Kemper (KMPR) 10-K2021 FY Annual report

This 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “2021 Annual Report”), including, but not limited to, the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Kemper Corporation (“Kemper” or the “Registrant”) and its subsidiaries (individually and collectively referred to herein as the “Company”) and the notes thereto appearing in Item 8 herein (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”), the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations appearing in Item 7 herein (the “MD&A”) and the other Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules filed as a part hereof or incorporated by reference herein, may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based on forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

“estimate(s),” “anticipate(s),” “forecast(s),” “project(s),” “plan(s),” “intend(s),” “expect(s),” “might,” “may,” “could” and other terms of similar meaning. Forward-looking statements, in particular, include statements relating to future actions, prospective services or products, future performance or results of current and anticipated services or products, sales efforts, expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, trends in operations and financial results.

Any or all forward-looking statements may turn out to be wrong, and, accordingly, Kemper cautions readers not to place undue reliance on such statements. Kemper bases these statements on current expectations and the current economic environment as of the date of this 2021 Annual Report. They involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties that may be important in determining the Company’s actual future results and financial condition.

In addition to the factors discussed below under Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” in this 2021 Annual Report, the reader should consider the following list of factors that, among others, could cause the Company’s actual results and financial condition to differ materially from estimated results and financial condition.

Kemper cannot provide any assurances that the results and outcomes contemplated in any forward-looking statements will be achieved or will be achieved in any particular timetable or that future events or developments will not cause such statements to be inaccurate, including impacts related to COVID-19. Kemper assumes no obligation to correct or update any forward-looking statements publicly for any changes in events or developments or in the Company’s expectations or results subsequent to the date of this 2021 Annual Report. Kemper advises the reader, however, to consult any further disclosures Kemper makes on related subjects in its filings with the SEC.

Kemper is a diversified insurance holding company, with subsidiaries that provide automobile, homeowners, life, health, and other insurance products to individuals and businesses. Kemper’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments thereto are accessible free of charge through Kemper’s website, kemper.com, and as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, which also maintains an Internet site at sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Registrant is a holding company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 1990, with equity securities traded on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). On August 25, 2011, Registrant adopted its current name, Kemper Corporation, and changed its NYSE ticker symbol to KMPR. Prior to the name change, the Registrant was known as Unitrin, Inc. and traded under the NYSE ticker symbol UTR.

The Company is engaged, through its subsidiaries, in the property and casualty insurance and life and health insurance businesses. The Company conducts its operations through three operating segments: Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance, Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance and Life & Health Insurance. The Company conducts its operations solely in the United States.

Kemper’s subsidiaries employ approximately 10,300 associates supporting their operations, of which approximately 5,775 are employed in the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance Segment, approximately 125 are employed in the Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment, approximately 3,250 are employed in the Life & Health Insurance segment and the remainder are employed in various corporate and other staff and shared functions.

The Company’s property & casualty insurance business operations are conducted primarily through the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance and Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segments. The Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance and Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segments distribute their products primarily through independent agents and brokers who are paid commissions for their services. In addition, the Life and Health Insurance segment’s career agents also sell contents coverage for personal property to its customers. Collectively, these segments provide preferred automobile, specialty automobile, homeowners, renters, fire, umbrella, general liability as an endorsement to commercial automobile and other types of property and casualty insurance to individuals and commercial automobile insurance to businesses.

Property insurance indemnifies an insured with an interest in physical property for loss of, or damage to, such property. Casualty insurance primarily covers liability for damage to property of, or injury to, a person or entity other than the insured. In most cases, casualty insurance also obligates the insurance company to provide a defense for the insured in litigation arising out of events covered by the policy.

The Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment, based in Chicago, Illinois, conducts business in 34 states under the Kemper Auto brand. As shown in the following table, three states provided 90% of the segment’s premium revenues in 2021.

The Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment provides personal and commercial automobile insurance to consumers who have had difficulty obtaining standard or preferred risk insurance, usually because of their driving records, claims experience or premium payment history. The segment also meets the insurance needs of other specialty markets such as urban and Hispanic consumers. The segment’s insurance products accounted for 75%, 71% and 69% of the Company’s consolidated insurance premiums in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The segment’s insurance products are marketed through approximately 24,175 independent agents and brokers.

The Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment, based in Chicago, Illinois, conducts business in 45 states and the District of Columbia. As shown in the following table, five states provided 64% of the segment’s premium revenues in 2021.

The Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment primarily sells preferred automobile insurance, homeowners insurance and other personal insurance. The segment’s insurance products accounted for 12%, 15% and 17% of the Company’s consolidated insurance premiums in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The segment’s insurance products are marketed by approximately 5,600 independent insurance agents and brokers to individuals who have demonstrated favorable risk characteristics and loss history.

The Company’s reserves for losses and LAE for property and casualty insurance (“Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves”) are reported using the Company’s estimate of its ultimate liability for losses and LAE for claims that occurred prior to the end of any given accounting period but have not yet been paid.

In estimating the Company’s Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves, the Company’s actuaries exercise professional judgment and must consider, and are influenced by, many variables that are difficult to quantify. Accordingly, the process of estimating and establishing the Company’s Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves is inherently uncertain and the actual ultimate net cost of claims may vary materially from the estimated amounts reserved. See MD&A, “Critical Accounting Estimates,” under the caption “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” beginning on page 62 for a discussion of the Company’s reserving process and the factors considered by the Company’s actuaries in estimating the Company’s Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves.

The Company’s goal is to ensure that its total reserves for property and casualty insurance losses and LAE are adequate to cover all costs, while minimizing variation from the time reserves for losses and LAE are initially estimated until losses and LAE are fully paid. Changes in the Company’s estimates of these losses and LAE, also referred to as “development,” will occur over time and may be material. Favorable development is recognized and reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements when the Company decreases its previous estimate of ultimate losses and LAE and results in an increase in net income in the period recognized, whereas adverse development is recognized and reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements when the Company increases its previous estimate of ultimate losses and LAE and results in a decrease in net income.

See Note 6, “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information about incurred and paid claims development for the 2017-2020 accident years as of December 31, 2021, net of reinsurance and indemnification, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) liabilities, including expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred losses and allocated LAE amounts as of December 31, 2021. See Note 6, “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a tabular reconciliation of the three most recent annual periods setting forth the Company’s Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves as of the beginning of each year, incurred losses and LAE for insured events of the current year, changes in incurred losses and LAE for insured events of prior years, payments of losses and LAE for insured events of the current year, payments of losses and LAE for insured events of prior years and the Company’s Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves at the end of the year and additional information regarding the nature of adjustments to incurred losses and LAE for insured events of prior years.

Catastrophes and natural disasters are inherent risks of the property and casualty insurance business. These catastrophic events and natural disasters include, without limitation, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, wildfires, high winds and winter storms. Such events result in insured losses that are, and are expected to be, a material factor in the results of operations and financial position of Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies. Further, because the level of insured losses that could occur in any one year cannot be accurately predicted, these losses contribute to material year-to-year fluctuations in the results of operations and financial position of these companies. Specific types of catastrophic events are more likely to occur at certain times within the year than others. This factor adds an element of seasonality to property and casualty insurance claims. The occurrence and severity of catastrophic events cannot be accurately predicted in any year. However, some geographic locations are more susceptible to these events than others. The Company has endeavored to manage its direct insurance exposures in certain regions that are prone to naturally occurring catastrophic events through a combination of geographic diversification, restrictions on the amount and location of new business production in such regions, modifications of, and/or limitations to coverages and deductibles for certain perils in such regions and reinsurance. The Company has adopted the industry-wide catastrophe classifications of storms and other events promulgated by Insurance Services Office, Inc. (“ISO”) to track and report losses related to catastrophes. ISO classifies a disaster as a catastrophe when the event causes $25 million or more in direct insured losses to property and affects a significant number of policyholders and insurers. ISO-classified catastrophes are assigned a unique serial number recognized throughout the insurance industry. The discussions throughout this 2021 Annual Report utilize ISO’s definition of catastrophes.

The 2022 catastrophe reinsurance program covering the property and casualty insurance companies is provided by (i) three multi-year excess of loss reinsurance contracts, (ii) two annual excess of loss reinsurance contracts (the “2022 Annual Excess of Loss Contracts”) and (iii) an annual aggregate excess property catastrophe reinsurance contract (the “2022 Aggregate Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract”).

