New Rite Aid (RADCQ) 10-K2023 FY Annual report

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

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Commission File Number 1-5742

RITE AID CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (717) 761-2633

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report):

30 Hunter Lane, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania 17011

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “Large Accelerated Filer,” “Accelerated Filer,” “Smaller Reporting Company,” and “Emerging Growth Company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price at which such stock was sold on the New York Stock Exchange on August 27, 2022 was approximately $447,694,555. For purposes of this calculation, only executive officers and directors are deemed to be affiliates of the registrant.

As of April 12, 2023 the registrant had outstanding 56,427,366 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report, as well as our other public filings or public statements, include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are often identified by terms and phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “continue,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “will” and similar expressions and include references to assumptions and relate to our future prospects, developments and business strategies.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

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officer and other management;

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We undertake no obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements included in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this report. Our actual results, performance or achievements could differ materially from the results expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Continuing Operations—Overview and Factors Affecting our Future Prospects” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, the continued impact of COVID-19 could heighten many of the risk factors described herein.

PART I

Item 1.   Business

Overview

Rite Aid Corporation (“Rite Aid” or the “Company”) is on the front lines of delivering health care services and retail products to nearly one million Americans daily. Our pharmacists are uniquely positioned to engage with customers and improve their health outcomes. We provide an array of whole being health products and services for the entire family through over 2,300 retail pharmacy locations across 17 states. Through Elixir, our pharmacy benefits manager, we provide pharmacy benefits and services to over one million members nationwide.

Our corporate headquarters are located at 1200 Intrepid Avenue, 2^nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19112, our mailing address is PO Box 3165, Harrisburg, PA 17105, and our telephone number is (717) 761-2633. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading symbol of “RAD.” We were incorporated in 1968 and are a Delaware corporation.

The terms “Company,” “Rite Aid,” “we,” “our” or “us,” as used herein and unless otherwise stated or indicated by context, refer to Rite Aid Corporation and its affiliates. The term “affiliates” means direct and indirect subsidiaries of Rite Aid Corporation and partnerships and joint ventures in which such subsidiaries are partners.

We continue to focus and implement our strategic initiatives aimed at operating as a fully integrated, stand-alone healthcare company with a retail footprint. Our key accomplishments in fiscal 2023 included, i) growing our market share in both the pharmacy and front-end lines of business; ii) meaningfully reducing our operating Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) expenses by over $240 million (on a comparable week basis) through cost control initiatives and the closing of approximately 150 underperforming stores; iii) growing our third-party ecommerce business by over 60% by deepening our relationships with an expanding range of partners; iv) improving our procurement economics at Elixir, enabling us to expand gross margin and become more competitive in the marketplace; and v) taking additional steps to improve our capital structure, including paying off approximately $280 million of our 7.5% Senior Secured Notes, $52 million of our 7.7% Notes, and $27 million of our 6.875% Notes.

We report our business in two distinct segments: our Retail Pharmacy Segment, which consists of Rite Aid, Bartell Drug Company (“Bartell”) and Health Dialog Services Corporation (“Health Dialog”), and our Pharmacy Services Segment, which consists of Elixir, our PBM business.

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Retail Pharmacy Segment — In our retail stores, our highly trained pharmacists dispense medications pursuant to prescriptions written by medical providers and educate our customers on alternative remedies that can supplement traditional options. We offer a wide range of health care services, including administering immunizations against COVID-19, the flu, shingles and more; assisting our customers with high blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes; providing guidance on combating obesity and tobacco addiction; and educating our customers on managing medications and potential side effects. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, our pharmacists have been on the front lines of testing and vaccinating, and we made great strides in changing perceptions of pharmacists as providers whose reach extends well beyond filling prescriptions. We believe that offerings such as these have established pharmacists as the most accessible and trusted last-mile connectors in healthcare.

In fiscal 2023, prescription drug sales accounted for over 71% of our total drugstore sales. We believe that our pharmacy operations will continue to represent a significant part of our business due to a combination of our efforts to

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expand the role of our over 6,200 pharmacists as whole-being health advocates; demographic trends such as an aging population and increased life expectancy; our focus on growth customers, particularly women between the ages of 25 to 49 who take care of themselves, their children, aging parents, and even pets; anticipated growth in the federally funded Medicare Part D prescription program as “baby boomers” continue to enroll; increased regulatory efforts to improve access and affordability of prescription drugs; and, the discovery of new and better prescription drug and over-the-counter therapies. In addition, we offer a wide assortment of front-end merchandise to complement our pharmacy services and to provide convenience to our customers. We carry a full assortment of front-end products, which accounted for the remaining nearly 29% of our total drugstore sales in fiscal 2023. Front-end products include over-the-counter medications, health and beauty aids, personal care items, cosmetics, household items, food and beverages, greeting cards, seasonal merchandise, pet care, numerous other everyday and convenience products, and hand-dipped ice cream in many of our west coast stores from our owned brand Thrifty. We offer a wide variety of products through our portfolio of owned brands, which accounted for approximately 18% of our front-end sales in fiscal 2023 and which we are positioning for future growth.

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We completed the acquisition of Bartell in December 2020 and continue to operate these stores under the Bartell banner. The strategic acquisition of Bartell complements our commitment to total health and wellness, the importance of the pharmacist as a trusted health advisor, and the critical role of the neighborhood pharmacy. This expansion within the greater Seattle area has allowed us to better service customers, health plans and healthcare providers.

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The average size of each store in our chain is approximately 13,600 square feet, and average store size is larger for our locations in the western United States. As of March 4, 2023, approximately 61% of our stores are freestanding and 57% include a drive-through pharmacy.

Health Dialog is a provider of total population health services to risk-bearing organizations such as health plans and self-insured employers. Health Dialog helps clients improve quality of care and reduce healthcare costs while empowering their individual patients to make informed health and wellness decisions. Health Dialog’s integrated, multi-channel health coaching services are powered by best-in-class analytics and administered by highly trained healthcare professionals.

Pharmacy Services Segment — Elixir, our mid-market national PBM, provides a suite of PBM offerings including technology solutions, mail delivery services, specialty pharmacy, network and rebate administration, claims adjudication and pharmacy discount programs. Elixir also provides prescription discount programs and Medicare Part D insurance offerings for individuals and groups. Elixir provides services to various clients across its different lines of business, including major health plans, commercial employers, labor groups and state and local governments, representing over 1.4 million covered lives, including approximately 0.3 million covered lives through our Medicare Part D insurance offerings. Elixir continues to focus its efforts and offerings to its target market of small to mid-market employers, labor unions and regional health plans, including provider-led health plans and government sponsored Medicaid and Medicare plans.

We believe that Elixir will become a differentiated market leader by lowering total healthcare costs through consumer engagement. We are modernizing our technology platforms, enhancing our clinical programs, and launching our new specialty offering across our book of business. For our markets that overlap with Rite Aid and Bartell stores, we can provide highly curated clinical offerings that not only lower costs, but also engage members in our stores with our pharmacists.

Industry Trends

The retail drugstore industry is highly competitive and consolidation has accelerated. We believe that such trends will continue due to vertical integration of retail pharmacy companies with PBMs, insurance companies, and providers; aggressive generic pricing programs at competitors such as Walmart as well as via the growth of discount cards; and increased utilization of digital commerce, will further increase competitive pressures in the industry. Front-end product pricing has continued to be highly promotional in the retail drugstore business, which contributes to additional competitive pressures.

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The retail drugstore industry continues to rely significantly on third-party payors. Over the past several years, third-party payors, including the Medicare Part D plans and the state-sponsored Medicaid and related managed care Medicaid agencies, have changed the eligibility requirements of participants and have successfully reduced certain reimbursement rates. This trend is expected to continue, which puts added pressure on Rite Aid and our competitors’ results. Medicare Part D providers have also introduced plans that have restricted network options, under which a patient can elect a plan with a lower copay in exchange for the choice to use a limited number of pharmacies to fill their prescriptions. In order to participate in these restricted networks, retail pharmacies generally are required to accept lower reimbursement rates. We expect the use of these restricted network strategies to continue to increase for Part D and in fiscal 2023 we increased our participation in such plans. When third-party payors, including the Medicare Part D program and state-sponsored Medicaid agencies, reduce the number of participants and/or reduce their reimbursement rates, sales and margins in the industry could be reduced, and profitability of the industry adversely affected. These possible adverse effects can be partially offset by lowering our product cost, controlling expenses, dispensing higher-margin generics, finding new revenue streams through pharmacy services and growing our share of dispensing prescriptions. In recent years, we have seen some states, most notably California and New York, make strides to increase pharmacy access by returning to open networks for Medicaid members through fee-for-service payment models.

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The pharmacy industry has seen increased competition from new entrants (primarily digital) who seek to largely bypass reliance on third-party payors and dispense prescription drugs (primarily generic) direct-to-consumer at cash prices. We are continuing to monitor the impact of these new entrants on overall consumer behavior.

In terms of our traditional drug dispensing business, generic prescription drugs continue to help lower overall costs for customers and third-party payors. We believe the utilization of existing generic pharmaceuticals will continue to remain strong, although the pace of introduction of new generic drugs has slowed. The gross profit from a generic drug prescription in the retail drugstore industry is generally greater than the gross profit from a brand drug prescription. However, the sale amount can be substantially less and has impacted our overall revenues and same store sales.

The COVID-19 crisis brought many new challenges to the industry and severely impacted the U.S. economy. We executed preparedness plans to maintain continuity of our operations, including transitioning many office-based associates to a remote work environment. We also provided enhanced benefits to our associates, and expanded resources to assist associates with the stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we are approaching the end of the public health emergency, we expect to continue to provide testing, vaccinations, and boosters as COVID-19 becomes part of everyday life.

Looking ahead post COVID-19-pandemic, the rate of pharmacy sales growth in the United States continues to be negatively impacted by a decline in new blockbuster drugs, drug safety concerns, higher copays, and an increase in the use of generic (non-brand name) drugs, which are less expensive but do generate higher gross margins. New drug development in the next few years is expected to be concentrated in specialty prescriptions, which are high-cost drugs targeted toward complex or rare chronic conditions. On the other hand, we expect prescription usage to continue to grow in the coming years due to the aging U.S. population, increased life expectancy, “baby boomers” continuing to become eligible for the federally funded Medicare prescription program, and new drug therapies. Additionally, rising U.S. healthcare costs and the shortage of primary care physicians are creating opportunities for pharmacists and drugstores to play a more active role in driving positive health outcomes for patients. Services such as immunizations, including those for COVID-19, medication therapy management, chronic condition management, clinics, medication adherence and counseling can all be handled by our trained pharmacists. There has been a trend across much of the U.S. to increase pharmacist scope of practice, including through the writing of select prescriptions. We actively monitor such trends to ensure our pharmacists can practice at the top of their license.

The PBM industry is generally concentrated among the three largest PBMs, although niche PBMs and organizations seeking to carve out specific PBM-related services continue to emerge. Plan sponsor clients of PBMs are seeking new and innovative solutions to manage pharmacy benefit costs. Certain market segments, such as regional health plans, union/municipal plans, and certain mid-market employers are seeking viable alternatives to the “Big 3” PBM providers. Also, plan sponsors with covered populations in geographically concentrated areas, such as hospital/health system clients and small to mid-sized employers, are seeking to leverage geographic opportunities to

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negotiate more favorable pharmacy pricing and/or integrate their community based clinical management resources, with integrated PBM and pharmacy providers, such as Elixir and Rite Aid pharmacies.

Strategy

As a healthcare company with a retail footprint operating in diverse communities throughout the country, we are positioned to create meaningful customer, client, and member experiences for the millions of lives we touch.

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We are focused on three key strategic drivers of growth: 1) growing our pharmacy business by improving our access to networks, strategically acquiring prescription files, increasing medication adherence, and making more clinical services available to our customers; 2) deepening our customer loyalty and engagement, by improving our in-store experience, optimizing our products and services, leveraging personalized marketing and communications, and expanding our digital solutions; and 3) scaling our Elixir business by delivering on a value proposition unique to the mid-market including competitive pricing, leveraging our platform to deliver white-label services, optimizing our specialty pharmacy, and improving our operational efficiency.

All of these are enabled by significant ongoing investments in our people and infrastructure, including our distributions centers, central fill operations, and systems for customer and client support.

Products and Services

Sales of prescription drugs for our Retail Pharmacy Segment represented approximately 71.2%, 70.0% and 66.7% of our total drugstore sales in fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, prescription drug sales were $12.6 billion, $12.2 billion and $10.9 billion, respectively. See the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Continuing Operations” and our consolidated financial statements.

We carry a full assortment of non-prescription, or front-end, products. The types and number of front-end products in each store vary, and selections are based on customer needs and preferences and available space. No single front-end product category contributed significantly to our sales during fiscal 2023. Our Retail Pharmacy Segment’s principal classes of products in fiscal 2023 were the following:

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We offer a wide variety of owned brand products to meet the needs of our customers in virtually every non-pharmacy department. We continue to focus on increasing owned brand sales and penetration by expanding our assortment, redefining our brand architecture and brands, refreshing our package design, and driving greater support through our marketing. We believe that today’s consumer expects high quality, differentiated owned brand products that deliver performance equal to national brands at a better value. A refresh of our owned brand offering is critical to improving our gross margin and reducing our working capital investment in inventory.

Through Elixir, we provide a fully integrated suite of PBM offerings including technology solutions, mail delivery services, specialty pharmacy, network and rebate administration, claims adjudication and pharmacy discount programs. In addition to its PBM offerings, Elixir also offers fully integrated mail-order and specialty pharmacy services through Elixir Pharmacy. Through Elixir Insurance Company (“Elixir Insurance” or “EI”), Elixir also serves seniors enrolled in Medicare Part D. In addition, Elixir, through its Laker Software, performs prescription adjudication services for its own claims.

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Technology

All of our stores are integrated into a common pharmacy system, which enables our customers to fill or refill prescriptions in any of our stores throughout the country, identifies adverse drug interactions, and enables our pharmacists to fill prescriptions more accurately and efficiently. Our customers may also order prescription refills online, at www.riteaid.com, using our mobile app, or over the phone through our telephonic automated refill systems for pick up at a Rite Aid store or home delivery from a majority of our stores. We have automated pharmacy dispensing units in high volume stores, which are linked to our pharmacists’ computers that fill and label prescription drug orders. We utilize central fill technology to facilitate the automated picking, packaging, and labeling of prescriptions in a central filling location, which are sent to certain retail stores for delivery to the customer. We also utilize workload sharing technology within our stores, whereby stores within a close proximity can shift the fulfillment of prescriptions to stores with excess capacity. The efficiency of these processes allows our pharmacists to spend more time consulting with and answering our customers’ questions and concerns about their prescription medications and health conditions. Additionally, each of our stores employs point-of-sale technology that supports sales analysis and recognition of customer trends. This same point-of-sale technology facilitates the maintenance of perpetual inventory records which, together with our sales analysis, drives our automated inventory replenishment process.

As part of our multi-year performance acceleration program, we are making significant technology investments that span across the enterprise. The investments cover key functions such as pharmacy, retail, supply chain, merchandising, corporate systems, digital, Elixir, and core infrastructure. These investments will empower customers and associates, and deliver operational efficiencies and enable growth.

We launched our new website, mobile application, and ecommerce solution in fiscal 2021. This personalized user experience is built on a modern and scalable platform that will serve as the foundation for our digital and omni-channel solutions. Looking ahead, we are focused on creating seamless digital pharmacy experiences that increase medication adherence and improve patient health, delivering signature customer experiences that delight customers and address traditional pharmacy pain points and providing easy digital onboarding capabilities for new pharmacy customer acquisition.  In addition to our digital work in pharmacy, we are also working to bring new and exciting omni-channel capabilities to market such as accelerating our buy-online pickup in store offerings, expanding our same day delivery partners and capabilities, and investing in best-in-class digital loyalty experiences.

We continue to enhance our Elixir digital solutions with a focus on providing members with the best and most effective low-cost medications, in a manner that is completely personalized.

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Elixir continues to modernize the technology platforms that service its core PBM business as well as other PBMs. Initial focus is on the customer care experience, clinical operations, client implementations and data exchange. We see an opportunity to further enhance our technology leadership in this market and to improve operational efficiencies both internally as well as externally for our clients. We are leveraging a cloud platform shaped by our decades of experience in scalable claims adjudication, customer care and clinical programs while transforming our products and services to offer a PBM-as-a-Service (PBMaaS) model. This ecosystem will serve our target markets to include small to mid-sized PBMs and mid to large-sized health plans.

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Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

Since fiscal 2015, under our pharmaceutical purchasing and delivery agreement (“Purchasing and Delivery Agreement”) with limited exceptions, we purchased all of our branded pharmaceutical products and almost all of our generic (non-brand name) pharmaceutical products from McKesson Corporation (“McKesson”). If our relationship with McKesson were disrupted, we could temporarily experience difficulties filling prescriptions for branded and generic drugs until we execute a replacement wholesaler agreement or develop and implement self-distribution processes.

We purchase our non-pharmaceutical merchandise from numerous manufacturers and wholesalers. We believe that competitive sources are readily available for substantially all of the non-pharmaceutical merchandise we carry and that the loss of any one supplier would not have a material effect on our business.

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We sell private brand and co-branded products that generally are supplied by numerous sources. The GNC branded vitamin and mineral supplement products that we sell in our stores are developed by GNC, and along with our Rite Aid brand vitamin and mineral supplements, are manufactured by GNC.

Customers and Third-Party Payors

During fiscal 2023, our stores filled approximately 250.0 million prescriptions and served nearly one million customers per day. The loss of any one customer would not have a material impact on our results of operations.

In fiscal 2023, substantially all of our pharmacy sales were to customers covered by third-party payors (such as insurance companies, prescription benefit management companies, government agencies, private employers or other managed care providers) that agree to pay for all or a portion of a customer’s eligible prescription purchases based on negotiated and contracted reimbursement rates. During fiscal 2023, the top five third-party payors accounted for approximately 83.4% of our pharmacy sales. The largest third-party payor, Caremark, represented 33.4% of our pharmacy sales. The loss of a major third-party payor, or a significant change to their drug reimbursement rates could decrease our revenue and harm our business.

