Bonso Electronics International (BNSOF) 20-F2021 FY Annual report (foreign)

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

OR

OR

OR

Commission File Number: 0-17601

BONSO ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

British Virgin Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 

Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre,
9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui
Kowloon, Hong Kong

(Address of principal executive offices) 

Albert So, Chief Financial Officer
Tel: (852) 2605-5822 Fax: (852) 2691-1724
Email: albert@bonso.com
Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre,
9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui
Kowloon, Hong Kong

(Name, Telephone, email and/or fax number and address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

COMMON STOCK, PAR VALUE $0.003

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None.

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

5,828,205 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value, at March 31, 2021 (including 971,018 shares that are held in treasury)

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Yes [_] No [X]

If the report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes [_] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company.

Large Accelerated Filer [_] Accelerated Filer [_] Non-accelerated filer [X] Emerging Growth Company  [_]

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. [_]

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the Registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 [_] Item 18 [_]

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.)

Yes [_] No [X]

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements. A forward-looking statement is a projection about a future event or result, and whether the statement comes true is subject to many risks and uncertainties. These statements often can be identified by the use of terms such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate” or “continue,” or the negative thereof. The actual results or activities of the Company will likely differ from projected results or activities of the Company as described in this Annual Report, and such differences could be material.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results and performance of the Company to be different from any future results, performance and achievements expressed or implied by these statements. In other words, our performance might be quite different from what the forward-looking statements imply. You should review carefully all information included in this Annual Report.

You should rely only on the forward-looking statements that reflect management's view as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly revise or update these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances. You should also carefully review the risk factors described in other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Private Securities Reform Act of 1995 contains a safe harbor for forward-looking statements on which the Company relies in making such disclosures. In connection with the “safe harbor,” we are hereby identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” under Item 3. – “Key Information.”

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND CURRENCY PRESENTATION

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and publish our financial statements in United States Dollars.

REFERENCES

In this Annual Report, “China” refers to all parts of the People's Republic of China other than the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. The terms “Bonso,” “we,” “our,” “us,” “the Group” and the “Company” refer to Bonso Electronics International Inc. and, where the context so requires or suggests, our direct and indirect subsidiaries. References to “dollars,” “U.S. Dollars” or “US$” are to United States Dollars, “HK$” are to Hong Kong Dollars, “Euros” or “euro” are to the European Monetary Union's Currency and “RMB” are to Chinese Renminbi.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors

Not Applicable to Bonso. 

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not Applicable to Bonso. 

Item 3. Key Information 

The selected consolidated financial data as of March 31, 2020 and 2021 and for each of the three fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are derived from the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report. 

The Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and expressed in United States Dollars. The selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and for each of the two fiscal years in the period ended March 31, 2017 and 2018, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated financial data is qualified in its entirety by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in the F pages of this Annual Report and Item 5. – “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included in this Annual Report.

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

Statement of Operations Data

(in 000s US$ except for shares and per share data)

⁽¹⁾ Certain amounts in the statement of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

⁽²⁾ The diluted net earnings / (loss) per share was the same as the basic net earnings / (loss) per share for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 as all potential common shares, including the stock options, are anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net earnings / (loss) per share.

Balance Sheet Data

(in 000s US$ except for shares and per share data)

Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risks, together with all other information included in this Annual Report. The realization of any of the risks described below could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future prospects.

Political, Legal, Economic and Other Uncertainties of Operations in China and Hong Kong 

Changes in international trade or investment policies and barriers to trade or investment, and the ongoing geopolitical conflict, may have an adverse effect on our business and expansion plans, and could lead to the delisting of our securities from U.S. exchanges and/or other restrictions or prohibitions on investing in our securities. In recent years, international market conditions and the international regulatory environment have been increasingly affected by competition among countries and geopolitical frictions. In particular, the U.S. administration has advocated for and taken steps toward restricting trade in certain goods, particularly from China. From 2018 to late 2019, the United States announced several tariff increases that applied to products imported from China, totaling over US$550 billion. By the end of 2019, the two countries had reached a phase one trade deal to roll back tariffs and suspend certain tariff increases by the United States that were scheduled to take effect from December 2019, and in January 2020, the two sides entered into a formal phase one agreement on trade. The progress of trade talks between China and the United States is subject to uncertainties, and there can be no assurance as to whether the United States will maintain or reduce tariffs, or impose additional tariffs on Chinese products in the near future. Furthermore, in August 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department labelled China as a currency manipulator, which label was officially dropped by the U.S. Treasury Department in January 2020. However, it is uncertain whether the U.S. government may issue any similar announcement in the future. As a result of such announcement, the United States may take further actions to eliminate perceived unfair competitive advantages created by alleged manipulating actions. Changes to national trade or investment policies, treaties and tariffs, fluctuations in exchange rates or the perception that these changes could occur, could adversely affect the financial and economic conditions in the jurisdictions in which we sell our products, as well as our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the United States is considering ways to limit U.S. investment portfolio flows into China. For example, in May 2020, under pressure from U.S. administration officials, the independent Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board suspended its implementation of plans to change the benchmark of one of its retirement asset funds to an international index that includes companies in emerging markets, including China. China-based companies, including us and our related entities, may become subject to executive orders or other regulatory actions that may, among other things, prohibit U.S. investors from investing in these companies and delist the securities of these companies from U.S. exchanges. As a result, U.S. and certain other persons may be prohibited from investing in the securities of our company or our related entities, whether or not they are listed on U.S. exchanges. For example, in November 2020, the U.S. administration issued U.S. Executive Order 13959, prohibiting investments by any U.S. persons in publicly traded securities of certain Chinese companies that are deemed owned or controlled by the Chinese military. In May 2021, the American depositary shares of China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom were delisted from the NYSE to comply with this executive order. In June 2021, the U.S. administration expanded the scope of the executive order to Chinese defense and surveillance technology companies. Geopolitical tensions between China and the United States may intensify and the United States may adopt even more drastic measures in the future.

China and other countries have retaliated and may further retaliate in response to new trade policies, treaties and tariffs implemented by the United States. For instance, in response to the tariffs announced by the United States, in 2018 and 2019, China announced it would stop buying U.S. agricultural products and imposed tariffs on over US$185 billion worth of U.S. goods. Although China subsequently granted tariff exemptions for certain U.S. products as a result of trade talks and the phase one trade deal agreed with the United States, it is uncertain whether there will be any further material changes to China’s tariff policies. Any further actions to increase existing tariffs or impose additional tariffs could result in an escalation of the trade conflict, which would have an adverse effect on manufacturing, trade and a wide range of industries that rely on trade, including logistics, retail sales and other businesses and services, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial results.

Additionally, China has issued regulations to give itself the ability to unilaterally nullify the effects of certain foreign restrictions that are deemed to be unjustified to Chinese individuals and entities. The Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”) on January 9, 2021 with immediate effect, provide that, among other things, Chinese individuals or entities are required to report to the MOFCOM within 30 days if they are prohibited or restricted from engaging in normal business activities with third-party countries or their nationals or entities due to non-Chinese laws or measures; and the MOFCOM, following the decision of the relevant Chinese authorities, may issue prohibition orders contravening such non-Chinese laws or measures. Furthermore, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Anti-foreign Sanctions Law, which came into effect on the same day. The Anti-foreign Sanctions Law prohibits any organization or individual from implementing or providing assistance in implementation of discriminatory restrictive measures taken by any foreign state against the citizens or organizations of China. In addition, all organizations and individuals in China are required to implement the retaliatory measures taken by relevant departments of the State Council. Since the aforesaid laws and rules were newly promulgated, there exist high uncertainties as to how such regulations will be interpreted and implemented and how they would affect our business, results of operations or the trading prices of our Shares.

The institution of trade tariffs both globally and between the U.S. and China specifically carries the risk of negatively affecting China’s overall economic condition, which could have a negative impact on us. Furthermore, imposition of tariffs could have a negative impact on our supply chain and on foreign demand for our products and, thus, could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. During the year ended March 31, 2021, approximately 62% of our sales were to customers in the United States.

Trade tensions and policy changes have also led to measures that could have adverse effects on China-based issuers, including legislation in the United States that requires listed companies whose audit reports and/or auditors are not subject to review by the PCAOB to be subject to enhanced disclosure obligations and be subject to delisting if they do not comply with the requirements.

The Market Price For Our Shares Could Be Adversely Affected By Increased Tensions Between The United States and China. Recently there have been heightened tensions in the economic and political relations between the United States and China. On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress issued the Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). This law defines the duties and government bodies of the HKSAR for safeguarding national security and four categories of offences—secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security—and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, into law, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy. On August 7, 2020 the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on eleven individuals, including HKSAR chief executive Carrie Lam. The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions such as those provided in the HKAA is in practice discretionary and highly political, especially in a relationship as extensive and complex as that between the United States and China. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies like Bonso. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of Sino-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our shares could be adversely affected.

It May Be Difficult For Overseas Regulators To Conduct Investigations Or Collect Evidence Within China. Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by our shareholders in protecting their interests.

We Could Face Increased Currency Risks If China Does Not Maintain The Stability Of The Hong Kong Dollar Or The Chinese Renminbi. The Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar have been fixed at approximately 7.80 Hong Kong Dollars to 1.00 U.S. Dollar since 1983. The market exchange rate has not deviated materially from the level of HK$7.80 to US$1.00 since the peg was first established. However, in May 2005, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority broadened the trading band from the original rate of HK$7.80 per U.S. dollar to a rate range of HK$7.75 to HK$7.85 per U.S. dollar. The Hong Kong government has stated its intention to maintain the link at that rate. From 1994 until July 2005, the Chinese Renminbi had remained stable against the U.S. Dollar at approximately 8.28 to 1.00 U.S. Dollar. On July 21, 2005, the Chinese currency regime was altered to link the RMB to a “basket of currencies,” which includes the U.S. Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Korean Won. Under the rules, the RMB was allowed to move 0.3% on a daily basis against the U.S. Dollar. The People's Bank of China, on May 21 2007, widened the RMB trading band from 0.3% daily movement against the U.S. Dollar to 0.5%. Following the removal of the U.S. Dollar peg, the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. Dollar over the following three years.  Since July 2008, however, the RMB has traded within a narrow range against the U.S. Dollar. As a consequence, the RMB has fluctuated significantly since July 2008 against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. Dollar. On June 20, 2010, the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) announced that the government of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) would further reform the RMB exchange rate regime and increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the RMB to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar again, though there have been periods when the U.S. dollar has appreciated against the Renminbi as well. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. As of July 15, 2021, the RMB was valued at 6.4604 per U.S. Dollar. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position and the value of our common shares and any dividends payable to our common shareholders in U.S. Dollars.

The Chinese government in the past has expressed its intention in the Basic Law of the PRC to maintain the stability of the Hong Kong currency after the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to China in July 1997. However, there can be no assurance that the Hong Kong Dollar will remain pegged against the U.S. Dollar. If the current exchange rate mechanism is changed, we will face increased currency risks, which could have a material adverse effect upon the Company.

We Face Significant Risks If The Chinese Government Changes Its Policies, Laws, Regulations Or Tax Structure Or Its Current Interpretations Of Its Laws, Rules And Regulations Relating To Our Operations In China. Our property in Shenzhen and our manufacturing facility in Xinxing are located in China. As a result, our operations and assets are subject to significant political, economic, legal and other uncertainties. Changes in policies by the Chinese government resulting in changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation of laws or regulations, confiscatory taxation, changes in employment restrictions, restrictions on imports and sources of supply, import duties, corruption, currency revaluation or the expropriation of private enterprise could materially and adversely affect us. If the Chinese government does not encourage foreign investment and operations in China, then our business operations in China could be adversely affected. We could even be subject to the risk of nationalization, which could result in the total loss of investment in that country. Following the Chinese government’s policy of privatizing many state-owned enterprises, the Chinese government has attempted to augment its revenues through increased tax collection. Continued efforts to increase tax revenues could result in increased taxation expenses being incurred by us. Economic development may be limited as well by the imposition of austerity measures intended to reduce inflation, the inadequate development of infrastructure and the potential unavailability of adequate power and water supplies, transportation and communications. If for any reason we were required to move our manufacturing operations outside of China, our profitability would be substantially impaired, our competitiveness and market position would be materially jeopardized and we might have to discontinue our operations.

Continuing Economic Weakness May Adversely Affect Our Earnings, Liquidity And Financial Position. The Company’s business has been challenging recently as a consequence of adverse worldwide economic conditions. In particular, there has been an erosion of global consumer confidence from concerns over declining asset values, price instability, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, rising unemployment and the stability and solvency of financial institutions, financial markets, businesses and sovereign nations. These concerns slowed global economic growth and resulted in recessions in many countries, including in the U.S., Europe and certain countries in Asia. The global economic weakness has negatively impacted our operating results since 2008. Overall, the economic outlook is uncertain as a result of concerns about the general global economy and the decreased rate of growth in China and the European Union. Recessionary conditions may return. If negative economic conditions return, a number of material adverse effects on our business could occur and could have a negative impact upon our results of operations. Further, slower overall growth of the Chinese economy may have a material adverse effect upon the Company and its results of operations. Also, portions of the Company’s Xinxing facility are leased out to third parties whose products are sold domestically. Negative economic conditions in China would affect the results of operations of these tenants, which may not be able to pay future rent to the Company in full or on time according to the lease agreements.

The Economy Of China Has Been Experiencing Significant Growth, Leading To Some Inflation and Increased Labor Costs. The economy in China has grown significantly over the past 20 years, which has resulted in inflation and an increase in the average cost of labor, especially in the coastal cities. China’s consumer price index, the broadest measure of inflation, rose 2.42% in June 2014 from the level in June 2013, 1.40% between June 2014 and June 2015, 1.90% between June 2015 and June 2016, 1.50% between June 2016 and June 2017, 1.90% between June 2017 and June 2018, 2.70% between June 2018 and June 2019, 2.50% between June 2019 and June 2020 and 1.1% between June 2020 and June 2021. China’s overall economy and the average wage in the PRC are expected to continue to grow. Continuing inflation and material increases in the cost of labor in China could diminish our competitive advantage. If the government tries to control inflation, it may have an adverse effect on the business climate and growth of private enterprise in the PRC. An economic slowdown may reduce our revenues. If inflation is allowed to proceed unchecked, our costs would likely increase, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to increase our prices to an extent that would offset the increase in our expenses. 

Changes To PRC Tax Laws And Heightened Efforts By China’s Tax Authorities To Increase Revenues Are Expected To Subject Us To Greater Taxes. Since January 1, 2012, our PRC subsidiaries have been subject to a single PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25%. We base our tax position upon the anticipated nature and conduct of our business and upon our understanding of the tax laws of the various administrative regions and countries in which we have assets or conduct activities. However, our tax position is subject to review and possible challenge by taxing authorities and to possible changes in law, which may have retroactive effect. We cannot determine in advance the extent to which some jurisdictions may require us to pay taxes or make payments in lieu of taxes. 