The first multi-year excess of loss reinsurance contract provides coverage over the three-year period of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022 (the “2020 Reinsurance Contract”). The 2020 Reinsurance Contract provides coverage in two layers, which together provide coverage for losses on individual catastrophes of $200 million in excess of $50 million. Under the 2020 Reinsurance Contract, the percentage of coverage is 31.66% for each year in the three-year period, and participation of each reinsurer remains the same over the entire three-year period. Accordingly, the 2020 Reinsurance Contract provides coverage for 31.66% of losses on individual catastrophes of $200 million in excess of $50 million in 2022.

The 2022 Annual Excess of Loss Contracts provide coverage for the annual period of January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022. The 2022 Annual Excess of Loss Contracts provide coverage in two layers for losses on individual catastrophes of $100 million in excess of $250 million.

Coverage on individual catastrophes provided under the three multi-year excess of loss reinsurance contracts for 2022 (January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022) and the 2022 Annual Excess of Loss Contracts is provided in various layers as summarized below.

The estimated annual premium in 2022 for the three multi-year excess of loss reinsurance contracts and the 2022 Annual Excess of Loss Contracts presented in the preceding table is $16.7 million. In the event that the Company’s incurred catastrophe losses and LAE covered by its catastrophe reinsurance program exceed the retention for a particular layer, the program allows for one reinstatement of such coverage. In such an instance, the Company is required to pay a reinstatement premium to the reinsurers to reinstate the full amount of the limit available under such layer. The reinstatement premium for the first layer of coverage is a percentage of the full original premium based on the ratio of the losses in excess of the Company’s retention to the reinsurers’ coverage limit. The reinstatement premium for the second, third, and fourth layers of coverage is a percentage of half the original premium based on the ratio of the losses in excess of the Company’s retention to the reinsurers’ coverage limit.

The 2022 Aggregate Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract is effective for the period of January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 and provides coverage for accumulated catastrophe losses of $50.0 million in excess of $65.0 million on property losses arising out of one or more of the following perils from storms or storm systems that are not named storms: (1) windstorm; (2) hail; (3) tornado and (4) fire; including ensuing collapse and water damage.

Coverage provided under the 2022 Aggregate Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract (January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022) is summarized below.

The estimated annual premium for the 2022 Aggregate Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract is $13.0 million. To maintain the same level and percentage of coverage in subsequent years as provided by the catastrophe reinsurance program in 2022, the Company’s property and casualty insurance companies will need to purchase additional reinsurance in the future for the portion of coverage expiring at the end of 2022, 2023 and 2024.

In addition to the catastrophe loss exposures caused by natural events described above, Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies are exposed to losses from catastrophic events that are not the result of acts of nature, such as acts of terrorism, the nature, occurrence and severity of which in any period cannot be accurately predicted. The companies have reinsurance coverage to address certain exposures to potential future terrorist attacks. The reinsurance coverage for certified events, as designated by the federal government, is from the Terrorist Risk Insurance Act and the coverage for non-certified events is available in the catastrophe reinsurance program for the property and casualty insurance companies. However, certain perils, such as biological, chemical, nuclear pollution or contamination, are excluded from the reinsurance coverage for non-certified events.

Under the various reinsurance arrangements, Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies are indemnified by reinsurers for certain losses incurred under insurance policies issued by the reinsurers. As indemnity reinsurance does not discharge an insurer from its direct obligations to policyholders on risks insured, Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies remain directly liable. However, provided that the reinsurers meet their obligations, the net liability for Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies is limited to the amount of risk that they retain. Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies purchase their reinsurance only from reinsurers rated “A-” or better by A. M. Best Co., Inc. (“A.M. Best”), at the time of purchase. A.M. Best is an organization that specializes in rating insurance and reinsurance companies.

