are more effective than or considered superior to our current or future products, the commercial opportunity for our products will be reduced or eliminated. Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication than our products or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost. We face competition from fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. Many of our competitors have products or pipeline candidates already approved or in development. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, are larger than us and have substantially greater financial, technical, research, marketing, sales, distribution and other resources. Existing and potential competitors may develop or market products that are more effective or commercially attractive than any that we are developing or marketing. Competitors may obtain regulatory approvals and introduce and commercialize products before we do. These developments could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition. Even if we are able to compete successfully, we may not be able to do so in a profitable manner.

We may be exposed to liability claims associated with the use of hazardous materials and chemicals.

Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. Although we believe that our safety procedures for using, storing, handling and disposing of these materials comply with federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any resulting damages and any liability could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials and waste products may require us to incur substantial compliance costs that could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our pipeline candidates may never achieve market acceptance, even if we obtain regulatory approvals.

Even if we receive regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of our pipeline candidates, the commercial success of these pipeline candidates will depend on, among other things, their acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payers such as health insurance companies and other members of the medical community as a vaccine and a cost-effective alternative to competing products. If our pipeline candidates fail to gain market acceptance, we may be unable to earn sufficient revenue to continue our business. Market acceptance of, and demand for, any product that we may develop and commercialize will depend on many factors, including:

In particular, there are significant challenges to obtaining regulatory approval for CMV vaccine candidates developed for a target market (i.e. pre-pregnant women) due to the relatively low tolerance for risk to these populations. The risk-benefit analysis undertaken by the FDA and other regulators in deciding whether or not to approve this product candidate will be high relative to other vaccines and biologic products that target less sensitive populations.

If our pipeline candidates do not become widely accepted by physicians, patients, third-party payers and other members of the medical community, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to manufacture our eVLP pipeline candidates in sufficient quantities, at sufficient yields or are unable to obtain regulatory approvals for a manufacturing facility for our vaccines, we may experience delays in product development, clinical trials, regulatory approval and commercial distribution.

Completion of our clinical trials and commercialization of our eVLP pipeline candidates require access to, or development of, facilities to manufacture our eVLP pipeline candidates at sufficient yields and at commercial-scale. We have limited experience manufacturing any of our eVLP pipeline candidates in the volumes that will be necessary to support large-scale clinical trials or commercial sales. Efforts to establish these capabilities may not meet initial expectations as to scheduling, scale-up, reproducibility, yield, purity, cost, potency or quality.

If we are unable to manufacture our eVLP pipeline candidates in clinical or commercial quantities, as the case may be, in sufficient yields, with sufficient purity, potency, quality, and identity, then we must find, qualify, and rely on third parties. Any new third-party manufacturers must also receive FDA approval before we may use product manufactured by them as our commercial products and pipeline candidates. Our products may be in competition with other products for access to these facilities and may be subject to delays in manufacture if our third-party manufacturers give other products greater priority. Any delays experienced by third-party manufacturers, whether directly or by its raw material suppliers in relation to our project, may result in delays in clinical development of our eVLP pipeline candidates.

As a result, any delay or interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In light of our current resources and limited commercial experience, we may need to establish successful third-party relationships to successfully commercialize our pipeline candidates.

The near and long-term viability of our pipeline candidates may depend, in part, on our ability to successfully establish new strategic collaborations with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, non-profit organizations and government agencies. Establishing and maintaining strategic collaborations and obtaining government funding is difficult and time-consuming. Potential collaborators may reject collaborations based upon their assessment of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position or based on their internal pipeline; government agencies may reject contract or grant applications based on their assessment of public need, the public interest, the ability of our products to address these areas, or other reasons beyond our expectations or control. If we fail to establish or maintain a sufficient number of collaborations or government relationships on acceptable terms, we may not be able to commercialize our pipeline candidates or generate sufficient revenue to fund further research and development efforts.

Even if we establish new collaborations or obtain government funding, these relationships, including our collaboration with Brii Bio, may never result in the successful development or commercialization of any pipeline candidates for several reasons, including the fact that:

If we or our collaborators fail to maintain our existing agreements or in the event we fail to establish agreements as necessary, we could be required to undertake research, development, manufacturing and commercialization activities solely at our own expense. These activities would significantly increase our capital requirements and, given our lack of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, significantly delay the commercialization of our pipeline candidates.

Our marketing, promotional and business practices, including those that occur prior to the FDA’s or another regulatory authority’s approval of a product candidate, are subject to extensive regulation and any material failure to comply could result in significant sanctions against us.

The marketing, promotional, and business practices of pharmaceutical and biologics companies are subject to extensive regulation, the enforcement of which may result in the imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties, injunctions, and/or limitations on marketing practices for some of our products.

There is no official FDA definition of “promotion,” but FDA regulations, guidance documents, and enforcement actions make clear that the FDA takes a broad view of the term. Promotional materials include any written, oral, graphic, or broadcast material made and distributed to consumers by a company or its agents with the intent to proactively communicate certain attributes (e.g., use/indication, safety, effectiveness, etc.) of a given drug or biologic product. Examples include presentations, posters, brochures, notes, e-mail messages (external), blog postings, corporate websites, social media posts, videos, oral representations made by company representatives, product samples, reprints of scientific and medical articles, among others. To be lawful, promotions, at a minimum, must:

Aside from off-label promotion, a lack of fair balance between risk information and benefit information has become the highest enforcement priority for the FDA in this context. We may also be subject to enforcement action in connection with any promotion of an investigational product. Under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, a sponsor or investigator, or any person acting on behalf of a sponsor or investigator, shall not represent in a promotional context that an investigational new drug is safe or effective for the purposes for which it is under investigation or otherwise promote the product candidate. The most common factors that trigger FDA enforcement actions for unauthorized promotion of an investigational drug include:

Any enforcement action or lawsuit brought against us in connection with alleged violations of applicable promotion requirements, or prohibitions, could harm our business and our reputation, as well as the reputation of any then approved products we may promote or commercialize.

We may be subject to additional risks due to the involvement of third-party drugs, devices, or other products in clinical studies evaluating the safety and/or efficacy of our pipeline candidates and/or in connection with the commercial use of any such candidates approved by the FDA for marketing in the United States in the future.

One or more existing FDA-approved therapies may be involved in the clinical testing of a given product candidate, as such product candidate may be tested in combination with a therapy developed by another company or administered using a third-party medical device. For example, our vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate VBI-1901 is administered in conjunction with two existing adjuvant therapies via intradermal injection. Accordingly, our clinical studies for VBI-1901, and any other study involving a third-party product, may subject us to additional risks that we may not otherwise face in connection with studies conducted without third-party products.

Among other potential risks, a third-party product we utilize could be defective, removed from the market, or otherwise rendered unavailable for the applicable use. Additionally, the safety and/or efficacy of such products may be called into question for reasons beyond our control, including, but not limited to, serious adverse events associated with the product; regulatory enforcement action against the product’s manufacturer, developer, or other responsible party, as applicable; or any other circumstance or finding that negatively impacts the perceived utility or reliability of the product. The occurrence of any such events in connection with a third-party drug, device, or other product used in our clinical studies could cause the FDA and/or industry to question the validity of our clinical trial data or improperly attribute safety or efficacy issues to our pipeline candidates, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to successfully develop and commercialize such candidates. We cannot predict the ultimate impact that any third-party product used in our clinical studies may have on our business, as such is dependent upon a number of factors outside of our reasonable control.

Risks Related to Our Capital Requirements and Financings

We will need additional financing to continue our operations. If we are unable to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, we may have to curtail or cease our development plans and operations.

Our revenue generating activities include product sales and research and development services pursuant to fee for service agreements, collaboration agreements and certain governmental research and development grants. However, our revenues have not been significant to date. Our long-term success and ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to fund the research and development of our products, to bring about their successful commercial release, if approved, to generate revenue and, ultimately, to attain profitable operations or alternatively advance the products and technology to such a point that an acquirer would find attractive. We face substantial demand on our cash resources to fund operations and our growth plans in the future.

To date, we have been able to obtain financing; however, there is no assurance that financing will be available in the future, or if it is, that it will be available at terms acceptable to us. Additional financings may be effected through debt financing and/or the issuance of equity securities, there being no assurance that any type of financing on terms acceptable to us will be available or otherwise occur. Debt financing must be repaid regardless of whether we generate revenues or cash flows from operations and may be secured by substantially all of our assets. Any equity financing or debt financing that requires the issuance of equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities would cause the percentage ownership of our shareholders to be diluted, which dilution may be substantial. Also, any additional equity securities issued may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders. Furthermore, if we issue additional securities, whether equity or debt, or if investors believe we may issue additional securities, the market price of our common shares could decline. If such financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be required to reduce or eliminate certain pipeline candidates and development activities, and it may ultimately require us to suspend or cease operations, which could cause investors to lose the entire amount of their investment.

We have incurred significant losses since inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred significant net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. We incurred net losses of approximately $55 million and $64 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $262 million. Our income generating activities have been from sales of our Sci-B-Vac product in markets that have generated a limited number of sales to-date, fees from research and development services and revenue from partnership collaborations. We expect to incur significant operating losses for the next several years as we support Sci-B-Vac regulatory submissions and pre-commercialization activities, expand our research and development, advance other pipeline candidates into and through clinical development, including our immunotherapeutic hepatitis B candidate, CMV candidate and GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, complete clinical trials and seek regulatory approval. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products, as well as those related to our expectations for the Brii License Agreement, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or guarantee when, or if, our company will become profitable or cash flow positive. If we never achieve profitability or positive cash flows, or achieve either later than we anticipate, you may lose some or all of your investment in us.

Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis; we must raise additional capital to fund our operations in order to continue as a going concern.

In its report dated March 5, 2020, EisnerAmper LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as we have suffered recurring losses from operations and have insufficient liquidity to fund our future operations. If we are unable to improve our liquidity position we may not be able to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result if we are unable to continue as a going concern and, therefore, be required to realize our assets and discharge out liabilities other than in the normal course of business which could cause investors to suffer the loss of all or a substantial portion of their investment. As of December 31, 2019, we had $44.2 million of cash. In order to have sufficient cash to fund our operations in the future, we will need to raise additional equity or debt capital and cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful in doing so.

Risks Related to Our Business

Adverse effects resulting from other immunotherapy drugs or therapies could also negatively affect the perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our pipeline candidates.

There are many other companies that have developed or are currently trying to develop immuno-oncology products for the treatment of cancer. If adverse effects were to result from any immunotherapy drugs or therapies being developed, manufactured and marketed by others it could be attributed to our products or immunotherapy protocols as a whole. In fact, in the past biologics have been associated with certain safety risks and other companies developing biologics have had patients in trials suffer from serious adverse events, including death. Any such attribution could negatively affect the perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our pipeline candidates and the future of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Our industry is susceptible to rapid technological changes and there can be no assurance that we will be able to overcome any new technological challenges presented by the adverse effects resulting from immunotherapy drugs or therapies developed, manufactured or marketed by others.

We have international operations, which subject us to risks inherent with operations outside of Canada.