We Face Risks By Operating In China Because The Chinese Legal System Relating To Foreign Investment And Foreign Operations Such As Bonso’s Is Evolving And The Application Of Chinese Laws Is Uncertain. The legal system of China relating to foreign investments is continually evolving, and there can be no certainty as to the application of its laws and regulations in particular instances. The Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which decided legal cases have little precedential value. In 1979, the Chinese government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. Legislation over the past 41 years has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. Enforcement of existing laws or agreements may be sporadic and implementation and interpretation of laws inconsistent. The Chinese judiciary is relatively inexperienced in enforcing the laws that exist, leading to a higher than usual degree of uncertainty as to the outcome of any litigation. Even where adequate law exists in China, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of that law. Further, various disputes may be subject to the exercise of considerable discretion by agencies of the Chinese government, and forces and factors unrelated to the legal merits of a particular matter or dispute may influence their determination. Continued uncertainty relating to the laws in China and the application of the laws could have a material adverse effect upon us and our operations in China.

Controversies Affecting China’s Trade With The United States Could Harm Our Results Of Operations Or Depress Our Stock Price. While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States through its entry into the World Trade Organization, controversies between the United States and China have arisen that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China. These controversies could materially and adversely affect our business by, among other things, causing our products in the United States to become more expensive, resulting in a reduction in the demand for our products by customers in the United States, which would have a material adverse effect upon us and our results of operations. Further, political or trade friction between the United States and China, whether or not actually affecting our business, could also materially and adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Shares.

If Our Factories Were Destroyed Or Significantly Damaged As A Result of Fire, Flood Or Some Other Natural Disaster, We Would Be Adversely Affected. All of our products are manufactured at our manufacturing facilities located in Xinxing, Guangdong, China. Fire-fighting and disaster relief or assistance in China may not be as developed as in Western countries. We currently maintain property damage insurance aggregating approximately $35 million covering our stock in trade, goods and merchandise, furniture and equipment and buildings. We do not maintain business interruption insurance. Investors are cautioned that material damage to, or the loss of, our factories due to fire, severe weather, flood or other act of God or cause, even if insured, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects.

Our Results Could Be Harmed If We Have To Comply With New Environmental Regulations. Our operations create some environmentally sensitive waste that may increase in the future depending on the nature of our manufacturing operations. The general issue of the disposal of hazardous waste has received increasing attention from China’s national and local governments and foreign governments and agencies and has been subject to increasing regulation. Our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected if we were to increase expenditures to comply with any new environmental regulations affecting our operations.

Enforcement Of The Labor Contract Law, Minimum Wage Increases And Future Changes In The Labor Laws In China May Result In The Continued Increase In Labor Costs. On June 29, 2007, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China enacted the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The Labor Contract Law introduces specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probation, consultation with labor union and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance and collective bargaining, which together represent enhanced enforcement of labor laws and regulations. According to the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for 10 consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unlimited term, with certain exceptions. The employer must also pay severance to an employee in nearly all instances where a labor contract, including a contract with an unlimited term, is terminated or expires. In addition, the government has continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations after the Labor Contract Law. Among other things, current annual leave requirements mandate that annual leave ranging from 5 to 15 days is available to nearly all employees and further require that the employer compensate an employee for any annual leave days the employee is unable to take in the amount of three times his daily salary, subject to certain exceptions.  In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these new regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practices do not, or will not, violate the Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations. Between the fiscal years ended March 31, 2010 and 2015, we experienced an increase in the cost of labor caused by the increase in the minimum hourly rate. In accordance with the new minimum wage set by the local authorities, we increased the minimum wage for our labor in Shenzhen from RMB 1,100 (or approximately $162) per month to RMB 1,320 (or approximately $206) per month beginning April 1, 2011. The minimum wage was increased to RMB 1,500 (or approximately $238) per month beginning February 1, 2012. The minimum wage in Shenzhen was increased to RMB 1,600 (or approximately $254) per month beginning March 1, 2013, and later to RMB 1,808 (or approximately $293) per month beginning February 1, 2014. We started hiring workers in our Xinxing factory during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013, and the minimum wage at that time in Xinxing was RMB 1,010 per month (or approximately $160). On May 1, 2015, the minimum wage at Xinxing was increased to RMB 1,210 per month (or approximately $181 per month) and since July 1, 2018, it has been RMB 1,410 (or approximately $213) per month. We believe that increased labor costs in China will have a significant effect on our total production costs and results of operations and that we will not be able to continue to increase our production at our manufacturing facilities without substantially increasing our non-production salaries and related costs. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with the enforcement of the Labor Contract Law, disputes or investigations, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Any future changes in the labor laws in the PRC could result in our having to pay increased labor costs. There can be no assurance that the labor laws will not change, which may have a material adverse effect upon our business and our results of operations.

If We Were To Lose Our Existing Banking Facilities Or Those Facilities Were Substantially Decreased Or Less Favorable Terms Were Imposed Upon Us, The Company Could Be Materially And Adversely Affected. We maintain banking facilities with Hang Seng Bank Limited, which are subject to renewal on an annual basis. We use these banking facilities to fund our working capital requirements. The credit markets in Hong Kong and throughout the world have tightened and experienced extraordinary volatility and uncertainty. We have had discussions with several of our banks and believe that the availability of our banking facilities will continue on terms that are acceptable to us. However, as a result of changes in the capital or other legal requirements applicable to the banks or if our financial position and operations were to deteriorate further, our costs of borrowing could increase or the terms of our banking facilities could be changed so as to impact our liquidity. If we are unable to obtain needed capital on terms acceptable to us, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Risk Factors Relating to Our Business

We face risks related to the outbreak of COVID-19 and other local and global public health emergencies, natural disasters and other catastrophic events. Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of Corona Virus Disease, 2019 (COVID-19), avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the influenza A virus, Ebola virus or other epidemics and outbreaks. Health or other government regulations adopted in response to such emergencies or epidemics, natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, floods or hazardous air pollution, or other catastrophic events may require temporary suspension of part or all operations. Such a suspension could disrupt our business and adversely affect the results of our operations and our financial condition. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact the economy and the business of our customers and suppliers, which would in turn adversely impact our business and our results of operations and financial conditions.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which first emerged in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China in late 2019, has spread worldwide, infecting millions of people and adversely impacting the global economy. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak in China caused us to temporarily close our manufacturing facility and offices in the PRC for two weeks in February 2020. We also experienced limited support from our employees, delayed access to raw material supplies and the inability to deliver products to customers on a timely basis.

The potential downturn brought by and the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak is difficult to assess or predict and the full impact of the virus on our operations will depend on many factors beyond our control. A resurgence of the epidemic in China could negatively impact our business. In addition, the effect of the pandemic in other countries where our customers are located, such as the United States, which accounted for approximately 62% of our revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, could negatively impact sales of our products in those countries. Also, our business operations could be disrupted if we are again instructed to close our manufacturing facility or if any of our employees is suspected of contracting COVID-19, since they could be quarantined and/or our facility be shut down for disinfection. Our supply chain could also be disrupted by the pandemic. The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak will impact our business, results of operations and financial condition remains uncertain. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected to the extent that COVID-19 persists in China and elsewhere or harms the Chinese and global economy in general.

We may also experience negative effects from future public health crises beyond our control. These events are impossible to forecast, their negative effects may be difficult to mitigate and they could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any Limitation On Our Ability to Sell Our Products On Amazon’s Platform Could Have A Material Adverse Impact On Our Business, Results Of Operations, Financial Condition And Prospects. A significant portion of our sales of electronic pet products is through the Amazon marketplace and any change, limitation or restriction, even if temporary, on our ability to operate on Amazon’s platform could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We sell our electronic pet products on Amazon, both directly and through an agent. Both our agent and we are subject to Amazon’s terms of service and various other Amazon seller policies and services that apply to third parties selling products on Amazon’s marketplace. Amazon has the right to terminate or suspend its agreement with us or with our agent at any time and for any reason. Amazon may take other actions against us, such as suspending or terminating a seller account or product listing and withholding payments owed to us or our agent indefinitely. While we endeavor to materially comply with the terms of services of the marketplaces on which we operate, and to provide our consumers with a great experience, we can provide no assurances that these marketplaces will have the same determination with respect to our compliance.

Amazon or any other marketplace on which we choose to sell can make changes to their respective platforms that could require us to change the manner in which we operate, limit our ability to successfully launch new products or increase our costs to operate and such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Examples of changes that could impact us relate to platform fee charges (i.e., selling commissions), exclusivity, inventory warehouse availability, excluded products and limitations on sales and marketing. Any change, limitation or restriction on our ability to sell on Amazon’s platform, even if temporary, could have a material impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Amazon implemented changes to its fulfillment services platform such that certain products deemed non-essential have extended delivery times and Amazon is currently not accepting goods to any of its warehouses that are deemed non-essential. The impact of this change could have a material effect on our revenues, profitability and financial condition.

Our Amazon Sales Are Primarily Effected Through a Sales Agent And Proceeds Of Those Sales Are Collected By The Sales Agent. A significant portion of our Amazon sales is effected through an agent pursuant to an Agency Agreement that entitles the agent to a 13% commission on any Amazon sales made through it, or 12.5% commission if the sales exceed $500,000 in a month. Under the agreement, we deliver our pet products to the agent, who then ships the products, along with other products from the PRC, to Amazon. The agent sells our pet products, and products for other manufacturers, on Amazon through the agent’s Amazon accounts. Amazon fulfills the orders, and the agent remits the Company’s share of the sales proceeds to us. We do not control the agent’s accounts and are dependent upon the agent to forward our share of the net sales proceeds to us. If the agent were to fail to remit our share of the net sales proceeds to us, we would be forced to take legal action to obtain our share of the net sales proceeds.

We Depend Upon Our Largest Customers For A Significant Portion Of Our Sales Revenue, And We Cannot Be Certain That Sales To These Customers Will Continue. If Sales To These Customers Do Not Continue, Then Our Sales Revenue Will Decline And Our Business Will Be Negatively Impacted. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, our top three customers accounted for 36% of our revenue. Those same three customers accounted for 38% and 59% during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We do not enter into long-term contracts with our customers but manufacture based upon purchase orders and therefore cannot be certain that sales to these customers will continue. The loss of any of our three largest customers would have a material negative impact on our sales revenue and our business. There can be no assurance that we would be able to compensate for the loss of any of these major customers.

Defects In Our Products Could Impair Our Ability To Sell Our Products Or Could Result In Litigation And Other Significant Costs. Detection of any significant defects in our products may result in, among other things, delay in time-to-market, loss of market acceptance and sales of our products, diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation or increased warranty costs. Because our products are complex, they may contain defects that cannot be detected prior to shipment. These defects could harm our reputation, which could result in significant costs to us and could impair our ability to sell our products. The costs we may incur in correcting any product defects may be substantial and could decrease our profit margins.

Since certain of our products are used in applications that are integral to our customers’ businesses, errors, defects or other performance problems could result in financial or other damages to our customers, which would likely result in adverse effects upon our business with these customers. If we were involved in any product liability litigation, even if it were unsuccessful, it would be time-consuming and costly to defend. Further, our product liability insurance may not be adequate to cover claims.

Our Sales Through Retail Merchants Result In Seasonality, Susceptibility To A Downturn In The Retail Economy And Sales Variances Resulting From Retail Promotional Programs. Many of our customers sell to retail merchants. Accordingly, these portions of our customer base are susceptible to downturns in the retail economy. A greater number of our sales of scales products occur between the months of July and October in preparation for the Christmas holiday. Throughout the remainder of the year, our products do not appear to be subject to significant seasonal variation. However, past sales patterns may not be indicative of future performance.

Our Customers Are Dependent On Shipping Companies For Delivery Of Our Products, And Interruptions To Shipping Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Business And Operating Results. Typically, we sell our products either F.O.B. Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou), and our customers are responsible for the transportation of products from Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou) to their final destinations. Our customers rely on a variety of carriers for product transportation through various world ports. A work stoppage, strike or shutdown of one or more major ports or airports could result in shipping delays materially and adversely affecting our customers, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Similarly, an increase in freight surcharges due to rising fuel costs or general price increases could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Customer Order Estimates May Not Be Indicative Of Actual Future Sales. Some of our customers have provided us with forecasts of their requirements for our products over a period of time. We make many management decisions based on these customer estimates, including purchasing materials, hiring personnel and other matters that may increase our production capacity and costs. If a customer reduces its orders from prior estimates after we have increased our production capabilities and costs, this reduction may decrease our net sales and we may not be able to reduce our costs to account for this reduction in customer orders. Many customers do not provide us with forecasts of their requirements for our products.  If those customers place significant orders, we may not be able to increase our production quickly enough to fulfill the customers’ orders. The inability to fulfill customer orders could damage our relationships with customers and reduce our net sales. 

Pressure By Our Customers To Reduce Prices And Agree To Long-Term Supply Arrangements May Cause Our Net Sales Or Profit Margins To Decline. Our customers are under pressure to reduce prices of their products. Therefore, we expect to experience increasing pressure from our customers to reduce the prices of our products. Continuing pressure to reduce the price of our products could have a material adverse effect upon our business and operating results. Our customers frequently negotiate supply arrangements with us well in advance of placing orders for delivery within a year, thereby requiring us to commit to price reductions before we can determine if we can achieve the assumed cost reductions. We believe we must reduce our manufacturing costs and obtain higher volume orders to offset declining average sales prices. Further, if we are unable to offset declining average sales prices, our gross profit margins will decline, which would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

We Depend Upon Our Key Personnel, And The Loss Of Any Key Personnel, Or Our Failure To Attract And Retain Key Personnel, Could Adversely Affect Our Future Performance, Including Product Development, Strategic Plans, Marketing And Other Objectives. The loss or failure to attract and retain key personnel could significantly impede our performance, including product development, strategic plans, marketing and other objectives. Our success depends to a substantial extent not only on the ability and experience of our senior management, but particularly upon Anthony So, our Chairman of the Board and Andrew So, our Chief Executive Officer. We have key man life insurance on Mr. Andrew So, but not for Mr. Anthony So. To the extent that the services of either Mr. Anthony So or Mr. Andrew So would be unavailable to us, we would be required to obtain another person or persons to perform his duties. We may be unable to employ another qualified person with the appropriate background and expertise to replace either of these persons on terms suitable to us.

Contractual Arrangements We Have Entered Into Among Us And Our Subsidiaries May Be Subject To Scrutiny By The Respective Tax Authorities, And A Finding That Bonso And Its Subsidiaries Owe Additional Taxes Could Substantially Reduce Our Consolidated Net Income And The Value Of Your Investment. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the respective tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and Bonso do not represent an arm’s length price and adjust Bonso’s, or any of its subsidiaries’, income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. Bonso did not consider it necessary to make tax provision in this respect. However, there can be no assurance that the assessment performed by the local tax authorities will result in the same position. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by Bonso or any of its subsidiaries, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities. In addition, the tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our affiliated entities for underpaid taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase or if they are found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

Increased Prices For Raw Materials May Have A Negative Impact Upon Us. The price level of certain raw materials has increased each year since the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016. The price of some of the raw materials fluctuates directly with the price of oil. If oil prices increase in the future, it will likely result in a further increase in the costs of components to us, as well as an increase in our operating expenses, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations.

We May Face An Increased Shortage Of Factory Workers. Currently, we have a sufficient number of factory workers at our Xinxing factory and do not expect a significant labor shortage in the next 12 months. However, there can be no assurance that we will not experience an increased need for workers in China in the future or that we will be able to adequately staff our factory in Xinxing in the future. The inability to adequately staff our factories could have a material adverse impact on production, which could lead to delays in shipments or missed sales. In the event that we have delayed or lost sales, we may need to deliver goods by air at our cost to ensure that our products arrive on time, which would likely result in an increase in air freight costs and vendor fines and could result in missed sales, any of which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and our results from operations.