For further discussion of the reinsurance programs, see Note 21, “Catastrophe Reinsurance,” and Note 22, “Other Reinsurance,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pricing levels for property and casualty insurance products are influenced by many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, state regulation and legislation, competition, general business and economic conditions, including market rates of interest, inflation, expense levels, and judicial decisions. In addition, many state regulators require consideration of investment income when approving or setting rates, which could reduce underwriting margins. Further, some states have regulations that limit the after-tax return on underwriting profit allowed for an insurer and may impact the price charged for premiums or result in premium refunds. The Company derives a significant portion of its earned premiums in two such states, California and Florida. See MD&A under the caption “Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance” and “Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance.”

Based on the most recent annual data published by A.M. Best, as of the end of 2020, there were 1,109 property and casualty insurance groups in the United States. Kemper’s property and casualty group, adjusted for the inclusion of American Access Casualty Company’s (“AAC”) unaudited pro forma results for the entire year was among the top 6% of property and casualty insurance groups in the United States as measured by net written premiums, policyholders’ surplus and net admitted assets in 2020. Among all personal lines automobile insurance writers, Kemper’s property and casualty group was the 11th largest writer as measured by net written premiums in 2020.

Rankings by net admitted assets, net premiums written and capital and surplus were:

In 2020, the U.S. property and casualty insurance industry’s estimated net premiums written were $659 billion, of which nearly 80% were accounted for by the top 50 groups of property and casualty insurance companies. Kemper’s property and casualty insurance companies wrote less than 1% of the industry’s 2020 premium volume.

The Company’s Life & Health Insurance segment consists of Kemper’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, United Insurance Company of America (“United Insurance”), The Reliable Life Insurance Company (“Reliable”), Union National Life Insurance Company (“Union National Life”), Mutual Savings Life Insurance Company (“Mutual Savings Life”), United Casualty Insurance Company of America (“United Casualty”), Union National Fire Insurance Company (“Union National Fire”), Mutual Savings Fire Insurance Company (“Mutual Savings Fire”) and Reserve National Insurance Company (“Reserve National”). As discussed below, United Insurance, Reliable, Union National Life, Mutual Savings Life, United Casualty, Union National Fire and Mutual Savings Fire (the “Kemper Home Service Companies”) distribute their products through a network of employee, or “career” agents. Reserve National distributes its products through a network of independent agents and brokers. These career agents, independent agents and brokers are paid commissions for their services. Earned premiums from life insurance accounted for 8%, 8% and 9% of the Company’s consolidated insurance premiums earned in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As shown in the following table, five states provided 51% of the premium revenues in this segment in 2021.

The Kemper Home Service Companies, based in St. Louis, Missouri, focus on providing individual life and supplemental accident and health insurance products to customers of modest incomes who desire basic protection for themselves and their families. Their leading product is ordinary life insurance, including permanent and term insurance. Face amounts of these policies are lower than those of policies typically sold to higher income customers by other companies in the life insurance industry. Approximately 70% of the Life & Health Insurance segment’s premium revenues are generated by the Kemper Home Service Companies.

The Kemper Home Service Companies employ nearly 2,250 career agents to distribute insurance products in 26 states and the District of Columbia. These career agents are full-time employees who call on customers in their homes to sell insurance products, provide services related to policies in force and collect premiums, typically monthly. Premiums average approximately $25 per policy per month with an average face value of $6,160. Permanent and term policies are offered primarily on a non-participating, guaranteed-cost basis. These career agents also distribute and/or service certain property insurance products for the Kemper Home Service Companies.

Reserve National, based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, is licensed in 49 states and the District of Columbia. The Company specializes in the sale of supplemental accident & health insurance products such as: Medicare Supplement, fixed hospital indemnity, home health care, specified disease, and accident-only plans.

Reserve National distributes products through two channels - Kemper Traditional and Kemper Benefits. The Traditional channel has historically served individuals in rural areas who often do not have access to a broad array of accident and health insurance products, though has more recently broadened to include suburban and urban areas. Insurance products can be tailored to meet individual and family needs and are distributed through approximately 600 independent agents. Kemper Benefits sells voluntary worksite products in the employer market place through Employee Benefit brokers and enrollers. In total, Reserve National currently has approximately 3,400 independent agents appointed.