We have international operations and we may seek to obtain market approvals in foreign markets that we deem to generate significant opportunities. However, even with the cooperation of a commercialization partner, conducting drug development in foreign countries involves inherent risks, including, but not limited to: difficulties in staffing, funding and managing foreign operations; different and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; export restrictions; tariffs and other trade barriers; different reimbursement systems; economic weaknesses or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets; compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or travelling abroad; supply chain and raw materials management; difficulties in protecting, acquiring, enforcing and litigating intellectual property rights; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and potentially adverse tax consequences.

If we were to experience any of the difficulties listed above, or any other difficulties, our international development activities and our overall financial condition may suffer and cause us to reduce or discontinue our international development and market approval efforts.

We may not be successful in hiring and retaining key employees, in which case our business may be harmed.

Our business is highly dependent upon the continued services of our senior management and key scientific and technical personnel. As such, our future success depends on our ability to identify, attract, hire or engage, retain and motivate well-qualified managerial, technical, clinical and regulatory personnel. Our operations require qualified personnel with expertise in nonclinical pharmacology and toxicology, pharmaceutical development, clinical research, regulatory affairs, manufacturing, sales and marketing. We must compete for qualified individuals with numerous biopharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions. Competition for such individuals is intense, and, when the need arises, we may not be able to hire the personnel necessary to support our efforts. There can be no assurance that these professionals will be available in the market, or that we will be able to retain existing professionals or to meet or to continue to meet their compensation requirements. Furthermore, the cost base in relation to such compensation, which may include equity compensation, may increase significantly, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Failure to establish and maintain an effective management team and work force could adversely affect our ability to operate, grow and manage our business.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to:

In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commissions, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions that we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We may be subject to federal, provincial and state healthcare laws, regulations, and policies in connection with our current and/or future activities and our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial conditions.

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing and other applicable regulations, if we obtain FDA approval to commercialize any of our current or future product candidates in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly, through our relationships with healthcare providers, customers and third-party payors, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation the following:

Further, the Affordable Care Act, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal anti-kickback and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity can be found guilty of fraud or false claims under the Affordable Care Act without actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims statutes. Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could involve substantial costs. Possible sanctions for violation of the applicable fraud-and-abuse laws may include monetary fines, civil and criminal penalties, exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other government programs, forfeiture of amounts collected in violation of such prohibitions, individual imprisonment, additional reporting obligations and oversight (if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws), and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any violations of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against such claims, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to physicians and teaching hospitals for marketing, medical directorships, and other purposes. Some states impose a legal obligation on companies to adhere to voluntary industry codes of behavior (e.g., the PhRMA Code and the AdvaMed Code of Ethics), which apply to pharmaceutical and medical device companies’ interactions with healthcare providers; some mandate implementation of corporate compliance programs, along with the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians, and some states limit or prohibit such gifts.

Most recently, there has been a trend in federal and state legislation aimed at requiring pharmaceutical companies to disclose information about their production and marketing costs, and ultimately lowering costs for drug products. Several states have passed or introduced bills that would require disclosure of certain pricing information for prescription drugs that have no threshold amount or are above a certain annual wholesale acquisition cost. In June 2016, Vermont became the first state to pass legislation requiring certain drug companies to disclose information relating to justification of certain price increases and various others have since-followed. The United States Congress has also introduced bills targeting prescription drug price transparency, and two such bills—the Patient Right to Know Drug Prices Act (for private plans) and the Know the Lowest Price Act (for Medicare Parts C and D)—were signed into law on October 10, 2018. These laws and any other such implementation of legislation requiring publication of drug costs could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations by promoting a reduction in drug prices.

The scope and enforcement of these laws is uncertain and subject to change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. We are not able to predict the impact on our business of any changes in these laws. Federal or state regulatory authorities may challenge our future activities under these laws. Any such challenge could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. Any state or federal regulatory review of the Company, regardless of the outcome, would be costly and time-consuming.

Our business, and our current and future activities, product candidates, or any future approved products, if any, may also be subject to equivalent healthcare-related laws and regulations of any or all of the other countries, provinces, or other applicable jurisdictions in which we currently operate or may operate in the future. There can be no assurance that the potential compliance obligations of any such foreign laws, and any corresponding consequences of noncompliance, will be similar to those of United States fraud and abuse laws.

Healthcare legislative reform measures or other changes may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In the United States, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives focused on containing the cost of healthcare. The Affordable Care Act, for example, substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions that could impact our business and operations, primarily, once we obtain FDA approval to commercialize one of our product candidates in the United States, if ever, and may also affect our operations in ways we cannot currently predict. ACA provisions that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, rules regarding prescription drug benefits under health insurance exchanges, expansion of the 340B program, expansion of state Medicaid programs and fraud and abuse enforcement. Such changes may impact existing government healthcare programs, industry competition, formulary composition, and may result in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives, health technology assessments and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

Since taking office, President Trump has continued to support the repeal of all or portions of the Affordable Care Act. However, the current administration’s relevant repeal and/or reform efforts have been met with substantial opposition from various federal and state legislators and agencies and other industry stakeholders, which has contributed to the current state of uncertainty as to the validity and application of healthcare reform measures initiated thus far, the fate of the Affordable Care Act, and the current and future implications for applicable participants within the United States healthcare industry, including providers, patients, manufacturers, developers, and other relevant individuals and institutions. The adoption or implementation of new or amended legislation at the federal or state level could affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for any of our vaccine candidates and the commercial viability of our future approved products, if any. We cannot predict the ultimate nature, timing, or effect of any changes to the Affordable Care Act or other federal and state reform efforts, and there is no assurance that such efforts will not adversely affect our future business and financial results.

In January 2017, Congress passed a budget resolution that authorizes congressional committees to draft legislation to repeal all or portions of the Affordable Care Act and permits such legislation to pass with a majority vote in the Senate. President Trump also issued an executive order in which he stated that it is his administration’s policy to seek the prompt repeal of the Affordable Care Act and directed executive departments and federal agencies to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of the provisions of the Affordable Care Act to the maximum extent permitted by law.

Additionally, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the Affordable Care Act provision requiring individuals to purchase and maintain health coverage, or the “individual mandate,” by reducing the associated penalty to zero, beginning in 2019. In December 2018, a district court in Texas held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and that the rest of the Affordable Care Act is, therefore, invalid. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the holding on the individual mandate but remanded the case back to the lower court to reassess whether and how such holding affects the validity of the rest of the Affordable Care Act. Substantial uncertainty remains as to the future of the Affordable Care Act after the United States Supreme Court declined to expedite its review of the Fifth Circuit’s holding on January 21, 2020. It is, thus, unlikely that these issues will be resolved before the next presidential election in November 2020. There is no way to predict whether, and to what extent, if any, the Affordable Care Act will remain in-effect in the future, and it is unclear how these decisions, subsequent appeals, or other efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act will impact the United States healthcare industry or our business.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party vendors, collaborators, or other contractors may be subject to various federal and state confidentiality and privacy laws in the United States and abroad and could sustain system failures, security breaches, or other disruptions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Numerous international, national, federal, provincial and state laws, including state privacy laws (such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or “CCPA”), state security breach notification and information security laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who may, in future, prescribe and dispense our products in the United States and research institutions in the United States with whom we collaborate for our sponsored clinical trials are “covered entities” subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s privacy and security standards directly applicable to business associates, independent contractors, or agents of covered entities that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. We could be subject to a wide range of penalties and sanctions under HIPAA, including criminal penalties if we, our affiliates, or our agents knowingly obtain or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. Failure to comply with applicable HIPAA requirements or other current and future privacy laws and regulations could result in governmental enforcement actions (including the imposition of significant penalties), criminal and civil liability, and/or adverse publicity that negatively affects our business.

Moreover, we rely on our internal and third-party provided information technology systems and applications to support our operations and to maintain and process company information including personal information, confidential business information and proprietary information. If these information technology systems are subject to cybersecurity attacks, or are otherwise compromised, due to cyberattacks, human error or malfeasance, system errors or otherwise, it may adversely impact our business, disrupt our operations, or lead to the loss, theft, destruction, corruption, or compromise of our information or that of our collaborators, study subjects, or other third-party contractors, as applicable. Such information technology or security events could also lead to legal liability, regulatory investigations or enforcement actions, loss of business, negative media coverage, and reputational damage. While we seek to protect our information technology systems from these types of incidents, the healthcare sector continues to see a high frequency of cyberattacks and increasingly sophisticated threat actors, and our systems and the information maintained within those systems remain potentially vulnerable to data security incidents. Moreover, losses from such events may not be completely covered by insurance coverage (or may not be covered at all by any of our insurance policies depending on the circumstances).

Any of the above-described cyber or other security-related incidents may trigger notification obligations to affected individuals and government agencies, legal claims or proceedings, and liability under foreign, federal, provincial and state laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information. Our proprietary and confidential information may also be accessed. Any one of these events could cause our business to be materially harmed and our results of operations may be adversely impacted. Finally, as cyber threats continue to evolve, and privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations continue to develop, we may need to invest additional resources to implement new compliance measures, strengthen our information security posture, or respond to cyber threats and incidents.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions. These laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from engaging in bribery or making other prohibited payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, and some have record keeping requirements. The failure to comply with these laws could result in substantial criminal and/or monetary penalties. We operate in jurisdictions that have experienced corruption, bribery, pay-offs and other similar practices from time-to-time and, in certain circumstances, such practices may be local custom. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics mandates compliance with these anti-corruption laws. However, we cannot be certain that these policies and procedures will protect us against liability. There can be no assurance that our employees, other agents, or third-party manufacturers or other organizations will not engage in such conduct for which we might be held responsible. If our employees, other agents, or third-party manufacturers or other organizations are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe criminal or civil penalties and other consequences that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and/ or share price.

We may expand our business through the acquisition of rights to new pipeline candidates that could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.

We may expand our product offerings, and we may seek acquisitions of pipeline candidates or technologies to do so. We may also seek to expand our business through the acquisition of businesses or companies having rights to new pipeline candidates. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including substantial cash expenditures; potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities; incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify at the time of the acquisition; difficulties in assimilating the acquired technologies or the operations of the acquired companies; diversion of management’s attention away from other business concerns; risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no direct experience; and the potential loss of key employees or key employees of the acquired companies.

There can be no assurance that any acquisition by us will result in short-term or long-term benefits to us. We may incorrectly judge the value or worth of an acquired product, company or business. In addition, future success of the combined company will depend in part on our ability to manage the rapid growth associated with some of these acquisitions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to make the combination of our business with that of any acquired products, businesses or companies work or be successful. Furthermore, the development or expansion of our business or any acquired products, businesses or companies may require a substantial capital investment by us. We may not have these necessary funds, or such funds might not be available on acceptable terms or at all. We may also seek to raise funds by selling capital stock or instruments convertible into or exercisable for capital stock, which could dilute each shareholder’s ownership interest.

Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.