Recent Changes In The PRC’s Labor Law Could Penalize Bonso If It Needs To Make Additional Workforce Reductions. In June 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC enacted new labor law legislation called the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. It formalizes workers’ rights concerning overtime hours, pensions, layoffs, employment contracts and the role of trade unions.  Considered as one of the strictest labor laws in the world, among other things, this new law requires an employer to conclude an “open-ended employment contract” with any employee who either has worked for the employer for 10 years or more or has had two consecutive fixed-term contracts. An “open-ended employment contract” is in effect a lifetime, permanent contract, which is terminable only in specified circumstances, such as a material breach of the employer’s rules and regulations, or for a serious dereliction of duty. Under the new law, downsizing by 20% or more of each individual entity may occur only under specified circumstances, such as a restructuring undertaken pursuant to China’s Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, or where a company suffers serious difficulties in production and/or business operations. Also, if we lay off more than 20 employees at one time, we have to communicate with the labor union of our Company and report to the District Labor Bureau. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014, we paid severance payments of $1,194,000 for reducing our full workforce in Shenzhen, PRC as we moved our operations to the new factory in Xinxing, and the accumulated provision was approximately $568,000 as of March 31, 2021 (2020: $444,000; 2019: $437,000; 2018: $396,000; 2017: $297,000). This accrued severance payment allowance is reviewed every year. We may incur much higher costs under China’s labor laws if we are forced to downsize again, and accordingly, this new labor law may exacerbate the adverse effect of the economic environment on our financial results and financial condition.

We Face Increasing Competition In Our Industry And May Not Be Able To Successfully Compete With Our Competitors. Our business is in an industry that is becoming increasingly competitive, and many of our competitors, both local and international, have substantially greater technical, financial and marketing resources than we have. As a result, we may be unable to compete successfully with these competitors. We compete with scale manufacturers in the Far East, the United States and Europe. We believe that our principal competitors in the scale market are other original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”), and all companies engaged in the branded, ODM and OEM business. The scale market is highly competitive, and we face pressures on pricing which could result in lower margins. Lower margins may affect our ability to cover our costs, which could have a material negative impact on our operations and our business.

We Are Controlled By Our Management, Whose Interests May Differ From Those Of The Other Shareholders. As of July 15, 2021, Mr. Anthony So, our founder and Chairman, owned or controlled approximately 50.1% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Andrew So, our Chief Executive Officer and President, owned approximately 10.2% of our outstanding shares. Albert So, our Chief Financial Officer, owned approximately 5.6% of our outstanding shares. The record ownership of Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So aggregates 65.8% of the shares entitled to vote. The other directors of the Company own of record 4.8% of the shares entitled to vote. Accordingly, the existing management and directors of the Company can vote in the aggregate 70.6% of the shares entitled to vote. As a result, the current directors and management of the Company are in a position to elect the Board of Directors and, therefore, to control our business and affairs, including certain significant corporate actions such as acquisitions, the sale or purchase of assets and the issuance and sale of our securities. The current directors and management may be able to prevent or cause a change in control of the Company. We also may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us without the current directors’ and management’s consent. The interest of our largest shareholders may differ from the interests of other shareholders. There are no agreements, understandings or commitments among the members of the Board to vote their shares in any specific manner or to vote collectively for or against any matter that may come before the shareholders.

We Have Identified Material Weaknesses In Our Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Which Could, If Not Remediated, Result In Material Misstatements In Our Financial Statements. We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As disclosed in Item 15 – “Controls and Procedures,” we have identified, in conjunction with our independent auditors, certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to our financial closing process, the lack of trained accounting personnel and the failure to enter certain transactions into the accounting records on a timely basis.

A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result of these material weaknesses, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2021, based on criteria set forth by the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have experienced material weaknesses in our internal controls for several years; however, management has been unable to implement effective remediation measures.

As discussed in Item 15, we are developing and intend to implement remediation plans designed to address these material weaknesses; however, the material weaknesses will not be remediated until the necessary controls have been implemented and are determined to be operating effectively. We do not know the specific time frame needed to fully remediate the material weaknesses identified. We cannot assure you that our efforts to fully remediate these internal control weaknesses will be successful or that similar material weaknesses will not recur. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results. 

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Due To Inherent Limitations, There Can Be No Assurance That Our System Of Disclosure And Internal Controls And Procedures Will Be Successful In Preventing All Errors Or Fraud Or In Informing Management Of All Material Information In A Timely Manner. Our disclosure controls and internal controls and procedures may not prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system reflects that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been or will be detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur simply because of error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by circumvention of the internal control procedures. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Management has concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, were ineffective.

There Are Inherent Uncertainties Involved In Estimates, Judgments And Assumptions Used In The Preparation Of Financial Statements In Accordance With U.S. GAAP. Any Changes In Estimates, Judgments And Assumptions Could Have A Material Adverse Effect On Our Business, Financial Position And Results Of Operations. The consolidated financial statements included in the periodic reports we file with the SEC are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP involves making estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets (including intangible assets), liabilities and related reserves, revenues, expenses and income. Estimates, judgments and assumptions are inherently subject to changes in the future, and any such changes could result in corresponding changes to the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and income. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operation.

Compliance Costs With The Securities Laws, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), And Other Regulatory Initiatives Have Increased and May Continue to Increase Our Costs. Changes in corporate governance practices due to the Dodd-Frank Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, changes in the continued listing rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, new accounting pronouncements and new regulatory legislation, rules or accounting changes have increased our cost of being a U.S. public company and may have an adverse impact on our future financial position and operating results. These regulatory changes and other legislative initiatives have made some activities more time-consuming and have increased financial compliance and administrative costs for public companies, including foreign private issuers like us. In addition, any future changes in regulatory legislation, rules or accounting may cause our legal and accounting costs to further increase. In addition, these new rules and regulations require increasing time commitments and resource commitments from our company, including from senior management. This increased cost could negatively impact our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Further, the new rules may increase the expenses associated with our director and officer liability insurance.

Our Operating Results And Stock Price Are Subject To Wide Fluctuations. Our semi-annual and annual operating results are affected by a wide variety of factors that could materially and adversely affect net sales, gross profit and profitability. This could result from any one or a combination of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of results to be expected in any future period, and fluctuations in operating results may also result in fluctuations in the market price of our common stock.

Our Results Could Be Affected By Changes In Currency Exchange Rates. Changes in currency rates involving the Hong Kong Dollar or Chinese Renminbi could increase our expenses. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019 and 2020 our financial results were affected by currency fluctuations, resulting in a total foreign exchange loss of approximately $21,000 and $42,000, respectively. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, our financial results were affected by currency fluctuations, resulting in a total foreign exchange loss of approximately $31,000. Generally, our revenues are collected in United States Dollars and Chinese Renminbi. Our costs and expenses are paid in United States Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars and Chinese Renminbi. We face a variety of risks associated with changes among the relative value of these currencies. Appreciation of the Chinese Renminbi against the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar would increase our expenses when translated into United States Dollars and could materially and adversely affect our margins and results of operations. If the trend of Chinese Renminbi appreciation continues against the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, our operating costs will further increase and our financial results will be adversely affected. In addition, a significant devaluation in the Chinese Renminbi or Hong Kong Dollar could have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations. If we determined to pass onto our customers through price increases the effect of increases in the Chinese Renminbi relative to the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, it would make our products more expensive in global markets, such as the United States and the European Union. This could result in the loss of customers, who may seek, and be able to obtain, products and services comparable to those we offer in lower-cost regions of the world. If we did not increase our prices to pass on the effect of increases in the Chinese Renminbi relative to the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, our margins and profitability would suffer.

Protection And Infringement Of Intellectual Property. We have no patents, licenses, franchises, concessions or royalty agreements that are material to our business. We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or trademarks or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our products is difficult. Our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States. Our failure to adequately protect our proprietary rights may allow third parties to duplicate our products or develop functionally equivalent or superior technology. In addition, our competitors may independently develop similar technology or design around our proprietary intellectual property.

Further, we may be notified that we are infringing patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights owned by other parties. In the event of an infringement claim, we may be required to spend a significant amount of money to develop a non-infringing alternative or to obtain licenses. We may not be successful in developing such an alternative or obtaining a license on reasonable terms, if at all. Any litigation, even without merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Cancellations Or Delays In Orders Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Gross Margins And Operating Income. Sales to our OEM customers are primarily based on purchase orders we receive from time to time rather than firm, long-term purchase commitments. Although it is our general practice to purchase raw materials only upon receiving a purchase order, for certain customers we will occasionally purchase raw materials based on such customers’ rolling forecasts. Further, during times of potential component shortages we have purchased, and may continue to purchase, raw materials and component parts in the expectation of receiving purchase orders for products that use these components. In the event actual purchase orders are delayed, are not received or are canceled, we would experience increased inventory levels or possible write-downs of raw material inventory that could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We Generally Have No Written Agreements With Suppliers To Obtain Components, And Our Margins And Operating Results Could Suffer From Increases In Component Prices. We are typically responsible for purchasing components used in manufacturing products for our customers. We generally do not have written agreements with our suppliers of components. This typically results in our bearing the risk of component price increases because we may be unable to procure the required materials at a price level necessary to generate anticipated margins from the orders of our customers. Prices of components may increase in the future for a variety of reasons. Accordingly, additional increases in component prices could materially and adversely affect our gross margins and results of operations.

We May Encounter Difficulties In Obtaining Approval To Redevelop Our Shenzhen Factory Land, Which Could Adversely Affect Our Growth And Business Prospects. As part of our ongoing business strategy we intend to focus our efforts on redeveloping our Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex containing retail space, office space and some residential space. We anticipate that it will take several years to obtain all necessary governmental approvals for us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory, and we think it is likely that we will obtain the necessary approvals. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain all requisite permits and approvals from relevant government authorities in relation to the redevelopment of the land, and the development of the commercial complex. Our planned real estate project is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including without limitation the following:

We signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen--Shenzhen Fangda Property Development Company Limited (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory in November 2017, and we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda in July 2018. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project, including facilitating the obtaining of necessary governmental approvals. There were changes in the local district planning and regulations, and we currently anticipate completing the approval process in 2022; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If we are not successful in the implementation of our property development project, our growth, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We May Not Have Adequate Financing, Whether Through Bank Loans Or Other Arrangements, To Fund The Redevelopment Of Our Shenzhen Factory Site, And Capital Resources May Not Be Available On Commercially Reasonable Terms, Or At All. Although we have entered into an agreement for redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory under which Fangda will bear the costs of redevelopment, there can be no assurance that Fangda will have the funds available to redevelop the Shenzhen factory. If Fangda either does not have sufficient available capital or is unwilling to bear the costs of redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory, we will be required to undertake the redevelopment. Property development is capital intensive, and we do not currently have the necessary capital to fund the redevelopment project. If it were to be necessary, we would finance our property redevelopment from our cash on hand, bank facilities and other sources. We cannot assure you that lenders will grant us sufficient financing in the future to fully fund the redevelopment project or that funding will be available from other sources. Further, the financing policies of the PRC government relating to the property development sector have varied. It is possible that the PRC government may further tighten financing policies on PRC financial institutions for the property development sector. These property-related financing policies may limit our ability and flexibility to use bank borrowings to finance our property redevelopment project.

Fangda or We May Fail To Obtain, Or Experience Material Delays In Obtaining, Requisite Certificates, Licenses, Permits Or Governmental Approvals For Redevelopment Of Our Shenzhen Factory, And As A Result Our Redevelopment Plans, Business, Results Of Operations And Financial Condition May Be Materially And Adversely Affected. Property development in the PRC is heavily regulated. Property developers in China must abide by various laws and regulations, including implementation rules promulgated by local governments to enforce these laws and regulations. During various stages of our property redevelopment project, we/Fangda will be required to obtain and maintain various certificates, licenses, permits and governmental approvals, including but not limited to qualification certificates, land use rights certificates, construction land planning permits, construction works planning permits, construction works commencement permits, pre-sale permits and completion certificates. Before the government authorities issue any certificate, license or permit, we/Fangda must also meet specific conditions. We cannot assure you that we/Fangda will be able to adapt to new PRC land policies that may come into effect from time to time with respect to the property development industry or that we/Fangda will not encounter other material delays or difficulties in fulfilling the necessary conditions to obtain all necessary certificates, licenses or permits for our property development in a timely manner, or at all, in the future. If we/Fangda fail to obtain or encounter significant delays in obtaining the necessary certificates, licenses or permits we will not be able to continue with our redevelopment plans, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our Income From The Rental and Management Segment Has Dropped Due To The Termination Of The Lease Agreement For Rental Of Our Shenzhen Factory. Previously, we derived a majority of our rental income from the rental of our Shenzhen factory facility. That lease was terminated as at January 31, 2019. The Company has leased out part of the Shenzhen factory to a third party from April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022. Assuming appropriate governmental approvals are obtained, of which there can be no assurance, development of the Shenzhen factory site is expected to begin in early 2023. It will be several years before development is completed and before we will have any revenues relating to the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory property. During that time there will not be rents generated from our Shenzhen factory facility, other than from the above-mentioned lease. However, we believe that we will have sufficient cash reserves plus cash flow from the rental of factory space at Xinxing and from manufacturing for our operations to continue and to meet the Company’s liquidity requirements.

We Have Not Paid Dividends Since 2007 And May Not Pay Dividends In The Future. We have not paid dividends on our common stock since 2007, and we may not be able to declare dividends, or the Board of Directors may decide not to declare dividends, in the future. We will determine the amounts of any dividends when and if they are declared, in the future at the time of declaration.

Certain Legal Consequences of Foreign Incorporation and Operations

Judgments Against The Company And Management May Be Difficult To Obtain Or Enforce. We are a holding corporation organized as an International Business Company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”), and our principal operating subsidiaries are organized under the laws of Hong Kong and the laws of the PRC. Our principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong and the PRC. Outside the United States, it may be difficult for investors to enforce judgments obtained against us in actions brought in the United States, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws. In addition, most of our officers and directors reside outside the United States, and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against the Company or these persons judgments predicated upon the liability provisions of United States federal securities laws. Our Hong Kong counsel and our British Virgin Islands counsel have advised that there is substantial doubt as to the enforceability against us or any of our directors or officers in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts in claims for liability based on the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws.

No treaty exists between Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. However, the courts of Hong Kong and the British Virgin Islands are generally prepared to accept a foreign judgment as evidence of a debt due. An action may then be commenced in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands for recovery of this debt. A Hong Kong or British Virgin Islands court will only accept a foreign judgment as evidence of a debt due if:

Enforcement of a foreign judgment in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands may also be limited or affected by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, arrangement and moratorium, or similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally, and will be subject to a statutory limitation of time within which proceedings may be brought.

In the PRC, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedure Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of PRC Civil Procedure Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the British Virgin Islands that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedure Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the British Virgin Islands.