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During fiscal 2023, Medicaid and related managed Medicaid payors sales were approximately 19.9% of our pharmacy sales, of which the largest single Medicaid payor was approximately 6.6% of our pharmacy sales. During fiscal 2023, approximately 38.8% of our pharmacy sales were to customers covered by Medicare Part D.

Through our Pharmacy Services Segment we provide innovative pharmaceutical solutions for our clients which are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, managed Medicaid plans, Medicare plans, and other sponsors of health benefit plans, and individuals throughout the United States.

During fiscal 2023, Medicare Part D payor revenue was approximately 62.7% of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue, of which the largest Medicare Part D payer was approximately 43.1% of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue. During fiscal 2023, approximately 29.9% of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue was to customers covered by commercial payors. During fiscal 2023, approximately 6.2% of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue was to customers covered by Medicaid payors.

Competition

The retail drugstore and PBM industries are highly competitive. Some of our competitors are larger, better capitalized, have access to greater financial and other resources, are diversified through other industries and have an international presence. Additionally, some of our competitors are vertically integrated, allowing them to leverage healthcare, health plan, and PBM operations together with their retail pharmacy footprint. Increasingly, these competitors are expanding in our existing markets. Greater competition exerts pressure on our pricing and promotional models and may force us to modify or reduce our prices.

Our retail drugstore operations compete with, among others, retail drugstore chains, such as Walgreens and CVS, along with independently owned drugstores, supermarkets such as Kroger, mass merchandisers like Walmart and Target, discount stores, wellness offerings, dollar stores and mail order and internet pharmacies. We compete on the basis of store location, payor access, convenience, price, customer service, and product selection.

Our PBM company competes with other pharmacy benefit managers, such as Caremark, Express Scripts, OptumRx and mid-market PBMs. We will increasingly compete on the basis of our PBM service offerings flexibility, clinical offerings, network management, Rite Aid as an anchor (in Rite Aid markets), omni-channel consumer engagement and the strength of client facing teams.

We believe continued consolidation in the healthcare industry, and the aggressive pricing on front-end products by supermarkets and mass merchandisers and other PBM service providers will further increase competitive pressures in our industries.

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Marketing and Advertising

In fiscal 2023, we advanced efforts to provide a seamlessly connected omni-channel customer experience. We continued to take a holistic approach to managing our media mix while shifting towards a digital-centric strategy. Marketing and advertising expense was approximately $133.4 million. This spend encompasses digital marketing to support pharmacy and front-end sales, the Rite Aid Rewards loyalty program and customer relationship marketing, in-store communication, weekly circular (print and digital) and promotions, as well as marketing campaign support including television, online video, addressable video, out of home, radio, and targeted direct mail. During fiscal 2023, our marketing activities were primarily focused on the following:

Human Capital

Overview

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Rite Aid is a healthcare company with a retail footprint operating in communities nationwide, supporting the health of millions of customers through various business lines. Our mission is to connect everyday care, drive down healthcare costs, and promote whole health for life. At the heart of fulfilling this mission are our associates.

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We consider our associates vital to our business transformation. To achieve growth and transformation, we prioritize investing in our associates by providing professional growth opportunities, caring for their well-being and families, promoting diversity and inclusivity, and encouraging them to be ambassadors of whole health in their communities.

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As of March 4, 2023, we employed over 47,000 associates across the United States, including Puerto Rico.

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Communication and Engagement

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Our associates are integral to the success of our business, and we are committed to ensuring they feel heard and valued. That is why we take a multifaceted approach to engagement, utilizing formal surveys, town halls, focus groups, and listening sessions to gather critical feedback and better understand their perspectives. Over the past three years, we have seen an impressive 70% participation rate in our surveys, which provide invaluable insights into topics such as career development, well-being, compensation, recognition, leadership, and communication effectiveness. Additionally, we leverage this feedback to identify specific opportunities for improving our diversity and inclusion efforts, ensuring that all voices are heard and valued in our organization.

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Training and Development

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At Rite Aid, we recognize that our talent is our most valuable asset, and we are committed to cultivating and developing it to ensure our continued success as a leader in the industry. We strive to foster a high-performance culture that prioritizes talent development, offering comprehensive programs that cover essential skills such as leadership, safety, compliance, and more, all of which are critical to running our business effectively.

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As part of our ongoing efforts, we have recently implemented a multi-year project that establishes a competency framework for selecting and developing our associates. Using success profiles, we have identified the necessary critical skills at all levels of our organization. To support the development of these competencies, we introduced ‘Ready. Set. Grow!’, the foundation for how we hire talent into Rite Aid, a means to improve performance and associate engagement, and a way to build a new generation of Rite Aid leaders.

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In addition to these initiatives, we provide our associates with discounted tuition and reimbursement programs for pursuing degrees at select colleges or universities. Furthermore, we offer loan repayment assistance for pharmacy graduate interns, as well as an accredited pharmacy technician certification program. We are proud to be certified as an Accredited Provider of Continuing Pharmacy Education (ACEP), which allows us to offer courses that count toward the CE licensing requirements of our pharmacists. Both programs allow us to develop our pharmacy associates to meet the demands of our business.

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Our ultimate goal is to cultivate leaders at all levels of our organization and provide our associates with the resources and opportunities they need to develop and grow the skills necessary to achieve their personal and professional goals. By investing in our talent, we are confident that we can support Rite Aid’s future growth and success.

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Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

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We are continuing to build momentum with Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (“DEI”) at Rite Aid and we are seeing notable progress that is adding value to our business. Our multi-year strategy is gaining traction with new programs and initiatives launched in 2023 such as leadership development programs specifically to advance diverse talent. We are discovering and addressing the unique needs of our workforce, and we are empowering our people to perform like never before.

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In fact, we are taking an innovative approach to our DEI strategy to have greater DEI outcomes, and we are driving it through the Associate Experience. The VP of DEI role was expanded to include Associate Experience, enabling a more holistic and intentional approach. It includes the total associate work experience from onboarding to exit, impacting all the talent processes with a particular focus on retention and talent attraction efforts, which will enable us to better fulfill our business strategic initiatives and operational priorities. Part of this work is a refresh of Associate Value Proposition, which defines and supports our cultural shift. Although we are early in this new approach, the potential impact is exciting.

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As of December 31, 2022, 68% of associates self-reported as female. In addition, associates reported their race/ethnicity as: White 55%; Hispanic 15%; Black 13%; Asian 12%; and Other 5%.

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Total Rewards and Recognition

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Our associates are crucial to our business success, and we provide comprehensive compensation, benefits, and recognition programs to ensure their well-being and satisfaction. Our offerings include annual bonuses, 401(k) plans, healthcare benefits, paid time off, and associate assistance programs, among others.

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At Rite Aid, we understand the importance of recognizing our associates and celebrating their exceptional contributions. That is why we use our recognition platform as a leadership tool that rewards exemplary behaviors in line with our core values of Hustle with Humility, Earn Trust and Keep It, and Get There Together. Not only does this recognition program foster a culture of appreciation and positivity, but it also creates a sense of community among our workforce, where everyone feels valued and supported.

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In today’s fiercely competitive job market, attracting and retaining top talent is crucial to our success. To stand out from the crowd, we offer a range of enticing benefits and attractive salaries. To differentiate ourselves, we have also extended our unlimited paid time off plan to many corporate and field leadership roles. For particularly challenging areas, like our pharmacy positions, we sweeten the deal with sign-on bonuses, retention bonuses, and pay adjustments to ensure we are able to attract and keep the best talent in this tight labor market.

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Research and Development

We do not make significant expenditures for research and development.

Licenses, Trademarks and Patents

The Rite Aid name is our most significant trademark and the most important factor in marketing our stores and private brand products. Additionally, we utilize important tradenames for our Elixir operations and Bartell. We hold licenses to sell beer, wine and liquor, cigarettes and lottery tickets. As part of our strategic alliance with GNC, we have a license to operate GNC “stores-within-Rite Aid-stores.” We also hold licenses to operate our pharmacies and our distribution facilities. Through our 100% owned subsidiary Elixir, we hold a license to conduct Medicare Part D business with CMS.

Collectively, these licenses are material to our operations.

Seasonality

We experience seasonal fluctuations in our results of operations concentrated in the first and fourth fiscal quarters as the result of the concentration of the cough, cold and flu season and the holidays. We tailor certain front-end merchandise to capitalize on holidays and seasons. We increase our inventory levels during our third fiscal quarter in anticipation of the seasonal fluctuations described above, including flu and other immunizations. Our results of operations in the fourth and first fiscal quarters may fluctuate based upon the timing and severity of the cough, cold and flu season, both of which are unpredictable.

Regulation

Our business is subject to federal, state and local laws, regulations, and administrative practices concerning the provision of and payment for health care services, including, without limitation: federal, state and local licensure and registration requirements concerning the operation of pharmacies and the practice of pharmacy; Medicare, Medicaid and other publicly financed health benefit plan regulations prohibiting kickbacks, beneficiary inducement and the submission of false claims; the ACA; regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (“CPSC”), the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration

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(“DEA”), including regulations governing the purchase, sale, storing and dispensing of controlled substances, listed chemicals, and other products, as well as regulations promulgated by state and other federal agencies, including state boards of pharmacy and medicine, concerning automated outbound contacts such as phone calls, text messages and emails and the sale, advertisement and promotion of the products we sell, including nicotine products, drugs, medical devices, and alcoholic beverages. We are also subject to laws governing our relationship with our associates, including health and safety, minimum wage requirements, overtime, sick leave, working conditions, equal employment opportunity and unionizing efforts.

The legal environment affecting our business will continue to become more complex as new legal requirements and rules are introduced and existing laws are modified. Such legal changes could also create areas of uncertainty and require that we make material changes in our business operations and practices. Finally, any real or alleged noncompliance with these laws could materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.

Implications of the End of the Public Health Emergency and PREP Act Developments

The Public Health Emergency (“PHE”) and Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (“PREP Act”) resulted in the relaxation of a number of regulatory requirements otherwise imposed on our retail pharmacy business and our pharmacists, however the PHE is due to expire on May 11, 2023, and various PREP Act provisions are set to terminate, as well. The transition away from relaxed regulatory requirements could curtail access to vaccines (including COVID boosters, treatments, and tests). Moreover, given that some laws, regulations, and directives are tied to the existence of a PHE, there is uncertainty regarding the financial and operational impacts connected to the end of the PHE. Such impacts could be material and adverse or could require substantial and permanent changes in our operations.

Along with the PREP Act, Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) Secretary’s declaration under the PREP Act (the “PREP Act declaration”) is also set to expire in the near future. The PREP Act declaration limits legal liability for losses relating to the manufacture, testing, development, distribution, administration, and use of medical “countermeasures” against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents of terrorism, epidemics, and pandemics. The liability protections extend to any claims for loss in state court except for those alleging willful misconduct. Liability protections for some countermeasures extend through the final day of a “Declaration of Emergency,” or October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first (a “Declaration of Emergency” can be those issued by federal, state, or local authorities, as well as the HHS Secretary’s declaration for a PHE). Liability protections for other countermeasures last through October 1, 2024, regardless of whether a “Declaration of Emergency” is no longer in effect. The impending expiration date of liability protections has far-reaching implications for our testing and vaccination programs set up at our stores during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, the operation of such programs relied on the PREP Act declaration’s authorization to permit pharmacists to order and administer, and pharmacy technicians and pharmacy interns to administer certain tests and vaccines related to the COVID-19 pandemic response. The expiration of these authorities could undermine our testing and vaccination programs, significantly impacting the revenue generated thereunder.

Aside from the applicable expiration dates, we may become increasingly subject to state claims based on recent litigation on the scope of preemption under the PREP Act. While liability protections extend to any claims for loss in state court, litigants have nonetheless filed hundreds of cases in state courts related to COVID-19, many on claims of negligence, wrongful death, or other state-based claims against entities that have engaged in the COVID-19 response efforts. The scope of preemption is the subject of litigation in the Third, Fifth, Seventh, and Ninth Circuits, which have all ruled that the PREP Act does not completely preempt state law claims.

The Inflation Reduction Act

The Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”), enacted in August 2022, made significant changes to the regulation of pricing and reimbursement for prescription drugs in the Medicare Part D program. In doing so, the IRA expanded the scope of government regulation over our Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan (“PDP”) business and PBM business. Beginning in 2023, the IRA requires manufacturers to pay rebates to the federal government if prices to Medicare increase above inflation. Beginning in 2026, the HHS Secretary will negotiate pricing for the 10 top-spend outpatient drugs in Part D and then will increase the number of drugs negotiated yearly. Medicare Part B drugs will be included in

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CMS negotiations by 2028. In order to negotiate, CMS will set a “maximum fair price” for these drugs. CMS is already implementing aspects of the IRA to effectuate negotiations.

Beginning in 2025, the IRA redesigns the Part D benefit to cap out-of-pocket costs for Part D beneficiaries at $2,000. The IRA also eliminates the Part D coverage gap, meaning patients will enter the catastrophic phase after meeting the $2,000 threshold. These changes eliminate beneficiary cost sharing in the catastrophic phase and then place greater responsibility for costs in that phase on plans and manufacturers as opposed to the government. To the extent plans shoulder this burden, our Part D plan business may experience increased costs with a negative impact on profits.

While the full impact of the IRA is yet to be determined, the law is likely to result in significant changes to every element of the prescription drug chain. The IRA’s redesign of the Part D benefit could result in a shift of Part D costs on to our Part D plan. The change could also result in more financial risk to our PBM business by changing negotiations strategies, and separately could result in limitations on pharmacy reimbursement for our Retail Pharmacy Segment. Further, the IRA’s provisions that permit the federal government to negotiate the price of Part D drugs could impact negotiation strategies and risk considerations for our Part D plan, PBM, and pharmacy segments. Finally, various provisions of the IRA could have a spillover effect in the commercial market, negatively impacting our PBM and pharmacy segments in the commercial market.

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Finally, the IRA delays until 2032 implementation of HHS final rule issued in November 2020, which would modify the Anti-Kickback Statute (“AKS”) safe harbor for discounts to exclude certain price or other remuneration from a manufacturer to plans and PBMs from safe harbor protection, while creating new protections for point-of-sale reductions in price and for certain PBM fees.

ERISA Regulation and Preemption

Our PBM business provides prescription drug administrative services for various employer and union-sponsored health plans, in accordance with plan designs adopted by the plan sponsors. We must comply with the Federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) as well as implementing regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL) comprehensively regulating certain employee benefit plans that contract with us to provide PBM services as well as those plans’ service providers. In some cases, our PBM business may contract with a plan sponsor to assume specific limited ERISA fiduciary responsibilities, such as administration of initial appeals of prescription drug benefit claims. The Company may be subject to direct civil and/or criminal liability under ERISA and DOL regulations for any illegal remuneration provided to or received from plan sponsors.

ERISA generally preempts state and local laws that relate to employee benefit plans, including their service providers like PBMs, but that preemption has been a frequent subject of litigation. The Federal Circuit Courts are taking an increasingly narrower view of ERISA preemption of state laws applicable to plans and PBMs following a 2020 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Rutledge v. PCMA (“Rutledge”), rejecting ERISA preemption of and upholding an Arkansas law designed to restrict the ability of PBMs to impose certain financial and operational parameters on network pharmacies. In alignment with Rutledge, a federal district court upheld Oklahoma’s “Patient’s Right to Pharmacy Choice Act” against an ERISA preemption challenge. Further, in 2022, the Eighth Circuit held that ERISA did not preempt a set of North Dakota laws including provisions limiting fees and co-payments PBMs may impose.

Relying on Rutledge, the majority of state legislatures have introduced and/or enacted more stringent PBM regulations, including regulations restricting mail-order delivery, limiting restricted networks, regulating pharmacy reimbursements, and encouraging ERISA-regulated employer plans to voluntarily become subject to state regulations on “fair pricing” rather than submit to the DOL oversight. To the extent that future cases further limit ERISA’s preemptive scope, in the commercial market, as well as in limiting Federal authority under the similar preemption provision contained in Medicare Part D, our PBM business will be increasingly subject to state-imposed legal requirements and corresponding compliance costs.

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PBM Laws and Regulations

Many states have implemented or are considering laws and regulations designed to more stringently regulate PBM activities, which may impact our ability to standardize its products for inter-state customers, thereby raising the cost of doing business. Those laws and regulations include various licensing and registration requirements for PBMs, certain restrictions on pharmacy audits, transparency mandates, such as disclosure of data to third parties, drug utilization management practices, and restrictions on PBM pharmacy network design and dispensing channels. Some states have also passed legislation to create a reimbursement benchmark mandate, plus a set dispensing fee, for in-network pharmacies.

An increasing number of states are regulating Maximum Allowable Cost reimbursement (“MAC”), which may be employed by PBMs to determine the reimbursement for dispensed generic pharmaceuticals and encourage plans to purchase generics at the lowest possible costs. State MAC laws are frequently designed to regulate MAC pricing methodologies, price transparency, the types of drugs subject to MAC pricing, and pricing appeals by pharmacies. These more stringent regulations are the result of Rutledge, which allowed states greater latitude to enact and enforce MAC laws. Additional restrictions on the ability of PBMs to impose MAC pricing parameters are likely, as is more comprehensive regulation of MAC pricing by the states. As a result, our PBM may be subject to regulatory limitations on its ability to set favorable drug reimbursement rates.

In addition, various quasi-regulatory organizations and credentialing organizations have issued (or may propose) model standards or other requirements concerning PBMs, specialty pharmacies, or health plans. While these standards or requirements may not have the force of law, the resulting pressure to comply, in whole or in part, may be a significant cost for our PBM. Examples include the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), the National Committee for Quality Assurance (“NCQA”), and the Utilization Review Accreditation Commission (“URAC”), among others. Cumulatively, these efforts could restrict PBMs’ leeway to manage costs and lead to greater inconsistency among standards and laws, thereby increasing PBM compliance burdens.