Our operations, as well as those of any collaborators on which we depend, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from computer viruses, human error, natural disasters, extreme weather, electrical and telecommunication failures, international acts of terror, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, and similar events. Our formal disaster recovery plan and back-up operations and business interruption insurance may not be adequate to compensate us for losses we may suffer. A significant business interruption could result in losses or damages incurred by us and require us to cease or curtail our operations.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China and has reached multiple other countries, resulting in government-imposed quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures in China and such other countries. We and Brii Bio are conducting a Phase Ib/IIa clinical study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) at multiple study sites including South Korea, Thailand, Hong Kong SAR and China. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, but enrollment of patients in our study may be delayed due to the outbreak of the coronavirus, as hospitals in South Korea, Thailand, Hong Kong SAR and China shift resources to patients affected by the disease. As a result, our expected development timeline for VBI-2601 (BRII-179) may be negatively impacted. Moreover, the coronavirus outbreak has begun to have indeterminable adverse effects on general commercial activity and the world economy, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that this coronavirus or any other epidemic harms the global economy generally.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures, cyber-attacks or deficiencies in our cyber-security.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, research data, our proprietary business information and that of our suppliers, technical information about our products, clinical trial plans and employee records. Similarly, our third-party providers possess certain of our sensitive data and confidential information. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, ransomware, cyber fraud, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, encrypted, lost or stolen. Any such access, inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information or other loss of information, including our data being breached at third-party providers, could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or financial loss under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, disruption of our operations or our product development programs and damage to our reputation, which could adversely affect our business. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.

Under current United States, Canadian and Israeli law, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete or to prevent the breach of confidentiality agreements, and therefore, may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees and certain key consultants. These agreements prohibit our employees and certain key consultants, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period of time. However, under current United States, Canadian and Israeli law, we may be unable to enforce these agreements, in whole or in part, and therefore, we cannot be sure that these employees and key consultants will not compete with us. For example, in the past, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer which have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we are unable to demonstrate that harm would be caused to us or otherwise enforce these non-competition agreements, in whole or in part, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefitting from the expertise our former employees or consultants developed while working for us and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

We rely on confidential information that we seek to protect through confidentiality agreements with our employees and other parties. If these agreements are breached, competitors may obtain and use our confidential information to gain a competitive advantage over us or could substantially delay product development or harm our commercialization activities. We may not have any remedies against our competitors and any remedies that may be available to us may not be adequate to protect our business or compensate us for the damaging disclosure. In addition, we may have to expend resources to protect our interests from possible infringement by others, which may divert our available funds away from our business activities.

We have significant operations located in Israel and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.

Our subsidiary’s operations are located in Rehovot, Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business have sometimes declined to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements.

Since the Gaza Strip’s 2007 coup, by which the terrorist organization Hamas seized control, there have been a number of armed conflicts between Hamas and Israel – in December-January 2008-9, November 2012, July-August 2014 and as recently as May 2019 – in all of which conflicts, rockets were fired from Gaza into Israeli civilian population centers. During the summer of 2006, Israel was engaged in an armed conflict with Hezbollah, a Lebanese Islamist Shiite militia group and political party backed by Iran and controlling large swathes of Lebanon. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our Rehovot facilities, employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Civil unrest and political turbulence has occurred in other countries in the region, including Syria which shares a common border with Israel, and is affecting the political stability of those countries. Since April 2011, a civil war that has been ongoing in Syria has escalated, and evidence indicates that chemical weapons have been used in the region. This instability and any intervention may lead to additional conflicts in the region. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is widely believed to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran also has a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and both the Allawite regime and various rebel militia groups in Syria. These situations may potentially escalate in the future to more violent events which may affect Israel and us. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

Commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government is currently committed to covering the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure that this government coverage will be maintained, or if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions generally and could harm our results of operations.

Political relations could limit our ability to sell or buy internationally.

We could be adversely affected by the interruption or reduction of trade between Israel and its trading partners. To date the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been repeatedly subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries, companies and organizations continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli firms and others doing business with Israel or with Israeli companies. Also, over the past several years there have been calls in Europe and elsewhere to reduce trade with Israel. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business.

The operations of our subsidiary in Israel may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of Israeli citizens to perform military service.

Many Israeli citizens are obligated to perform several days, and in some cases more, of annual military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for reservists who are officers or who have certain special training) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity and recent armed conflicts, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be military reserve duty call-ups in the future. The operations of our subsidiary in Israel could be disrupted by such call-ups, which may include the call-up of our employees or the employees of our Israeli business partners. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Exchange rate fluctuations between the United States dollar, Canadian dollar and the New Israeli Shekel currencies may negatively affect our earnings cash flows.

Our functional currency is the United States dollar. We incur expenses in New Israeli Shekel, which we refer to as NIS, Canadian Dollars and United States dollars. As a result, we are exposed to the risks that the United States dollar may devalue relative to the Canadian Dollar or NIS, or, if the United States dollar appreciates relative to the Canadian Dollar or NIS, that the inflation rate in the United States may exceed such rate of devaluation of the United States dollar, or that the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in the United States. The average exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2019, was US$1.00 = NIS 3.564 and US$1.00 = C$1.3267. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in the United States or the rate of devaluation, if any, of the United States dollar against the Canadian Dollar or NIS.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success depends on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology. We may become subject to third parties’ claims alleging infringement of patents and proprietary rights or seeking to invalidate our patents or proprietary rights, which would be costly, time-consuming and, if successfully asserted against us, delay or prevent the development of our current or future pipeline candidates or commercialization of our products.

Our success in large part depends on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology. To do so, we must, at significant cost, prosecute and maintain existing patents, obtain new patents and pursue trade secret and other intellectual property protection. We also must operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties or allowing third parties to infringe our rights. We currently have rights to over 142 fully owned, co-owned or exclusively licensed patents and patent applications. However, patent issues relating to pharmaceuticals and biologics involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions.

To date, no consistent policy has emerged regarding the breadth of biotechnology patent claims that are granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office or enforced by the federal courts. Therefore, we do not know whether our patent applications will result in the issuance of patents, or that any patents issued to us will provide us with any competitive advantage. We also cannot be sure that we will develop additional proprietary products that are patentable. Furthermore, there is a risk that others will independently develop similar technology or products or circumvent the patents issued to us.

Even if we are issued patents for our technologies, there is always a risk that third parties will initiate post grant review or inter parties review proceedings to challenge the validity of one or more of our patents. These proceedings can result in the loss of patent claims. Even if we are successful in defending our patents during post grant review or inter parties review proceedings, these procedures are time consuming and expensive and may have a negative impact on our results.

There is also a risk that third parties may challenge our existing patents in court or claim that we are infringing their patents or proprietary rights. We cannot assure you that the manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, or importation of any of our products or current or future pipeline candidates will not infringe existing or future patents. Because we have not conducted a formal freedom to operate analysis for patents related to our products or pipeline candidates, we may not be aware of patents that have already been issued that a third-party might assert are infringed by one of our products or current or future pipeline candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue and may be confidential for eighteen months or more after filing, there also may be applications now pending of which we are unaware and which may later result in issued patents that we may infringe by commercializing any of our products or current or future pipeline candidates. We could incur substantial costs in defending patent infringement suits or in filing suits against others to have their patents declared invalid or to claim infringement of our patents. It is also possible that we may be required to obtain licenses from third parties to avoid infringing third-party patents or other proprietary rights. We cannot be sure that such third-party licenses would be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain required third-party licenses, we may be delayed in or prohibited from developing, manufacturing or selling products requiring such licenses.

Although our patent filings include claims covering various features of our pipeline candidates, including composition, methods of manufacture and use, our patents do not provide us with complete protection against the development of competing products. Furthermore, follow-on versions of patented biologic products (i.e., biosimilars) may have structural differences that cause them to fall outside the scope of patent claims. Some of our know-how and technology is not patentable. To protect our proprietary rights in unpatentable intellectual property and trade secrets, we require employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information.

Sci-B-Vac is not currently protected by any pending patent application nor any unexpired patent. Accordingly, Sci-B-Vac may be subject to competition from the sale of generic products that could adversely affect our business and operations.

Sci-B-Vac has no patent protection, and therefore, we will seek to rely on non-patent data exclusivity in the United States Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (the “BPCI Act”) and similar legislation in other countries, which is described further under “—Risks Related to our Intellectual Property —We may not be able to obtain marketing exclusivity in the United States under the BPCI Act or equivalent regulatory data exclusivity protection in other jurisdictions for our products.”

Sci-B-Vac is the only product we currently market. Failure to obtain and retain marketing exclusivity or expiration of the market exclusivity could seriously adversely affect the revenue potential for Sci-B-Vac in the jurisdictions where it is approved for sale.

Our ability to protect and enforce our patents does not guarantee that we will secure the right to commercialize the patents.

A patent is a limited monopoly right conferred upon an inventor, and any successors in title, in return for the making and disclosing of a useful, new, and non-obvious invention. This monopoly is of limited duration but, while in force, allows the patent holder to prevent others from making and/or using his invention. While a patent gives the holder this right to exclude others, it is not a license to commercialize the invention, where other permissions may be required for permissible commercialization to occur. For example, a drug cannot be marketed in the United States without the appropriate authorization from the FDA, regardless of the existence of a patent covering the product. Further, the invention, even if patented itself, may be prohibited from commercialization if it infringes the valid patent rights of another party.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent offices, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The United States Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign governmental patent offices require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

We are dependent on technologies we have licensed, and we may need to license in the future, and if we fail to obtain licenses we need, or fail to comply with our payment obligations in the agreements under which we in-license intellectual property and other rights from third parties, we could lose our ability to develop our pipeline candidates.

We currently are dependent on licenses from third parties for certain of our key technologies, including the license under the Ferring License Agreement and the license from UPMC. Under the Ferring License Agreement, we are committed to pay Ferring royalties equal to 7% of net sales (as defined therein) of HbsAg “Product” (as defined therein). Under the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we are required to pay royalties to SciGen Ltd. equal to 5% of net sales (as defined in the Ferring License Agreement) of Product. Under the Ferring License Agreement and the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we originally were to pay royalties on a country-by-country basis until the date 10 years after the date of commencement of the first royalty year in respect of such country. In April 2019, we exercised our option to extend the Ferring License Agreement in respect of all the countries that still make up the territory for an additional 7 years by making a one-time payment to Ferring of $100. Royalties under the Ferring License Agreement and SciGen Assignment Agreement will continue to be payable for the duration of the extended license periods. Under our license agreement with UPMC and other licensors relating to eVLP technology, we have an exclusive license to a family of patents and patent applications that is expected to expire in the United States in 2022 and 2021 in other countries. Under this agreement, we are required to pay UPMC between 0.75% to 1.75% of net sales and certain lump-sum milestone payments. UPMC is also a co-owner of the patent family covering our VBI-1501 CMV vaccine and we are currently negotiating extension of our existing license to cover this patent family.