Consistent with insurance industry practice, the Company’s life and health insurance subsidiaries utilize reinsurance arrangements to limit their maximum loss, provide greater diversification of risk and minimize exposures on larger risks. As the face amounts of the Company’s issued policies are relatively small, the ceded risks and corresponding premiums are also relatively small, particularly when compared to other companies in the industry. The segment is also exposed to losses from catastrophes arising from insurance policies distributed by career agents of the Kemper Home Service Companies. Over the last several years, the Kemper Home Service Companies have been intentionally reducing their exposure to catastrophic events through the run-off of their dwelling insurance business. The Kemper Home Services Companies are parties to the FHCF, the Property & Casualty catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts, and the aggregate property catastrophe reinsurance contract.

The lapse ratio is a measure of a life insurer’s loss of in-force policies. For a given year, this ratio is commonly computed as the total face amount of individual life insurance policies lapsed, surrendered, expired and decreased during such year, less policies increased and revived during such year, divided by the total face amount of policies at the beginning of the year plus the face amount of policies issued and reinsurance assumed in the prior year. The Life & Health Insurance segment’s lapse ratio for individual life insurance was 3%, 4%, and 6% in 2021, 2020 and 2019 respectively.

The customer base served by the Kemper Home Service Companies and competing life insurance companies tends to have a higher incidence of lapse than other demographic segments of the population. Thus, to maintain or increase the level of its business, the Kemper Home Service Companies must write a higher volume of new policies than competitors serving other demographic segments of the population.

Premiums for life and health insurance products are based on assumptions with respect to mortality, morbidity, investment yields, expenses, and lapses and are also affected by state laws and regulations, as well as competition. Pricing assumptions are based on the experience of Kemper’s life and health insurance subsidiaries, as well as the industry in general, depending on the factor being considered. The actual profit or loss produced by a product will vary from the anticipated profit if the actual experience differs from the assumptions used in pricing the product.

Premiums for policies sold by the Kemper Home Service Companies are set at levels designed to cover the relatively high cost of “in-home” servicing of such policies. As a result, Kemper Home Service Companies’ premiums have a higher expense load than the life insurance industry average.

Premiums for Medicare supplement and other accident and health policies must take into account the rising costs of medical care. The annual rate of medical cost inflation has historically been higher than the general rate of inflation, necessitating frequent rate increases, most of which are subject to approval by state regulators.

Based on the most recent data published by A.M. Best, as of the end of 2020, there were 407 life and health insurance company groups in the United States. The Company’s Life & Health Insurance segment ranked in the top 24% of life and health insurance company groups, as measured by net admitted assets, net premiums written and capital and surplus. Rankings by net admitted assets, net premiums written and capital and surplus were:

Kemper’s life and health insurance subsidiaries generally compete by using appropriate pricing, offering products to selected markets or geographies, controlling expenses, maintaining adequate ratings from A.M. Best and providing competitive services to agents and policyholders.

The Company employs a total return investment strategy, with an emphasis on yield, while maintaining liquidity to meet both its short- and medium-term insurance obligations. See the discussions of the Company’s investments under the headings “Investment Results,” “Investment Quality and Concentrations,” “Investments in Limited Liability Companies and Limited Partnerships,” “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Critical Accounting Estimates,” in the MD&A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” in Item 7A and Note 8, “Investments,” Note 9, “Income from Investments,” and Note 10, “Fair Value Measurements,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation, primarily, but not exclusively, at the state level. Such regulation pertains to a variety of matters, including, but not limited to, policy forms, rate setting, licensing to transact business, market conduct, trade practices, underwriting standards, claims handling practices, transactions with affiliates, payment of dividends, nature and amount of investments, solvency, reserve adequacy, statutory accounting methods, risk management and corporate governance. In addition, insurance regulatory authorities perform periodic examinations of an insurer’s financial condition, market conduct activities and other affairs. Some of these matters are discussed in more detail below.

The majority of Kemper’s insurance operations are in states requiring prior approval by regulators before proposed policy or coverage forms and rates for insurance policies may be implemented and used. The Company’s ability to take actions to address market developments or increased costs can be adversely impacted by lengthy delays in the approval process or the failure to receive the required approval of state regulators.

Many states have laws restricting an insurer’s ability to withdraw from particular markets. Laws that limit an insurer’s ability to cancel or non-renew a block of policies by line of business, or that subject its withdrawal to prior approval requirements, may restrict the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to exit unprofitable markets.