PBMs are also subject to various federal and state fraud, waste, and abuse laws, including the Federal False Claims Act (“FCA”), the AKS, and state false claims act and anti-kickback laws. Failure to comply with any of these laws could result in financial penalties and/or civil or criminal sanctions.

Health Care Fraud and Abuse Laws

Because we submit claims and other information to Medicare, Medicaid, and other government-sponsored health care programs, the Company is subject to various health care fraud and abuse laws, including the FCA and AKS, of which many states have similar state counterparts, as well as the federal Physician Self-Referral Law, and the beneficiary inducement provision of the Civil Monetary Penalties Law. Violations of these laws can result in various forms of sanctions, including civil and criminal fines, treble damages, imprisonment, and exclusion from participation in government-sponsored health care programs. FCA lawsuits can be initiated by the government or by individual whistleblowers who pursue qui tam actions on behalf of the government. In order to participate in government health care programs and mitigate our risks under the health care fraud and abuse laws, the Company maintains a compliance program. The HHS has the authority to monitor our operations and compliance efforts through audits and investigations, and non-compliance can result in the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties and exclusion from future participation in government health care programs.

Medicare Laws and Regulations

We participate in the federal government’s Medicare Part D program as a stand-alone PDP through our Elixir Insurance subsidiary, and our PBM business contracts to provide drug benefit administration services for other Medicare plans. Accordingly, we are subject to federal, state, and local regulations, including rules, guidance, memoranda, and updates published by CMS. This includes the governance set forth by the Medicare Part D program, which makes prescription drug coverage available to eligible Medicare beneficiaries through private insurers. This program regulates the provision of Medicare outpatient prescription drug coverage, including enrollment, formularies, pharmacy networks,

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marketing, and claims processing. Some Medicare regulations, including those governing pharmacy network, benefit designs, and product pricing, have been and may continue to be modified.

Even though the Social Security Act generally preempts state and local laws that relate to Medicare Part D, (including service providers like PBMs) states are increasing their regulatory authority over the Part D program, especially following a 2021 Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals decision, which held that a North Dakota state law could regulate certain aspects of PBMs’ participation in Medicare Part D, more particularly their relationship to their network pharmacies. A number of state attorneys general have argued in court cases that their mandate to protect consumers allows them to impose additional state regulation on those PBM/pharmacy relationships, especially network-adequacy regulations and pharmacy participation requirements.

Along with increasing state regulation over the Part D program, CMS could decrease Medicare reimbursement or increase fees imposed upon PDPs. Among other things, PDPs could be required to pay MLR rebates for failure to meet minimum MLRs in a given year and repeated failure to meet such minimum annual thresholds can serve as a basis for program termination by CMS. Because our Medicare plan clients are subject to these same regulations, if they are negatively impacted by legal non-compliance or unexpected reimbursement cuts, they could seek to terminate or renegotiate contractual arrangements with our Company.

CMS assesses the quality of PDPs through star ratings, which may impact beneficiary enrollment numbers and sustained negative star ratings can result in plan termination. PDPs that fail or are unable to achieve or maintain star ratings can be terminated from Medicare.

Medicare sequestration cuts reduce federal funding to Medicare Part D plans. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) (the "CAA") included changes to the Medicare payment program and sequestration requirements. Specifically, the CAA extended the sequestration under the Budget Control Act of 2011 of two percent of Medicare spending to 2032 (originally set to expire at the end of 2031). Additionally, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 triggered a four percent Medicare sequester, but Congress has delayed those cuts to January 1, 2023, and further waived implementation of the sequestration for 2023 and 2024. To the extent that Congress allows the sequestration cuts to take effect, government funding to Medicare Advantage and Part D Plans will be reduced, which in turn, may decrease revenue to our PBM business.

Medicare Enrollment Growth

In recent years, growth in Part D plan enrollment has been driven largely by growth in enrollment in Medicare Advantage and other Medicare managed plans that included Part D, while enrollment in stand-alone Part D plans has decreased over time and is expected to continue to do so. However, growth in Medicare Advantage enrollment slowed for calendar year 2023 as compared to previous years, growing by 1.5 million enrollees as compared to growth of 2.2 million and 2.3 million beneficiaries, for calendar years 2021 and 2022, respectively. Any further reduction in enrollment in stand-alone Part D plans or increased enrollment in Medicare Advantage or other Medicare managed care plans that offer Part D benefits may adversely affect our stand-alone Part D plan business.

Limitations on marketing may also have a negative impact on enrollment in our stand-alone Part D plan. CMS recently finalized several new restrictive requirements as to marketing by Medicare Advantage and Part D plan sponsors that will likely interfere with plan advertising and will further impact beneficiary interest in available plan options.

Pharmacy, Professional Licensure, and Controlled Substance Laws and Regulations

We are subject to a wide range of statutes and regulations at the federal and state levels regarding the practice, licensure, and professional regulation of pharmacy and nursing. These statutes and regulations govern our retail, mail order, and specialty pharmacy operations, as well as the professional conduct of our pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, nurses, and physician assistants. Federal and state law also govern the issuance and filling of prescriptions, the dispensing of drug products (including those containing controlled substances) and the sale of schedule listed chemical products.

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The DEA has issued waivers of certain of its requirements regarding the prescribing, dispensing and distribution of controlled substances during the COVID-19 public health emergency. The end of the public health emergency and rescission of those waivers may have an impact on our customer base and may translate to a reduction in revenue for our pharmacy business. The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization has resulted in various states adopting more restrictions around the dispensing of certain reproductive healthcare medications and we are or may become subject to those restrictions. We face both significant burden and risk in attempting to satisfy often conflicting laws governing the dispensing of these medications.

Governmental agencies with regulatory authority to audit and/or investigate our Company’s operations in this area include, but are not limited to CMS, DEA, Department of Justice (“DOJ”), FDA, state pharmacy boards, state nursing boards, state-controlled substance regulators, and the state attorneys general. These agencies are authorized to impose criminal, civil, and administrative sanctions for failure to comply with these laws and regulations. A failure to comply with federal and/or state laws regarding the distribution or dispensing of products in violation of these laws may result in state enforcement actions, including, under an individual state false claims act. Our pharmacists who administer COVID-19 vaccines may receive immunity under the PREP Act (42 U.S.C. § 247d-6d) with respect to all claims for loss caused by, arising out of, relating to, or resulting from, the administration or use of FDA-authorized COVID-19 tests; however, such immunity does not extend to willful misconduct that results in serious injury or death.

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HIPAA, Privacy, and Security Laws

Our business is also subject to patient and consumer privacy obligations. We are subject to the requirements imposed by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”), as modified by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, including the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act. As a HIPAA covered entity, we are required to implement privacy standards, train our associates on the permitted uses and disclosures of protected health information (“PHI”), report breaches of PHI, provide a notice of privacy practices to our pharmacy customers and permit pharmacy customers to access and amend their records and receive an accounting of disclosures of PHI. We are also subject to regulations governing the receipt of remuneration in exchange for PHI and are subject to audit for HIPAA compliance. Failure to satisfy HIPAA standards may result in civil and criminal penalties. Corresponding state health privacy laws also apply to our business to the extent they are more stringent than HIPAA and require additional obligations that may vary by state. These federal and state laws may change and require additional efforts.

Data Protection and Cybersecurity Laws

Our business is subject to federal and state privacy and data security laws, with respect to our receipt, use and disclosure by us of personally identifiable information (“PII”), which laws require us to provide appropriate privacy and security safeguards for such information. The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 invites business entities to share cyber threat indicators with the federal government and directs HHS to create a set of voluntary cybersecurity best practices for health care entities. In addition, we are subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which established numerous consumer rights including rights of access and deletion of consumer’s data upon request. The approved California Privacy Rights Act with a January 1, 2023 compliance deadline amends and expands the CCPA. Virginia, Colorado, Utah, Connecticut, and Iowa have enacted similar laws to provide for consumer privacy rights and protections. Other states are considering similar laws that would give consumers increased protection and control over their personal data. Other states have more limited protections for consumer data. In addition, certain states have data protection laws that provide for the protection of biometric data of individuals. The scope and reach of these biometric laws vary by state and may continue to change. Courts also may adopt the standards for fair information practices promulgated by the FTC that concern consumer notice, choice, security, and access. Likewise, a number of states that have passed data safeguard legislation, most notably New York’s Stop Hacks and Improve Electronic Data Security Act, that requires any person or business owning or licensing computerized data that includes the private information of a resident of New York to implement and maintain reasonable safeguards to protect the security, confidentiality, and integrity of the private information. We are also subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard promulgated by the payment card industry in connection with handling credit card data. This standard contains requirements devised to aid entities that process, store or transmit credit card information to maintain a secure environment.

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Our business faces a significant compliance burden in seeking to satisfy federal as well as multiple and sometimes inconsistent state laws regarding privacy and data security. Some of these new laws or regulatory requirements may require us to expend resources to satisfy new obligations. We further anticipate the introduction of new state data security laws that could increase our compliance burdens or negatively impact our future business plans and operations. Additionally, many of the public health insurance exchanges governed by the ACA impose their own privacy and security standards. Given that these standards may impact downstream entities, such as PBMs, they may impose additional compliance burdens for our business.

Consumer Protection Laws

In addition to the protection of personal data, our business is required to comply with other federal and state consumer protection laws. Applicable federal laws include the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Federal Postal Service Act, and the Consumer Product Safety Act. Our retail pharmacies and clinics are also subject to federal and state laws regarding the accessibility of goods and services to people with disabilities. Moreover, our website operations and electronic marketing and customer communications must be employed in compliance with certain consumer protection requirements. Under these laws, regulated entities may be subject to legal action and government investigations in regard to a wide array of customer-facing matters, including product pricing and expiration, disability access, and member loyalty and other financial incentive programs. In addition, entities could be subject to private litigation, brought under a variety of federal and state statutes, challenging the use of information tracking or gathering technologies that may have been deployed on websites or other digital assets.

Telemarketing and Other Outbound Contacts

The Company also engages in certain telemarketing activities that involve outbound phone calls, texts and emails. Accordingly, we are subject to various federal and state laws, including, but not limited to the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act and similar state laws and the federal Telemarketing Sales Rule, under which federal and state regulators and private individuals may be authorized to take legal action and seek financial penalties for violations.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Pursuant to the ACA, the Company’s PBM and PDP businesses, and its health plan clients, have been subjected to greater government oversight and regulation, including in relation to minimum MLR requirements, benefit plan design mandates, and group rating and pricing practices. Parts of the ACA continue to change over time through federal and state regulatory policy actions and related litigation. Possibilities remain for future litigation challenging parts of the ACA and/or potential legislation to modify or expand the ACA in the future.

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The IRA extends the American Rescue Plan Act ACA marketplace premium subsidies to 2025. This will translate into lower payments for people who were already eligible for subsidies and extend subsidy eligibility to middle-income people by removing the upper income limit on subsidies.

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Additionally, due to inflation and higher health spending, monthly premiums for ACA insurance plans have increased an average of 3.4% from 2022 to 2023. This could lead to more uninsured Americans, if premiums are too high. Higher premiums also reflect a higher cost of care, which could mean lower reimbursement to providers. However, other regulatory changes to the ACA marketplace allow those who fell behind in premium payments in 2022 to still enroll in an ACA plan in 2023. Additional enrollment assistance will also be available within the marketplace.

As a result, there is significant uncertainty regarding the ACA, potential future changes to the ACA and their ongoing impacts.

340B Drug Pricing Program

Under the 340B Drug Pricing Program, which is overseen by HHS and the Health Resources and Services Administration, drug manufacturers are required to sell outpatient prescription drugs to certain safety net covered entities at discount prices. Drugs covered under the 340B Program may be dispensed by the covered entity or through contract

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pharmacies. In recent years, there has been litigation and enforcement actions regarding the dispensing of program drugs by contract pharmacies and the payment of mandatory 340B Program drug discounts by drug manufacturers. For example, on January 30, 2023, the Third Circuit ruled that manufacturers have no obligation to provide 340B drug pricing to an unlimited number of contract pharmacies and that the government overstepped in trying to enforce such a requirement. While there are other cases pending on this matter, the effect of this opinion could be the beginning of more aggressive efforts from manufacturers to limit arrangements with entities that do business with contract pharmacies in 340B, such as our retail locations. Additionally, while 340B is a federal program, several states have introduced or enacted anti-discrimination legislation that prohibits plans or PBMs from placing limitations on covered entities that utilize contract pharmacies, with at least one law in Arkansas as the subject of litigation. To the extent litigation and/or enforcement actions could restrict the scope of the 340B Program or contract pharmacy arrangements, our Company’s participation in the program could be significantly impacted. Congressional action with respect to the program might also have an impact.

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Environmental, Safety, Hazardous Materials Laws

In connection with the ownership and operations of our stores, distribution centers and other sites, we are subject to laws and regulations at the federal, state, and local levels relating to the protection of the environment, public health, and occupational safety matters, including those governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Failure to comply with such laws or regulations could result in fines or other government-imposed sanctions.

Pharmacy Network, Audit, and Plan Design Legislation

Medicare Part D and many states have implemented “any willing provider” laws and related legal provisions that regulate the ability of drug benefit plans and PBMs to utilize limited pharmacy networks. In addition, an increasing number of states have imposed conditions restricting or modifying the ability of health plans and PBMs to audit pharmacies and recover overpayments. Finally, CMS and the various states may regulate the design and structure of prescription drug formularies with regard to Medicare Part D and ACA-regulated plans. Some of these regulations may limit the ability of PBMs and health plans to impose formulary conditions or restrictions, such as co-payment differentials and drug tiering designs, which may be used to manage drug benefits and promote cost-efficient utilization. These laws can significantly affect the ability of PBMs to develop and enforce pharmacy networks, formularies, and other plan design features to manage costs and to effectively conduct audits aimed at recovering overpayments for our health plan clients. Additionally, an increasing number of states have passed legislation limiting the ability of PBMs and health insurers to provide special benefit structures for use with affiliated pharmacies. Such limitations could hinder the ability of our PBM to generate greater savings for insurer clients.

Antitrust and Unfair Competition Laws

The Company falls under the oversight of the FTC and state regulatory authorities that are charged with investigating and enforcing laws relating to unfair and deceptive trade practices and “unfair methods of competition.” Some government investigations and prosecutions have focused on competitive and trade practices employed by PBMs with regard to vertical integration, rebates, drug pricing, and pharmacy reimbursement practices, as well as various other business practices of PBMs and retail pharmacies. The FTC is in the process of a study announced in June 2022 of PBMs’ business practices, including fees paid to pharmacies, steering of patients to affiliated pharmacies, reimbursement methods, and the role of rebates and fees to manufacturers. The agency’s probe, launched under Sec 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, might also include possible rulemaking or issuance of an administrative complaint against PBMs. In addition, Congress has been active in probing PBMs’ role in determining the coverage and cost of prescription drugs, including a hearing by the Senate Commerce Committee and the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability; legislation has been introduced in Congress seeking to enhance transparency in PBM practices.

In addition, the federal government and most states have enacted antitrust laws that prohibit certain types of conduct deemed to be anti-competitive. Antitrust enforcement in the healthcare sector is currently a priority of the DOJ and the FTC. Violations of federal or state antitrust and unfair trade practices laws and regulations could result in substantial statutory penalties and other sanctions, as well as potential liability in private civil litigation.

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FDA Regulation

The Company’s business operations include, among other things, the distribution and dispensing of prescription drugs, the sale of over-the-counter medications, including homeopathic drugs, and products, the private labeling of certain drug products and medical devices, and the sale of prepared food, all of which are regulated in whole or in part by the FDA. The FDA is authorized to impose various forms of sanction, including financial penalties, for failure to comply with regulations governing matters within its oversight. The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion regarding the marketing of certain homeopathic drugs without FDA approval and has indicated a willingness to continue to do so. However, a change in the FDA’s enforcement posture could impact the Company’s product portfolio. A failure to comply with the FDA’s laws may result in enforcement or other legal action under state consumer protection laws.

Government Agreements and Mandates

The Company may, from time to time, be subject to certain agreements or mandates imposed by federal, state, and local authorities in the form of consent orders, corporate integrity agreements, corrective action plans, and settlements. Currently, our business is subject to consent orders that pertain to information security, tobacco, pricing and product expiration dates.

Among other actions, the Company maintains a comprehensive security program designed to protect the security, confidentiality, and integrity of personal information collected from or about our consumers. Compliance with these consent orders requires regular assessments and reports and our compliance activities may occasionally be subject to audit or inspection. Any failure to abide by the terms of these consent orders could result in civil, criminal, or administrative remedies or penalties which could include financial payment obligations and additional consent order obligations among other relief.

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Consumer Financial Laws

The Company offers various financial products and services at certain of our retail store locations that include money (wire) transfer services, bill payment, money orders, check cashing, prepaid gift cards, and digital payment platforms. Accordingly, our business is subject to certain international, federal, and state anti-money laundering and consumer financial laws. Violations of these laws and regulations can result in civil and criminal penalties as well as reputational harm.

Corporate Governance and Internet Address

We recognize that good corporate governance is an important means of protecting the interests of our stockholders, associates, customers and the community. We have closely monitored and implemented relevant legislative and regulatory corporate governance reforms, including provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), the rules of the SEC interpreting and implementing Sarbanes-Oxley and the corporate governance listing standards of the NYSE.

Our corporate governance information and materials, including our Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, Corporate Governance Guidelines, the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee, our Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers, our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct and our Related Person Transaction Policy are posted on the corporate governance section of our website at www.riteaid.com and are available in print upon request to Rite Aid Corporation, PO Box 3165, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105, Attention: Corporate Secretary. Our Board of Directors will regularly review corporate governance developments and modify these materials and practices as warranted.