No assurance can be given that our existing license will be extended on reasonable terms or at all. In addition, we expect we will need to license intellectual property from other third parties in the future and that these licenses will be material to our business. No assurance can be given that we will generate sufficient revenue or raise additional financing to meet our payment obligations in the license agreements with Ferring, UPMC or other license agreements we enter into with third parties in the future. Any failure to make the payments required by the license agreements may permit the licensor to terminate the license. If we were to lose or otherwise be unable to maintain these licenses for any reason, it would halt our ability to develop our pipeline candidates. Furthermore, such loss of these licenses may enable development of new products that may compete with our pipeline candidates, and our competitors may gain proprietary position. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

In addition, we do not own the patents or patent applications that we license, and as such, we may need to rely upon our licensors to properly prosecute and maintain those patent applications and prevent infringement of those patents. If our licensors are unable to adequately protect their proprietary intellectual property we license from legal challenges, or the Company is unable to enforce such licensed intellectual property against infringement or alternative technologies, we will not be able to compete effectively in the drug discovery and development business.

If patent laws or the interpretation of patent laws change, our competitors may be able to develop and commercialize our discoveries.

Important legal issues remain to be resolved as to the extent and scope of available patent protection for biopharmaceutical products and processes in the United States and other important markets outside the United States, such as Europe, China and Japan. As such, litigation or administrative proceedings may be necessary to determine the validity, scope and ownership of certain of our and others’ proprietary rights. Any such litigation or proceeding may result in a significant commitment of resources in the future and could force us to do one or more of the following: cease selling or using any of our products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property, which would adversely affect our revenue; obtain a license or other rights from the holder of the intellectual property right alleged to have been infringed or otherwise violated, which license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all; and redesign our products to avoid infringing or violating the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may be time-consuming or impossible to do. In addition, changes in patent laws in the United States and other countries may result in allowing others to use our discoveries or develop and commercialize our products. We cannot provide assurance that the patents we obtain or the unpatented technology we hold will afford us significant commercial protection.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world. This risk is exacerbated for us because we expect that one or more of our pipeline candidates will be manufactured and used in a number of foreign countries.

The laws of foreign countries may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. This risk is exacerbated for us because we currently have one product manufactured, and we expect that one or more of our pipeline candidates will be manufactured, and used in a number of foreign countries.

The legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to life sciences. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property rights. For example, several foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents and trade secrets may provide limited or no benefit.

Most jurisdictions in which we have applied for, intend to apply for or have been issued patents have patent protection laws similar to those of the United States, but some of them do not. For example, in addition to the collaboration with Brii Bio, we may do business in China, Indonesia and India in the future and the countries in these regions may not provide the same or similar protection as that provided in the United States. Additionally, due to uncertainty in patent protection law, we have not filed applications in many countries where significant markets exist.

Proceedings to enforce patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of our intellectual property.

We may not be able to monetize intangible assets, including In Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) and goodwill, which may result in the need to record an impairment charge.

Our balance sheet contains approximately $60.8 million of intangible assets. For IPR&D assets, the risk of failure is significant, and there can be no certainty that these assets ultimately will yield successful products. The nature of our business is high-risk and requires that we invest in a large number of projects in an effort to achieve a successful portfolio of approved products. Our ability to realize value on these significant investments is often contingent upon, among other things, regulatory approvals and market acceptance. These IPR&D and goodwill assets may become impaired and be written off at some time in the future. An example of an event that is indicative of impairment is a projection or forecast that indicates losses or reduced profits associated with an asset or the market capitalization of a company falling below the net equity value. For IPR&D projects, this could result from, among other things, a change in outlook based on clinical trial data, a delay in the projected launch date or additional expenditures to commercialize the product. During the third quarter of 2019 to date, our market capitalization was below our net equity value for a substantial number of days, and we recorded an impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2019 of $6,292 in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

While all intangible assets can face events and circumstances that can lead to impairment, in general, intangible assets that are most at risk of impairment include IPR&D assets. IPR&D assets are high-risk, as research and development is an inherently risky activity.

We may not be able to obtain marketing exclusivity in the United States under the BPCI Act or equivalent regulatory data exclusivity protection in other jurisdictions for our products.

The BPCI Act, which is included in the Affordable Care Act, provides the manufacturer of innovator biologic to seek a twelve-year period of marketing exclusivity. Similar data exclusivity regimes exist in the European Union and in Canada, although the term of market exclusivity is shorter than in the United States. We intend to seek the maximum period of market exclusivity for Sci-B-Vac and our other pipeline candidates in each jurisdiction, but there is no guarantee that any of our products will receive any marketing exclusivity under the BPCI Act, or under analogous legislation in other jurisdictions. Furthermore, changes in applicable law could alter any period of market exclusivity or limit its availability. Our failure to obtain exclusivity for any product that is ultimately approved by the FDA, the EMA or Health Canada may expose us to substantial competition, which could have significant adverse financial consequences.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our obligations under our credit facility are secured by substantially all of our assets, so if we default on those obligations, the lender could foreclose on our assets. As a result of these security interests, such assets would only be available to satisfy claims of our general creditors or to holders of our equity securities if we were to become insolvent at a time when the value of such assets exceeded the amount of our indebtedness and other obligations.

Perceptive Credit Holdings, LP (“Perceptive Credit”), pursuant to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and, dated December 6, 2016 as amended (the “Amended Credit Facility”), has a security interest in all of our assets other than excluded and future projects. As a result, if we default under our obligations to the lender, the lender could foreclose on its security interests and liquidate some or all of these assets, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The principal amount of the term loan as of December 31, 2019, was $15.0 million ($15.3 million including the exit fee).

In the event of a default in connection with our bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, or reorganization, the lender would have a prior right to substantially all of our assets to the exclusion of our general creditors. In that event, our assets would first be used to repay in full all indebtedness and other obligations secured by the lender, resulting in all or a portion of our assets being unavailable to satisfy the claims of any unsecured indebtedness. Only after satisfying the claims of any unsecured creditors would any amount be available for our equity holders. These events of default include, among other things, our failure to pay any amounts due under the Amended Credit Facility or any of the other loan documents, a breach of covenants under the Amended Credit Facility, our insolvency, a material adverse effect occurring, the occurrence of certain defaults under certain other indebtedness or certain final judgments against us.

The pledge of these assets and other restrictions may limit our flexibility in raising capital for other purposes. Because substantially all of our assets are pledged under the term loan, our ability to incur additional secured indebtedness or to sell or dispose of assets to raise capital may be impaired, which could have an adverse effect on our financial flexibility.

If we are unable to comply with certain financial and operating restrictions in our existing credit facility, we may be limited in our business activities and access to credit or may default under our credit facility.

Provisions in the Amended Credit Facility impose restrictions or require prior approval on our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to, among other things:

The Amended Credit Facility also contains other customary covenants, including covenants that require us to meet specified financial ratios and financial tests and maintain a minimum cash balance of $2.5 million. We may not be able to comply with these covenants in the future. Our failure to comply with these covenants may result in the declaration of an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, may result in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness outstanding under this agreement and would require us to pay all amounts outstanding. If the maturity of our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds available for repayment or we may not have the ability to borrow or obtain sufficient funds to replace the accelerated indebtedness on terms acceptable to us or at all. Our failure to repay our indebtedness would result in our lender foreclosing on all or a portion of our assets and force us to curtail or cease our operations.

Our outstanding term loan obligations may adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business.

Pursuant to the terms of Amended Credit Facility, the lender made a term loan to us in aggregate amount of $15.0 million. In 2019, we made average monthly payments of interest in the amount of approximately $170. Commencing January 2020, our monthly payments include capital repayments of $200 until June 2020, when the entire amount is due. On July 17, 2018, the Amended Credit Facility was amended by the second amendment, pursuant to which we were required to make monthly interest payments plus monthly principal payments in the amount of approximately $200 per month from January 2019 until the loan matures and to extend the expiration date of certain warrants to purchase 363,771 common shares issued to Perceptive Credit with an original expiration date of July 25, 2019 to December 6, 2021. As amended by the second amendment, the term loan was set to mature on December 31, 2019. On January 31, 2019, we further amended the Amended Credit Facility by the third amendment to (i) extend the period we are required to pay only the interest on the loan from December 31, 2018, to January 31, 2020, (ii) extend the maturity of the term loan to June 30, 2020, and (iii) reduce the exercise price of certain warrants to purchase common shares issued to Perceptive Credit to $2.75 from $4.13 for 363,771 warrants issued on July 25, 2014, and for 363,771 warrants issued on December 6, 2016, and from $3.355 for 1,341,282 warrants issued on December 6, 2016. The principal amount of the term loan as of December 31, 2019, was $15.0 million ($15.3 million including the exit fee).

The terms of our term loan could have negative consequences to us, such as:

Our ability to meet our expenses and debt obligations will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic, regulatory and other factors. We will be unable to control many of these factors, such as economic conditions. We cannot be certain that we will continue to have sufficient capital to allow us to pay the principal and interest on our debt and meet any other obligations. If we do not have enough money to service our debt, we may be required, but unable to refinance all or part of our existing debt, sell assets, borrow money or raise equity on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and the lender could foreclose on its security interests and liquidate some or all of our assets.

Risks Related to Our Common Shares

The price of our common shares has been, and may continue to be, volatile. This may affect the ability of our investors to sell their shares, and the value of an investment in our common shares may decline.

During the 12-month period ended December 31, 2019, our common shares traded as high as $2.20 per share and as low as $0.466 per share. The market prices of our common shares may continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

Furthermore, the stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies, in particular, have from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the affected companies. Such broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common shares.

We may not meet the continued listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, which could result in a delisting of our common shares.

Our common shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. We have in the past, and may in the future, be unable to comply with certain of the listing standards that we are required to meet to maintain the listing of our common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market. For instance, on August 14, 2019, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of NASDAQ indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common shares for the 30 consecutive business day period between July 2, 2019 through August 13, 2019, we did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). On January 9, 2020 we received notice from the NASDAQ indicating that the Company has regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and the matter is now closed.

If the NASDAQ Capital Market delists our common shares from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

We have no immediate plans to pay dividends.

We plan to reinvest all of our earnings, to the extent we have earnings, in order to market our products and to cover operating costs and to otherwise become and remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our securities in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we would, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to the holders of our common shares as a dividend. In addition, our Amended Credit Facility with Perceptive Credit prohibits us from declaring or paying cash dividends or making distributions on any class of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, for reinvestment in our business. Therefore, holders of our common shares should not expect to receive cash dividends on our common shares.

Common shares eligible for future sale may cause the price of our common shares to decline.

From time to time, certain of our shareholders may be eligible to sell all or some of their restricted common shares by means of ordinary brokerage transactions in the open market pursuant to Rule 144, promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, subject to certain limitations. In general, pursuant to Rule 144, non-affiliate shareholders may sell freely after six months, subject only to the current public information requirement (which disappears after one year). Of the 178,257,199 common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2019, approximately 117,781,686 common shares are held by “non-affiliates,” all of which are currently freely tradable either because those were issued in a registered offering or pursuant to Rule 144.

Any substantial sale of our common shares pursuant to Rule 144 or pursuant to any resale prospectus may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common shares.

In addition, as of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding options, awards, and warrants for the purchase of 9,248,529 common shares. Of this amount, options, awards and warrants for the purchase of 1,369,105 common shares are held by non-affiliates, who may sell these shares in the public markets from time to time, without limitations on the timing, amount or method of sale. If our share price rises, the holders may exercise their options and sell a large number of shares. This could cause the market price of our common shares to decline.