Insurance companies are required to report their financial condition and results of operations in accordance with statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state insurance regulators in conjunction with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). State insurance regulators also prescribe the form and content of statutory financial statements, set minimum reserve and loss ratio requirements and establish standards for the types and amounts of investments. In addition, state laws and regulations require minimum capital and surplus levels and incorporate risk-based capital (“RBC”) standards developed by the NAIC. These RBC standards are intended to enable regulators to assess the level of risk inherent in an insurance company’s business based on asset risk, credit risk, underwriting risk and other business risks relevant to its operations. A company’s requirements are calculated based on an RBC formula and compared to its total adjusted capital to determine whether regulatory intervention is warranted. At December 31, 2021, the total amount of capital held by each of Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum levels required under applicable RBC requirements.

Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries are required to pay assessments up to prescribed levels to fund policyholder losses or liabilities of insolvent insurance companies under the guaranty fund laws of most states in which they transact business. Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries are also required to participate in various involuntary pools or assigned risk pools, principally involving windstorms and high risk drivers. In most states, the involuntary pool participation of Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries is determined in proportion to their voluntary writings of related lines of business in such states.

The Company is subject to numerous federal and state laws and state insurance regulations that impose significant requirements and standards for protecting personally identifiable information of insurance company policyholders and other individuals.

The federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires financial institutions, including insurers, to protect the privacy of non-public information, to restrict use of such information and disclosure to non-affiliated third parties, and to provide notices to customers regarding use of their non-public personal information and an opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures. State departments of insurance and certain federal agencies adopted implementing regulations as required by federal law.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended in 2009 by the HITECH Act, (“HIPAA”), and implementing regulations, impose extensive obligations regarding the privacy and security of protected health information. Covered entities subject to HIPAA, which include issuers of health insurance coverage and health benefit plan sponsors, must implement policies and procedures governing the use, storage and disclosure of such information and related employee training, breach notification procedures and other requirements.

The Company is regulated as an insurance holding company system and is subject to the insurance holding company acts of the states in which its insurance subsidiaries are domiciled and, in some case, additional states in which the insurance subsidiary is deemed commercially domiciled. These laws and related regulations contain certain reporting requirements as well as restrictions on transactions between an insurer and its affiliates. They also generally require insurance companies within an insurance holding company system to register with the insurance department of each state where they are domiciled and to file certain reports with those insurance departments describing capital structure, ownership, financial condition, certain intercompany transactions, an enterprise risk report and general business operations. In addition, various notice and reporting requirements generally apply to transactions between insurance companies and their affiliates within the insurance holding company system, depending on the size and nature of the transactions. Some insurance holding company laws and regulations require prior regulatory approval or, in certain circumstances, prior notice of certain material intercompany transfers of assets as well as certain transactions between insurance companies, their parent holding companies and affiliates.

State insurance laws also impose requirements that must be met prior to a change of control of an insurance company or insurance holding company based on the insurer’s state of domicile and, in some cases, additional states in which the insurance subsidiary is deemed commercially domiciled. These requirements may include the advance filing of specific information with the state insurance regulators, a public hearing on the matter, and the review and approval of the change of control by such regulators. The Company has insurance subsidiaries domiciled or deemed commercially domiciled in Alabama, California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Texas and Wisconsin. In these states, except Alabama, “control” generally is presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of an insurance company. Control is presumed to exist in Alabama with a 5% or more ownership interest in such securities. Any purchase of Kemper’s shares that would result in the purchaser owning Kemper’s voting securities in the foregoing percentages for the states indicated would be presumed to result in the acquisition of control of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries in those states. Therefore, acquisitions subject to the 10% threshold generally would require the prior approval of insurance regulators in each state in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are domiciled or deemed commercially domiciled, including those in Alabama, while acquisitions subject to the 5% threshold generally would require the prior approval of only Alabama regulators. Similarly, consistent with the Model Holding Company Act, several of the states in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are domiciled have enacted legislation that requires either the divesting and/or acquiring company to notify regulators of, and in some cases to receive regulatory approval for, a change in control.