Our website also provides information on how to contact us and other items of interest to investors. We make available on our website, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, Extensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”) data files of our annual report and quarterly reports, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these reports with, or

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furnish them to, the SEC. We do not intend for the information contained on our website to be part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

Item 1A.   Risk Factors

Factors Affecting our Future Prospects

Set forth below is a description of certain risk factors which we believe may be relevant to an understanding of us and our business. Security holders are cautioned that these and other factors may affect future performance and cause actual results to differ from those which may be anticipated, and such differences may be material. Additionally, the continuing impact of COVID-19 could further exacerbate many of the risks described below or described elsewhere herein. See the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks we face:

Risks Related to our Financial Condition

Risks Related to our Operations

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Risks Related to the Retail Pharmacy and PBM Industries in which we Operate

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Risks Related to our Financial Condition

Widespread health developments, including the lingering global COVID-19 pandemic and the end of the associated public health emergency and other pandemic-related measures, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We continue to closely monitor lingering impacts relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. The approaching end of the public health emergency and the expiration of certain measures related to local, national and international responses to the pandemic could have uncertain impacts on the services that we offer to patients and our revenue stream and/or reimbursement.

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The continuing nature and scope of COVID-19’s impacts to our business and operations, as well as the impact of the end of the public health emergency and other pandemic-related measures, will depend on a series of evolving factors and developments that are difficult to assess, predict, or control, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

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The above factors and risks, among others, are difficult to predict and could result in material adverse impacts to our business, operations, cash flows, and financial condition. In addition, it is difficult to predict the potentially adverse impacts that COVID-19 and the end of the public health emergency could continue to have on our customers, suppliers, vendors, and other business partners, which, in turn could materially and adversely impact our business. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 and the end of the public health emergency could further exacerbate the impact of the other risk factors contained herein and the other reports the Company files with the SEC.

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We are highly leveraged. Our substantial indebtedness and limited cash flow could adversely affect our ability to service debt or obtain additional financing if necessary. Additionally, the capital markets have experienced a high degree of volatility, which could make it difficult to obtain new financing or refinancing existing indebtedness.

We had, as of March 4, 2023, approximately $2.9 billion of outstanding indebtedness and stockholders’ deficit of $641.8 million. We also had additional borrowing capacity under our $2.85 billion senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (the “Existing Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility” or “revolver”) of $1,404.0 million, net of outstanding letters of credit of approximately $208.7 million.

Our high level of indebtedness and limited cash flow will continue to restrict our operations. Among other things, our indebtedness will:

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Our ability to meet our cash requirements, including our debt service obligations, is dependent upon our ability to maintain and improve our operating performance, which is subject to general economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as perceived reputation and ongoing litigation. In particular, in fiscal 2023, we were named as a defendant in numerous lawsuits relating to the distribution and dispensing of prescription opioids. Costs incurred in litigation can be substantial, regardless of the outcome, and could harm our reputation, even if we are successful. Although we believe we have adequate sources of liquidity to meet our anticipated requirements for working capital, debt service and capital expenditures through at least the next twelve months, the costs associated with these legal proceedings are impossible to estimate with certainty, could exceed any applicable insurance coverage, and could significantly impact such liquidity. See “Risks Related to the Retail Pharmacy and PBM Industries in which we Operate —We are, and in the future may become, involved in legal proceedings that may adversely affect our financial position and our pursuit of refinancing opportunities” and “Risks Related to our Operations— Negative public perception of the industries in which we operate, or of our industries’ or our practices, can adversely affect our businesses, our operating results, cash flows and prospects.”

If our operating results, cash flow or capital resources prove inadequate, or if interest rates rise significantly, we could face liquidity constraints. Additionally, we improved our leverage and liquidity position this past year by selling our rights in our calendar 2022 Medicare Part D final reconciliation payment. There can be no assurance that we will enter into a similar transaction for our calendar 2023 payment, or that if we do so, that the terms of such transaction will differ, and such differences could be material. If we are unable to service our debt or experience a significant reduction in our liquidity, we could be forced to reduce or delay planned capital expenditures and other initiatives, sell assets, restructure or refinance our debt, raise additional capital through short-term loans, selling or licensing intellectual property or seek additional equity capital, or need to change certain elements of our strategy, and we may be unable to take any of these actions on satisfactory terms or in a timely manner. Any of these actions may not be sufficient to allow us to service our debt obligations or may have an adverse impact on our business. Our existing debt agreements limit our ability to take certain of these actions. Our failure to generate sufficient operating cash flow to pay our debts or refinance our indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on us.

We are currently exploring several refinancing opportunities and will continue to explore various options in the pursuit thereof. However, many of our existing debt agreements contain provisions that could require us to obtain unanimous consent for specified amendments or changes, including those needed for certain refinancings, or to waive an event of default if we are unable to service our debt. A default on any of our debt obligations could trigger certain acceleration clauses, causing those and our other debt obligations to become due and payable. Upon an acceleration of any of our debt, we may not be able to make payments under our other debt agreements. While we continue to work through a number of refinancing alternatives to address our upcoming debt maturities, which are no earlier than July 2025, we make no assurance regarding the likelihood or exact timing of any refinancing or the terms thereof. See “The covenants in the instruments that govern our current indebtedness may limit our operating and financial flexibility.” Our failure to generate sufficient operating cash flow to pay our debts or refinance our indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on us.

Borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities are based upon variable rates of interest.

The ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator for LIBOR, ceased the publication of one-week and two-month USD LIBOR after December 2021 and intends to cease publishing all remaining USD LIBOR tenors in mid-2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a group of market participants convened by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, has recommended the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), a rate calculated based on repurchase agreements backed by treasury securities, as its recommended alternative benchmark rate to replace USD LIBOR. Any new benchmark rate will likely not replicate LIBOR exactly, which could impact our contracts that terminate after mid-2023.

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As a result of the cessation of LIBOR, we have amended certain of our credit agreements and facilities to replace LIBOR with SOFR as the applicable reference rate. In particular, borrowings under our senior secured credit agreement, dated as of December 20, 2018 (as amended by the First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of January 6, 2020, as further amended by the Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2021, and as further amended by the Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2022, the “Credit Agreement”), consisting of a $2,850.0 million senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“Existing Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility” or “revolver”) and a $400.0 million “first-in, last out” senior secured term loan facility (“Existing Senior Secured Term Loan”) (collectively, the “Existing Facilities”) bear interest at a rate that varies depending on SOFR. If SOFR rises (including as a result of recent actions by the U.S. Federal Reserve), the interest rates on borrowings under our Existing Facilities will increase. Therefore an increase in SOFR would increase our interest payment obligations under those borrowings and have a negative effect on our cash flow and financial condition.

There is uncertainty about how applicable law and the courts will address the replacement of LIBOR with alternative rates on variable rate retail loan contracts. In addition, changes to benchmark rates may have an uncertain impact on our cost of funds and our access to the capital markets, which could impact our results of operations and cash flows. Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes may also adversely affect the trading market for our securities, and at this time, it is not possible to predict how markets will respond to SOFR or other alternative reference rates. In addition, there are differences between how LIBOR and SOFR are calculated, which could result in increased borrowing costs. We cannot predict to what extent the withdrawal and replacement of LIBOR will impact us. However, the implementation of alternative underlying floating-rate indices and reference rates may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

The covenants in the instruments that govern our current indebtedness may limit our operating and financial flexibility.

The covenants in the instruments that govern our current indebtedness limit our ability to:

The Existing Credit Agreement has a financial covenant that requires us to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 (i) on any date on which availability under the Existing Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is less than $206.0 million or (ii) on the third consecutive business day on which availability under the Existing

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Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is less than $257.5 million and, in each case, ending on and excluding the first day thereafter, if any, which is the 30th consecutive calendar day on which availability under the revolver is equal to or greater than $257.5 million. As of March 4, 2023, the availability under the Existing Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility was at a level that did not trigger the Existing Credit Agreement’s financial covenant. The Existing Credit Agreement also limits our ability to maintain cash, without repaying a portion of our outstanding borrowings under the revolver, above a specified amount. For additional details, see the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Continuing Operations—Future Liquidity”.

The breach of certain covenants in our debt instruments could result in a default under our debt agreements, which could trigger certain acceleration clauses, causing those and other obligations to become due and payable. Upon an acceleration of any of our debt, we may not be able to make payments under our other outstanding debt agreements. If we are unable to make payments under our debt obligations, lenders of our secured debt obligations may be able to foreclose on the collateral that secures such debt and our assets may be insufficient to satisfy such secured debt and, to the extent of any remaining assets, any unsecured debt.

Risks Related to our Operations

We need to improve our operations in order to improve our financial condition, but our operations will not improve if we cannot effectively implement our business strategy or if our strategy is negatively affected by worsening economic conditions.

We have not achieved the sales productivity level of our major competitors. Improving our retail sales, prescription volumes and profitability and membership at our PBM are essential to enable us to cover our fixed staffing costs and to improve profitability and generate operating cash flow. If we are not successful in implementing our strategies, including our efforts to increase sales and further reduce costs, or if our strategies are not effective, we may not be able to improve our operations. Furthermore, any adverse change or weakness in general economic conditions or major industries can adversely affect drug benefit plans and reduce our pharmacy sales. Adverse changes in general economic conditions, including, but not limited to, increased costs including higher wages, those resulting from supply chain disruptions, high energy costs, increasing production costs, and record inflation, has affected and could continue to affect consumer buying practices. These factors may consequently reduce our sales of front-end products, and cause a decrease in our profitability. Failure to improve operations or weakness in major industries or general economic conditions would adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and our ability to make principal or interest payments on our debt.

We purchase all of our brand and generic drugs from a single wholesaler. A disruption in this relationship may have a negative effect on us.

We purchase all of our brand drugs and, with limited exceptions, all of our generic drugs from a single wholesaler, McKesson. Given that McKesson acts as a wholesaler for drugs purchased from manufacturers worldwide, any disruption in the supply of a given drug, including disruptions related to a pandemic or to extreme weather or natural disasters, supply shortages of key ingredients, or regulatory actions by domestic or foreign governmental agencies, or specific actions taken by drug manufacturers, could adversely impact McKesson’s ability to fulfill our demands, which could adversely affect us. Pharmacy sales represented approximately 71.2% of our total drugstore sales during fiscal 2023. While we believe that alternative sources of supply for most generic and brand name pharmaceuticals are available, a significant disruption in our relationship with McKesson could result in disruptions to our business until we execute a replacement wholesaler agreement or develop and implement self-distribution processes. We believe we could obtain qualified alternative sources, including through self-distribution, for substantially all of the prescription drugs we sell on an acceptable basis, and accordingly that the impact of any disruption would be temporary. On February 28, 2019, we and McKesson entered into a contract that will continue our pharmaceutical sourcing and distribution partnership for an additional ten years. Under the terms, McKesson will continue providing us with sourcing and direct-to-store delivery for brand and generic pharmaceutical products through March 2029. Material changes in our agreement with McKesson could result in disruptions in our business until we execute a replacement wholesaler agreement or develop and implement self-distribution processes.

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Inflation could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Inflation in the United States began to rise significantly in the second half of the calendar year of 2021 and continued to rise through the middle of 2022; the inflation rate remains high. This is primarily believed to be the result of the economic impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, including the global supply chain disruptions, strong economic recovery and associated widespread demand for goods, and government stimulus packages, among other factors. For instance, global supply chain disruptions have resulted in shortages in materials and services. Such shortages have resulted in inflationary cost increases for labor, materials, and services, and could continue to cause costs to increase as well as scarcity of certain products. We are experiencing inflationary pressures in many areas of our business, including with respect to employee wages and the cost of prescription drugs, although, to date, we have been able to slightly offset such pressures through price increases and other measures. We cannot, however, predict any future trends in the rate of inflation or associated increases in our operating costs and how that may impact our business. To the extent we are unable to recover higher operating costs resulting from inflation or otherwise mitigate the impact of such costs on our business, our revenues and gross margins could decrease, and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Acts by the U.S. Federal Reserve, or other governmental entities, intended to address inflation may also have a negative impact on us, such as increased borrowing costs.

We recently implemented a performance acceleration program, which we cannot guarantee will achieve its intended result.

In December 2022, we announced the implementation of a performance acceleration program designed to increase our strategic focus and operational efficiency. The program is intended to reallocate resources toward our strategic priorities and faster growth, drive efficiencies in our operations and reduce structural costs. For example, we are aiming to rebuild our indirect buying process and renegotiate vendor contracts, reduce our lease burden through lease renegotiations, and decrease prescription brand inventory by implementing new controls and deploying “just in time” ordering models. The successful implementation of the program may present organizational challenges and result in short term charges and other costs. As a result, we may not be able to fully realize all of the anticipated benefits from the program, and even if we do not realize its intended benefits, the program is accompanied by significant consulting and other costs. Events and circumstances, such as financial or strategic difficulties, delays and unexpected costs may occur that could result in our not realizing all of the anticipated benefits or our not realizing such benefits on our expected timetable. If we are unable to fully realize the anticipated savings from the performance acceleration program, our ability to fund other initiatives and enhance profitability may be adversely affected. Any failure to implement the performance acceleration program in accordance with our expectations could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

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Our ability to attract and motivate talented employees is uncertain and poses financial risks.

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We regularly compete with similar companies for talented employees and our success depends in part on attracting, retaining, and/or replacing key personnel with equally qualified employees. The unusually difficult challenge to find and retain talented employees and to reduce turnover, including, but not limited to, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, in recent months and years continues due to macroeconomic conditions, societal issues, and other factors. In addition, job market dynamics have been impacted by the “great resignation,” with a significant number of people leaving the workforce, and future challenges related to workplace practices could lead to attrition and difficulty attracting high-quality employees. These factors may require our retail pharmacies to increase compensation to both hire and retain employees. We may also lose employees due to illness or other sudden occurrences, which makes succession planning difficult.

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Loss and/or transition of Company personnel, including senior executives, creates uncertainty as there is no guarantee that new personnel or leadership will adequately perform or smoothly transition into their new roles. Moreover, our investors, business partners, and employees prefer stability and any high level of employee turnover could undermine stakeholder support. Ultimately, the unpredictability regarding employee continuity and potential disruption stemming from employee losses pose a threat to our overall financial condition and operations. We are actively searching for a new chief executive officer and need to fill other senior positions. We cannot assure you when we will fill such positions, the success of the integration of such personnel and whether such hires will result in changes to our strategy or result in the need to fill other positions.

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Failure or significant disruption to our information technology systems/infrastructure or a cyber-security breach could adversely affect our operations.

Technology and computer systems are critical to many aspects of our pharmacy business, including, but not limited to, the drug supply chain, our dispensing of drugs, and our reimbursement. For instance, we rely extensively on computer systems used by Rite Aid, Elixir Insurance, Bartell, and Health Dialog, to manage our ordering, pricing, point-of-sale, inventory replenishment and other processes. Our computer systems are at risk for failures, security breaches, and natural disasters, and they have been subject to attack by perpetrators of random or targeted malicious technology-related events, such as cyberattacks, ransomware, computer malware, worms, bot attacks or other destructive or disruptive software and attempts to misappropriate customer information, including credit card information. These sorts of attacks could subject our systems to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer malware, cyber-security breaches, vandalism, coordinated cyber-security attacks, severe weather conditions, catastrophic events and human error. Our disaster recovery planning considers many possible scenarios but cannot account for all eventualities. Collectively, we are building a security-aware culture across the organization by providing role-based security training, developing security champions across Technology and business areas, and partnering with industry experts. Our information security program is designed to protect confidential information, networks and systems against attacks through a multi-layered approach to address information security threats and vulnerabilities. However, a compromise of our information security controls or of those businesses with whom we interact, which results in confidential information being accessed, obtained, damaged or used by unauthorized or improper persons, could harm our reputation and expose us to regulatory actions and claims from customers and clients, financial institutions, payment card associations and other persons, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. Moreover, a data security breach could require that we expend significant resources related to our information systems and infrastructure, and could distract management and other key personnel from performing their primary operational duties. We could also be adversely impacted by any significant disruptions in, or security breaches of, the systems and technology of third-party suppliers or processors we interact with, including key payors and vendors with whom we share information. If our systems are damaged, fail to function properly or otherwise become unavailable, we may incur substantial costs to repair or replace them, and may experience loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our ability to perform critical functions, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Any compromise or breach of our data security, whether external or internal, or misuse of customer, associate, supplier, or our data could also result in a violation of applicable privacy, information security, and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, fines or lawsuits, damage to our reputation, loss or misuse of the information and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business. Although we maintain cyber-security insurance, we cannot know that the coverage limits under our insurance program will be adequate to protect us against future claims.

To effectively compete with our competitors and continue business partner relations, we must and are investing in and updating our technology and computer systems. In addition, as the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs. While we seek to ensure that our security operations are current and that our technology can properly interface with our business partners, there are risks that our technology investments will not be successful, will not provide a return on investment, and/or may fail or never be deployed. Oftentimes, we are implementing multiple updates or technology changes at the same time. We are currently in the process of changing our omni-channel distribution and there can be no assurance that we will be able to implement this technology on its intended timeline or that it will achieve its intended benefits.

We are subject to payment-related risks that could increase our operating costs, expose us to fraud or theft, subject us to potential liability and potentially disrupt our business.

We accept payments using a variety of methods, including cash, checks, credit and debit cards, gift cards and mobile payment technology, and we may accept new forms of payment over time. Acceptance of these payment options subjects us to rules, regulations, contractual obligations and compliance requirements including payment network rules and operating guidelines, data security standards and certification requirements, and rules governing electronic funds transfers. These requirements may change over time or be reinterpreted, making compliance more difficult or costly. For

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certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs. We rely on third parties to provide payment processing services, including the processing of credit cards, debit cards, and other forms of electronic payment. If these companies become unable to provide these services to us, or if their systems are compromised, it could potentially disrupt our business. The payment methods that we offer also subject us to potential fraud and theft by criminals, who are becoming increasingly more sophisticated, seeking to obtain unauthorized access to or exploit weaknesses that may exist in the payment systems. If we fail to comply with applicable rules or requirements for the payment methods we accept, or if payment-related data is compromised due to a breach or misuse of data, we may be liable for costs incurred by payment card issuing banks and other third parties or subject to fines and higher transaction fees, or our ability to accept or facilitate certain types of payments may be impaired. In addition, our customers could lose confidence in certain payment types, which may result in a shift to other payment types or potential changes to our payment systems that may result in higher costs. As a result, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our operating results are affected by the health of the economy in general and in the communities we serve.