We are required to comply with the domestic reporting regime under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses and resources, and our management are required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

We are required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, applicable to a publicly traded United States domestic issuer. The obligations of being a public reporting company require significant expenditures, including costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations regarding corporate governance practices, including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. These rules require the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and procedures, internal control over financial reporting and corporate governance practices, among many other complex rules that are often difficult and time consuming to implement, monitor and maintain compliance with. Moreover, despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, the reporting requirements, rules, and regulations will make some activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” In addition, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Compliance with such requirements also places significant demands on our management, administrative, operational, internal audit and accounting resources. As a result, we incur, and we expect to continue to incur, legal and financial compliance costs and some activities are highly time consuming and costly.

There are inherent limitations in all control systems, and misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

The ongoing internal control provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act require us to identify material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, which is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Our management, including our chief executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our internal controls and disclosure controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. In addition, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefit of controls must be relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, in our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Further, controls can be circumvented by individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more persons, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving our stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, a control may be inadequate because of changes in conditions, such as growth of the company or increased transaction volume, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

In addition, discovery and disclosure of a material weakness, by definition, could have a material adverse impact on our financial statements. Such an occurrence could discourage certain customers or suppliers from doing business with us, cause downgrades in our future debt ratings leading to higher borrowing costs and affect how our common shares trade. This could, in turn, negatively affect our ability to access public debt or equity markets for capital.

We are an “emerging growth company” and may elect to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements, which could make our common shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act. For as long as we continue to be an “emerging growth company”, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports. We could be an “emerging growth company” up until December 31, 2021, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier if our annual revenues exceed $1.07 billion, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt in any three-year period or if the market value of our common shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of any June 30^th, in which case we would no longer be an “emerging growth company” as of the following December 31^st. We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the price of our securities may be more volatile.

United States civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us or certain of our officers.

We are governed by theBusiness Corporations Act (British Columbia) (“BCBCA”) and a substantial portion of our assets, including our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, and our research facility in Ottawa, Canada, are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or to enforce judgments obtained against us in United States courts, in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws or any other laws of the United States. Additionally, rights predicated solely upon civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws or any other laws of the United States may not be enforceable in original actions, or actions to enforce judgments obtained in United States courts, brought in Canadian or Israeli courts. In addition, two of our officers reside outside of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of their assets may be located outside the United States, which may make effecting service of process within the United States or enforcing judgments obtained against such persons in United States courts difficult.

We are governed by the corporate laws of British Columbia which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws of Delaware, United States.

We are governed by the BCBCA and other relevant laws, which may affect the rights of shareholders differently than those of a company governed by the laws of a United States jurisdiction, and may, together with our charter documents, including the advance notice provisions in our articles for the nomination of directors, have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or may affect the price an acquiring party would be willing to offer in such an instance. The material differences between the BCBCA and Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, that may have the greatest such effect include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) for material corporate transactions (such as mergers and amalgamations, other extraordinary corporate transactions or amendments to our articles) the BCBCA generally requires a two-thirds majority vote by shareholders, whereas DGCL generally only requires a majority vote; and (ii) under the BCBCA a holder of 5% or more of our common shares can requisition a special meeting of shareholders, whereas such right does not exist under the DGCL.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

The concentration of the capital stock ownership with our insiders will likely limit the ability of other shareholders to influence corporate matters.

As of December 31, 2019, approximately 33.9% of our outstanding common shares was controlled by our officers, directors, beneficial owners of 10% or more of our securities and their respective affiliates. As a result, these shareholders, if they acted together, may be able to determine or influence matters that require approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate actions might be taken even if other shareholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a corporate transaction that other shareholders may view as beneficial.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Multiple securities and industry analysts currently cover us. If one or more of the analysts downgrade our common shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common shares could decrease, which could cause the price of our common shares and trading volume to decline.

ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2: PROPERTIES

We rent office and research facility space under several operating leases.

Pursuant to these leases, we made rent payments of $1,128 in 2019.

We believe that our office, manufacturing and research facilities are suitable and adequate for our current operations but will consider term extensions or expansion of leased space, depending on market conditions and needs.

ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, the Company may be involved in certain claims and litigation arising out of the ordinary course and conduct of business. Management assesses such claims and, if it considers that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, provisions for loss are made based on management’s assessment of the most likely outcome.

On September 13, 2018, two actions were brought in the District Court of the central district in Israel naming our subsidiary SciVac as a defendant. In one claim, two minors, through their parents, allege among other things, defects in certain batches of Sci-B-Vac discovered in July 2015; that Sci-B-Vac was approved for use in children and infants in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; that SciVac failed to provide accurate information about Sci-B-Vac to consumers and that each child suffered side effects from the vaccine. The claim was filed together with a motion seeking approval of a class action on behalf of 428,000 children vaccinated with Sci-B-Vac in Israel from April, 2011 and seeking damages in a total amount of NIS 1,879,500,000 (not in thousands) ($543,837). The second claim is a civil action brought by two minors and their parents against SciVac and the IMoH alleging, among other things, that SciVac marketed an experimental, defective, hazardous or harmful vaccine; that Sci-B-Vac was marketed in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; and that Sci-B-Vac was produced and marketed in Israel without approval of a western regulatory body. The claim seeks damages for past and future losses and expenses as well as punitive damages.

SciVac believes these matters to be without merit and intends to defend these claims vigorously.

The District Court accepted SciVac’s motion to suspend reaching a decision on the approval of the class action pending the determination of liability under the civil action. Preliminary hearings for the trial of the civil action began on January 15, 2020.

ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our common shares began publicly trading on The NASDAQ Capital Market on May 9, 2016, under the symbol “VBIV.” Our common shares had traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “VBV” from May 9, 2016, until March 23, 2018, on which date we voluntarily delisted our common shares from the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Holders

As of March 2, 2020, we had approximately 814 shareholders of record. This number does not include an indeterminate number of shareholders whose shares are held by brokers in street name.

Dividends

We have not paid cash dividends on our common shares since January 1, 2015, and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, but intend to retain our capital resources for reinvestment in our business. In addition, our Amended Credit Facility with Perceptive Credit prohibits us from declaring or paying cash dividends or making distributions on any class of our capital stock.

Recent Issuances of Unregistered Securities

None.

Purchase of Equity Securities

Not applicable.

ITEM 6: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

Not applicable.

ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis summarizes the significant factors affecting our operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis here and throughout this Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a commercial-stage, biopharmaceutical company developing a next generation of vaccines to address unmet needs in infectious disease and immuno-oncology. We are advancing the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B, with the only trivalent hepatitis B vaccine, Sci-B-Vac^®, which is approved for use and commercially available in Israel, and recently completed a pivotal Phase III program in the United States, Europe, and Canada, and with VBI-2601 (BRII-179), an immunotherapeutic candidate in development in collaboration with Brii Biosciences Limited (“Brii Bio”) for a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B. Our enveloped virus-like particle (“eVLP”) platform technology allows for the development of eVLP vaccines that closely mimic the target virus to elicit a potent immune response. Integrating our cytomegalovirus (“CMV”) expertise with the eVLP platform technology, our lead eVLP program candidates include a glioblastoma (“GBM”) vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, VBI-1901, and a prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate, VBI-1501. We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and manufacturing operations in Rehovot, Israel.

Product Pipeline – Lead Program Candidates

A summary of these programs and recent developments follows.

Hepatitis B

Sci-B-Vac: Trivalent Prophylactic Hepatitis B Vaccine

Sci-B-Vac is a trivalent prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine, which is approved for use and commercially available in Israel, and recently completed its pivotal Phase III program in the United States, Europe, and Canada. In contrast to other commercially-available hepatitis B vaccines, which contain only one surface antigen (the S antigen) of hepatitis B, Sci-B-Vac contains all three of the hepatitis B surface antigens: the S antigen, the pre-S1 antigen, and the pre-S2 antigen. Moreover, Sci-B-Vac is distinguished from other commercially-approved hepatitis B vaccines because it is produced in mammalian cells (Chinese hamster ovary “CHO” cells) rather than in yeast. Published data demonstrate that T cell responses to the pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens can further boost responses to the S antigen, resulting in a more immunogenic response.

Sci-B-Vac has not yet been approved for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) or Health Canada. The recently-completed global Phase III clinical program was designed to achieve FDA, EMA, and Health Canada market approvals for commercial sale of Sci-B-Vac in the United States, Europe, and Canada respectively. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, SciVac Ltd., in Rehovot, Israel, manufactures and sells Sci-B-Vac.

On June 17, 2019, we announced positive top-line results from the randomized, double-blind, controlled pivotal Phase III study, PROTECT, designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 10µg dose of Sci-B-Vac compared with a 20µg dose of the standard-of-care vaccine, Engerix-B^®. The study, which enrolled a total of 1,607 adults, of which 81% were age ≥ 45 years, met both of its co-primary endpoints: (1) non-inferiority of seroprotection rate (“SPR”) of Sci-B-Vac (91.4%) vs. Engerix-B (76.5%) in all subjects age ≥ 18 years, 4 weeks after 3^rd vaccination (SPR difference: 14.9%; 95% confidence interval (“CI”) [11.2%, 18.5%]); and (2) superiority of SPR of Sci-B-Vac (89.4%) vs. Engerix-B (73.1%) in subjects age ≥ 45 years, 4 weeks after 3^rd vaccination (SPR difference: 16.4%; 95% CI [12.2%, 20.7%]). Moreover, the SPR of Sci-B-Vac compared to Engerix-B was higher in all key subgroup analyses of adults age ≥ 18 years, including by age, gender, body mass index (“BMI”), diabetic status, and smoking status, four weeks after 3^rd vaccination.

OnJanuary 9, 2020 we reported positive top-line results from CONSTANT, the second pivotal Phase III study, designed to assess lot-to-lot manufacturing consistency of Sci-B-Vac, and compare the safety and immunogenicity of Sci-B-Vac to Engerix-B. The CONSTANT Phase III study, which enrolled 2,838 adults, age 18-45 years, met both the primary and secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint of CONSTANT study was directed to the manufacturing consistency of Sci-B-Vac. For this primary endpoint, the study evaluated the vaccine immune response, as measured by geometric mean concentration (“GMC”) of antibodies across three independent, consecutively-manufactured lots of Sci-B-Vac, four weeks after the third vaccination. Together with the positive safety and immunogenicity results of the PROTECT Phase III study, we expect these data to comprise the basis for the regulatory submissions in the United States, Europe, and Canada.