Because We Are Incorporated In The British Virgin Islands, You May Not Have The Same Protections As Shareholders Of U.S. Corporations. We are organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Principles of law relating to matters affecting the validity of corporate procedures, the fiduciary duties of our management, directors and controlling shareholders and the rights of our shareholders differ from, and may not be as protective of shareholders as, those that would apply if we were incorporated in a jurisdiction within the United States. Our directors have the power to take certain actions without shareholder approval, including amending our Memorandum or Articles of Association, which are the terms used in the British Virgin Islands for a corporation’s charter and bylaws, respectively, and approving certain fundamental corporate transactions, including reorganizations, certain mergers or consolidations and the sale or transfer of assets. In addition, there is doubt that the courts of the British Virgin Islands would enforce liabilities predicated upon United States federal securities laws.

Future Issuances Of Preference Shares Could Materially And Adversely Affect The Holders Of Our Common Shares Or Delay Or Prevent A Change Of Control. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide the ability to issue an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in four classes. While no preferred shares are currently issued or outstanding, we may issue preferred shares in the future. Future issuance of preferred shares could materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common shares, dilute the common shareholders’ holdings or delay or prevent a change of control.

Our Shareholders Do Not Have The Same Protections Or Information Generally Available To Shareholders Of U.S. Corporations Because The Reporting Requirements For Foreign Private Issuers Are More Limited Than Those Applicable To Public Corporations Organized In The United States. We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). We are not subject to certain provisions of the Exchange Act applicable to United States public companies, including: the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K, the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations with respect to a security registered under the Exchange Act and the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction (i.e., a purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the issuer’s equity securities within six months or less). Because we are not subject to these rules, our shareholders are not afforded the same protections or information generally available to investors in public companies organized in the United States.

Our Board’s Ability To Amend Our Charter Without Shareholder Approval Could Have Anti-Takeover Effects That Could Prevent A Change In Control. As permitted by the laws of the British Virgin Islands, our Memorandum and Articles of Association may be amended by our Board of Directors without shareholder approval. This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock. Our Board’s ability to amend our charter documents without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of Bonso, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the current market price.

Item 4. Information on the Company

History and Development of the Company

Bonso Electronics International Inc. was formed on August 8, 1988 as a limited liability International Business Company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands under the name “Golden Virtue Limited.” On September 14, 1988, we changed our name to Bonso Electronics International Inc. We operate under the BVI Business Companies Act.

For a description of our current operating subsidiaries, see “Organizational Structure,” below.

Our corporate administrative offices are located at Cragmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands and corporate administrative matters are conducted through our registered agent, Harneys Corporate Services Limited, located at P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Our principal executive offices are located at Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre, 9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Our telephone number is (852) 2605-5822, our facsimile number is (852) 2691-1724, our e-mail address is info@bonso.com and our website is www.bonso.com.

Organizational Structure

We have two wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiaries, Bonso Electronics Limited (“BEL”) and Bonso Advanced Technology Limited (“BATL”). BEL and BATL are responsible for the design, development, manufacture and sale of our products.

BEL has one active Hong Kong subsidiary, Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”). BIL was organized under the laws of Hong Kong and has been used to acquire and hold our investment properties in Hong Kong and China.

BEL also has one active PRC subsidiary, Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”), which is organized under the laws of the PRC and was used to manufacture our products until January 2014. BESCL leased its factory to a third party from August 2013 to August 2019; however, the tenant terminated the lease as at January 31, 2019, and the Company was unable to lease the factory. Effective with the transfer of manufacturing operations to Xinxing, we ceased manufacturing in this subsidiary. Subject to receiving the necessary governmental approvals, we will commence reconstruction of the existing Shenzhen factory into a high-rise industrial and commercial complex through our agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”), which is described below under “Business Overview.”

BATL has two active PRC subsidiaries, Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”), which is organized under the laws of the PRC and is used to acquire and hold our new manufacturing facility in Xinxing, Guangdong, China, and Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited (“BTL”), in Shenzhen, PRC, which provides product design and distribution services for the Group.

We also have a wholly-owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, Modus Enterprise International Inc. (“MEII”), which owns100% of Modus Pets, Inc. (“MPI”). MPI, which was organized under the laws of the United States in November 2020, will be utilized for selling products through Amazon Marketplace in the USA.

Business Overview

Since inception, Bonso Electronics International Inc. has designed, developed, produced and sold electronic sensor-based and wireless products for private label original equipment manufacturers (individually “OEM” or, collectively, “OEMs”), original brand manufacturers (individually “OBM” or, collectively, “OBMs”) and original design manufacturers (individually, “ODM” or, collectively, “ODMs”).

Since 1989, we have manufactured all of our products in China in order to take advantage of the lower overhead costs and competitive labor rates. From 1989 until 2013, all of our production took place in our Shenzhen factory; however, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013 we began production in our Xinxing factory. We moved all production processes from our Shenzhen factory to the Xinxing factory during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014, and we rented out the old Shenzhen factory to a third party as a source of rental income.

We have two factory properties in China and our business operations are organized based upon the products we offer. Our manufacturing operations are conducted at our factory in Xinxing. We operate in four business segments:

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021:

Our primary business has been the design, development, production and sale of electronic sensor-based scales and pet electronic products. Effective with the transfer of manufacturing operations to our factory in Xinxing we leased our factory in Shenzhen to a third party. This lease marked our entry into the “Rental and Management” business, into which we have been expanding and intend to expand further in the future.

We have engaged consultants to assist us in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals to permit us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space. In July 2017, we signed a letter of intent, and in November 2017, we signed the definitive agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. In July 2018, we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda to modify our approach in obtaining government approvals. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project. The agreement provides that both companies will share the redeveloped property after reconstruction/redevelopment is completed with Bonso holding a 45% interest in the total floor area. However, the final sharing ratio is subject to government approval of the total floor area. Fangda is in the process of obtaining necessary governmental approvals. We expect that Fangda will obtain all necessary approvals by the end of calendar year 2022; however, there can be no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If we are successful in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals for the redevelopment, we believe that the rental income derived from leasing the redeveloped property will be a significant contributing factor to our profit in the future.

In addition, since October 2016 we have leased excess space and equipment in our Xinxing facility to third parties in order to supplement our manufacturing revenues, and in June 2018, we completed construction of two additional buildings at our Xinxing facility that are being leased to third parties. See “Property, Plant and Equipment – China.”

Our principal capital expenditures on property, plant and equipment, including investment property over the last three years are set forth below:

Our capital expenditures include construction-in-progress, leasehold improvement and the purchase of machinery used in the production of certain of our products.

All of the foregoing capital expenditures were financed principally from internally generated funds, except for three motor vehicles purchased with capital leases.

Business Strategy

Management of the Company believes that is in the best interest of the Company and our shareholders to further expand the Rental and Management segment. From 2013 to January 31, 2019, the Company leased its entire Shenzhen facility, consisting of seven buildings for a total of approximately 375,000 square feet, to an unaffiliated third party. The Company, through its partner, Fangda, is currently in the process of applying for the required permits to redevelop the Shenzhen facility into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space, all of which is intended to be leased out. The Company is also leasing an aggregate of approximately 243,000 square feet of its Xinxing facility to unaffiliated third parties and is currently constructing an additional building for lease at that location. Management believes that the Rental and Management segment will increase and constitute a more significant part of our total revenues in the future.

Scales, Pet Electronic Products and Other Segments

Products. Our sensor-based scale products include bathroom, kitchen, office, jewelry, laboratory, postal and industrial scales that are used in consumer, commercial and industrial applications. These products accounted for 66% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, 44% for 2020 and 41% for 2021. We believe that our sensor-based scale products will continue to be a major portion of our scales revenue as we are able to secure orders from our major customers.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013, the Company began to produce certain pet electronic products that are sold to wholesalers and pet shops. The Company also sells its pet electronic products through online platforms including Taobao, Tmall, Alibaba and Amazon. These products accounted for 14% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, 48% for 2020 and 51% for 2021.

We also receive revenue from certain customers for the development and manufacture of tooling and moulding for scales and pet electronic products although most of the tools and moulds that we produce are used by us for the manufacture of our products. We also generate some sales of scrap materials. These revenues accounted for approximately 1% of net sales for each of the last three fiscal years.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net revenue for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021:

Business Strategy – Scales and Pet Electronic Products. With respect to our scales and pet electronic products business, we believe that our future growth depends upon our ability to strengthen our customer base by enhancing and diversifying our products, increasing the number of customers and expanding into additional markets while maintaining or increasing sales of our products to existing customers, and focusing upon the production and sale of higher margin products. Our future growth and our ability to maintain and increase profitability are also dependent upon our ability to control production costs and increase production capacity. Our strategy to achieve these goals is as follows:

Increased Focus upon Manufacturing and Selling Higher Margin Products and the Elimination or Decrease in the Production and Sale of Lower Margin Products. Since 2015 we have focused upon eliminating the production and sale of lower margin products that require the employment of larger numbers of workers and the commitment of substantial resources to carry or stock raw materials and components inventory. In addition, the Company is able to generate a higher margin for its products sold through online platforms where the products are sold directly to the end users without a middleman. With the decrease in the production and sale of lower margin products and increase in the sale of higher margin products, the Company increased its gross profit margin from 21.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, to 32.7% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, 40.5% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, 56.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and 61.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Product Enhancement and Diversification. We continually seek to improve and enhance our existing products in order to provide a longer product life cycle and to meet increasing customer demands for additional features. Our research and development staff is currently working on projects to enhance our existing scale, postal scale/meter and pet electronic products. Further, we are developing certain pet electronic products for distribution into the China market. See “Product Research and Development” and “Competition,” below.

Maintaining and Expanding Business Relations with Existing Customers. We promote relationships with our significant customers through regular communication, including visiting certain of our customers in their home countries and providing direct access to our manufacturing and quality control personnel. This access, together with our concern for quality, has resulted in a relatively low level of defective products. Moreover, we believe that our emphasis on timely delivery, good service and low cost has contributed, and will continue to contribute, to good relations with our customers and increased orders. Further, we solicit suggestions from our customers for product enhancement and when feasible, attempt to develop and incorporate the enhancements suggested by our customers into our products.

Controlling Production Costs. In 1989, recognizing that labor cost was a major factor permitting effective competition in the consumer electronic products industry, we relocated all of our manufacturing operations to China to take advantage of the large available pool of lower-cost manufacturing labor. Continuing this approach and recognizing that labor costs are significantly lower in Xinxing than in Shenzhen, we moved all of our manufacturing from Shenzhen to Xinxing, and there was a reduction in our labor costs as a result. In addition, we have continued to shift production and manufacturing of various parts and components to third party suppliers, including plastic injection molded parts and metal parts. In some cases, we have entered into agreements with third parties in which they lease our equipment and part of our manufacturing facility from us, and then manufacture parts and components that we use in assembling our final products. Those third parties provide the workers and supervisors, and the necessary raw materials. We lease our machinery or equipment, a portion of our dormitory and manufacturing facilities for their workers and supervisory staff and our meals or cafeteria services for the third party’s workers and staff. There are other third-party contractors that utilize their own equipment and their own facilities in manufacturing specific components or parts for us.

We are actively seeking to control production costs by such means as redesigning our existing products in order to decrease material and labor costs, controlling the number of our employees, increasing the efficiency of workers by providing regular training and tools and redesigning the flow of our production lines.

Xinxing Manufacturing Facility. In November 2006, Bonso entered into a land purchase agreement to acquire 133,500 square meters of land use right for future expansion in Xinxing, China. In July 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to sell approximately 23,500 square meters of that land use right, leaving the Company with approximately 110,000 square meters. The office building on the Xinxing site was completed in February 2015, and its leasehold renovations were completed in January 2016. All manufacturing operations have been moved from Shenzhen to Xinxing. We intend to carefully monitor our capacity needs and to expand or reduce capacity as necessary in the future. We are renting excess space in this facility to third parties.

Customers and Marketing. We sell our products primarily in the United States and Europe. Customers for our products are primarily OEMs, OBMs and ODMs, which market the products under their own brand names. We market our products to OEMs, OBMs and ODMs through our sales staff at trade shows, via e-mail and via our website. In addition, we market our pet electronic products to end users worldwide through online platforms. We have made sales through this medium primarily to end users in the United States, Europe and China. We are considering expanding our online sales to include products other than pet electronic products.

Net export sales to customers in the United States and Europe constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company consisted of the following for each of the three years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

We maintain a marketing and sales team of seven people. Also, our experienced engineering teams work directly with our customers to develop and tailor our products to meet the customers’ specific needs. We market our products primarily through a combination of direct contact by our experienced in-house technical sales staff and through trade shows, e-mail and our website. Commission payments of approximately $25,000 were paid to the sales team during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 (2020: $34,000; 2019: $11,000). We hire third-party agents to handle sales and customer service for some of our online selling platforms. Commission payments of approximately $930,000 were paid to agents during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 (2020: $802,000; 2019: 26,000).

Our top customers and their percentage of revenue for the prior three fiscal years are below:

Percent of Revenue– Year ended March 31,

⁽¹⁾ Rental income from this customer ended as of February 2019. 

Component Parts and Suppliers. We are not dependent upon any single supplier for key components. We purchase components for our products primarily from suppliers in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China.

We have taken steps to reduce our exposure to any inability to obtain components by forecasting with an increased buffer rate and placing orders for components earlier to allow for longer delivery lead times. Because of these actions, we do not expect to experience any difficulty in obtaining needed component parts for our products. The price level of certain raw materials has increased each year since the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016.

Quality Control. We have received ISO 9001:2015 certification from BSI Assurance UK Limited. The ISO 9001:2015 certification was awarded to our subsidiary, Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company Limited. ISO 9001 is one of the ISO 9000 series of quality system standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization, a worldwide federation of national standards bodies. ISO 9001 provides a model for quality assurance (and continuous improvement) in product development, manufacturing, installation and servicing that focuses on meeting customer requirements. We have also received certification on the management system for medical devices of ISO13485:2016, which ensures that we have implemented and maintained a quality system for the design and manufacture of medical devices and allows us to develop and manufacture safe and effective medical devices.

The European Union has enacted the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (“RoHS”). RoHS prohibits the use of certain substances, including lead, in certain products. We believe that we are in compliance with RoHS and have a supply of compliant components from suppliers.

The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which are recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from our facility.

Patents, Licenses, Trademarks, Franchises, Concessions and Royalty Agreements. We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong and China for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus.

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and trade secret laws, employee and third-party non-disclosure agreements and other intellectual property protection methods to protect our proprietary rights. There can be no assurance that third parties will not assert infringement or other claims against us with respect to any existing or future products. We cannot assure you that licenses would be available if any of our technology were successfully challenged by a third party, or if it became desirable to use any third-party technology to enhance the Company’s products. Litigation to protect our proprietary information or to determine the validity of any third-party claims could result in a significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not such litigation is determined in our favor.

While we have no knowledge that we are infringing upon the proprietary rights of any third party, there can be no assurance that such claims will not be asserted in the future with respect to existing or future products. Any such assertion by a third party could require us to pay royalties, to participate in costly litigation and defend licensees in any such suit pursuant to indemnification agreements or to refrain from selling an alleged infringing product or service.