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The United States financial markets have been experiencing, and may continue to experience, volatility and disruptions, including diminished liquidity and credit availability, inflation, declines in consumer confidence and economic growth and increases in unemployment rates, all of which have resulted in uncertainty about economic stability. Our business is affected by economic instability and declines in consumer confidence in general and in the communities we serve, and various other economic factors, including inflation and changes in consumer purchasing power, preferences and/or spending patterns. An unfavorable, uncertain or volatile economic environment, as we have experienced as a result of inflation, rising interest rates, supply chain disruptions and COVID-19, has caused and could cause a decline in drug utilization, a dampening demand for PBM services and retail products, and an increase in theft or other crime that could impact our retail locations. For example, in fiscal 2023, retail theft was significantly higher than predicted. Such theft has had a negative impact on our retail profit and continued high or unpredictable retail theft rates could continue to negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, adverse changes in the U.S. economy, consumer confidence and economic conditions could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Any failure to protect the security of personal information about our customers and associates, could result in significant business liability and reputational harm.

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, process and store certain personal information that our customers provide to purchase products or services, enroll in promotional programs, register on our website, or otherwise communicate and interact with us, including in connection with our administration of COVID-19 vaccines. We may collect, maintain, and store information about our associates in the normal course of business and contract with third-party business associates and vendors to accomplish these tasks. We may share information about such persons with vendors that assist with certain aspects of our business. Despite instituted safeguards for the protection of such information, security could be compromised and confidential customer or business information misappropriated, for which we have paid related penalties in the past. Data breaches or violations of data protection laws may result in liability for the Company, even if caused, in whole or in part, by a business associate, vendor, or other third-party. The unlawful handling or disclosure of sensitive personal information could also pose a serious risk to our customers’ trust in the Company, including the unlawful handling or disclosure due to security breaches of the systems and technology of third-party suppliers or processors that we interact with, including key payors and vendors with whom we share information including PHI, PII, and personal credit card information. We are constantly working to enhance our defenses against Ransomware attacks, but there is always a risk of controls being defeated which could result in loss of customer or business information that could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and expose us to claims from customers, financial institutions, payment card companies and other persons, or result in governmental investigation and enforcement, sanctions, fines, and/or penalties, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Compliance with more rigorous privacy and information security laws and standards, including, without limitation, the 2010 FTC Consent Order to which we are subject regarding the protection of personal information, may result in significant expense due to increased investment in technology, the ongoing development and implementation of new operational and control processes, and other security protocols or efforts. Our brand, reputation, and customer loyalty may be negatively impacted, and we may become subject to enforcement actions, fines, penalties, and additional obligations under new or extended consent orders, in the event of any personal information-related

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privacy or security issues or the breach or violation of the FTC Consent Order. The occurrence or scope of any future data privacy or security failures are unpredictable, and it may prove difficult or impossible to fully mitigate or remediate their negative consequences. If we fail to comply or are alleged to have failed to comply with applicable data protection and privacy and security laws and regulations, we could be subject to government regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, as well as private individual or class action lawsuits.

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Any inability to keep existing store locations or open new locations in desirable places may have a negative impact on our operations.

We compete with other retailers and businesses to identify and develop desirable locations for retail store operations. Our ability to find suitable locations and our store construction, renovation, and operating costs can vary based on the specific state and locality and applicable zoning, environmental, and real estate laws. Additionally, construction delays, adverse modifications in lease terms, and changes in community demographics can negatively impact our store operations and revenues, and in some instances may cause us to close or relocate stores, or result in an impairment charge. The recent increase in costs, including as a result of inflation, associated with hiring and maintaining our retail pharmacy workforce may also negatively impact the profitability of some of our store locations to the extent that we may be forced to close some locations. These factors and charges may vary over time, which may make it more difficult to compare our operating results from period to period.

A variety of business continuity hazards and risks could materially and adversely affect our and our vendors’ business operations and our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly.

A variety of potential hazards, risks, and factors could adversely impact our and our vendors’ operations and performance, including, but not limited to, health epidemics or pandemics like COVID-19, supply chain disruptions and delays, energy shortages and inflationary energy costs, extreme weather, whether as a result of climate change or otherwise, natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism or violence, extended protests or periods of civil unrest, labor disputes, quality control issues, infrastructure failures, trade sanctions, inflation, changing market conditions, the introduction of new prescriptions drugs, the seasonal nature of our business, and changes in payor reimbursement rates and terms. These and other factors could lead to disruptions in and interfere with domestic and global supply chains, revenue flows, reimbursements, and our ability to source products and find qualified vendors to access appropriate products in a timely and efficient manner. We could also be liable for any resulting personal injury or property damage arising from these risks to the extent our existing insurance coverage is insufficient or unavailable to cover associated losses. Due to these often unavoidable risks, some of which are beyond our management and control, our businesses, operating results, cash flows, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Historically, our operating results have varied on a quarterly basis, and one or more of the above or other factors or risks could cause our results to fluctuate significantly. Accordingly, quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful and a single quarter’s results may not provide reliable insight into our anticipated future performance.

Negative public perception of the industries in which we operate, or of our industries’ or our practices, can adversely affect our businesses, operating results, cash flows and prospects.

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Our brand and reputation are two of our most important assets, and the industries in which we operate have been and are negatively perceived by the public from time to time. Negative publicity may come as a result of adverse media and/or social media coverage, litigation against us and other industry participants, the ongoing public debates over drug pricing, PBMs, government involvement in drug pricing and purchasing, changes to the ACA, governmental hearings and/or investigations, including in connection with the distribution and dispensing of prescription opioids, actual or perceived shortfalls regarding our industries’ or our own products and/or business practices (including PBM operations, drug pricing and insurance coverage determinations) and social media and other media relations activities. Negative publicity also may come from a failure to meet customer expectations for consistent, high quality and accessible care. This risk may increase as we continue to offer products and services that make greater use of data and as our business model becomes more focused on delivering health care to consumers.

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In addition, by working with the U.S. government in the distribution and administration of the COVID-19 vaccine, we may be subject to negative publicity related to the government’s actions in response to COVID-19 that are outside of our ability to control.

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Furthermore, the use of social media platforms, including blogs, social media websites and other forms of internet-based communication, which allow individuals access to a broad audience of consumers and other interested persons, has become commonplace. Negative commentary regarding us or the brands that we sell or our personnel may be posted on social media platforms or similar devices at any time and may harm our reputation or business. Consumers value readily available information concerning retailers and their goods and services and often act on such information without further investigation and without regard to its accuracy. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. In addition, social media platforms provide users with access to such a broad audience that collective action against our website and marketplace stores, such as boycotts, can be more easily organized. If such actions were organized, we could suffer reputational damage as well as physical damage to our stores and merchandise. Moreover, short sellers and others, some of whom post anonymously on social media, may be positioned to profit if our stock declines and their activities can negatively affect our stock price.

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We also use social media platforms as marketing tools or as channels to disseminate information. For example, the Company and certain of its executive officers maintain Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and other social media accounts, where marketing and other information relevant to customers and investors is disseminated. As laws and regulations rapidly evolve to govern the use of these platforms and devices, the failure by us, our employees or third parties acting at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these platforms and devices could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations or subject us to fines or other penalties.

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Negative public perception and/or publicity of our industries in general, or of us or our key suppliers and vendors in particular, can further increase our costs of doing business and adversely affect our operating results and our stock price by:

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We may be unable to achieve our environmental, social and governance goals.

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We are dedicated to corporate social responsibility and sustainability and we established certain goals as part of our ESG strategy. We face pressure from our colleagues, customers, and stockholders to meet our goals and to make significant advancements in environmental, social and governance matters. Achievement of our goals is subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control, and it is possible that we may fail to achieve these goals or that our colleagues, customers, or stockholders may not be satisfied with the goals we set or our efforts to achieve them. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our ability to set and execute on our operational strategies and achieve our goals within the currently projected costs and the expected timeframes; the availability and cost of technological advancements, renewable energy and other materials necessary to meet our goals and expectations; compliance with, and changes or additions to, global and regional regulations, taxes, charges, mandates or requirements relating to climate-related goals; labor-related regulations and requirements that restrict or prohibit our ability to impose requirements on third-party contractors; the actions of competitors and competitive pressures; an acquisition of or merger with another company that has not adopted similar goals or whose progress towards reaching its goals is not as advanced as ours; and the pace of regional and global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. A failure to meet our goals could adversely affect public perception of our business, employee morale or customer or stockholder support.

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Further, an increasing percentage of colleagues, customers, and stockholders considers sustainability factors in making employment, consumer health care and investment decisions. If we are unable to meet our goals, we may lose colleagues, have difficulty recruiting new colleagues, and be unable to attract investors, customers, or partners, our stock price may be negatively impacted, our reputation may be negatively affected, and it may be more difficult for us to compete effectively, all of which would have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Risks Related to the Retail Pharmacy and PBM Industries in which we Operate

The markets in which we operate are very competitive and further increases in competition could adversely affect us.

In the retail pharmacy business, we face intense competition with local, regional and national companies, including other drugstore chains, independently owned drugstores, supermarkets, mass merchandisers, dollar stores and internet pharmacies. Many of our competitors are larger, better capitalized, have access to greater financial and other resources, are diversified through other industries and have an international presence. Additionally, some of our competitors are vertically integrated, allowing them to leverage healthcare, health plan, and PBM operations together with their retail pharmacy footprint. Increasingly, these competitors are expanding in our existing markets. Greater competition exerts pressure on our pricing and promotional models and may force us to modify or reduce our prices. The ability of our stores to achieve profitability depends on their ability to achieve a critical mass of loyal, repeat customers.

Competition from grocers and online retailers has significantly increased during the past few years. Some of our competitors have or may merge with or acquire pharmacies, pharmaceutical services companies, PBMs, health insurance companies, specialty or mail order facilities and/or enter into strategic partnership alliances with Group Purchasing Organizations or wholesalers, which may further increase competition. We may not be able to effectively compete against them because our existing or potential competitors have financial and other resources that are superior to ours.

In the PBM business, we also face competition from other PBMs, including large, national PBMs, PBMs owned by national health plans and middle-market stand-alone PBMs. Certain of these competitors entered into the PBM industry before us, and there is no assurance that we will successfully compete with entities with more established PBM businesses and scale. Further, we may be at a competitive disadvantage because we are more highly leveraged than our competitors.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to effectively compete in our markets or increase our sales volume in response to further increased competition.

Our market dynamics are subject to fluctuation due to consumer behavior and technology changes, among other factors. We must adjust our operations and business model to meet these evolving market demands. If we fail to make proper adjustments to meet changing market conditions, we may lose customers, which would have a negative impact on our revenue.

Increasingly, a greater volume or proportion of dispensed prescriptions involve specialty drugs, which are often furnished through limited distribution channels. Because these channels are restricted, there is substantial competition among out competitors to be included in these networks. Furthermore, participation in these networks is challenging, as the higher costs and complexities of specialty drugs may be difficult to manage. If we are unable to effectively compete for specialty drug business and access this market, we face potential harm to our business operations and adverse impacts to our financial condition. 

New and emerging payment models for health care services reimbursement may hinder our retail pharmacies’ and PBMs’ ability to compete, and negatively impact our revenue.

Government and commercial payors are increasingly exploring alternatives to fee-for-service payment models. Such alternatives include risk sharing, value-based payment and bundled payment systems for health care services. Our retail pharmacies do not operate as part of integrated health care delivery models and, unlike some of our competitors,

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we have not invested in health care delivery models which integrate different health care services, such as pharmacy and primary care services. Additionally, our retail pharmacies are not active participants in any risk assumption payment models. Moreover, it is operationally difficult to apply value-based payment to prescription drug benefit services. To the extent that payors increasingly embrace these new payment delivery models and systems and our retail competitors are able to adapt to such changes, our retail pharmacies risk being excluded from such networks and the corresponding loss of reimbursement. Even though the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting government waivers have allowed pharmacists to embrace an expanded scope of services, the end of the COVID-19 pandemic could result in a rollback of those waivers and our pharmacists may no longer be authorized to offer such services as part of the various novel delivery and payment models.

With regard to our PBM business, given the major challenges involved in creating complex delivery networks to implement integrated delivery of health care services and/or nontraditional payment systems, our PBM business risks an inability to develop robust pharmacy networks capable of providing the level and scope of services necessary to sustain such models. Our PBM business may face a competitive disadvantage. Furthermore, our competitors with strong regional networks may threaten our ability to compete in certain regions. Ultimately, if we cannot develop thriving networks as part of new and emerging payment and delivery models our bottom line will suffer.

A change in our pharmacy and payor mix could adversely affect our profit margins.

Our Retail Pharmacy Segment is subject to changes in pharmacy and payor mix, including shifts in pharmacy prescription volume toward programs offering less favorable reimbursement terms, which could adversely affect the results of our operations. For instance, we anticipate that a growing number of prescription drug sales will involve government subsidized drug benefit programs, 90-day fill programs, and specialty drug sales, under which our business may receive lower margins. As our government-funded businesses grow, our exposure to changes in law and policy under those programs will increase. Also, the government could reduce funding for health care or other programs or cancel, decline to renew, or modify our contracts, which could adversely impact our business, operating results, and cash flows. Moreover, many Medicare Part D plans and commercial payors are adopting preferred pharmacy networks, in which participating pharmacies must accept lower reimbursement in exchange for access to the payors’ patient population. We could incur negative financial impacts should the terms and conditions of such preferred networks become less favorable or if we are unable to offset lower reimbursement with additional prescription volume, other business, or improved efficiencies. We could also be negatively impacted by changes in the relative distribution of drugs dispensed at our pharmacies between brands and generics or if we experience an increase in the amounts we pay to procure pharmaceutical products.

A sudden and material decrease in the number of Medicaid enrollees due to the “Medicaid Cliff” could have a sudden destabilizing impact on retail pharmacy revenue.

During the COVID-19 related federal public health emergency, the federal government provided supplemental Medicaid funding to states as long as states agreed to provide for continuous Medicaid coverage for current enrollees. This continuous enrollment has ended as of March 31, 2023. States will once again be required to remove Medicaid ineligible individuals from the Medicaid rolls. Anywhere from 5 to 15 million Americans could lose coverage as a result. Each state will manage the unwinding differently so the impact will be different from state to state. These changes could have a sudden and material negative impact on the Company’s overall retail pharmacy revenue received from Medicaid and Medicaid MCOs.

Consolidation in the healthcare industry could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many organizations in the healthcare industry, including PBMs and Part D plans, have consolidated to create larger healthcare enterprises with greater market power, which has contributed to continued pricing pressures and has weakened our retail pharmacies’ ability to obtain advantageous pharmacy network contracting terms. The effects of organizational consolidation are exacerbated by the growing market share of specialty pharmacies, compared to retail pharmacies, for limited-distribution high-cost therapies for rare diseases. Within the Part D plan market, approximately one-third of our PBM business is Part D business and it will be more difficult for our PBM to compete in and obtain

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competitive reimbursement terms in the consolidated Part D plan marketplace. Our PBM business also faces increased competitive threats from the consolidation among middle-market PBMs.

If this consolidation trend continues, it could give the resulting enterprises even greater bargaining power, which may lead to further pressure on the prices for our products and services and/or reduce our access to customers. If these pressures result in reductions in our prices and/or reduce our access to customers, our business will become less profitable unless we are able to achieve corresponding reductions in costs or develop profitable new revenue streams. We expect that market demand, government regulation, third-party reimbursement policies, government contracting requirements, and societal pressures will continue to cause the healthcare industry to evolve, potentially resulting in further business consolidations and alliances among the industry participants we engage with, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our new strategy also includes selective acquisition opportunities and we cannot assure you that we will be able to consummate any such transactions on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

There are risks related to the availability, pricing, and safety profiles of the pharmacy drugs and products we purchase and sell.

The continued conversion of various prescription drugs, including potential conversions of a number of popular medications, to over-the-counter medications may reduce our pharmacy sales and customers may seek to purchase such medications at non-pharmacy stores. Also, if the rate at which new prescription drugs become available slows or if new prescription drugs that are introduced into the market fail to achieve popularity, our pharmacy sales may be adversely affected. The withdrawal of certain drugs from the market, including COVID-19 vaccines, increased safety risk profiles or regulatory restrictions, concerns about the safety or effectiveness of certain drugs, or negative publicity surrounding certain categories of drugs may also have a negative effect on our pharmacy sales or may cause shifts in our pharmacy or front-end product mix. Additionally, as we offer new products and services, our litigation and regulatory risk profile may change and increase our exposure to new risks that we have not previously encountered or addressed.

The availability of brand versus generic drugs and changes in those markets may also negatively impact our financial condition. Brand name drugs may become subject to inflation. Moreover, as generic drug utilization has increased, and due to consolidation within the generic drug manufacturing industry, our pharmacy business has experienced decreasing profit margins on generic drug sales. Generic drug profit margins also suffer as a result of downward pricing pressure from discount card vendors, cash pay pharmacies and other competitors, which are growing as a share of the prescription drug marketplace. If our businesses are unable to accommodate shrinking profit margins and decreased sales on certain prescription drug products, our costs, revenue and overall profits could be adversely and materially impacted. 

Changes in third-party reimbursement levels for prescription drugs and changes in industry pricing benchmarks could reduce our margins and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Sales of prescription drugs reimbursed by third-party payors, including the Medicare Part D plans and state sponsored Medicaid and related managed care Medicaid plans, represented substantially all of our pharmacy sales in our Retail Pharmacy Segment in fiscal 2023.