A secondary endpoint of the CONSTANT study demonstrated non-inferiority of SPR of Sci-B-Vac (99.3%) vs. Engerix-B (94.8%), one month after completion of the full course of vaccination (SPR difference: 4.49%; 95% CI [2.90%, 6.63%] – up from 90.4% for Sci-B-Vac and 51.6% for Engerix-B at day 168, after only two vaccinations. In addition to demonstrating non-inferiority, the SPR achieved with Sci-B-Vac compared to Engerix-B was higher after both two and three vaccinations. An exploratory analysis in CONSTANT also compared the SPR after two doses of Sci-B-Vac (90.4%) to the SPR after three doses of Engerix-B (94.8%) (SPR difference: -4.3%; 95% CI [-6.48%, -1.90%]). As per the commonly-used statistical margin of non-inferiority for hepatitis B vaccines, defined as the lower limit of the 95% CI being above -10%, this analysis demonstrated non-inferiority after two doses of Sci-B-Vac (at day 168) compared with three doses of Engerix-B (at day 196). Similarly, at these time points, preliminary data from the integrated immunogenicity analysis of both the PROTECT and CONSTANT studies in subjects age 18-45 years demonstrate a difference in SPR of -4.2%; 95% CI [-6.38%, -1.99%]. The two versus three dose comparison is not part of the regulatory approval process and will not be included in the expected indication we will seek, but we believe it contributes to the robust immunogenicity profile of Sci-B-Vac.

The safety and tolerability seen in CONSTANT and PROTECT studies were consistent with the known safety profile of Sci-B-Vac. No new safety risks were identified, and no safety signals were observed in either study cohort. The integrated safety data analysis from both the PROTECT and CONSTANT studies is underway.

The completed Phase III studies are expected to support the Biologics License Application (“BLA”) to the FDA, the Marketing Authorization Application (“MAA”) to the EMA and the New Drug Submission (“NDS”) to Health Canada. We plan to submit applications for regulatory approvals in the United States, Europe and Canada beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020.

VBI-2601: Hepatitis B Immunotherapeutic Candidate

VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is our novel, recombinant, protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection, a disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocellular cancer, and other liver disease, making it a life-threatening global health problem. VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is formulated to induce broad immunity against hepatitis B virus, including T-cell immunity which plays an important role in controlling hepatitis B infection.

On December 6, 2018, the Company announced that it had entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (“License Agreement”) with Brii Bio, pursuant to which, among other things, subject to terms and conditions set forth in the License Agreement, we and Brii Bio agreed to collaborate on the development of a hepatitis B recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau (the “Licensed Territory”), and to conduct a Phase Ib/IIa collaboration clinical trial for the purpose of comparing VBI-2601 (BRII-179) with a novel composition developed jointly with Brii Bio.

On November 14, 2019, we announced initiation of enrollment in a Phase Ib/IIa Study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. The Phase Ib/IIa clinical study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is a randomized, controlled study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, antiviral and immunological activity of VBI-2601 (BRII-179). The study is designed as a two-part dose-escalation study assessing different dose levels of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) with and without an immunomodulatory adjuvant, and is expected to enroll up to 65 patients. Initial human proof-of-concept data from the clinical study is anticipated in the second half of 2020. The study is sponsored by Brii Bio and will be conducted at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and China.

eVLP Platform

The eVLP technology enables the synthetic manufacture of an “enveloped” virus-like particle, or “eVLP”. Many viruses are “enveloped” in that they are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Such viruses display antigenic proteins on the surface of their “envelope” which can be targets for vaccine development. The ability to synthetically manufacture an “enveloped” virus-like particle is different from previously developed VLP technologies, which did not include the lipid bilayer membrane, and thus these technologies were unable to express antigenic proteins within an “envelope” as they occur in nature.

VBI-1901: Cancer Vaccine Immunotherapeutic Candidate

Our GBM brain cancer vaccine immunotherapeutic program, VBI-1901, targets CMV proteins present in GBM tumor cells. CMV is associated with a number of other solid tumors in addition to GBM, including breast cancer and pediatric medulloblastoma. We initiated dosing in a multi-center Phase I/IIa clinical study evaluating VBI-1901, in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”), in patients with recurrent GBM in January 2018. Enrollment in Part A of the study was completed in December 2018. In April 2019, the independent data safety monitoring board completed reviews of all safety data from our fully-enrolled Part A portion of the Phase I/IIa trial in recurrent GBM subjects, which included 6 subjects in each of 3 different dose cohorts. The data safety monitoring board unanimously recommended the continuation of the study without modification and had no safety concerns about any of the 3 dose levels of VBI-1901. On April 23, 2019, we announced that, based on safety and immunogenicity data, the highest dose tested in Part A of the ongoing Phase I/IIa study in recurrent GBM patients, 10µg, was selected as the optimal dose level to test in Part B of the study. Where Part A was designed as a dose-escalation phase to assess safety, tolerability, and to define the optimal dose level of VBI-1901, Part B is a subsequent extension phase of the optimal dose level defined in Part A.

On September 10, 2019, we entered into a Clinical Collaboration Agreement (“Collaboration Agreement”) with GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”) pursuant to which we will investigate the use of GSK’s proprietary AS01_B adjuvant system in our ongoing study of VBI-1901. As a result of the Collaboration Agreement, a second study arm was added to Part B of the ongoing Phase I/IIa clinical study. Part B is now a two-arm open-label study, enrolling 20 first recurrent GBM patients to receive VBI-1901 in combination with either granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”) or AS01_Bas immunomodulatory adjuvants. Enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm was initiated at the end of July 2019. Initiation of enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with AS01_B was announced in March 2020.

Safety, immunologic responses, and clinical and tumor responses from the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF in Part A and in the GM-CSF arm of Part B of the study were announced throughout 2019 and early 2020, respectively. VBI-1901 continues to be well-tolerated, with no vaccine-related safety signals observed. In the high-dose cohort of Part A, vaccine response correlated with tumor response, with all three vaccine responders demonstrating stable disease (“SD”) for greater than 12 weeks. Two patients in the high-dose cohort of Part A experienced a 60% reduction in the size of primary tumor – VBI-1901 also induced and expanded robust T cell responses in these two patients. For patients who were vaccines responders, the 12-month overall survival (“OS”) rate was 83% (n = 5/6), compared to 33% (n = 3/9) for vaccine non-responders. Similarly, among patients evaluable for response and survival in Part A, vaccine responders saw a 6.25-month improvement in median OS (14.0 months) compared to vaccine non-responders (7.75 months). VBI-1901 continues to be safe and well tolerated at al doses tested, with no safety signals observed.

Based on the data announced in November 2019, the early the tumor and immunologic responses seen in Part B appear similar to the responses and observed in Part A of the study. Correlations between immunologic biomarkers and tumor/clinical responses will continue to be refined throughout the duration of Part B of the study.

We expect expanded immunologic data and tumor imaging data from the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm in Part B of the study in the first half of 2020.

VBI-1501: Prophylactic CMV Vaccine Candidate

Another of our eVLP programs is a vaccine candidate that aims to prevent CMV infections. CMV may cause severe infections in newborn children (congenital CMV) and may also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients. Our prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate uses the eVLP platform to express a modified form of the CMV glycoprotein B (“gB”) antigen, and is adjuvanted with alum, an adjuvant used in FDA-approved products.

In May 2018, we announced positive top-line results from the randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I study of VBI-1501. The final Phase I study results demonstrated that VBI-1501 was safe and well-tolerated at all doses, with and without the adjuvant alum. The highest dose of VBI-1501, 2.0µg, with alum, elicited CMV-neutralizing antibodies against fibroblast cell infection in 100% of subjects after the third vaccination, up from 81% of subjects after the second vaccination, inducing titers comparable to those observed in patients protected as a result of natural infection. Neutralizing antibodies against epithelial cell infection were also seen in 31% of subjects after the third vaccination of VBI-1501 2.0µg with alum. The data also showed the formulation of the vaccine with alum enhanced antibody titers. The highest dose of VBI-1501 tested, 2.0µg with alum, contains approximately 10-fold less antigen content than that used in several other VLP-based vaccines or in previous CMV vaccine candidates developed by other companies.

On December 20, 2018 we announced plans for a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-1501 following positive discussions with Health Canada. We received similarly positive guidance from the FDA in July 2019. The Phase II study is expected to assess the safety and immunogenicity of dosages of VBI-1501 up to 20µg with alum. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of next steps for the program.

We may also seek to in-license clinical-stage vaccines or vaccine-related technologies that we believe complement our product and pipeline portfolio, in addition to technologies that may supplement our therapeutic vaccination efforts in immuno-oncology.

At present, our operations are focused on:

VBI’s revenue generating activities have been the sale of Sci-B-Vac product in markets where it is approved or on a named patient basis where it is not approved, though those markets have generated a limited number of sales to-date, various business development transactions, and R&D services generating fees. VBI has incurred significant net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception and expects to continue incurring losses and negative cash flows from operations as we carry out our planned clinical, regulatory, R&D, sales and manufacturing activities with respect to the advancement of our Sci-B-Vac and new pipeline candidates. As of December 31, 2019, VBI had an accumulated deficit of approximately $262.4 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $88.3 million. Our ability to maintain our status as an operating company and to realize our investment in our In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) assets is dependent upon obtaining adequate cash to finance our clinical development, manufacturing, our administrative overhead and our research and development activities, and ultimately to profitably monetize our IPR&D. We plan to finance future operations with existing cash reserves. We expect that we will need to secure additional financing to finance our business plans, which may be a combination of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of additional debt, structured asset financings and revenues from potential business development transactions, if any. There is no assurance the Company will manage to obtain these sources of financing, if required. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

We have incurred operating losses since inception, have not generated significant product sales revenue and have not achieved profitable operations. We incurred net losses of $54.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and we expect to continue to incur losses in future periods. We anticipate that we will continue to incur operating expenses as we continue our research and development, clinical studies and as we take steps to commercialize our product. These include expenses related to:

In addition, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant expenses as a public company, which subjects us to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the NASDAQ Capital Market and the Canadian securities regulators.

Amended Credit Facility

In 2016, the Company through VBI DE assumed a term loan facility with Perceptive Credit Holdings, LP, a related party, (the “Lender”) in the amount of $6,000 (the “Facility”). On December 6, 2016, the Company amended the Facility (the “Amended Credit Facility”) and raised the Lender’s commitment amount to $13,200, which was combined with the remaining balance from the Facility of $1,800. On July 17, 2018, the Company amended the Amended Credit Facility by the Second Amendment to extend the period the Company is required to pay only the interest on the loan from May 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018 and to extend the expiration date of certain warrants to purchase 363,771 common shares issued to the Lender with an original issue date of July 25, 2014, from July 25, 2019 to December 6, 2021. The Company accounted for this as a debt modification, and as a result of the extension of the warrant expiration date in connection with the Second Amendment, the debt discount was increased by $386. This amount represents the incremental fair value of the modified warrants. On January 31, 2019 we further amended the Amended Credit Facility by the Third Amendment to i) extend the period we are required to pay only the interest on the loan from December 31, 2018 to January 31, 2020; ii) to extend the maturity date of the term loan from December 31, 2019 to June 30, 2020 and iii) reduce the exercise price of certain warrants to purchase common shares issued to the Lender to $2.75 from $4.13 for 363,771 warrants issued on July 25, 2014 and for 363,771 warrants issued on December 6, 2016 and from $3.355 for 1,341,282 warrants issued on December 6, 2016.

Research and Development Services

Pursuant to an agreement with the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist of Israel), the Company is required to make services available for the biotechnology industry in Israel. These services include relevant activities for development and manufacturing of therapeutic proteins according to international standards and GMP quality level suitable for toxicological studies in animals and clinical studies (Phase I & II) in humans. Service activities include analytics/bio analytics methods for development and process development of therapeutic proteins starting with a candidate clone through the upstream, purification, formulation and filling processes and manufacturing for Phase I & II clinical trials.