Product Research and Development. The major responsibility of the product design, research and development personnel is to develop and produce designs to the satisfaction of, and in accordance with, the specifications provided by the OEMs, OBMs and ODMs. We believe our engineering and product development capabilities are important to the future success of our business. As an ODM, we take specifications that are provided to us by the customer and design a product to meet those specifications. Some of our product design, research and development activities are customer funded and are under agreements with specific customers for specific products. To reduce costs, we conduct our research and development at our facilities in China. We principally employ Chinese engineers and technicians at costs that are substantially lower than those that would be required in Hong Kong. At March 31, 2020, we employed 11 individuals in Hong Kong and China for our engineering staff, who are at various times engaged in research and development.

Competition. The manufacture and sale of electronic sensor-based and wireless products is highly competitive. Competition is primarily based upon unit price, product quality, reliability, product features and management’s reputation for integrity. Accordingly, reliance is placed on research and development of new products, line extensions and technological quality and other continuous product improvement. There can be no assurance that we will enjoy the same degree of success in these efforts in the future. Research and development expenses aggregated approximately $175,000, $213,000 and $229,000 during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

Seasonality. The first calendar quarter of each year is typically the slowest sales period because our manufacturing facilities in China are closed for two weeks for the Chinese New Year holidays to permit employees to travel to their homes in China. In addition, sales during the first calendar quarter of scales products usually dip following the increase in sales during the Christmas season. Throughout the remainder of the year, our products do not appear to be subject to significant seasonal variation. However, past sales patterns may not be indicative of future performance.

Transportation. Typically, we sell products either F.O.B. Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou), which means that our customers are responsible for the transportation of finished products from Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou) to their final destination. Transportation of components and finished products to and from the point of shipment is by truck. To date, we have not been materially affected by any transportation problems. However, transportation difficulties affecting air cargo or shipping, such as an extended closure of ports that materially disrupts the flow of our customers’ products to their destination, mainly the United States and Europe, could materially and adversely affect our sales and margins if, as a result, our customers delay or cancel orders or seek concessions to offset expediting charges they incurred pending resolution of the problems causing the port closures. For products sold through online platforms, the Company ships to customers directly by door-to-door courier services from our factory to customers located in China. For products sold through the Amazon selling platform, goods are supplied to Amazon fulfillment centers, and are shipped by Amazon with Fulfillment by Amazon service.

Government Regulation. We are subject to comprehensive and changing foreign, federal, provincial, state and local environmental requirements, including those governing discharges into the air and water, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances. We believe that we are in compliance with current environmental requirements. Nevertheless, we use hazardous substances in our operations and, as is the case with manufacturers in general, if a release of hazardous substances occurs on or from our properties we may be held liable and may be required to pay the cost of remediation. The amount of any resulting liability could be material.

Foreign Operations. Our products are manufactured at our factory located in China. While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States through its entry into the World Trade Organization, controversies between the United States and China have arisen that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods, including some of the Company’s products, and has indicated a willingness to impose tariffs on imports of other products. Related to this action, certain foreign governments, including China, have instituted retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. goods, and have indicated a willingness to impose additional tariffs on U.S. products. It remains unclear what the U.S. government or foreign governments will or will not do with respect to recent or future tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. A trade war or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact our supply chain and foreign demand for our products and, thus, to have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, the United States accounted for approximately 62% of net export sales of our manufactured products as opposed to 57% and 32% for the years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Sovereignty over Hong Kong reverted to China on July 1, 1997. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, the 1990 Basic Law of Hong Kong, the 1992 United States-Hong Kong Policy Act and other agreements provide some indication of the business climate we believe will continue to exist in Hong Kong. Hong Kong remains a Special Administrative Region (“SAR”) of China, with certain autonomies from the Chinese government. Hong Kong is a full member of the World Trade Organization. It has separate customs territory from China, with separate tariff rates and export control procedures. It has a separate intellectual property registration system. The Hong Kong Dollar is legal tender in the SAR, freely convertible and not subject to foreign currency exchange controls by China. The SAR government has sole responsibility for tax policies, though the Chinese government must approve the SAR’s budgets. Notwithstanding the provisions of these international agreements, we cannot be assured of the continued stability of political, legal, economic or other conditions in Hong Kong. No treaty exists between Hong Kong and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. Accordingly, Hong Kong courts might not enforce judgments predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States, whether arising from actions brought in the United States or, if permitted, in Hong Kong.

Adequacy of Facilities. We believe our manufacturing complex will be adequate for our reasonably foreseeable needs.

Rental and Management Segment

Since 2014, when we leased our Shenzhen manufacturing facility to a third party, we have gradually been developing a rental and management segment of our business. We currently lease approximately 261,000 square feet of space in Xinxing, as well as machinery to third parties for an aggregate gross monthly income of approximately RMB 338,000, or $51,000. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, rental and management income accounted for approximately 7% of our net income. A description of the leases of factory space and equipment that we have entered into is set forth below under “Real Property.”

Real Property. A description of our real properties follows:

Hong Kong. We own a residential property in Hong Kong, which is located at Savanna Garden, House No. 27, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. House No. 27 consists of approximately 2,475 square feet plus a 177 square foot terrace and a 2,308 square foot garden area. The use of House No. 27 is provided as quarters to Mr. Anthony So, the Chairman of the Company.

China. Our Shenzhen factory is located in the DaYang Synthetical Development District, close to the border between Hong Kong and China. This factory consists of one factory building, which contains approximately 186,000 square feet, two workers’ dormitories, containing approximately 103,000 square feet, a canteen and recreation center of approximately 26,000 square feet, an office building consisting of approximately 26,000 square feet and two staff quarters for supervisory employees, consisting of approximately 34,000 square feet, for a total of approximately 375,000 square feet. The Company entered into a rental agreement in June 2013 to rent out the Shenzhen factory to a third party from August 2013 to July 31, 2019. However, in December 2018, the local environmental protection bureau ordered the tenant to cease production of its primary products as a result of the imposition of higher pollution standards resulting from the conversion two years ago of a nearby industrial factory to residential buildings. The tenant terminated the lease agreement as at January 31, 2019 and relocated. The Company has leased out part of the Shenzhen factory to a third party since April 1, 2021.

We have engaged consultants to assist us in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals to permit us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space. In November 2017, we entered into an agreement with Fangda, a property developer in Shenzhen. Fangda has taken over the process to facilitate and obtain the necessary governmental approvals. We anticipate that Fangda will complete the approval process in 2022; however, there can be no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If Fangda is successful in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals for the redevelopment, we believe that the rental income derived from leasing the redeveloped property will be a significant contributing factor to our profit in the future.

In November 2018, the Company paid approximately RMB6,035,000, or approximately $905,000, to a third party for a residential unit in Shenzhen. This unit, namely Unit 302, 5^th Building, Hua Qiang City, is located at Feng Tang Road in Fu Hai, Bao An, Shenzhen. This unit, consisting of 1,354 square feet, is located near our existing Shenzhen factory and is utilized as quarters for the senior officers of the Company during their visits and monitoring of the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory.

We owned two office units in Beijing, namely Units 12 and 13 on the third floor, Block A of Sunshine Plaza in Beijing, China. Unit 12 consists of 1,102 square feet and Unit 13 consists of 1,860 square feet. The two office units were sold in December 2020.

Our Xinxing factory is located in Xinxing High-Tech Industrial Estate, Xinxing, Yunfu City, Guangdong, China. This factory land area is approximately 1,185,000 square feet, with six factory buildings consisting of approximately 421,000 square feet, three dormitories consisting of an aggregate of approximately 86,000 square feet, a canteen consisting of 15,000 square feet and an office building consisting of 50,000 square feet.

The following table summarizes all the rental agreements with respect to portions of our Xinxing factory that we are renting to third parties.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in December 2016 to rent out 957 square feet of an apartment unit in Shenzhen to a third party from December 2016 to November 2018. We received a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 2,800, or approximately $400 under that rental agreement. The rental agreement was renewed up to November 2019 with a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 3,000, or approximately $400. Since the termination of the rental agreement in November 2019, the Company has utilized the apartment as staff quarters.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Item 3. – “Key Information – Selected Financial Data” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Overview

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, we increased revenues from our scales, pet electronic products segments and rental and management segment, as compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

We derive our revenues principally from the sale of sensor-based scales and pet electronic products manufactured in China, which together represent 93% of total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. As mentioned in Item 3. – “Key Information – Risk Factors,” we are dependent upon a limited number of major customers for a significant portion of our revenues. Our revenues and business operation are subject to fluctuation if there is a loss of orders from any of our largest customers. Further, the pricing of our scale products is becoming increasingly competitive, especially to our customers in the United States and Germany, who together contributed approximately 86% of our revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, we derived approximately $1,032,000 of rental and management income from leasing our real properties to third parties.

Net revenue, income/(loss) from operations and net income/(loss) were approximately $9,992,000, ($540,000) and ($463,000), respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, $13,096,000, $362,000 and $398,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and $15,590,000, $1,206,000 and $1,771,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Labor costs per worker are increasing in China. In Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC, the minimum wage was RMB 1,010 (or approximately $160) per month beginning in May 1, 2013, RMB 1,210 (or approximately $181) per month beginning in May 1, 2015, and since July 1, 2018 it has been RMB 1,410 (or approximately $213). We believe that future increases in labor costs in China would have a significant effect on our total production costs and results of operations. Our labor costs represented approximately 12.0% of our total production costs in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, compared to 14.3% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and 14.0% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. Total labor costs decreased from approximately $844,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to $814,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and $715,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The decrease in overall labor costs was the result of increased production efficiency in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2021. There can be no assurance that labor costs will not increase in the future or that any future increase in labor costs will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

We have continued to shift production and manufacturing of various parts and components to third party suppliers, including plastic injection molded parts and metal parts. In some cases, we have entered into agreements with third parties in which they lease our equipment from us, and then manufacture parts and components that we use in assembling our final products. Those third parties provide the workers and supervisors, and the necessary raw materials. We lease our machinery or equipment, our dormitory and manufacturing facilities for their workers and supervisory staff and our meals or cafeteria services for the third party’s workers and staff. There are other third-party contractors that utilize their own equipment and their own facilities in manufacturing specific components or parts for us.

We have not experienced significant difficulties in obtaining raw materials for our products, and management does not anticipate any such difficulties in the foreseeable future. The price of raw materials has increased over each of the last five fiscal years. There can be no assurance that raw material costs will not fluctuate or that any future increase in raw material costs will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

In 2014 we analyzed our product mix and concluded that it would be advisable to eliminate the production and sale of lower margin products that require the employment of larger numbers of workers and the commitment of substantial resources to carry or stock raw materials and components inventory. With the decrease in the production and sale of lower margin products and the increase in sale of higher margin products through online platforms, the Company has increased its gross profit margin from 21.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, to 61.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Operating Results

The following table presents selected statement of operations data expressed in thousands of United States Dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the fiscal years indicated below:

Fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2020

Net Revenue. Our revenue increased approximately $2,494,000, or 19,0%, from approximately $13,096,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $15,590,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase was mainly due to an increase overall demand for our pet electronic products and electronic scales.

The increase in sales revenue from the scales segment was primarily due to an increase in overall demand for scale products.

The revenue increase in the pet electronic products segment was due to an increase demand for our pet products.

The revenue increase in the rental and management segment was due to an increase in factory space leased out.

Gross Profit. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was approximately 61.9% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, as compared to approximately 56.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily the result of an increase in revenue from higher margin products.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $1,445,000, or 19.3%, from approximately $7,479,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $8,924,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in selling expenses relating to promotion and logistics of our products sold through Amazon Marketplace.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net increased by approximately $45,000 or 10.3% from approximately $435,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $480,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily the result of a gain from disposal of two office units in Beijing.

Income / (Loss) from Operations. As a result of the factors described above, income from operations increased by 233.1% from approximately $362,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $1,206,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, Net. Non-operating (expenses) / income, net decreased approximately $85,000 or 236.1% from an income of approximately $36,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to a loss of approximately $49,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in interest income and an increase in foreign exchange loss.

Income Tax Credit. Income tax credit was approximately $614,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 and $nil for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

Net Income / (Loss). As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income increased from net income of approximately $398,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to net income of approximately $1,771,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase in income of approximately $1,373,000, or 345.0%.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, increased from a loss of approximately $985,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to a gain of approximately $1,051,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase of approximately $2,036,000, or 206.7%. The increased foreign currency translation gain, net of tax, was primarily the result of the appreciation of assets denominated in Chinese Yuan as Chinese Yuan appreciated against the United States Dollar.

Comprehensive Income / (Loss). As a result of the factors described above, our comprehensive income increased from a loss of approximately $587,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to a gain of approximately $2,822,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase of approximately $3,409,000, or 580.7%.

Fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2019

Net Revenue. Our revenue increased approximately $3,104,000, or 31.1%, from approximately $9,992,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $13,096,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was mainly related to an increase in revenue generated from online sales of pet electronic products in excess of the decrease in revenue from scales and from the rental and management segment.

The decrease in sales revenue from the scales segment was primarily due to a lower demand for our electronic scales.

The revenue increase in the pet electronic products segment was due to an increased demand for those products sold through online channels.

The revenue decrease in the rental and management segment was due to the termination of the rental agreement with the tenant for our Shenzhen factory as of January 31, 2019.

Gross Profit. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was approximately 56.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, as compared to approximately 39.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily the result of increased sales of pet electronic products with higher margin through online platforms.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $2,874,000, or 62.4%, from approximately $4,605,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $7,479,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in selling expenses relating to promotion and shipping of our products sold through online platforms and an increase in research and development expenses due to an increase in the number of engineers employed.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net increased by approximately $327,000 or 302.8% from approximately $108,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $435,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in government subsidies received during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. Management does not anticipate receiving these increased subsidies in the future.

Income / (Loss) from Operations. As a result of the factors described above, income from operations increased by 167.0% from a loss of approximately $540,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $362,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, Net. Non-operating (expenses) / income, net decreased approximately $41,000 or 53.2% from an income of approximately $77,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to an income of approximately $36,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily the result of increased interest expense due to the increased utilization of bank loans during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $nil for both the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Net Income / (Loss). As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income increased from a net loss of approximately $463,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to net income of approximately $398,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, an increase in income of approximately $861,000, or 186.0%.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, decreased from a loss of approximately $1,113,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to a loss of approximately $985,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of approximately $128,000, or 11.5%. The decreased foreign currency translation loss, net of tax, was primarily the result of the reduced fluctuation in currency exchange for assets denominated in Chinese RMB translated to USD from March 31, 2019 to March 31, 2020.

Comprehensive Income / (Loss). As a result of the factors described above, our comprehensive loss decreased from a loss of approximately $1,576,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to a loss of approximately $587,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of approximately $989,000, or 62.8%.

Impact of Inflation

Although we believe that the impact of inflation on our business was minimal during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 due to the lower price of oil, we believe that inflation did affect our business during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Although the minimum wage in Xinxing, PRC has been stable at RMB 1,410 per month (or approximately $213) since July 1, 2018, we believe that inflation will continue to increase our operating costs and the cost of raw materials and that it will have a significant impact upon us in the future. We have generally been able to modify and improve our product designs so that we could either increase the prices of our products or lower the production costs in order to keep pace with inflation. Oil prices have been volatile in recent years. If oil prices increase, it will likely result in an increase in the cost of components to us, as well as an increase in our operating expenses, which will have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations. Further, the increase in labor costs in 2018 and the increase in other operating costs in the PRC has had a material impact on our profitability.