The continued efforts of Congress and Federal agencies, health maintenance organizations, managed care organizations, PBM companies, other State and local government entities, and other third-party payors to reduce prescription drug costs and pharmacy reimbursement rates, as well as litigation relating to how drugs are priced, may impact our profitability. Consolidation within the Part D plan marketplace and fewer Part D plans may increase plans’ reimbursement leverage over our retail pharmacies. Additionally, on April 29, 2022, CMS issued a final rule that requires Part D plans to reflect all pharmacy price concessions (also known as “Direct and Indirect Remuneration” or “pharmacy DIR”) in a pharmacy’s negotiated price at the point of sale starting for contract year 2024. With respect to retail pharmacies, the final rule could result in unpredictable results, including changes to reimbursement terms in contracts with Part D payors for contract year 2024 as well as temporary cash flow issues in the first few months of implementation of the final rule. Our PBM business could also experience challenges related to utilizing pharmacy price concessions in Part D bids and subsequent contracts.

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The competitive success of our pharmacy business is largely dependent on our ability to establish and maintain contractual relationships with PBMs and other payors on acceptable terms as they may adopt narrow or restricted retail or specialty pharmacy networks. Some of these entities may offer pricing terms that we may not be willing to accept or otherwise restrict or exclude our participation in their networks of pharmacy providers. Any significant loss of third-party business could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Decreased reimbursement payments to retail and mail order pharmacies for brand and generic drugs has caused a reduction in our profit. Historically, the effect of this trend has been mitigated by our efforts to negotiate reduced acquisition costs of generic pharmaceuticals with manufacturers. Additionally, it has resulted in us providing contractual financial performance guarantees to certain of our PBM clients with respect to minimum drug price discounts for our retail pharmacy network and mail order pharmacy. Any inability to achieve guaranteed minimum drug price discounts provided to our PBM clients could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

In addition, it is possible that the pharmaceutical industry or regulators may evaluate and/or develop an alternative pricing reference to replace Average Wholesale Price (“AWP”), which is the pricing reference used for many of our PBM client contracts, pharmaceutical manufacturer rebate agreements, retail pharmacy network contracts, specialty payor agreements and other contracts with third-party payors in connection with the reimbursement of drug payments. Future changes to the use of AWP or to other published pricing benchmarks used to establish pharmaceutical pricing, including changes in the basis for calculating reimbursement by federal and state health programs and/or other payors, could impact the reimbursement we receive from Medicare programs and Medicaid health plans, the reimbursement we receive from PBM clients and other payors and/or our ability to negotiate rebates with pharmaceutical manufacturers, acquisition discounts with wholesalers and retail discounts with network pharmacies. Likewise, Congress or the federal agencies could take actions that reduce or eliminate drug rebates obtained through negotiation with pharmaceutical manufacturers. The effect of these possible changes on our business cannot be predicted at this time.

During the past several years, the United States health care industry has been subject to an increase in governmental regulation, licensing and audits at both the federal and state levels. Efforts to control health care costs, including prescription drug costs, are continuing at the federal and state government levels. Changing political, economic and regulatory influences may significantly affect health care financing and reimbursement practices. A change in the composition of pharmacy prescription volume toward programs offering lower reimbursement rates could negatively impact our profitability. Additionally, significant changes in legislation, regulation and government policy could significantly impact our business and the health care and retail industries. While it is not possible to predict whether and when any such changes will occur or what form any such changes may take, legislative proposals have been made that could have a material adverse effect on our business include, but are not limited to, revisions to certain ACA provisions and other significant changes to health care system legislation as well as changes with respect to tax and trade policies, tariffs and other government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries.

Significant changes to Medicaid funding or even significant destabilization of the Health Insurance Marketplaces could impact the number of Americans with health insurance and, consequently, prescription drug coverage. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that such legislative or regulatory changes may have on our retail pharmacy and pharmacy services operations.

A substantial portion of our pharmacy revenue is currently generated from a limited number of third-party payors, and, if there is a loss of, or significant change to prescription drug reimbursement rates by, a major third-party payor, our revenue will decrease and our business and prospects could be adversely impacted.

A substantial portion of our pharmacy revenue is currently generated from a limited number of third-party payors. While we are not limited in the number of third-party payors with which we can do business and results may vary over time, our top five third-party payors accounted for 83.4%, 77.4% and 77.9% of our pharmacy revenue during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The largest third-party payor, CVS/Caremark, represented 33.4%, 32.1% and 30.4% of pharmacy sales during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect that a limited number of third-party payors will continue to account for a significant percentage of our pharmacy revenue, and the loss of all or a portion of, or a significant change to customer access or prescription drug reimbursement rates by, a major third-party payor could decrease our revenue and harm our business. Revenue could further be impacted through changes in third-

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party payor behavior responding to the implementation of CMS’ final rule on the assessment of pharmacy price concessions, specifically through the Part D bid process and subsequent contracts.

In 2020, CMS adopted the Transparency in Coverage Final Rule, which requires non-grandfathered group health plans and health insurance issuers offering non-grandfathered coverage in the group and individual markets to disclose on a public website certain price information, including negotiated rates and historical net prices for covered prescription drugs. Enforcement began on July 1, 2022. CMS’ enforcement of the rule could inhibit the ability of pharmacy stakeholders, including our PBM and retail pharmacy business segments, respectively, from negotiating favorable reimbursement contracts for our Company.

A substantial portion of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue is currently generated from a limited number of customers, and, if there is a loss of a major customer, our revenue will decrease and our business and prospects could be adversely impacted.

A substantial portion of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue is currently generated from a limited number of customers. While we are not limited in the number of customers with which we can do business and results may vary over time, our top five customers accounted for 65.9%, which includes 6.9% related to a client which termed on January 1, 2023, 60.7% and 59.7% of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The largest payor, CMS, represented 43.1%, 41.1% and 36.6% of Pharmacy Services Segment revenue during fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect that a limited number of customers will continue to account for a significant percentage of our Pharmacy Services Segment revenue, and the loss of all or a portion of a major customer could decrease our revenue and harm our business.

We are, and in the future may become, involved in legal proceedings that may adversely affect our financial position and our pursuit of refinancing opportunities, as well as our reputation and brand.

We operate in a highly regulated and litigious environment. We and/or one or more of our subsidiaries are regularly involved in a variety of legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including arbitration, litigation (and related settlement discussions), and other claims, and are subject to regulatory proceedings including audits, inspections, inquiries, investigations, and similar actions by health care, insurance, pharmacy, tax and other governmental authorities. Legal proceedings, in general, and securities, derivative action and class action and multi-district litigation, in particular, can be expensive and disruptive, and may exceed any applicable insurance coverage. Additionally, defending against these lawsuits and proceedings may involve significant expense and diversion of management’s attention and resources. Some of these suits may purport or may be determined to be class actions and/or involve parties seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages, and may remain unresolved for several years.

For example, we, along with certain of our chain pharmacy competitors, have been named as a defendant in numerous lawsuits relating to the distribution and dispensing of prescription opioids, including in the consolidated federal multi-district litigation entitled In re National Prescription Opiate Litigation (MDL No. 2804), currently pending in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. Similar cases that name us as a defendant also have been filed in numerous state court proceedings by any array of plaintiffs, including state Attorneys General, counties, cities, municipalities, Native American tribes, hospitals, third-party payors, and individuals. A qui tam complaint has also been filed in the federal District Court for the Northern District of Ohio in which qui tam relators and the United States DOJ allege violations of the federal False Claims Act and Controlled Substances Act related to the dispensing of controlled substances, primarily opioids and seek damages under the False Claims Act, civil penalties under the Controlled Substances Act, damages in connection with alleged payment by mistake (on behalf of Federal Healthcare Programs), and damages in connection with alleged unjust enrichment. The Company has also received subpoenas, civil investigative demands, and other requests relating to opioid matters from the DOJ and several state Attorneys General. Certain “usual and customary” actions are pending (or may be brought) against the Company which seek large and/or indeterminate damages. Generally, these matters allege that the Company’s retail stores overcharged for prescription drugs by not submitting the price available to members of the Rite Aid’s Rx Savings Program as the pharmacy’s usual and customary price, and related theories. These claims typically are alleged to arise under the Company’s agreements with insurers, as tort claims, or under the False Claims Act and similar theories for governmental programs, but may be

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alleged to arise otherwise. Also, the Company is defending putative stockholder class actions which name the Company and certain former and current executives individually as defendants.

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We cannot predict with certainty the outcomes of these and other legal proceedings and other contingencies, and the costs incurred in litigation can be substantial, regardless of the outcome. Proceedings that we believe are insignificant may develop into material proceedings and subject us to unforeseen outcomes or expenses. Additionally, the actions of certain participants in our industry may encourage legal proceedings against us or cause us to reconsider our litigation strategies. As a result, we could from time to time incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business practices. Moreover, negative postings or comments on social media or networking websites about us or these legal proceedings and the on-demand news cycle, even if inaccurate or malicious, have in the past, and could in the future, generate adverse publicity that could damage our reputation. See “Risks Related to our Operations—Negative public perception of the industries in which we operate, or of our industries’ or our practices, can adversely affect our businesses, operating results, cash flows and prospects.”

Furthermore, the uncertainty relating to any legal proceedings may also impair our ability to raise capital or the cost of such capital, as well as our credit ratings. Significant liabilities resulting from legal proceedings could force us to implement further cost reduction and other cash-focused measures to manage liquidity any of which could adversely affect our businesses, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition.

We are subject to governmental regulations, procedures and requirements; our non-compliance or a significant legislative, regulatory, or public policy change could adversely affect our business, the results of our operations or our financial condition.

Our business is subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations. Changes in these laws, regulations, or in related public policy may require extensive system and operating changes that may be difficult to implement, increase our operating costs and require significant capital expenditures. Untimely compliance or non-compliance with applicable regulations could result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties that could adversely affect the continued operation of our business, including: (i) suspension of payments from government programs; (ii) loss of required government certifications; (iii) loss of authorizations or changes in requirements for participating in, or exclusion from government reimbursement programs, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; (iv) loss of licenses; or (v) significant fines or monetary penalties. The regulations to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, federal, state and local regulations of pharmacies; dispensing and sale of controlled substances and products containing pseudoephedrine, among others; applicable Medicare and Medicaid Regulations; HIPAA; regulations relating to the protection of the environment and health and safety matters, including those governing exposure to and the management and disposal of hazardous substances; regulations enforced by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the CPSC, the HHS and the DEA as well as state regulatory authorities, governing the sale, advertisement and promotion of products we sell; anti-kickback laws; false claims laws and federal and state laws governing the practice of the profession of pharmacy and medicine. For example, in the U.S., the DEA, FDA and various other regulatory authorities regulate the distribution and dispensing of pharmaceuticals, controlled substances and listed chemicals. We are required to hold valid DEA and state-level licenses, meet various security and operating standards and comply with the federal and various state-controlled substance acts and related regulations governing the sale, dispensing, disposal, holding and distribution of controlled substances and listed chemicals. Regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers, including the ability to seize or recall products and impose significant criminal, civil and administrative sanctions for violations of these laws and regulations. We are also governed by federal and state laws of general applicability, including laws regulating matters of wage and hour laws, working conditions, health and safety and equal employment opportunity.

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Our dealings with customers face scrutiny from the federal and state government agencies, including the Federal Trade Commission, which are charged with enforcing consumer protection laws and deterring alleged unfair or deceptive trade practices. Under these laws, regulated entities may be subject to legal action and government investigations in regard to a wide array of customer-facing matters, including product pricing and expiration, disability access, and member loyalty and other financial incentive programs. A failure to keep our customers adequately informed of our practices could result in government investigations or regulatory action which may result in potential fines and penalties.

Government audits, investigations, and reviews could lead to liability and operational changes.

Our pharmacy, PBM, and PDP businesses are subject to periodic audits, investigations, and reviews from state and federal regulators and agencies. Health care laws and regulations, particularly within the pharmacy sector, are complex and subject to frequent change. Moreover, federal and state regulators are highly focused on and engage in vigorous enforcement efforts with regard to fraud, waste and abuse within the health care and pharmacy industry. Accordingly, we invest significant resources in our compliance efforts and must constantly re-evaluate our efforts, as the laws, regulations, and enforcement trends may change.

Because our business is subject to varied audits, investigations, and reviews, we face risks including financial penalties, civil and/or criminal liability, suspension or exclusion from government programs, and possible licensure sanction. For example, because our PDP is governed by CMS’ audit authority, it could be subject to financial recoupment, penalties, beneficiary enrollment restrictions, and other forms of sanction. In addition, our PBM’s operations could be indirectly and adversely impacted if any of its Medicare plan clients are subjected to adverse government audits or enforcement actions. The outcome of any given audit, investigation, and/or review could require significant changes to our business practices, revenue flow, and overall financial condition, with a resulting adverse impact on the Company as a whole.

If our compliance or other systems and processes fail or are deemed inadequate, we may become subject to regulatory actions and/or litigation.

In addition to Rite Aid being subject to extensive and complex regulations, many contracts that Elixir Insurance has with its customers impose compliance obligations on it. These compliance obligations frequently are reviewed and audited by Elixir Insurance’s customers and regulators. More generally, if the Company’s systems and processes designed to maintain compliance with applicable legal and contractual requirements, and to prevent and detect instances of, or the potential for, noncompliance fail or are deemed inadequate, we may be subject to regulatory actions, litigation and other proceedings which may result in damages, fines, suspension or loss of licensure, suspension or exclusion from participation in government programs and/or other penalties, any of which could adversely affect our businesses, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition.

Certain risks are inherent in providing pharmacy services; our insurance may not be adequate to cover any claims against us.

Pharmacies are exposed to risks inherent in the packaging and distribution of pharmaceuticals and other healthcare products, such as with respect to improper filling of prescriptions, labeling of prescriptions, adequacy of warnings, unintentional distribution of counterfeit drugs and expiration of drugs. In addition, federal and state laws that require our pharmacists to offer counseling, without additional charge, to customers about medication, dosage, delivery systems, common side effects and other information the pharmacists deem significant can impact our business. Our pharmacists may also have a duty to warn customers regarding any potential negative effects of a prescription drug if the warning could reduce or negate these effects. Although we maintain professional liability and errors and omissions liability insurance, from time to time, claims result in the payment of significant amounts, some portions of which are not funded by insurance. We cannot assure you that the coverage limits under our insurance programs will be adequate to protect us against future claims, or that we will be able to maintain this insurance on acceptable terms in the future. Our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows may be adversely affected if in the future our insurance coverage proves to be inadequate or unavailable or there is an increase in liability for which we self-insure or we suffer reputational harm as a result of an error or omission.

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We may be subject to significant liability should the consumption of any of our products cause injury, illness or death.

Products that we sell could become subject to contamination, product tampering, mislabeling or other damage requiring us to recall our products. We could be adversely impacted by the supply of defective or expired products, including the infiltration of counterfeit products into the supply chain, errors in re-labeling of products, product tampering, product recall and contamination or product mishandling issues. The federal Drug Supply Chain Security Act (“DSCSA”), which has the purpose of preventing counterfeit drugs from entering the United States supply chain, is scheduled to be fully implemented in November of 2023. There is uncertainty regarding whether the drug supply chain is fully ready for the transition to a track and trace model based on the electronic interoperable exchange of data at the product level. Moreover, with final implementation of the DSCSA, there is a potential for increased FDA DSCSA enforcement, which could increase pharmacy costs to comply with the DSCSA and pharmacy costs for identifying and investigating potentially counterfeit drugs.

In addition, errors in the dispensing and packaging of pharmaceuticals could lead to serious injury or death. Product liability claims may be asserted against us with respect to any of the products or pharmaceuticals we sell and we may be obligated to recall our products. Moreover, while we have insurance to cover potential product liability and some claims may be subject to indemnification from other parties, we cannot guarantee that our insurance limits and/or indemnification will be adequate to cover any and all product related claims. We also may not be able to maintain this insurance on acceptable terms in the future. A product liability judgment against the Company or a product recall could have a material, adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations. Further, certain products dispensed or administered at our stores could be subject to liability protections under the current PREP Act declaration issued for the COVID-19 pandemic, though those liability protections are set to expire in the near future. Even with the protections currently in effect, we may be subject to state tort claims based on recent litigation on the scope of preemption under the PREP Act.

Risks of declining gross margins in the PBM industry could adversely impact our profitability, and could result in further impairment charges.

The PBM industry has been experiencing margin pressure as a result of competitive pressures and increased client demands for lower prices, performance guarantees, enhanced service offerings and higher rebate yields. With respect to rebate yields, we maintain contractual relationships with brand name pharmaceutical manufacturers that provide for rebates on drugs dispensed by pharmacies in our retail network and by our mail order pharmacy (all or a portion of which may be passed on to clients). Manufacturer rebates often depend on a PBM’s ability to meet contractual market share or other requirements, including in some cases the placement of a manufacturer’s products on the PBM’s formularies. If we lose our relationship with one or more pharmaceutical manufacturers, or if the rebates provided by pharmaceutical manufacturers decline, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. Further, changes in existing federal or state laws or regulations or the adoption of new laws or regulations relating to patent term extensions, rebate arrangements with pharmaceutical manufacturers, or to formulary management or other PBM services could also reduce or eliminate the manufacturer rebates we receive. We also have performance guarantees with select customers for rebates, and if our rebate aggregation contracts change or we are unable to meet our obligations due to mix of brand drugs, our financial performance for this business could be impacted.

We also maintain contractual relationships with participating pharmacies that provide for discounts on retail transactions for generic drugs and brand drugs dispensed by pharmacies in our retail network. If we lose our relationship with one or more of the larger pharmacies in our network, or if the retail discounts provided by network pharmacies decline, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in federal or state laws or regulations or the adoption of new laws or regulations relating to claims processing and billing, including our ability to collect network administration and technology fees, could adversely impact our profitability.

Legislation exists under Medicare Part D and in the majority of states that affect the ability of our PBM business (and its health plan clients) to limit access to pharmacy provider networks or remove pharmacy network providers. For instance, “any willing provider” laws may mandate that our PBM or its health plan clients admit nonparticipating pharmacies that are willing and able to satisfy the applicable terms and conditions for network

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participation. Medicare Part D and many states have implemented laws or rules that limit the ability of PBMs and health plans to impose formulary conditions or restrictions, such as co-payment differentials, and drug tiering designs, which may be used to manage drug benefits and promote cost-efficient utilization. Together, these laws could affect the ability of our PBM to effectively manage costs for its health plan clients. Additionally, many states now have legislation impacting the ability of our PBM to conduct audits of claims submitted by network pharmacies. These laws could hinder our PBM’s ability to recover overpayments identified through audits and negatively affect our PBM’s services and its ability to achieve enhanced economic outcomes for its health plan clients.