These R&D services are primarily marketed to the Israeli research community in academia and Israeli biotechnology companies in the life sciences lacking the infrastructure or experience in the development and production of therapeutic proteins to the standards and quality required for clinical trials for human use. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company provided services to biotechnology companies including analytical development, upstream development process, protein purification and formulation and filling for Phase I clinical studies.

In addition, pursuant to the License Agreement with Brii Bio we provide R&D services to Brii Bio as part of the development of VBI-2601 (BRII-179).

Modernization and Capacity Increase of Our Manufacturing Facility

In 2018, we temporarily closed our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, for modernization and capacity increase. We re-commenced operations in May 2019 and the review of the modernization and the capacity increase by the IMoH occurred in December of 2019. We received our certificate of Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) compliance from the IMoH on January 27, 2020. In addition to the GMP compliance certification, the IMoH will also need to review and approve the process validation submission and provide approval for us to sell Sci-B-Vac manufactured at the modernized facility. We increased the capacity of our manufacturing facility to be able to supply commercial quantities of Sci-B-Vac upon FDA, and/or EMA and/or Health Canada approval and to supply clinical materials of VBI-2601 (BRII-179).

Third Party License and Assignment Agreements

We currently are dependent on licenses from third parties for certain of our key technologies, including the license granted under the Ferring License Agreement and the license from the L’Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (“UPMC”). Under the Ferring License Agreement, we are committed to pay Ferring royalties equal to 7% of net sales (as defined therein) of HBsAg “Product” (as defined therein). Under the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we are required to pay royalties to SciGen Ltd. equal to 5% of net sales (as defined in the Ferring License Agreement) of Product. Under the Ferring License Agreement and the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we originally were to pay royalties on a country-by-country basis until the date 10 years after the date of commencement of the first royalty year in respect of such country. In April 2019, we exercised our option to extend the Ferring License Agreement in respect of all the countries that still make up the territory for an additional 7 years by making a one-time payment to Ferring of $100. Royalties under the Ferring License Agreement and SciGen Assignment Agreement will continue to be payable for the duration of the extended license periods. Under our license agreement with UPMC and other licensors relating to eVLP technology, we have an exclusive license to a family of patents that is expected to expire in the United States in 2022 and 2021 in other countries. Under this agreement, we are required to pay UPMC between 0.75% to 1.75% of net sales and certain lump-sum milestone payments. UPMC is also a co-owner of the patent family covering our VBI-1501 CMV vaccine and we are currently negotiating extension of our existing license to cover this patent family.

NASDAQ Minimum Bid Price Requirement

As previously reported, on August 14, 2019, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common shares for the 30 consecutive business day period between July 2, 2019 through August 13, 2019, we did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The letter also indicated that we would be provided with a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until February 10, 2020 (the “Compliance Period”), in which to regain compliance pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). In order to regain compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid price requirement, our common shares were required to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 for at least ten consecutive business days during the Compliance Period. On January 9, 2020, we received notice from the NASDAQ indicating that the Company has regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and the matter is now closed.

Financial Overview

Overall Performance

The Company had net losses of approximately $54.8 million and $63.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The Company has an accumulated deficit of $262.4 million as December 31, 2019. The Company had $44.2 million of cash at December 31, 2019 and net working capital of approximately $17.2 million.

Revenues

Revenues consist primarily of R&D services revenue recognized as part of the License Agreement with Brii Bio. Other revenues relate to the sale of products and services.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consist primarily of costs incurred for manufacturing the Sci-B-Vac vaccine, which includes cost of materials, consumables, supplies, contractors and manufacturing salaries. Certain cost of revenues related to the temporary closure of the manufacturing facility, during the modernization and capacity increase, of approximately $348 was allocated to general and administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2019.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of Sci-B-Vac, VBI-1901, our GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, and VBI-1501, our CMV candidate which include:

We expense R&D costs when we incur them.

General and Administration Expenses

General and administration expenses (“G&A”) consist principally of salaries and related costs for executive and other administrative personnel and consultants, including stock-based compensation, and travel expenses. Other G&A expenses include professional fees for legal, patent protection, consulting and accounting services, travel and conference fees, including board, rent, maintenance of facilities, depreciation, office supplies and expenses, insurance and other general expenses. G&A expenses are expensed when incurred.

We expect that our G&A expenses will increase in the future as a result of adding employees and scaling our operations commensurate with advancing clinical candidates and continuing to support a public company infrastructure. These increases will likely include increased costs for insurance, hiring of additional personnel, board committees, outside consultants, investor relations, lawyers and accountants, among other expenses.

Impairment Charges

Impairment charges consist of impairment on intangible assets and goodwill, if any. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest Income

Interest income consists principally of interest income earned on cash balances.

Interest Expense

Interest expense is associated with our credit facility as discussed in Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2018

All dollar amounts stated below are in thousands, unless otherwise indicated.

Revenues

Revenue composition

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $2,221 as compared to $3,355 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The revenue decreased by $1,134 or 34%, as a result of the license revenue earned as part of the License Agreement with Brii Bio in the year ended December 31, 2018 with no similar transaction in the year ended December 31, 2019, offset by increased R&D services revenue as part of the License Agreement with Brii Bio for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in revenue was also due to decreased product sales in Europe in the year ended December 31, 2019 due to reduced named-patient sales.

Revenue by Geographic Region

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $7,904 as compared to $4,509 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in the cost of revenues of $3,395, or 75%, was due to cost of revenue related to the License Agreement with Brii Bio during the year ended December 31, 2019 of $1,141, which did not occur during the year ended December 31, 2018; the net increase related to the reclassification of certain costs of revenues to G&A expenses during the year ended December 31, 2018, which were not as significant in the year ended December 31, 2019 of $372; and the re-commencement of manufacturing subsequent to the temporary closure of our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel which occurred in the second quarter of 2019.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $26,332 as compared to $38,467 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease in R&D expenses of $12,135, or 32%, was primarily due to a decrease in the costs related to the Sci-B-Vac Phase III clinical studies and our GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate clinical study. With regard to the Sci-B-Vac clinical studies, we announced top-line results for the Sci-B-Vac CONSTANT study in January 2020 and completed the Sci-B-Vac PROTECT study during the second quarter of 2019, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, during which period both studies were ongoing. For the GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic, there were fewer patients on trial for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to year ended December 31, 2018 as only the high dose cohort of Part A of the Phase I/IIa study was ongoing and Part B of the Phase I/IIa study commenced in July 2019, as compared to year ended December 31, 2018 during which period both low and medium dose cohorts of Part A of the Phase I/IIa study were ongoing. This is offset by increased expenses related to increased manufacturing associated with our vaccine candidates during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.

General and Administration

G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $14,092 as compared to $20,509 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The G&A expense decrease of $6,417, or 31%, was primarily due to a $6 million payment made to re-obtain distribution rights in Asia during the year ended December 31, 2018 with no similar payment made during the year ended December 31, 2019. Other variances include decreased administrative expenses and the allocation to G&A expenses of certain costs of revenues related to the temporary facility closure, as discussed above in “Cost of Revenues”.

Impairment Charges

Impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $6,292 as compared to $278 for the year ended December 31, 2018. There was an impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2019 related to goodwill of $6,292 as compared to the impairment charge on property and equipment of $278 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Net Loss from Operations

Net loss from operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $52,399 as compared to $60,408 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The $8,009 decrease in the net loss from operations resulted from the increased cost of revenues and impairment charges offset by decreased R&D expenses and G&A expenses as discussed above.

Interest Expense, Net of Interest Income

Interest expense, net of interest income, decreased by $436 as a result of decreased amortization of the debt discount as a result of the debt extension from December 31, 2019 to June 30, 2020 offset by increased interest income earned on cash balances during the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to interest earned during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Foreign Exchange Loss

Foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $218 compared to a foreign exchange loss of $560 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The change is a result of the changes in the exchange rate in which the foreign currency transactions were denominated for each of those periods.

Income Tax Expense

We did not incur any income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Net Loss

The net loss decreased by $8,787, or 14%, from $63,600 for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $54,813 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in net loss is mainly attributable to the decrease in net loss from operations, discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash of $44,213 as compared to $59,270 as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had working capital of $17,206 as compared to working capital of $38,354 at December 31, 2018. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets.

We expect that we will need to secure additional financing in the future to carry out all of our planned clinical, regulatory, R&D, sales and manufacturing activities with respect to the advancement of our Sci-B-Vac and new pipeline candidates. We base this belief on assumptions that are subject to change, and we may be required to use our available cash resources sooner than we currently expect. The Company expects to re-finance the current term loan obligations and secure additional funds in order to continue its ongoing development programs. The additional funds may be a combination of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of additional debt, structured asset financings or revenues from potential business development transactions, and may require that additional warrants be issued. To date, the Company has been able to obtain financing as and when it was needed; however, there is no assurance that financing will be available in the future, or if it is, that it will be available at acceptable terms.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern; however, the above conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to do so. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. The Company’s long-term success and ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to fund our planned clinical, regulatory, and research and development of our products and pipeline candidates, to bring about their successful commercial release, to generate revenue and, ultimately, to attain profitable operations or, alternatively, to advance its products and technology to such a point that they would be attractive candidates for acquisition by others in the industry.

In September 2019, we received aggregate gross proceeds of $40.25 million from an underwritten public offering of an aggregate of 80,500,000 common shares at a price of $0.50 per share. After deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, net proceeds from the offering were $37.4 million. Net proceeds from the offering are being used to support our pipeline programs, to continue the advancement of our clinical development and research programs and for other general corporate purposes.

On December 17, 2018, we closed an underwritten public offering of an aggregate of 30,665,304 common shares at a price of $1.40 per share for total gross proceeds of $42.9 million. The Company incurred $3.1 million of issuance costs related to the offering resulting in net cash proceeds of $39.8 million.

On December 4, 2018, we entered into the License Agreement with Brii Bio, whereby we received a total upfront payment of $11 million to collaborate on the development of a hepatitis B recombinant protein based immunotherapeutic in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau and to conduct a Phase II collaboration clinical trial. The License Agreement specified an allocation of $7 million of this amount as an equity investment in exchange for 2,295,082 common shares. The License Agreement set forth a price of $3.05 per share which was at a premium to the closing market price of $1.58 on the day of issuance, resulting in actual allocation of the fair value of the 2,295,082 shares being $3.6 million. The remaining $7.4 million of the $11 million consideration received was allocated to the sale of the license and research and development services.

Our actual future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the progress and results of our clinical trials, the duration and cost of discovery and preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our products, the timing and outcome of regulatory review of our products, product sales outside of Israel, the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, the number and development requirements of other pipeline candidates that we pursue and the costs of commercialization activities, including product marketing, sales and distribution.

The Company will require significant additional funds to conduct clinical and non-clinical trials, achieve regulatory approvals, and, subject to such approvals, commercially launch its products and will need to secure additional financing in the future to support our operations and to realize our investment in our IPR&D assets.

We expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or structured asset financings, or business development transactions. Although we are pursuing different opportunities, other than as disclosed in this report, we currently do not have any signed commitments for future external funding. We may need to raise additional funds more quickly if one or more of our assumptions prove to be incorrect or if we choose to expand our product development efforts more rapidly than we presently anticipate. We may also decide to raise additional funds even before we need them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable. Additional equity or debt or structured asset financing, grants or business development transactions may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate our R&D programs, reduce our planned commercialization efforts or obtain funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights to certain pipeline candidates that we might otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently.

To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities or obtaining borrowings convertible into equity, ownership dilution to existing stockholders will result and future investors may be granted rights superior to those of existing stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness or debt financing would result in increased fixed obligations and could also result in covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain additional capital may depend on prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other factors beyond our control. The unstable economic environment in Europe, and disruptions in the United States and global financial markets may adversely impact the availability and cost of credit, as well as our ability to raise money in the capital markets. Current economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile. Continued instability in these market conditions may limit our ability to access the capital necessary to fund and grow our business.

Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2018

Net cash flows used in Operating Activities

The Company incurred net losses of $54,813 and $63,600 in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company used $48,712 and $45,533 in cash for operating activities during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in cash outflows is largely as a result of an increase in net changes in working capital items, specifically accounts payable, other current liabilities and deferred revenue.

Net cash flows used in Investing Activities

The Company’s net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 consisted primarily of the purchase of property and equipment in SciVac as part of the modernization and capacity increase of the manufacturing facility. Our net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 consisted of purchases of equipment of $3,673 compared to purchases of equipment of $5,993 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Net cash flows provided by Financing Activities

Cash flows provided by financing activities decreased by $6,202, from $43,617 for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $37,415 for the year ended December 31, 2019. In 2019, the Company closed an underwritten public offering for gross proceeds of $40,250 offset by $2,835 of share issuance costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018 the Company received $46,558 from the proceeds from the issuance of common shares for cash offset by $3,006 of cash issuance costs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations), or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons that have, or may have, a material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

At December 31, 2019, the Company had net operating loss carryovers (“NOL’s”) aggregating approximately $218.9 million. The NOL’s are available to reduce taxable income of future years expire as follows:

NOL and tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the tax authorities in the respective countries. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. At December 31, 2019, we recorded a 100% valuation allowance against our NOL, as we believe it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will not be fully realized. In the future, if we determine that a portion or all of the tax benefits associated with our tax carryforwards will be realized, net income would increase in the period of determination.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require difficult, subjective and complex judgments by management in order to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. During the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual amounts could differ from the estimates made. We continually evaluate estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for reasonableness. Appropriate adjustments, if any, to the estimates used are made prospectively based upon such periodic evaluation.

In particular, significant judgments made by management in the application of U.S. GAAP during the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and estimates with a risk of material adjustment include:

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when we transfer promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation(s). At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract, assess whether each promised good or service is distinct and identify those that are performance obligations.

The Company must use significant judgment to determine: a) the number of performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above and whether those performance obligations are distinct from other performance obligations in the contract; b) the transaction price under step (iii) above; and c) the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract for the allocation of transaction price in step (iv) above. The Company uses judgment to determine whether milestones or other variable consideration, except for royalties, should be included in the transaction price. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on an estimated stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied.

Where a portion of non-refundable up-front fees or other payments received are allocated to continuing performance obligations under the terms of a collaborative arrangement, they are recorded as contract liabilities and recognized as revenue when (or as) the underlying performance obligation is satisfied.

Product Sales

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when obligations under the terms of the contract with the customer are satisfied; this occurs upon the transfer of control of the goods to the customers.

Collaborative Arrangements

The Company first evaluates license and/or collaboration arrangements to determine whether the arrangement (or part of the arrangement) represents a collaborative arrangement pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), based on the risks and rewards and activities of the parties pursuant to the contractual arrangement. The Company then determines if the collaborative arrangements are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 606”).

Collaborative arrangements with partners which are within the scope of ASC 606 typically include payment to us of one of more of the following: (i) license fees; (ii) R&D services to be performed as part of the contract; (iii) payments related to the achievement of developmental, regulatory, or commercial milestones; and (iv) royalties on net sales of licensed products.

Collaborative arrangements (or elements within the contract that are deemed part of a collaborative arrangement) with partners which represent a collaborative relationship and not a customer relationship, are accounted for outside the scope of ASC Topic 606.

License Fees

If a license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license.

R&D Services

The promises under the Company’s collaboration and license agreements generally include R&D services to be performed by the Company. For performance obligations that include R&D services, the Company generally recognizes revenue allocated to such performance obligations based on an appropriate measure of progress. The Company utilizes judgment to determine the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue, which is generally an input measure such as costs incurred. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Royalties

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

Income Taxes

In assessing the probability of realizing income tax assets, management makes estimates related to expectations of future taxable income, applicable tax opportunities, expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences and likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its entire net deferred tax assets as it believes it is not more likely than not the tax benefits will be realized.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Our intangible assets determined to have indefinite useful lives including In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) and goodwill, are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. Such circumstances could include but are not limited to: (i) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (ii) unanticipated competition, or (iii) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. The Company has established August 31st as the date for its annual impairment test of IPR&D and goodwill.

The Company’s IPR&D assets, which consist of CMV and GBM projects, were acquired in a business combination, capitalized as an intangible asset and are tested for impairment at least annually until commercialization, after which time the IPR&D is amortized over its estimated useful life. The impairment test compares the carrying amount of the IPR&D asset to its fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset, such excess is recorded as an impairment loss. There was no IPR&D impairment determined as a result of the Company’s annual testing on August 31, 2019. The fair value of the IPR&D assets included in the impairment test was determined using the income approach method and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the estimate of the fair value of IPR&D assets include the amount and timing of costs to develop the IPR&D into viable products, the amount and timing of future cash inflows, the discount rate and the probability of technical and regulatory success applied to the cash flows. The discount rate used was 12.5% and the cumulative probability of technical and regulatory success to achieve approval to market the products ranged from approximately 6% to 17%.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may first perform an assessment qualitatively whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, referred to as a “step zero” approach. Subsequently (if necessary, after step zero), if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeded its fair value an impairment would be recorded. We would perform our goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The Company recorded an impairment of goodwill of $4,549 as a result of its annual impairment test on August 31, 2019. The Company considered the decline in its stock price as of September 30, 2019 to be a triggering event for an interim goodwill impairment test, which resulted in an additional impairment of $1,743. The total impairment of goodwill recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $6,292 and is included in impairment charges in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company consists of a single reporting unit and used its market capitalization to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. In order to determine the market capitalization, the Company used the trailing 20-day volume weighted average price of its stock as of each testing date.

Accrued Clinical Expenses

When preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued clinical expenses. This process involves reviewing contracts and communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost. Payments under some of the contracts we have with third parties depend on factors, such as successful enrollment of certain numbers of patients, site initiation and the completion of clinical trial milestones.

When accruing clinical expenses, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If possible, we obtain information regarding unbilled services directly from our service providers. However, we may be required to estimate the cost of these services based only on information available to us. If we underestimate or overestimate the cost associated with a trial or service at a given point in time, adjustments to research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods. Historically, our estimated accrued clinical expenses have approximated actual expense incurred.

Trends, Events and Uncertainties

As with other companies that are in the process of commercializing novel vaccines, we will need to successfully manage normal business and scientific risks. Research and development of new technologies is, by its nature, unpredictable. We cannot assure you that our technology will be adopted, that we will ever earn revenues sufficient to support our operations, or that we will ever be profitable. Furthermore, other than as discussed in this report, we have no committed source of financing and may not be able to raise money as and when we need it to continue our operations. If we cannot raise funds as and when we need them, we may be required to severely curtail, or even to cease, our operations.

Other than as discussed above and elsewhere in this report, we are not aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that are likely to have a material effect on our financial condition.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Related Parties

SciVac entered into a services agreement with OPKO Biologics Ltd. (“OPKO Bio”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of OPKO Health, Inc., a related party shareholder of the Company, dated as of March 15, 2015 as amended on January 25, 2016, pursuant to which SciVac agreed to provide certain aseptic process filling services to OPKO Bio. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 revenue recognized amounted to $0 and $0, respectively. Effective October 17, 2018, OPKO Bio is no longer a related party.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into a car loan lease with an officer of the Company, as part of their compensation arrangement, for $53, repayable over 3 years.

Our credit facility, pursuant to the Amended Credit Facility, as amended, with Perceptive Credit is from a lender that is affiliated with the Company’s largest shareholder and is a related party, see Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

JOBS Act

In April 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) was enacted in the United States Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies.

ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates with respect to our cash holdings and our outstanding long-term debt.

As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, we had cash of $44.2 million and $59.3 million, respectively, which has been deposited in high interest rate bank accounts. Our cash holdings are in accordance with our investment policy approved by our board of directors, which specifies the categories, allocations and ratings of securities we may consider for investment. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive without significantly increasing risk. We do not hold or issue derivatives, derivative commodity instruments or other financial instruments for speculative trading purposes. Further, we do not believe our cash has significant risk of default or illiquidity.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 we had long-term debt outstanding of $15.3 million and $15.3 million, respectively. The debt bears interest at the greater of (a) one-month LIBOR (subject to a 5% cap) or (b) 1% plus the Applicable margin of 11%. The interest rate at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 12.75% and 13.3125%, respectively. Our interest rate risk exposure is primarily due to LIBOR fluctuations when the rate is greater than 1%, capped to a maximum of 5%.

Based on our current interest rate risk, we do not believe that our results of operations or our financial position would be materially affected by a change in interest rates of 100 basis points.

Foreign Currency Risk

We are also exposed to market risk related to change in foreign currency exchange rates. We have operations in Israel, Canada, and the United States and therefore we incur expenses in NIS, Canadian Dollars and United States dollars. We also contract with certain vendors that are located in Europe which have contracts denominated in foreign currencies. We are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with our foreign operations and certain agreements. We do not currently hedge our foreign exchange rate risk. As of December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, we had minimal liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The financial statements and notes thereto required by this item begin on page F-1 of this Form 10-K, as listed in Item 15 of Part IV.

ITEM 9: CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 9A: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Development (our principal financial and accounting officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. The evaluation was undertaken in consultation with our accounting personnel and external consultants. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Development concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial and accounting officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Development assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, management evaluated the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) inInternal Control—Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on our assessment, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Development determined that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of the last fiscal year that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION

None.

PART III

ITEM 10: DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required in response to this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates (the “Proxy Statement”).

ITEM 11: EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement.

PART IV

ITEM 15: EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following financial statements are included herein:

See Index to Exhibits

ITEM 16: FORM 10-K SUMMARY.

Not applicable.

VBI Vaccines Inc.

Table of Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of

VBI Vaccines Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has incurred, and it anticipates it will continue to incur, significant losses and generate negative operating cash flows and as such will require significant additional funds to continue its development activities to ultimately achieve commercial launch of its products. These factors raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the United States federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ EisnerAmper LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

EISNERAMPER LLP

Iselin, New Jersey

March 5, 2020

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except number of common shares)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)