Taxation

The companies comprising the Group are subject to tax on an entity basis on income arising in, or derived from, Hong Kong and the PRC. The current rate of taxation of the subsidiary operating in Hong Kong is 16.5%. However, BATL, which operates in Hong Kong, is subject to a Hong Kong profits tax rate of 8.25% on its first HKD 2 million of estimated assessable profits and at 16.5% on the remaining estimated assessable profits. The Group is not subject to income taxes in the British Virgin Islands.

The tax rate for our subsidiary in the PRC has been 25% since 2012. There is no tax payable in Hong Kong on offshore profit or on dividends paid to Bonso Electronics Limited by its subsidiaries or to us by Bonso Electronics Limited. Therefore, our overall effective tax rate may be lower than that of most United States corporations; however, this advantage could be materially and adversely affected by changes in the tax laws of the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong or China.

Efforts by the Chinese government to increase tax revenues could result in decisions or interpretations of the tax laws by the Chinese tax authorities that are unfavorable to us and which increase our future tax liabilities or deny our expected refunds. Changes in Chinese tax laws or their interpretation or application may subject us to additional Chinese taxation in the future.

No reciprocal tax treaty regarding withholding taxes exists between the United States and the British Virgin Islands. Under current British Virgin Islands law, dividends, interest or royalties paid by us to individuals are not subject to tax as long as the recipient is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands. If we were to pay a dividend, we would not be liable to withhold any tax, but shareholders would receive gross dividends, irrespective of their residential or national status.

Contractual arrangements we have entered into among us and our subsidiaries in different locations may be subject to scrutiny by respective tax authorities, and a finding against the Company and its subsidiaries may result in additional tax liabilities that could substantially reduce our consolidated net income. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if respective tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and Bonso do not represent an arm’s length price and adjust Bonso’s or its subsidiaries’ income. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase.

Dividends, if any, paid to any United States resident or citizen shareholder are treated as dividend income for United States federal income tax purposes. Such dividends are not eligible for the 50% dividends-received deduction allowed to United States corporations on dividends from a domestic corporation under Section 243 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). Various Internal Revenue Code provisions impose special taxes in certain circumstances on non-United States corporations and their shareholders. You are urged to consult your tax advisor with regard to such possibilities and your own tax situation.

In addition to United States federal income taxation, shareholders may be subject to state and local taxes upon their receipt of dividends.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rates

We sell most of our products to international customers. Our principal export markets are North America (mainly the United States), Europe (mainly Germany) and Asia. Other markets are other European countries (such as the United Kingdom), Australia and Africa. Sales to international customers are made directly by us to our customers. We sell all of our products in United States Dollars and Chinese Renminbi and pay for our material components principally in United States Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars and Chinese Renminbi. Most factory expenses incurred are paid in Chinese Renminbi. Because the Hong Kong Dollar is pegged to the United States Dollar, in the past our only material foreign exchange risk arose from potential fluctuations in the Chinese Renminbi and a devaluation in United States Dollars. For the reasons discussed in the paragraphs below, management believes that it may be possible that there will be some fluctuation in the coming year. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, we experienced a foreign currency exchange loss of approximately $31,000.

A summary of our debts from our banking facilities utilized as at March 31, 2020 and 2021 that were subject to foreign currency risk follows:

The amount above is due within one year.

Fluctuations in the value of the Hong Kong Dollar have not been significant since October 17, 1983, when the Hong Kong government tied the value of the Hong Kong Dollar to that of the United States Dollar. However, there can be no assurance that the value of the Hong Kong Dollar will continue to be tied to that of the United States Dollar. China adopted a floating currency system on January 1, 1994, unifying the market and official rates of foreign exchange. China approved current account convertibility of the Chinese Renminbi on July 1, 1996, followed by formal acceptance of the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement on December 1, 1996. These regulations eliminated the requirement for prior government approval to buy foreign exchange for ordinary trade transactions, though approval is still required to repatriate equity or debt, including interest thereon. From 1994 until July 2005, the Chinese Renminbi had remained stable against the United States Dollar at approximately 8.28 to 1.00 United States Dollar. On July 21, 2005, the Chinese currency regime was altered to link the RMB to a “basket of currencies,” which includes the United States Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Korean Won. Under the rules, the RMB was allowed to move 0.3% on a daily basis against the United States Dollar. The People's Bank of China, on May 21 2007, widened the RMB trading band from 0.3% daily movement against the United States Dollar to 0.5%. On June 20, 2010, the People's Bank of China increased the flexibility of the exchange rate and between June 30, 2010 and December 31, 2013, the value of the Renminbi appreciated approximately 12.0% against the United States Dollar, although the value of the Renminbi depreciated approximately 2.5% against the United States Dollar in 2014. In August 2015, the People's Bank of China changed the way it calculates the mid-point price of Renminbi against the United States Dollar, requiring the market-makers who submit for reference rates to consider the previous day's closing spot rate, foreign-exchange demand and supply as well as changes in major currency rates. As a result, in 2015, the value of the Renminbi depreciated approximately 5.8% against the United States Dollar, and from December 31, 2015 through May 20, 2016, the value of the Renminbi further depreciated approximately 1.1% against the United States Dollar. From May 20, 2016 to July 14, 2017, the value of Renminbi further depreciated approximately 3.5% against the United States Dollar, and from July 2017 to July, 2018 it appreciated by approximately 1.2% against the U.S. Dollar. From July 2018 to July 2019, it depreciated by approximately 2.8% against the U.S Dollar and from July 2019 to July 2020 it depreciated by approximately 1.6% against the U.S. Dollar. From July 2020 to July 2021 it appreciated by approximately 7.5% against the U.S. Dollar. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in greater fluctuations of the Renminbi against the United States Dollar. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the United States Dollar in the future. As of July 15, 2021, the RMB was valued at 6.4604 per U.S. Dollar as compared to 6.9871 per U.S. Dollar as of July 15, 2020.

To manage our exposure to foreign currency and translation risks, we may purchase currency exchange forward contracts, currency options or other derivative instruments, provided such instruments may be obtained at suitable prices.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our growth and cash needs to date primarily from internally generated funds and bank debt. We do not use off-balance sheet financing arrangements, such as securitization of receivables or obtaining access to assets through special purpose entities, as sources of liquidity. Our primary uses of cash have been to fund upgrades to our manufacturing facilities and purchases of equipment and tooling.

Operating activities generated approximately $1,984,000 of net cash for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, as compared to approximately $1,158,000 of net cash for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. This increase in the amount of cash generated by operating activities was primarily attributable to an increase in net income generated by operations.

As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately $10,060,000 in cash and cash equivalents, as compared to approximately $9,111,000 in cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020. Working capital at March 31, 2021 was approximately $7,987,000, as compared to approximately $5,712,000 at March 31, 2020. The increase in working capital was primarily the result of a reduction of bank loans and accounts payable. We believe there are no material restrictions (including foreign exchange controls) on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us in the form of cash dividends, loans, advances or product/material purchases. We believe our working capital is sufficient for our present requirements.

As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately $1,279,000 in net trade receivables, as compared to approximately $811,000 as of March 31, 2020. This increase of approximately $468,000 was primarily attributable to an increase in sales to customers during the year.

As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately $1,097,000 in inventories, as compared to approximately $1,178,000 as of March 31, 2020. This decrease of approximately $81,000 was primarily attributable to reduced raw materials kept in our warehouse.

As of March 31, 2021, we had a total of approximately $597,000 in notes and accounts payable, as compared to approximately $775,000 as of March 31, 2020. The decrease of approximately $178,000 was primarily attributable to earlier payments to suppliers.

As of March 31, 2021, we had in place general banking facilities with one financial institution with amounts available aggregating approximately $5,128,000 (2020: $5,128,000). Such facility includes the ability to obtain overdrafts, letters of credit, short-term notes payable, factoring, short-term loans, long-term loans and financial instruments. As of March 31, 2021, we had utilized approximately $992,000 from this general banking facility. Interest on this indebtedness fluctuates with the prime rate and the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate as set by the Hong Kong Bankers Association. The bank credit facility is collateralized by our bank guarantee, an investment property of the Company and the rental assignment over such property, a life insurance contract and a listed debt instrument. Our bank credit facility is due for renewal annually. We anticipate that the banking facility will be renewed on substantially the same terms and our utilization in the next year will remain at a similar level as that in the current year. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2021, we paid a total of approximately $64,000 and $33,000, respectively, in interest on indebtedness.

Our current ratio increased from 1.93 as of March 31, 2020 to 2.47 as of March 31, 2021. Our quick ratio increased from 1.74 as of March 31, 2020 to 2.27 as of March 31, 2021.

As of March 31, 2021, we expect to spend approximately $1,015,000 on additional construction, leasehold improvements, new machinery and tooling in our Xinxing manufacturing facility in the next twelve months.

We believe that our cash flows from operations, our current cash balance and funds available under our working capital and credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 to 24 months. However, a decrease in the demand for our products or increase in our costs of goods sold or expenses may affect our internally generated funds, and we would further look to our banking facilities, as well as to leasing out of excess space at our Xinxing facility, to meet our working capital demands.

Commitments

The following table sets forth information with respect to our commitments as of March 31, 2021:

For a discussion of interest rates on our notes payable and bank loans, see Item 11. – “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” below.

Critical Accounting Policies

The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements. The SEC has defined the most critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require us to make our most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, our most critical policies include valuation of inventories, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, allowance for expected credit losses and income and deferred income taxes.

Below, we discuss these policies further, as well as the estimates and judgments involved. We believe that our other policies either do not generally require us to make estimates and judgments that are as difficult or as subjective, or it is less likely that they would have a material impact on our reported results of operations for a given period. For a discussion of all our significant accounting policies, see footnote 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Valuation of Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Net realizable value is the price at which inventories can be sold in the normal course of business after allowing for the costs of completion and disposal. The Company continuously reviews slow-moving and obsolete inventory and assesses any inventory obsolescence based on inventory levels, material composition and expected usage as of that date.

Revenue Recognition

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new guidance of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”. Topic 606 requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following steps to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

 Product sales

The Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is derived from product revenue principally from the sales of electronic scales and pet electronic products directly to customers. The Company sells goods to customers based on purchase orders received from the customers. The Company has determined there is one performance obligation for each model included in the purchase orders. The performance obligation is considered to be met and revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally the point at which products are leaving the ports of Hong Kong, Shenzhen or Nansha (Guangzhou), or when risks and rewards are transferred to the customer. The Company did not recognize any revenue from contracts with customers for performance obligations satisfied over time during the year ended March 31, 2021. The timing of revenue recognition is not impacted by the new standard.

The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 119 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled as part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

Return rights

The Company does not generally provide its customers with a right of return or production protection. Each customer is required to perform a product quality check before accepting delivery of goods. The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of the quantity of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which is recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from the Company’s facilities.

During the year ended March 31, 2020, the Company began to sell its products through Amazon’s online platform. Customers purchasing products through Amazon have a 30-day right of return from the date of receipt of the product. The Company recorded a refund liability of approximately $29,000 at March 31, 2021 (2020: $69,000; 2019: $nil) for these expected returns, which was based on the average monthly returns received for Amazon sales.

Value-added taxes and surcharges

The Company presents revenue net of value-added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges incurred. Surcharge are sales related taxes representing the City Maintenance and Construction Tax and Education Surtax. VAT, business taxes and surcharges collected from customers, net of VAT paid for purchases, are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets until these are paid to the tax authorities.

Outbound freight and handling costs

The Company accounts for product outbound freight and handling costs as fulfillment activities and presents the associated costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it sells the product.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from different types of contracts with customers by principal product categories, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See Note 19 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for product revenues by segment.

Contract balances

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of March 31, 2020 or March 31, 2021. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of March 31, 2020 and 2021, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately $12,000 and $317,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, 2021 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, 2021 and all contract liabilities as of the end of the year ended March 31, 2021 are expected to be realized in the following year.

Lease income includes minimum rents which are recognized on an accrual basis over the terms of the related leases on a straight-line basis. Lease revenue recognition commences when the lessee is given possession of the leased space and there are no contingencies offsetting the lessee’s obligation to pay rent. 

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Intangible Assets 

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets calculated using a discounted future cash flows analysis. 

Stock-based Compensation 

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation.” ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided. The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

Trade Receivables and Expected Credit Losses 

Allowance is made against trade receivables to the extent that collection is considered to be doubtful. This allowance is primarily determined from our monthly aging analysis. It also requires judgment regarding the collectability of certain receivables, as certain receivables may be identified as collectible that are subsequently uncollectible and which could result in a subsequent write-off of the related receivable to the statement of operations. Most of the Company’s trade receivables are generally unsecured. To determine the necessity of a provision, the Company analyzes the age of the receivables and the customer’s ability to pay based on past payment history, financial statements and various information of the customer. Any change in the collectability of accounts receivable that were not previously provided for could significantly change the calculation of such provision and the results of our operations.

Income and Deferred Income Taxes 

The Company complies with ASC 740 which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. Only tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold at the effective date may be recognized or continue to be recognized upon adoption of ASC 740. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as a component of income taxes.

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of ASC 740 and ASU 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.” ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets. Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Trend Information

We continue to be dependent upon a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues, and the loss of any of these customers could have a material adverse effect upon us and our results of operationstyle . As of March 31, 2021, our backlog of manufacturing orders was approximately $1,326,000 as compared to approximately $1,328,000 as of March 31, 2020. We expect that the demand for our products in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2022 will be similar to that in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements 

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The new accounting pronouncements in the United States that may be relevant to the Group are as follows:

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities,” ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-17, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-19, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted:

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes”. ASU 2019-12 will simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2019-12, but does not expect it to have a material impact on income taxes as reported in its consolidated financial statements.

In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-10, "Codification Improvements" (“ASU 2020-10”), which improves consistency by amending the Accounting Standards Codification to include all disclosure guidance in the appropriate disclosure sections and clarifies the application of various provisions in the Codification by amending and adding new headings, cross referencing to other guidance, and refining or correcting terminology. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 for public business entities. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2020-10, but does not expect it to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

Directors and Senior Management 

Our Board of Directors and executive officers are listed below: 

ANTHONY SO is the founder of Bonso. He has been our Chairman of the Board of Directors since July 1988. He was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer and President on November 16, 2006, and served in those capacities until March 20, 2015 when Andrew So was appointed President. On March 15, 2019, Mr. Anthony So resigned from the position of Chief Executive Officer. Mr. So received his BSE degree in civil engineering from National Taiwan University in 1967 and a Master degree in Business Administration (“MBA”) from the Hong Kong campus of the University of Hull, Hull, England in 1994. Mr. So has been Chairman of the Hong Kong GO Association since 1986 and also served as Chairman of the Alumni Association of National Taiwan University for the 1993-1994 academic years. Mr. So has served as a trustee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Asia College since 1994.

ANDREW SO joined the Company in August 2009 and has been a director since February 25, 2012. Mr. So currently holds the position of Chief Executive Officer, and has also held the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Board and President since March 20, 2015. Andrew So was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer on March 15, 2019. Mr. So graduated with distinctions in 2008 from the University of Toronto, Canada, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree (BComm). From 2008 to 2009, prior to his employment with the Company, Mr. So worked as a Derivatives Analyst at State Street Trust Company Canada, Toronto, Canada. Mr. So graduated from the MBA Program of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in the Fall of 2014.