The possibility of PBM client loss and/or the failure to win new PBM business could impact our ability to secure new business.

Our PBM business generates net revenues primarily by contracting with clients to provide prescription drugs and related health care services to plan members. PBM client contracts often have terms of approximately three years in duration, so approximately one third of a PBM’s client base typically is subject to renewal each year. In some cases, however, PBM clients may negotiate a shorter or longer contract term or may require early or periodic renegotiation of pricing prior to expiration of a contract. In addition, the reputational impact of a service-related incident could negatively affect our ability to grow and retain our client base. Further, the PBM industry has been impacted by consolidation activity that may continue in the future. In the event one or more of our PBM clients is acquired by an entity that obtains PBM services from a competitor, we may be unable to retain all or a portion of our clients’ business. Due to the competitive nature of the business, we continually face challenges in competing for new PBM business and retaining or renewing our existing PBM business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to win new business or secure renewal business on terms as favorable to us as the present terms. These circumstances, either individually or in the aggregate, could result in an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

Regulatory or business changes relating to our participation in Medicare Part D, the medical loss ratio for our Medicare Part D eligible members, or our failure to otherwise execute on our strategies related to Medicare Part D, may adversely impact our business and our financial results.

One of our subsidiaries, Elixir Insurance is an insurer domiciled in Ohio (with Ohio as its primary insurance regulator) and licensed in all 50 states, and is approved to function as a PDP plan sponsor for purposes of individual insurance products offered to Medicare-eligible beneficiaries and for purposes of making employer/union-only group waiver plans available for eligible clients. We also provide other products and services in support of our clients’ Medicare Part D plans or the Federal Retiree Drug Subsidy program. We are working to minimize the working capital tied to the business by reducing and/or selling the receivables as we did for calendar 2022, however there are no assurances that we can reduce or sell the receivable for calendar 2023. There are many uncertainties about the financial and regulatory risks of participating in the Medicare Part D program and we can give no assurance that these risks will not materially adversely impact our business and financial results in future periods.

Elixir Insurance is subject to various contractual and regulatory compliance requirements associated with participating in Medicare Part D. Elixir Insurance is subject to certain aspects of state laws regulating the business of insurance in all jurisdictions in which Elixir Insurance offers its PDP plans. As a PDP sponsor, Elixir Insurance is required to comply with Federal Medicare Part D laws and regulations applicable to PDP sponsors. Additionally, the receipt of Federal funds made available through the Part D program by us, our affiliates, or clients is subject to compliance with the Part D regulations and established laws and regulations governing the Federal government’s payment for healthcare goods and services, including the Anti-Kickback Statute and the False Claims Act. Similar to our requirements with other clients, our policies and practices associated with operating our PDP are subject to audit. If material contractual or regulatory noncompliance was to be identified, monetary penalties and/or applicable sanctions, including suspension of enrollment and marketing or debarment from participation in Medicare programs, could be imposed. Further, the adoption or promulgation of new or more complex Medicare Part D regulatory requirements, including those governing pharmacy networks, benefit designs, and product pricing, could require us to incur significant costs which could adversely impact our business and our financial results. Similar negative impacts could result from potential Part D reimbursement reductions, adverse CMS audits, government enforcement actions, or decreases in star ratings. Further, Elixir Insurance’s level of margin is limited by minimum MLR requirements imposed by the ACA.

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Medicare PDPs are subject to minimum MLR audits and Elixir Insurance could be required to pay MLR rebates for failure to meet minimum MLRs in a given year and repeated MLR failures could lead to CMS termination.

In addition, due to the availability of Medicare Part D, some of our employer clients may decide to stop providing pharmacy benefit coverage to retirees, instead allowing the retirees to choose their own Part D plans, which could cause a reduction in demand for our Medicare Part D group insurance products. Extensive competition among Medicare Part D plans could also result in the loss of Medicare Part D members by our managed care customers, which would also result in a decline in our membership base. For example, if we were to receive a lower Star rating from CMS, fewer customers may select our plans, which could have an adverse effect on our financial results. Like many aspects of our business, the administration of the Medicare Part D program is complex. Any failure to execute the provisions of the Medicare Part D program may have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Failure to timely identify or effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and spending patterns, an inability to expand the products being purchased by our clients and customers, or the failure or inability to obtain or offer particular categories of products could negatively affect our relationship with our clients and customers and the demand for our products and services.

The success of our business depends in part on customer loyalty, superior customer service and our ability to persuade customers to purchase products in additional categories and our private label brands. Failure to timely identify or effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and spending patterns, an inability to expand the products being purchased by our clients and customers, or the failure or inability to obtain or offer particular categories of products could negatively affect our relationship with our clients and customers and the demand for our products and services.

We offer our customers private label brand products that are available exclusively at our stores and through our online retail site. The sale of private label products subjects us to unique risks including potential product liability risks and mandatory or voluntary product recalls, our ability to successfully protect our intellectual property rights and the rights of applicable third parties, and other risks generally encountered by entities that source, market and sell private-label products. Any failure to adequately address some or all of these risks could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, an increase in the sales of our private label brands may negatively affect our sales of national-branded products which consequently, could adversely impact certain of our supplier relationships. Our ability to locate qualified, economically stable suppliers who satisfy our requirements, and to acquire sufficient products in a timely and effective manner, is critical to ensuring, among other things, that customer confidence is not diminished. Any failure to develop sourcing relationships with a broad and deep supplier base could adversely affect our financial performance and erode customer loyalty.

Moreover, customer expectations and new technology advances from our competitors have required that our business evolve to enable us to interface with our retail customers not only face-to-face in our stores but also online and via mobile and social media. Our customers utilize computers, tablets, mobile phones and other electronic devices to shop in our stores and online, as well as provide public reactions concerning each facet of our operation. If we fail to keep pace with dynamic customer expectations and new technology developments, our ability to compete and maintain customer loyalty could be adversely affected.

Finally, EI’s specialty pharmacy business focuses on complex and high-cost medications that serve a relatively limited universe of patients. As a result, the future growth of our specialty pharmacy business is dependent largely upon expanding our base of drugs or penetration in certain treatment categories. Any contraction of our base of patients or reduction in demand for the prescriptions we currently dispense could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The impact of extreme events, natural disasters, and climate change could create unpredictability for our business operations.

Extreme weather, natural disasters, and pandemics, such as COVID-19, can have severe negative ramifications for the pharmacy industry, including interfering with revenue flows, reimbursement, and the drug supply chain. More broadly, long-term climate change has unknown and potentially negative impacts on our industry. These sorts of extreme

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events can lead to unknown cost increases for our business to supply health care services and therefore pose a risk to our business and operating results.

The seasonal nature of our business causes fluctuations in operations.

Our first and fourth fiscal quarter operation results generally fluctuate during the holidays, and cough, cold, and flu season, during which time we typically experience a larger proportion of retail sales and earnings as compared to other fiscal quarters. We increase our merchandise and inventory levels in anticipation of the holiday season, and there is a risk that unpredictable events, such as inclement weather, could impact retail sales and earnings during this time. Furthermore, the unpredictable timing and severity of the cough, cold, and flu season may impact our first and fourth fiscal quarter operation results, including in regard to prescription and non-prescription drug sales.

Changes in laws governing labor, employers, and union organizing may increase our labor costs.

The Company’s business costs are directly impacted by legal and regulatory mandates governing employers and unionizing activities. Federal and state labor laws are subject to ongoing legislative changes, and any new or more stringent mandates imposed on employers, such as minimum wage increases or additional paid leave requirements, will increase our costs as an employer. Our employee-related operating costs could also increase in response to any union organizing activities among our employees. Overall, these potential labor, wage and union-related changes could increase our operating costs and thereby negatively impact our financial condition.

Item 1B.   Unresolved SEC Staff Comments

None

Item 2.    Properties

As of March 4, 2023, we operated 2,309 retail drugstores. The average selling square feet of each store in our chain is approximately 10,500 square feet. The average total square feet of each store in our chain is approximately 13,600. The stores in the eastern part of the U.S. average approximately 8,800 selling square feet per store (approximately 11,200 average total square feet per store). The stores in the western part of the U.S. average approximately 13,900 selling square feet per store (approximately 18,500 average total square feet per store).

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The table below identifies the number of stores by state as of March 4, 2023:

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Our stores have the following attributes as of March 4, 2023:

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We lease 2,221 of our operating drugstore facilities under non-cancelable leases, many of which have original terms of 10 to 22 years. In addition to minimum rental payments, which are set at competitive market rates, certain leases require additional payments based on sales volume, as well as reimbursement for taxes, maintenance and insurance. Most of our leases contain renewal options, some of which involve rent increases. The remaining 88 drugstore facilities are owned.

We lease our corporate headquarters, which is located in an approximately 23,000 square foot building at 1200 Intrepid Avenue, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19112. We lease approximately 125,000 square feet of space in various buildings near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania for document warehousing use and additional administrative personnel. We own additional buildings near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania which total approximately 98,000 square feet, and house our model store and additional administrative personnel.

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We operate the following distribution centers and satellite distribution locations, which we own or lease as indicated:

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The original terms of the leases for our distribution centers and satellite distribution locations range from 5 to 20 years. In addition to minimum rental payments, certain distribution centers require tax reimbursement, maintenance and insurance. Most leases contain renewal options, some of which involve rent increases. Although from time to time, we may be near capacity at some of our distribution facilities, particularly at our older facilities, we believe that the capacity of our facilities is adequate.

We also lease an approximately 16,000 square foot facility in Raleigh, North Carolina for information technology services.

We also lease an approximately 55,800 square foot ice cream manufacturing facility and an approximately 30,000 square foot storage facility located in El Monte, California.

Our Pharmacy Services Segment leases approximately 242,000 square feet of space in various buildings primarily in Twinsburg, Ohio for additional administrative personnel. In addition, we own approximately 53,000 square feet of space in North Canton, Ohio for our mail order and specialty drug facilities.

We evaluate store performance and may reduce in size, close or relocate a store if the store is redundant, underperforming or otherwise deemed unsuitable. We also evaluate strategic dispositions and acquisitions of facilities and prescription files. When we reduce in size, close or relocate a store or close distribution center facilities, we often continue to have leasing obligations or own the property. We attempt to sublease this space. As of March 4, 2023, we had 3,372,885 square feet of excess space, 1,081,773 square feet of which was subleased. We also engage in sale-leaseback transactions from time to time.

Item 3.   Legal Proceedings

The information in response to this item is incorporated herein by reference to Note 22, Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees of the Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report.

Environmental Matters

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Item 103 of SEC Regulation S-K requires disclosure of certain environmental matters when a governmental authority is a party to the proceedings and such proceedings involve potential monetary sanctions that, among other matters, the Company reasonably believes will exceed an applied threshold not to exceed $1.0 million. Applying this threshold, there are no environmental matters to disclose for this period.

Item 4.   Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

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Information about our Executive Officers

The following sets forth the name, age and biographical information for each of the Registrant’s executive officers as of May 1, 2023:

Elizabeth “Busy” Burr, 61, Ms. Burr was appointed as interim Chief Executive Officer on January 9, 2023. Ms. Burr served as President and Chief Commercial Officer at Carrot Inc., a digital healthcare company with solutions that combine behavioral science, clinical expertise, and proprietary technology, from 2019 through 2021. Prior to that, she served as Chief Innovation Officer and Vice President of Healthcare Trend and Innovation at Humana from 2015 to 2018, where she led the design, build and adoption of new product platforms in digital health, provider experience, and telemedicine. Additionally, she is the founder of Humana Health Ventures, Humana’s strategic venture investing practice. Prior to her work in the healthcare industry, Ms. Burr served as Managing Director of Citi Ventures, Citigroup’s global venture group following seven years in investment banking at Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse First Boston. She was also Vice President of Global Brand Management at Gap, Inc., where she aligned product, store, online, advertising, and merchandising efforts for the four Gap brands around the world. She has served on the Rite Aid Board of Directors since 2019. She is also a member of the boards of directors of Mr. Cooper Group Inc., Satellite Healthcare, and SVB Financial Group.
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Matthew Schroeder, 53, Mr. Schroeder was appointed Chief Financial Officer of Rite Aid Corporation in March 2019 and was named Executive Vice President in September 2019. Prior to his promotion to this position, Mr. Schroeder served as Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer from 2017 until 2019. Mr. Schroeder joined Rite Aid in 2000 as Vice President of Financial Accounting and served as Group Vice President of Strategy, Investor Relations and Treasurer from 2010 to 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Schroeder worked in public accounting for Arthur Andersen, LLP. Mr. Schroeder serves as a member of the board of directors of Rite Aid Healthy Futures (previously The Rite Aid Foundation).

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Jessica Kazmaier, 46, Ms. Kazmaier has been the Chief Human Resources Officer at Rite Aid since March 2019 and was named Executive Vice President of Rite Aid in September 2019. Ms. Kazmaier joined Rite Aid in 2001 in the total rewards function and has held various human resources positions of increasing responsibility, including Vice President, Total Rewards; and Group Vice President, Compensation, Benefits and Human Resources Corporate Services. Ms. Kazmaier previously worked in a management position in total rewards at Harsco Corporation. Ms. Kazmaier has served as the President of Rite Aid Healthy Futures (previously The Rite Aid Foundation) since October 2019.

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Steven Bixler, 44, Mr. Bixler was appointed Chief Accounting Officer in January 2023. Mr. Bixler has served in accounting roles at Rite Aid for the last 21 years and was promoted to Vice President in 2020. He joined Rite Aid as an inventory specialist in 2001.

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Justin Mennen, 42, Mr. Mennen was appointed Chief Technology and Digital Officer in March 2022. Mr. Mennen was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer in January 2019 and was named Executive Vice President in October 2019. Prior to joining Rite Aid, Mr. Mennen served as Chief Digital Officer and Chief Information Officer for CompuCom Systems Inc. from 2016 to December 2018. Before CompuCom, Mr. Mennen led technology organizations across several industries, most recently as the Vice President of enterprise architecture and technology innovation for Estée Lauder Companies Inc. from 2014 to 2016 and as the regional Chief Information Officer Asia Pacific and Japan for Dell Technologies from 2012 to 2014.

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We are actively searching for a permanent chief executive officer and need to fill other senior positions, including general counsel. We cannot assure you when we will fill such positions or the success of the integration of such personnel.
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PART II

Item 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “RAD.” On April 12, 2023, we had approximately 9,823 stockholders of record. The following table shows the quarterly high and low sales prices for our common stock:

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We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock since the third quarter of fiscal 2000 and we do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Our senior secured credit facility and some of the indentures that govern our other outstanding indebtedness restrict our ability to pay dividends.

We have not sold any unregistered equity securities during the period covered by this report, nor have we repurchased any of our common stock, during the period covered by this report.

STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The graph below compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the last five fiscal years with the cumulative total return on (i) the Russell 2000 Consumer Staples Index, (ii) the Russell 3000 Consumer Staples Index, (iii) the Russell 2000 Index, and (iv) the Russell 3000 Index, over the same period (assuming the investment of $100.00 in our common stock and such indexes on March 3, 2018 and reinvestment of dividends).

For comparison of cumulative total return, we have elected to use the Russell 2000 Consumer Staples Index, consisting of 66 companies, and the Russell 2000 Index. The Russell 2000 Consumer Staples Index is a capitalization-weighted index of companies that provide products directly to consumers that are typically considered nondiscretionary items based on consumer purchasing habits. The Russell 2000 Index consists of the smallest 2000 companies in the Russell 3000 Index and represents the universe of small capitalization stocks from which many active money managers typically select.

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Item 7.   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Continuing Operations

Overview

We are a healthcare company with a retail footprint, providing our customers and communities with a high level of care and service through various programs we offer through our two reportable business segments, our Retail Pharmacy Segment and our Pharmacy Services Segment. We accomplish our goal of delivering comprehensive care to our customers through our retail drugstores and our PBM, Elixir. We also offer fully integrated mail-order and specialty pharmacy services through Elixir Pharmacy. Additionally, through Elixir Insurance (“EI”), Elixir also serves seniors enrolled in Medicare Part D. When combined with our retail platform, this comprehensive suite of services allows us to provide value and choice to customers, patients and payors and allows us to compete in today’s evolving healthcare marketplace.

Retail Pharmacy Segment

Our Retail Pharmacy Segment sells brand and generic prescription drugs and provides various other pharmacy services, as well as an assortment of front-end products including health and beauty aids, personal care products, seasonal merchandise, and a large private brand product line. Our Retail Pharmacy Segment generates the majority of its revenue through the sale of prescription drugs and front-end products at our over 2,300 retail pharmacy locations across 17 states and through our ecommerce platform available at www.riteaid.com. We replenish our retail stores through a combination of direct store delivery of pharmaceutical products facilitated through our pharmaceutical Purchasing and Delivery Agreement with McKesson, and the majority of our front-end products through our network of distribution centers.

Pharmacy Services Segment

Our Pharmacy Services Segment provides a fully integrated suite of PBM offerings including technology solutions, mail delivery services, specialty pharmacy, network and rebate administration, claims adjudication and pharmacy discount programs. Elixir also provides prescription discount programs and Medicare Part D insurance offerings for individuals and groups. Elixir provides services to various clients across its different lines of business, including major health plans, commercial employers, labor groups and state and local governments, representing over 1.4 million covered lives, including approximately 0.3 million covered lives through our Medicare Part D insurance offerings. Elixir continues to focus its efforts and offerings to its target market of small to mid-market employers, labor unions and regional health plans, including provider-led health plans and government sponsored Medicaid and Medicare plans.

Restructuring

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Beginning in fiscal 2019, we initiated a series of restructuring plans designed to reorganize our executive management team, reduce managerial layers, and consolidate roles. In March 2020, we announced the details of our strategy, which includes building tools to work with regional health plans to improve patient health outcomes, rationalizing SKU’s in our front-end offering to free up working capital and update our merchandise assortment, assessing our pricing and promotional strategy, rebranding its retail pharmacy and pharmacy services business, launching our Store of the Future format and further reducing SG&A and headcount, including integrating certain back office functions in the Pharmacy Services Segment both within the segment and across the enterprise. Other strategic initiatives include the expansion of our digital business, replacing and updating our financial systems to improve efficiency, and movement to a common client platform at Elixir. In April 2022, we announced further strategic initiatives to reduce costs through the closure of unprofitable stores, reduce corporate administration expenses, improve efficiencies in worked payroll and other store labor costs, engage in a comprehensive review of purchasing and other business processes in both the Retail Pharmacy and Pharmacy Services Segments in order to identify areas of opportunity, as well as expense reductions at the Pharmacy Services Segment. In December 2022, we announced a new multi-year performance acceleration program, which allows us to fast-track initiatives that will improve sales, script volume and operating margins, and free up cash. We are partnering with a leading consulting firm that has worked with several Fortune 150 firms to execute the turnaround model. This program has given us visibility to the profitability

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opportunities we can drive over the next three years by focusing on improvements and growth in our core businesses. These and future restructuring activities are expected to provide future growth and expense efficiency benefits. There can be no assurance that our current and future restructuring charges will achieve the cost savings and remerchandising benefits in the amounts or time anticipated.

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Asset Sale to WBA

As previously disclosed, on September 18, 2017, we entered into the Amended and Restated Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Amended and Restated Asset Purchase Agreement”) with WBA and Walgreen Co., an Illinois corporation and wholly-owned direct subsidiary of WBA as buyer, which, based on its magnitude and because we exited certain markets, we applied discontinued operations treatment as required by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”).

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During the thirteen-week period ended May 30, 2020, we completed the final asset transfer under the Amended and Restated Asset Purchase Agreement, resulting in net income from discontinued operations, net of tax of $9.1 million. On October 17, 2020, we and WBA mutually agreed to terminate the services under the Transition Services Agreement (“TSA”).

Impact of COVID-19

In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel strain of the coronavirus was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the economies of the United States and other countries around the world.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on our operating results for the fiscal years ended March 4, 2023 and February 26, 2022 and will continue to have an impact on several factors underlying our operating results and liquidity in fiscal 2024. Those factors include the number of individuals that receive a COVID-19 vaccine or booster; demand for COVID-19 testing; the timing and extent to which elective procedures return to pre-pandemic levels; the demand for flu and other immunizations and the length and severity of the upcoming cough, cold and flu season.

Overview of Financial Results from Continuing Operations

The following information summarizes our financial results from continuing operations for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022. For discussion of our financial results from continuing operations for fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2021, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Continuing Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 26, 2022, which we filed with the SEC on April 25, 2022.

Net Loss: Our net loss from continuing operations for fiscal 2023 was $749.9 million or $13.71 per basic and diluted share compared to net loss from continuing operations for fiscal 2022 of $538.5 million or $9.96 per basic and diluted share. The increase in net loss was due primarily to increased goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges for the impairment of goodwill related to the Pharmacy Services Segment, a decrease in Adjusted EBITDA, higher restructuring-related charges, higher interest expense, and increased facility exit and impairment charges. These items were partially offset by a gain on the repurchase of certain bonds at a discount and a gain on sale of assets resulting from sale-leasebacks and script file sales from store closures.

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Adjusted EBITDA: Our Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for fiscal 2023 was $429.2 million or 1.8 percent of revenues, compared to $505.9 million or 2.1 percent of revenues for fiscal 2022. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations was due primarily to a decrease of $104.6 million in the Retail Pharmacy Segment partially offset by an increase of $27.8 million in the Pharmacy Services Segment. The decrease in the Retail Pharmacy Segment Adjusted EBITDA was due to decreased gross profit, partially offset by a decrease in SG&A expenses of $164.5 million. Gross profit was negatively impacted by the decline in COVID vaccinations and testing, partially offset by the increase in prescriptions sold. SG&A expenses benefitted from lower payroll, occupancy, and other operating costs due to store closures and cost control initiatives, partially offset by the extra week in fiscal 2023. The increase in

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the Pharmacy Services Segment Adjusted EBITDA resulted from improved procurement economics and reductions in SG&A expense. Please see the sections entitled “Segment Analysis” and Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) per Diluted Share and Other Non-GAAP Measures” below for additional details.

Consolidated Results of Operations—Continuing Operations

Revenue and Other Operating Data

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Revenues

Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022: The 1.9% decrease in revenues was due primarily to a $800.8 million decrease in Pharmacy Services Segment revenues, partially offset by a $290.3 million increase in Retail Pharmacy Segment revenues. Same store sales trends for fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022 are described in the “Segment Analysis” section below.

Please see the section entitled “Segment Analysis” below for additional details regarding revenues.

Costs and Expenses

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Gross Profit and Cost of Revenues

Gross profit decreased by $302.6 million in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022. Gross profit for fiscal 2023 includes a decrease of $327.2 million in our Retail Pharmacy Segment and an increase in gross profit of $24.7 million relating to our Pharmacy Services Segment. Gross margin was 19.9% for fiscal 2023 compared to 20.8% in fiscal 2022. Please see the section entitled “Segment Analysis” for a more detailed description of gross profit and gross margin results by segment.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A decreased by $131.8 million in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022. The decrease in SG&A includes a decrease of $112.6 million relating to our Retail Pharmacy Segment and a decrease of $19.2 million relating to our Pharmacy Services Segment. Please see the section entitled “Segment Analysis” below for additional details regarding SG&A.

Facility Exit and Impairment Charges

Impairment Charges:

We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group has a carrying value that may not be recoverable. The individual operating store is the lowest level for which cash flows are identifiable. As such, we evaluate individual stores for recoverability of assets. To determine if a store needs to be tested for recoverability, we consider items such as decreases in market prices, changes in the manner in which the store is being used or physical condition, changes in legal factors or business climate, an accumulation of losses significantly in excess of budget, a current period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a projection of continuing losses, or an expectation that the store will be closed or sold.

We monitor new and recently relocated stores against operational projections and other strategic factors such as regional economics, new competitive entries and other local market considerations to determine if an impairment evaluation is required. For other stores, we perform a recoverability analysis if they have experienced current-period and historical cash flow losses.

In performing the recoverability test, we compare the expected future cash flows of a store to the carrying amount of its assets. Significant judgment is used to estimate future cash flows. Major assumptions that contribute to our future cash flow projections include expected sales, gross profit and distribution expenses; expected costs such as payroll, occupancy costs and advertising expenses; and estimates for other significant selling, and general and administrative expenses. Additionally, we take into consideration that certain operating stores are executing specific improvement plans which are monitored quarterly to recoup recent capital investments, such as an acquisition of an independent pharmacy, which we have made to respond to specific competitive or local market conditions, or have specific programs tailored towards a specific geography or market.

We recorded impairment charges of $137.1 million in fiscal 2023, $150.8 million in fiscal 2022 and $46.3 million in fiscal 2021. We recorded impairment charges of $59.6 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, $99.4 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 and $31.1 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. Our methodology for recording impairment charges has been consistently applied in the periods presented.

As of March 4, 2023, approximately $717.2 million of our long-lived assets, including intangible assets, were associated with 2,309 active operating stores. Additionally, we have approximately $2.3 billion of operating lease right-of-use assets associated with the active stores.

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If an operating store’s estimated future undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to cover its carrying value, its carrying value is reduced to fair value based on its estimated future discounted cash flows. The discount rate is commensurate with the risks associated with the recovery of a similar asset. Operating lease right-of-use assets are included within the stores’ asset groups. We obtain fair values of these right-of-use assets based on real estate market data.

An impairment charge is recorded in the period that the store does not meet its original return on investment and/or has an operating loss for the last two years and its projected cash flows do not exceed its current asset carrying value. The amount of the impairment charge is the entire difference between the current carrying asset value and the estimated fair value of the assets using discounted future cash flows.

We recorded impairment charges for active stores of $13.6 million in fiscal 2023, $56.2 million in fiscal 2022 and $29.8 million in fiscal 2021.

We review key performance results for active stores on a quarterly basis and approve certain stores for closure. Impairment for closed stores, if any (many stores are closed on lease expiration), is recorded in the quarter the closure decision is approved. Closure decisions are made on an individual store or regional basis considering all of the macroeconomic, industry and other factors, in addition to the operating store’s individual operating results. We recorded impairment charges for closed facilities of $123.5 million in fiscal 2023, $94.6 million in fiscal 2022 and $16.5 million in fiscal 2021.

The following table summarizes the impairment charges and number of locations, segregated by closed facilities and active stores that have been recorded in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021:

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The primary drivers of our impairment charges are each store’s current and historical operating performance and the assumptions that we make about each store’s operating performance in future periods. Projected cash flows are updated based on the next year’s operating budget which includes the qualitative factors noted above. We are unable to predict with any degree of certainty which individual stores will fall short or exceed future operating plans. Accordingly, we are unable to describe future trends that would affect our impairment charges, including the likely stores and their related asset values that may fail their recoverability test in future periods.

To the extent that actual future cash flows may differ from our projections materially, certain stores that are either not impaired or partially impaired in the current period may be further impaired in future periods. A 50 and 100 basis point decrease in our future sales assumptions as of March 4, 2023 would have resulted in 8 and 17, respectively, additional stores being subjected to our impairment analysis.

Facility Exit Charges: We calculate our liability for closed stores on a store-by-store basis. The calculation for stores where the remaining lease term exceeds one year includes the ancillary costs from the date of closure to the end of the remaining lease term. We evaluate these assumptions each quarter and adjust the liability accordingly. We assess stores and distribution centers for potential closure and relocation. Decisions to close or relocate stores or distribution centers in future periods would result in lease exit costs and inventory liquidation charges, as well as impairment of assets at these locations.

In fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded facility exit charges of $74.3 million, $29.4 million, and $12.1 million, respectively.

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges

In connection with the restructuring initiatives previously announced on March 16, 2020, we rebranded our EnvisionRxOptions and MedTrak subsidiaries to its new brand name, Elixir. These trademarks qualify as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Upon the implementation of the rebranding initiatives during the first quarter of fiscal 2021, we have determined that the carrying value exceeded the fair value and consequently we incurred an impairment charge of $29.9 million for these trademarks, which is included within goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges within the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

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In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, we completed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment and determined after evaluating the results, events and circumstances, that sufficient evidence existed to assert that it is more likely than not that the fair values of the reporting units exceeded their carrying values. Therefore, no goodwill impairment charge was recorded for the fiscal year ended February 27, 2021.

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In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, we completed a qualitative goodwill impairment assessment, at which time it was determined after evaluating results, events and circumstances that a quantitative assessment was necessary for the Pharmacy Services Segment. The quantitative assessment concluded that the carrying amount of the Pharmacy Services Segment exceeded its fair value principally due to a decrease in Adjusted EBITDA that was driven by commercial and Medicare Part D business compression due to industry consolidation, an increase in the medical loss ratio at Elixir Insurance, and a decision to exit our rebate aggregation business. This resulted in goodwill impairment charges of $229.0 million for the fiscal year ended February 26, 2022.

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In the second quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed a qualitative goodwill impairment assessment, at which time it was determined after evaluating results, events, and circumstances that a quantitative assessment was necessary for the Pharmacy Services Segment. The quantitative assessment concluded that the carrying amount of the Pharmacy Services Segment exceeded its fair value principally due to an update to our preliminary fiscal 2024 and beyond forecasted revenue driven by current updates in the estimate of lives for calendar year 2023 based on the latest estimates of existing

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client retention for 2023, the latest selling season and EI bid results and other business factors which only became evident during the second quarter. This resulted in goodwill impairment charges of $252.2 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2023.

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In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed a qualitative goodwill impairment assessment, at which time it was determined after evaluating results, events, and circumstances that a quantitative assessment was necessary for the Pharmacy Services Segment. The quantitative assessment concluded that the carrying amount of the Pharmacy Services Segment exceeded its fair value principally due to downward macroeconomic pressure during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 which manifested in increased interest rates, increased cost of borrowing and a decrease of industry multiples. The market factors that drove the goodwill impairment charges of $119.0 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 were not known in prior quarters.

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Interest Expense

In fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, interest expense was $224.4 million, $191.6 million and $201.4 million, respectively.

The annual weighted average interest rates on our indebtedness in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 7.2%, 5.6% and 5.4%, respectively.

Income Taxes–Continuing Operations

Income tax benefit of $6.5 million, $3.8 million and $20.2 million, has been recorded for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net loss for fiscal 2023 included a provision for income tax based on an overall tax rate of 0.9%, which was net of adjustments to maintain a full valuation allowance for federal deferred tax assets as well as the majority of our state deferred tax assets. These assets may not be realized based on our most recent assessment that it is more likely than not that sufficient taxable income may not be generated to realize the tax benefits of our net deferred tax assets.

Net loss for fiscal 2022 included a provision for income tax based on an overall tax rate of 0.7%, which was net of adjustments to maintain a full valuation allowance for federal deferred tax assets as well as the majority of our state deferred tax assets. These assets may not be realized based on our most recent assessment that it is more likely than not that sufficient taxable income may not be generated to realize the tax benefits of our net deferred tax assets.

ASC 740, “Income Taxes” requires a company to evaluate its deferred tax assets on a regular basis to determine if a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets is required. We take into account all available positive and negative evidence with regard to the recognition of a deferred tax asset including our past earnings history, expected future earnings, the character and jurisdiction of such earnings, unsettled circumstances that, if unfavorably resolved, would adversely affect recognition of a deferred tax asset, carryback and carryforward periods and tax planning strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of realization of a deferred tax asset. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the existence of sufficient taxable income generated in the carryforward periods. Accordingly, changes in the valuation allowance from period to period are included in the tax provision in the period of change.

We maintained a valuation allowance of $1,649.2 million, $1,822.7 million and $1,657.6 million against remaining net deferred tax assets at fiscal year-end 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Our ability to utilize the losses and credits to offset future taxable income may be deferred or limited significantly if we were to experience an “ownership change” as defined in section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). In general, an ownership change will occur if there is a cumulative change in ownership of our stock by “5-percent shareholders” (as defined in the Code) that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. We determined that no ownership change has occurred for purposes of Section 382 for the period ended March 4, 2023. It is important to note, that the limitation that would be created upon an ownership change would only apply to income earned after the event that caused the ownership change.

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On August 16, 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which, among other things, implemented a 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. Based on our current analysis of the provisions, we do not believe that this legislation will have a material impact on our financial statements.

Dilutive Equity Issuances

On March 4, 2023, 56.6 million shares of common stock, which includes unvested restricted shares, were outstanding and an additional 0.5 million shares of common stock were issuable related to outstanding stock options.

On March 4, 2023, our 0.5 million shares of potentially issuable common stock consisted of the following (shares in thousands):

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Segment Analysis

We evaluate the Retail Pharmacy and Pharmacy Services Segments’ performance based on revenue, gross profit, and Adjusted EBITDA. The following is a reconciliation of our segments to the consolidated financial statements:

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Retail Pharmacy Segment Results of Continuing Operations

Revenues and Other Operating Data

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Revenues

Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022: The 1.7% increase in revenue was due primarily to an extra week in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 and an increase in both acute and maintenance prescriptions, partially offset by a reduction in COVID-19 vaccine and testing revenue as well as store closures. Same store sales trends for fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022 are described in the following paragraphs. We include in same store sales all stores that have been open at least one year except stores in liquidation, which are not included. Relocation stores are not included in same store sales until they have been open for one year.

Pharmacy same store sales increased 9.1%. Pharmacy same store sales were positively impacted by an increase of 3.5% in same store prescription count, adjusted to 30-day equivalents, compared to the prior year driven primarily by an increase in same store prescriptions, excluding COVID immunizations and tests, of 6.9%, with same store maintenance prescriptions increasing 5.9% and other same store acute prescriptions increasing 10.1%.

Front-end same store sales increased 1.1%. Front-end same stores sales, excluding cigarettes and tobacco products, increased 1.6% driven by increases in health and consumable products, partially offset by decreases in alcohol sales.

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Costs and Expenses

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Gross Profit and Cost of Revenues

Gross profit decreased by $327.2 million in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022. The decrease in gross profit was driven by the decline in COVID vaccinations and testing, partially offset by the increase in prescriptions sold.

Overall gross margin was 24.7% for fiscal 2023 compared to 27.0% in fiscal 2022. The decline in gross margin as a percentage of revenues is due primarily to the reductions in COVID vaccinations and testing.

We use the LIFO method of inventory valuation, which is determined annually when inflation rates and inventory levels are finalized. Therefore, LIFO costs for interim period financial statements are estimated. The LIFO charge for fiscal 2023 was $53.0 million compared to a LIFO charge of $1.3 million in fiscal 2022. The LIFO charge for fiscal 2023 is due to higher front-end inflation in the current year.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A decreased $112.6 million due primarily to lower payroll, occupancy, and other operating costs due to store closures and cost control initiatives, partially offset by an extra week. SG&A as a percentage of revenue was 25.6% in fiscal 2023 compared to 26.6% in fiscal 2022. The decrease is due primarily to the items noted above.

Pharmacy Services Segment Results of Operations

Revenues and Other Operating Data

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Revenues

Pharmacy Services Segment revenues decreased $800.8 million in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022. Approximately $198.0 million of the decline was primarily the result of a decrease in Elixir Individual Part D Insurance membership due to a change in the Company’s pricing structure and approximately $166.0 million of the decline was due to a loss of a large commercial client. The remaining decline was driven by the loss of revenue from smaller commercial clients, partially offset by increased utilization and higher cost drugs.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 contains several provisions affecting Medicare, which will take effect over various periods of time from 2023 to 2029. Based on our current analysis of the provisions, we do not believe that this legislation will have a material impact on our financial statements.

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Costs and Expenses

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