ALBERT SO was appointed as the Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of the Company on March 27, 2009. He was appointed Treasurer and Financial Controller of the Company on March 20, 2015. Mr. So was previously employed as the Financial Controller of the Company in January 2008 and as a management trainee of the Company in November 2004. Mr. So has been a director since March 1, 2013. Prior to his employment as a management trainee of the Company, Mr. So was a student. Mr. So is a Certified Management Accountant and Financial Risk Manager, and received a Master degree in Business Administration from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, and a Bachelor degree in Mathematics from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

KIM WAH CHUNG has been a director since September 21, 1994. Mr. Chung has been employed by us since 1981 and currently holds the position of Director of Engineering and Research and Development. Mr. Chung is responsible for all research projects and product development. Mr. Chung’s entire engineering career has been spent with Bonso, and he has been involved in all of our major product developments. Mr. Chung graduated with honors in 1981 from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a Bachelor of Science degree in electronics.

WOO-PING FOK was elected to our Board of Directors on September 21, 1994. Mr. Fok has practiced law in Hong Kong since 1991 and is a Consultant with Messrs. C.K. Mok & Co. Mr. Fok’s major areas of practice include conveyancing and real property law, corporations and business law, commercial transactions and international trade with a special emphasis in China trade matters. Mr. Fok was admitted to the Canadian Bar as a Barrister & Solicitor in December 1987 and was a partner in the law firm of Woo & Fok, a Canadian law firm with its head office in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. In 1991, Mr. Fok was qualified to practice as a Solicitor of England & Wales, a Solicitor of Hong Kong and a Barrister & Solicitor of Australian Capital Territory.

HENRY F. SCHLUETER has been a director since October 2001 and has been our Assistant Secretary since October 6, 1988. Since 1992, Mr. Schlueter has been the Managing Director of Schlueter & Associates, P.C., a law firm, practicing in the areas of securities, mergers and acquisitions, finance and corporate law. Mr. Schlueter has served as our United States corporate and securities counsel since 1988. From 1989 to 1991, prior to establishing Schlueter & Associates, P.C., Mr. Schlueter was a partner in the Denver, Colorado office of Kutak Rock (formerly Kutak, Rock & Campbell), and from 1984 to 1989, he was a partner in the Denver office of Nelson & Harding. Mr. Schlueter is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Colorado and Denver Bar Associations and the Wyoming State Bar. Mr. Schlueter is registered with the Hong Kong Law Society as a Foreign Lawyer.

Anthony So, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors is the father of Andrew So, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and Albert So, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary.

No arrangement or understanding exists between any such director or officer and any other persons pursuant to which any director or executive officer was elected as a director or executive officer. Our directors are elected annually and serve until their successors take office or until their death, resignation or removal. The executive officers serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.

Compensation 

The aggregate amount of compensation paid by us and our subsidiaries during the year ended March 31, 2021 to all directors and officers as a group for services in all capacities was approximately $1,477,000. Total compensation for the benefit of Anthony So was approximately $643,000, for the benefit of Kim Wah Chung was approximately $171,000, for the benefit of Andrew So was approximately $370,000, for the benefit of Albert So was approximately $232,000, for the benefit of Henry F. Schlueter was an aggregate of approximately $60,000, and for the benefit of Woo-Ping Fok was an aggregate of approximately $1,000. One of the properties of the Company in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. Anthony So for his accommodation. The approximately $1,000 listed as having been paid for the benefit of Mr. Fok was paid to a law firm, C. K. Mok & Co., for legal services rendered. The amount for the year ended March 31, 2021 included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000, $11,000, $14,000 and $11,000 for Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Kim Wah Chung, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So, respectively.

We did not set aside or accrue any amounts to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors and officers for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, other than contributions to our Provident Fund Plan, which aggregated $18,000 for officers and directors.

Employment Agreements

We have employment agreements with Anthony So and Kim Wah Chung. Mr. So’s employment agreement provides for a maximum salary of approximately $800,000 per year plus bonus, and Mr. Chung’s employment agreement provides for a maximum salary of approximately $200,000 per year plus bonus. The initial term of the employment agreements expired on March 31, 2013 (“Initial Term”); however, the employment agreements have been renewed under a provision in the agreements that provides for automatic renewal for successive one-year periods, unless at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any renewal term, either party gives written notice to the other party specifically electing to terminate the agreement. One of the properties of the Group in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. So as part of his compensation. Mr. So’s employment agreement contains a provision under which the Company will be obligated to pay Mr. So all compensation for the remainder of his employment agreement and five times his annual salary and bonus compensation if a change of control, as defined in his employment agreement, occurs.

Options of Directors and Senior Management

The following table provides information concerning options owned by the directors and senior management at July 15, 2021.

Directors

Except as mentioned above, our directors do not receive any additional monetary compensation for serving in their capacities as directors. All directors are reimbursed for all reasonable expenses incurred in connection with their services as a director.

Employee retirement benefits

Board Practices

All directors hold office until our next annual meeting of shareholders or until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified or their positions are earlier vacated by resignation or otherwise. All executive officers are appointed by the Board and serve at the pleasure of the Board. There are no director service contracts providing for benefits upon termination of employment or directorship.

NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices

NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4350 provides that foreign private issuers may elect to follow certain home country corporate governance practices so long as they provide NASDAQ with a letter from outside counsel in their home country certifying that the issuer 's corporate governance practices are not prohibited by home country law.

On July 19, 2005, we submitted a letter to NASDAQ certifying that certain of Bonso’s corporate governance practices are not prohibited by the relevant laws of the British Virgin Islands. We will follow British Virgin Island law in respect to the following requirements:

Audit Committee 

Mr. Woo-Ping Fok is the sole member of the Audit Committee and Mr. Schlueter serves as an ad hoc member. Mr. Fok is “independent” as defined in the NASDAQ listing standards, and Mr. Schlueter may not be considered “independent” since his law firm serves as Bonso’s United States counsel.

The Audit Committee was established to: (i) review and approve the scope of audit procedures employed by our independent auditors; (ii) review and approve the audit reports rendered by our independent auditors; (iii) approve the audit fee charged by the independent auditors; (iv) report to the Board of Directors with respect to such matters; (v) recommend the selection of independent auditors; and (vi) discharge such other responsibilities as may be delegated to it from time to time by the Board of Directors. Effective as of June 30, 2015, the Board of Directors adopted an amended charter for its Audit Committee. 

Employees 

At March 31, 2021, we employed a total of 210 persons (8 in Hong Kong and 202 in China), as compared to 217 at March 31, 20209 (8 in Hong Kong and 209 in China). Our number of employees has decreased each year since March 31, 2015 when we employed 528 persons. Employees are not covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our global labor practices and employee relations to be good.

Share Ownership

The following table shows the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by our directors and executive officers as of July 15, 2021: 

⁽¹⁾ The number of shares outstanding is 4,857,187 shares, with 5,828,205 total number of shares issued, of which 971,018 shares are held in treasury. The calculations herein are based on the number of shares outstanding of 4,857,187.

⁽²⁾ Includes 1,143,421 shares of common stock owned of record by a corporation that is wholly owned by a trust of which Mr. So is the sole beneficiary.

⁽³⁾ Includes options to purchase 150,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁴⁾ Includes options to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁵⁾ Includes options to purchase 60,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁶⁾ Includes options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁷⁾ Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁸⁾ Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

Stock Option and Bonus Plans 

The 2004 Stock Option Plan

On March 23, 2004, our stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Option Plan (the “2004 Plan”), which provided for the grant of up to six hundred thousand (600,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock options, subject to certain adjustments as described in the 2004 Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on March 20, 2015, the shareholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan to increase the number of shares that could be granted from 600,000 to 850,000.

The purpose of the 2004 Plan is to induce key employees to remain in the employ of the Company and to encourage such employees to secure or increase on reasonable terms their common stock ownership in the Company. The Company believes that the 2004 Plan promotes continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The 2004 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors, which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The committee members currently are Anthony So and Woo-Ping Fok. The committee determines the specific terms of the options granted, including the employees to be granted options under the plan, the number of shares subject to each option grant, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of grant. The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock. No options granted under the plan will be transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

The exercise price of an option granted pursuant to the 2004 Plan may be paid in cash, by the surrender of options, in common stock, in other property, including a promissory note from the optionee, or by a combination of the above, at the discretion of the Committee.

As of July 15, 2015, 850,000 options, all with an exercise price of $1.50 per share, had been granted to officers and directors of the Company under the 2004 Plan. Options for 425,000 shares were exercised during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, resulting in the issuance of 284,566 shares of common stock and the surrender of 140,434 options in connection with cashless exercises. The options for 425,000 shares that remain outstanding as of March 31, 2021 will expire on March 31, 2025 if not previously exercised.

2004 Stock Bonus Plan

On September 7, 2004, our stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”), which authorizes the issuance of up to five hundred thousand (500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of a stock bonus.

The purpose of the Stock Bonus Plan is to: (i) induce key employees to remain in the employ of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company; (ii) encourage such employees to secure or increase their stock ownership in the Company; and (iii) reward employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants for services rendered, or to be rendered, to or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company believes that the Stock Bonus Plan will promote continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The Stock Bonus Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The Committee members currently are Anthony So and Woo-Ping Fok. The Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion: (i) to determine the parties to receive bonus stock, the times when they shall receive such awards, the number of shares to be issued and the time, terms and conditions of the issuance of any such shares; (ii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Stock Bonus Plan; (iii) to establish, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the Stock Bonus Plan; and (iv) to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Stock Bonus Plan.

As of March 31, 2021, no shares had been granted under the Stock Bonus Plan.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions 

Major shareholders 

We are not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by any foreign government or by another corporation. The following table sets forth, as of July 15, 2021, beneficial ownership of our common stock by each person, to the best of our knowledge, known to own beneficially 5% or more of our common stock outstanding as of such date. Except as otherwise indicated, all shares are owned directly and hold equal voting rights. 

There are no arrangements known to us that may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company. 

Related Party Transactions 

We paid Schlueter & Associates, P.C. an aggregate of approximately $60,000 in each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 for legal fees. Mr. Henry F. Schlueter, a director of the Company, is the Managing Director of Schlueter & Associates, P.C.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, Anthony So, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, made an interest-free loan to Bonso Advanced Technology Limited, a subsidiary of Bonso Electronics International Inc., in the principal amount of HK$4,200,000 (approximately US$538,000 as of the date of the loan). The loan was payable in 48 equal monthly installments of HK$87,500 each (approximately US$11,000), which commenced on October 31, 2014. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had repaid this loan in its entirety.

One of the Company’s subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC, rents an apartment unit located in Shenzhen from Mr. Anthony So, a director of the Company, for staff quarters. The monthly rental payment for the unit is approximately $270. The total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 was approximately $4,000 (2020: $3,000; 2019: $3,000). The rental agreement for this apartment unit terminates on July 31, 2022.

One of the Company’s subsidiaries in Xinxing, PRC rents an apartment unit located in Xinxing from Mr. Andrew So, our President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company, for staff quarters. Mr. Andrew So is the sole owner of this apartment unit. Since December 1, 2018, the monthly rental payment has been approximately $600, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Andrew So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 was approximately $2,000 (2020: $7,000; 2019: $6,000). The rental agreement for this apartment unit terminated on July 31, 2021, and was not renewed.

In February 2018, Mr. Henry F. Schlueter, a director of the Company, sold 10,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $3.48 per share, pursuant to the Company’s repurchase program. See Item 16E. – “Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.”

Interests of Experts and Counsel 

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Legal Proceedings 

Not Applicable to Bonso. 

Item 8. Financial Information 

Financial Statements 

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are set forth under Item 18. – “Financial Statements.”

Item 9. The Offer and Listing 

Offer and Listing Details 

Our common stock is traded only in the United States over-the-counter market. It is quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the trading symbol “BNSO.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low closing sales prices per share reported by NASDAQ. The quotations represent prices between dealers and do not include retail markup, markdown or commissions and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices for each of the last five years:

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices during each of the quarters in the two-year period ended June 30, 2021.

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices during each of the most recent six months.

On July 15, 2021, the closing price of our common stock was $6.94. Of the 5,828,205 shares of common stock issued as of July 15, 2021, 4,857,187 shares were outstanding, 1,883,156 shares were held in the United States by 131 holders of record and 971,018 shares were held by the Company as treasury stock. We have 146 shareholders of record.

Transfer and Warrant Agent

The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is Computershare, 8742 Lucent Boulevard, Suite 225, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129.

Item 10. Additional Information

Share Capital 

Our authorized capital is $170,000, consisting of 23,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value per share, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value, divided into 2,500,000 shares each of class A preferred stock, class B preferred stock, class C preferred stock and class D preferred stock. Information with respect to the number of shares of common stock outstanding at the beginning and at the end of the last three fiscal years is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 included herein in Item 18. 

At July 15, 2021, there were 5,828,205 shares of our common stock issued, 4,857,187 shares were outstanding and 971,018 shares were held by the Company in treasury. All shares were fully paid. In addition, we had outstanding 425,000 options to purchase common stock as follows:

At July 15, 2021, there were no shares of our preferred stock outstanding.

Memorandum and Articles of Association 

We are registered in the British Virgin Islands and have been assigned company number 9032 in the register of companies. Our registered agent is Harneys Corporate Services Limited at Craigmuir Chambers, P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The object or purpose of the Company is to engage in any act or activity that is not prohibited under British Virgin Islands law as set forth in Paragraph 4 of our Memorandum of Association. As an International Business Company, we are prohibited from doing business with persons resident in the British Virgin Islands, owning real estate in the British Virgin Islands or acting as a bank or insurance company. We do not believe that these restrictions materially affect our operations.

Paragraph 57(c) of our Amended Articles of Association (the “Articles”) provides that a director may be counted as one of a quorum in respect of any contract or arrangement in which the director is materially interested; however, if the agreement or transaction cannot be approved by a resolution of directors without counting the vote or consent of any interested director, the agreement or transaction may only be validated by approval or ratification by a resolution of the members. Paragraph 53 of the Articles allows the directors to vote compensation to themselves in respect of services rendered to the Company. Paragraph 66 of the Articles provides that the directors may by resolution exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertakings and property or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of ours or of any third party. Such borrowing powers can be altered by an amendment to the Articles. There is no provision in the Articles for the mandatory retirement of directors. Directors are not required to own shares of the Company in order to serve as directors.

Our authorized share capital is $170,000, divided into 23,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each whole share on all matters to be voted upon by shareholders, including the election of directors. Holders of our common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. All of our common shares are equal to each other with respect to liquidation and dividend rights. Holders of our common shares are entitled to receive dividends if and when declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor under British Virgin Islands law. In the event of our liquidation, all assets available for distribution to the holders of our common stock are distributable among them according to their respective holdings. Holders of our common stock have no preemptive rights to purchase any additional unissued common shares. No shares of our preferred stock have been issued; however, the Board of Directors has the ability to determine the rights, preferences and restrictions of the preferred stock at their discretion.

Paragraph 7 of the Memorandum of Association provides that without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of any existing shares, any share may be issued with such preferred, deferred or other special rights or such restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise, as the directors may from time to time determine.

Paragraph 10 of the Memorandum of Association provides that if at any time the authorized share capital is divided into different classes or series of shares, the rights attached to any class or series may be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than three-fourths of the issued shares of any other class or series of shares which may be affected by such variation.

Paragraph 105 of the Articles of Association provides that our Memorandum and Articles of Association may be amended by a resolution of members or a resolution of directors. Thus, our Board of Directors without shareholder approval may amend our Memorandum and Articles of Association. This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock. Our ability to amend our Memorandum and Articles of Association without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of the Company, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the then current market price.

Provisions in respect of the holding of general meetings and extraordinary general meetings are set out in Paragraphs 68 through 77 of the Articles and under the International Business Companies Act. The directors may convene meetings of the members at such times and in such manner and places as the directors consider necessary or desirable, and they shall convene such a meeting upon the written request of members holding more than 30% of the votes of our outstanding voting shares. 

British Virgin Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association impose no limitations on the right of nonresident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities. There are no provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

A copy of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended, was filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-2 (SEC File No. 333-32524) filed with the SEC.

Material Contracts

The following summarizes each material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which Bonso or any subsidiary of Bonso is a party, for the two years immediately preceding the filing of this report:

We signed a Banking Facilities Letter dated April 4, 2019 with Hang Seng Bank for an approximately HK$40.0 million (or approximately US$5.1 million) letter of credit, trust receipt facility, export D/P bills, export trade loan, factoring, overdraft facility, term loans and financial instruments including forward contracts. A copy of this Banking Facilities Letter was filed with the SEC on August 15, 2019 as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F and is incorporated herein by this reference.

In November 2017, we signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (Fangda) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project. Under the agreement, both companies will share the redeveloped property after reconstruction/redevelopment is completed with Bonso holding a 45% interest in the total floor area. In July 2018, we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda to modify our approach in obtaining government approvals. Summaries of the November 2017 agreement and the supplementary agreement were filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2018, and Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 which was filed with the SEC on August 15, 2018, respectively. Both agreements are incorporated herein by this reference.

Exchange Controls 

There are no exchange control restrictions on payments of dividends on our common stock or on the conduct of our operations either in Hong Kong, where our principal executive offices are located, or the British Virgin Islands, where we are incorporated. Other jurisdictions in which we conduct operations may have various exchange controls. Taxation and repatriation of profits regarding our China operations are regulated by Chinese laws and regulations. With respect to our PRC subsidiaries, with the exception of a requirement that approximately 10% of profits be reserved for future developments and staff welfare, there are no restrictions on the payment of dividends and the removal of dividends from China once all taxes are paid and assessed and losses, if any, from previous years have been made good. To date, these controls have not had, and are not expected to have, a material impact on our financial results. There are no material British Virgin Islands laws that impose foreign exchange controls on us or that affect the payment of dividends, interest or other payments to holders of our securities who are not residents of the British Virgin Islands. British Virgin Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association impose no limitations on the right of nonresident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities.

Taxation 

No reciprocal tax treaty regarding withholding exists between the United States and the British Virgin Islands. Under current British Virgin Islands law, dividends, interest or royalties paid by us to individuals are not subject to tax as long as the recipient is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands. If we were to pay a dividend, we would not be liable to withhold any tax, but shareholders would receive gross dividends, if any, irrespective of their residential or national status.

Dividends, if any, paid to any United States resident or citizen shareholder are treated as dividend income for United States federal income tax purposes. Such dividends are not eligible for the 50% dividends-received deduction allowed to United States corporations on dividends from a domestic corporation under Section 243 of the Internal Revenue Code. Various Internal Revenue Code provisions impose special taxes in certain circumstances on non-United States corporations and their shareholders. You are urged to consult your tax advisor with regard to such possibilities and your own tax situation.

A foreign corporation will be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for United States federal income tax purposes if, after applying relevant look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of subsidiaries, 75% or more of its gross income consists of certain types of passive income or 50% or more of the gross value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents (other that rents and royalties derived in the active conduct of a trade or business), annuities and gains from assets that produce passive income. We presently believe that we are not a PFIC and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC. This is, however, a factual determination made on an annual basis and is subject to change. If we were to be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, (i) U.S. holders would generally be required to treat any gain on sales of our shares held by them as ordinary income and to pay an interest charge on the value of the deferral of their United States federal income tax attributable to such gain; and (ii) distributions paid by us to our United States holders could also be subject to an interest charge. In addition, we would not provide information to our United States holders that would enable them to make a “qualified electing fund” election under which, generally, in lieu of the foregoing treatment, our earnings would be currently included in their United States federal income. 

In addition to United States federal income taxation, shareholders may be subject to state and local taxes upon their receipt of dividends. 

Documents on Display

You may read and copy documents referred to in this Annual Report on Form 20-F that have been filed with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You can also obtain copies of our SEC filings by going to the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. 

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information we file with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to a certain level of interest rate risk and foreign currency exchange risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Our interest rate risk primarily arises from our bank borrowings and our general banking facilities. As at March 31, 2021, we had utilized approximately $992,000 of our total banking facilities of approximately $5,128,000. Based on the maturity profile and composition of our long-term debt and general banking facilities, including the fact that our banking facilities are at variable interest rates, we estimate that changes in interest rates will not have a material impact on our operating results or cash flows. We intend to manage our interest rate risk through appropriate borrowing strategies. We have not entered into interest rate swap or risk management agreements; however, it is possible that we may do so in the future. 

A summary of our debts at March 31, 2021 that were subject to variable interest rates is below: 

⁽¹⁾ HIBOR is the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate.

⁽²⁾ A clause in the banking facility states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right of repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities. Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

A change in the interest rate of 1% will increase or decrease the interest expense of the Company by approximately $12,000.

For further information concerning our banking facilities, the interest rates payable and repayment terms, please see Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rates 

For a discussion of our Foreign Currency Exchange Risk, See Item 5. – “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Foreign Currency Exchange Rates.” 

Item 12.  Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities 

Not applicable to Bonso.

PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies 

None. 

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds 

None. 

Item 15. Controls and Procedures 

The Company’s management directed that an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in paragraph (e) of Rule 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, be conducted as of March 31, 2021. Our Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer and the Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: 

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the assessment, the Company’s management, including its Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have concluded that, as of March 31, 2021, there were certain material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting related to our financial closing process, the lack of trained accounting personnel and the failure to enter certain transactions into the accounting records on a timely basis. All of these weaknesses were identified in the Form 20-F that we filed during the previous year.  As a result of that evaluation and other assessments and observations, management concluded that both our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, were ineffective.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Remediation Efforts 

In response to the material weaknesses described above, management intends to do the following:

If the remedial measures described above are insufficient to address any of the identified material weaknesses or are not implemented effectively, or additional deficiencies arise in the future, material misstatements in our interim or annual financial statements may occur in the future. We are currently working to implement enhanced controls, as discussed above, to address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and to remedy the ineffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. A key element of our remediation effort is the ability to recruit and retain qualified individuals to support our remediation efforts. While our Audit Committee and Board of Directors have been supportive of our efforts by supporting the hiring of various individuals in finance, as well as funding efforts to improve our financial reporting system, improvement in internal control will be hampered if we cannot recruit and retain more qualified professionals. Among other things, any unremediated material weaknesses could result in material post-closing adjustments in future financial statements. Furthermore, any such unremediated material weaknesses could have the effects described above in the Risk Factor captioned “We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.” Management believes that the remediation items listed above, if executed, will ensure that data and reports can be relied upon for the purpose of accurately and timely recording transactions in accordance with GAAP.  However, we have experienced material weaknesses in our internal controls for several years and, to date, management has been unable to implement effective remediation measures.

Changes in Internal Controls 

There were no changes in the Company’s internal controls during the period covered by this Report that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting. 

Item 16. Reserved 

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert 

Henry F. Schlueter is an ad hoc member of the Company’s Audit Committee and is deemed to be a financial expert. Mr. Schlueter, the Company’s outside securities counsel, may not be deemed to be “independent” within the definition of “independence” published by NASDAQ. 

Item 16B. Code of Ethics 

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. We intend to disclose any changes in, or waivers from, our code of ethics by filing a Form 6-K. Stockholders may request a free copy in print form from our Chief Financial Officer at: 

Bonso Electronics International, Inc.
Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre
9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui
Kowloon
Hong Kong 

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 

Audit Committee’s Pre-approval Policies and Procedure 

The Audit Committee must pre-approve the audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditor in order to assure that the provision of such services does not impair the auditor's independence. Before the Company or any of its subsidiaries engage the independent auditor to render a service, the engagement must be either: 

The term of any pre-approval is 12 months from the date of pre-approval, unless the Audit Committee specifically provides for a different period. The Audit Committee may periodically revise the list of pre-approved services. 

The Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members. The member or members to whom such authority is delegated shall report any pre-approval decisions to the Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting. The Audit Committee may not delegate to management the Audit Committee's responsibilities to pre-approve services performed by the independent auditor. 

The Audit Committee must specifically pre-approve the terms of the annual audit services engagement. The Audit Committee shall approve, if necessary, any changes in terms resulting from changes in audit scope, Company structure or other matters.  In addition to the annual audit services engagement approved by the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee may grant pre-approval for other audit services, which are those services that only the independent auditor reasonably can provide.

The Audit Committee may grant pre-approval to those permissible non-audit services classified as other services that it believes would not impair the independence of the auditor, including those that are routine and recurring services. 

The Audit Committee may consider the amount or range of estimated fees as a factor in determining whether a proposed service would impair the auditor's independence. Where the Audit Committee has approved an estimated fee for a service, the pre-approval applies to all services described in the approval. However, in the event the invoice in respect of any such service is materially in excess of the estimated amount or range, the Audit Committee must approve such excess amount prior to payment of the invoice. The Audit Committee expects that any requests to pay invoices in excess of the estimated amounts will include an explanation as to the reason for the overage. The Company’s independent auditor will be informed of this policy.

The Company’s management shall inform the Audit Committee of each service performed by the independent auditor pursuant to this Pre-Approval Policy. Requests or applications to provide services that require separate approval by the Audit Committee shall be submitted to the Audit Committee by both the independent auditor and the Chief Financial Officer and must include a joint statement as to whether, in their view, the request or application is consistent with the SEC’s and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)’s rules on auditor independence.

All audit related services, tax services and other services indicated below were pre-approved by the Audit Committee. 

Audit Fees 

The aggregate fees billed by MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, P.C. for professional services rendered for the audit of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 were approximately $150,000, and the aggregate fees billed by Moore Stephens CPA Limited for professional services rendered for the audit of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 were approximately $150,000.

Audit Related Fees 

There were no fees billed by MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, P.C. for professional services rendered for assurance and related services that were reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported above under “Audit Fees” for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 or for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 by Moore Stephens CPA Limited.

Tax Fees 

The aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $4,000 and $5,000, respectively.

Other Fees

No other fees were incurred or billed to us by our auditors for agreed-upon procedures rendered during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 or 2020.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees 

Pursuant to NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4350(a), a foreign private issuer may follow its home country practice in lieu of Rule 4350, which sets forth the qualitative Listing Requirements for NASDAQ listed companies. Rule 4350 requires, among other things, that a listed company have at least three members on its audit committee. The Company currently has an audit committee consisting of two directors, one of whom is deemed to be “independent” as defined in NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4200. The Company has obtained a letter from independent counsel in the British Virgin Islands certifying that having a single member audit committee is not prohibited by British Virgin Island law. See Item 6. – “Directors, Senior Management and Advisors - NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices.” 

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers 

In August of 2001, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a program for the Company to repurchase up to $500,000 of its common stock. This repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specified period of time. On November 16, 2006 and on September 17, 2015, the Company's Board of Directors authorized an additional $1,000,000 and an additional $1,500,000, respectively, for the Company’s repurchase of its common stock under the same repurchase program. On April 25, 2018, the Board of Directors approved the expenditure of an additional $3,000,000 to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock, bringing the aggregate amount available for repurchases to $6,000,000. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has repurchased 1,005,018 shares of its common stock and expended approximately $3,174,000 to repurchase those shares. Effective April 25, 2018, with the adoption of the above-mentioned increase, the Company had up to approximately $3,499,000 available to fund additional repurchases of the Company’s common stock. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had 4,857,187 shares of its common stock issued and outstanding.

The following table contains the Company’s purchases of equity securities in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

As of July 15, 2021, 34,000 repurchased shares had been removed from the total number of shares issued. The Company (through its subsidiary) had repurchased and held an aggregate of 1,005,018 shares of its common stock. The Company may from time to time repurchase additional shares of its common stock under this program. 

Item 16F. Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountants. 

On March 29, 2021, Moore Stephens CPA Limited resigned and the Company engaged MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, P.C. as its independent public accountants for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The resignation of Moore Stephens CPA Limited and the engagement of MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, P.C. as the Company’s auditors for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, was disclosed in a Form 6-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance. 

For a discussion of the ways in which the Company’s corporate governance differs from those followed by domestic companies under the NASDAQ Marketplace listing requirements, see Item 6. – “Directors, Senior Management and Advisors - NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices,” above.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not applicable to Bonso.

PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements 

Not applicable. 

Item 18. Financial Statements 

The following Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report:

Item 19. Exhibits 

SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

(Incorporated in the British Virgin Islands)

Consolidated Financial Statements

March 31, 2021

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Bonso Electronics International Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive Income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to the accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not in any way alter our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate audit opinions on the critical audit matters or the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Revenue Recognition

As discussed in Note 1(l) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606. Due to the significance of revenue to the consolidated financial statements, we identified revenue recognition as a critical audit matter.

Recognizing revenue in accordance with ASC 606 requires a five step process as detailed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. To determine that the Company satisfied the five steps, we performed a number of audit procedures, including direct confirmation with customers and agents (through whom the Company sells products online), and examination of invoices and shipping documents. We reviewed contracts with agents and purchase orders of customers to verify the contractual terms were followed and properly accounted for under ASC 606. We also traced customer payments to bank accounts and performing cut-off testing to insure that revenue was recognized in the proper period.

Deferred Income Tax Assets

The Company estimates its income tax provision (benefit) on an entity basis, as each of the companies included in the consolidated financial statements files a tax return on an individual company basis. As detailed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s deferred tax asset primarily arises from net operating loss carryforwards. To determine the realizability of the deferred tax asset, the Company prepared a forecast of the expected taxable results for each of its entities for the following five fiscal years, including any relevant business and tax strategies. Based on this forecast, the Company has established a valuation allowance of approximately $3,197,000 against the gross deferred tax asset of $3,976,000.

Our audit procedures surrounding the deferred tax asset and its realizability included testing the reconciliation from reported income(loss) to taxable income(loss) to determine that the tax laws were applied properly, checking the mathematical accuracy of the forecast of taxable income(loss), evaluating the reasonableness of the assumptions and tax strategies used in the forecast of taxable income(loss) and performing a sensitivity analysis.

/s/ MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, P.C.

MSPC

Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

New York, New York

August 16, 2021

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bonso Electronics International Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2020, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Moore Stephens CPA Limited 

Moore Stephens CPA Limited

Certified Public Accountants

We began serving as the Company’s auditor in 2009. In 2021, we became the predecessor auditor.

Hong Kong

August 17, 2020

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

See notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

See notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Expressed in United States Dollars)