Many state statutes also require pre-acquisition notification to state insurance regulators of a change of control of an insurance company licensed in the state if specific market concentration thresholds would be triggered by the acquisition. Such statutes authorize the issuance of a cease and desist order with respect to the insurance company if certain conditions, such as undue market concentration, would result from the acquisition. These regulatory requirements may deter, delay or prevent transactions effecting control of Kemper or its insurance subsidiaries, or the ownership of Kemper’s voting securities, including transactions that could be advantageous to Kemper’s shareholders.

Many states have made, or are in the process of making, modifications to their holding company laws. These modifications impose new reporting requirements and substantially expand the oversight and examination powers of state insurance regulators to assess enterprise risks within the entire holding company system that may arise from both insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries. They also impose new reporting requirements on affiliated transactions and divestiture of a controlling interest in an insurance subsidiary.

As part of an effort to strengthen the regulation of the financial services market, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) was enacted in 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act also created the Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”). The FIO monitors the insurance industry, provides advice to the Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”), represents the U.S. on international insurance matters, and studies the current regulatory system. The Dodd-Frank Act includes a number of financial reforms and regulations that may affect our business and financial reporting. However, there remains uncertainty regarding the future of the Dodd-Frank Act and how it may impact our business.

Additional regulations or new requirements may emerge from activities of various regulatory entities, including the Federal Reserve Board, FIO, FSOC, NAIC and the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (“IAIS”), that are evaluating solvency and capital standards for insurance company groups. The outcome of these actions is uncertain; however, these actions may result in an increase in the level of capital and liquidity required by insurance holding companies.

In 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (“Affordable Care Act”) became law, causing significant changes to the U.S. health care system. Since then, significant regulations have been enacted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Labor and the Department of Treasury. The legislation and regulations are far-reaching efforts to expand access to health insurance coverage over time by mandating that certain health benefit plans offered to individuals and small employers meet prescribed minimum benefit requirements and establish minimum loss ratios, rating restrictions, mandates for coverage of defined essential health benefits, restrictions or prohibitions on pre-existing condition exclusions and annual and lifetime policy limits. These requirements do not apply to specified limited or ancillary benefits referred to as “excepted benefits.” The complexity of the Affordable Care Act, its impact on health care in the United States, its continuing modification and interpretation by statute, rule and/or executive order, and the numerous legal challenges and ongoing legislative efforts to repeal or replace the Affordable Care Act, continues to make the impact to the Company’s business uncertain. Changes to the Affordable Care Act would directly affect the market in which the Company offers products and may make it more difficult to do business or impact the underlying economies of the business.

Kemper is exposed to numerous risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from recent results or anticipated future results. The following discussion details the significant risk factors that are specific to the Company. In addition to those described below, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected by other factors not presently known or considered material by the Company. Readers are advised to consider all of these factors along with the other information included in this 2021 Annual Report, including the factors set forth under the caption “Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” beginning on page 1, and to consult any further disclosures Kemper makes on related subjects in its filings with the SEC.

The Company establishes loss and LAE reserves to cover estimated liabilities, which remain unpaid as of the end of each accounting period, and to investigate and settle all claims incurred under the property and casualty insurance policies that it has issued. Loss and LAE reserves are established for claims that have been reported to the Company as of the end of the accounting period, as well as for estimated claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. The estimates of loss and LAE reserves are based on the Company’s assessment of the facts and circumstances known to it at the time, as well as estimates of the impact of future trends in the severity of claims, the frequency of claims and other factors.

The process of estimating property and casualty insurance reserves is complex and imprecise. The reserves established by the Company are inherently uncertain estimates and could prove to be inadequate to cover its ultimate losses and expenses. The estimate of the ultimate cost of claims for insured events that have occurred must take into consideration many factors that are dependent on the outcome of future events associated with the reporting, investigation and settlement of claims. The impacts on the Company’s estimates of property and casualty insurance reserves from these factors are difficult to assess accurately. A change in any one or more of the factors is likely to result in a projected ultimate loss that is different than the previous projected ultimate loss and may have a material impact on the Company’s estimates. Increases in the estimates of ultimate losses and LAE will decrease earnings, while decreases in these estimates will increase earnings, as reported by the Company in the results of its operations for the periods in which the changes to the estimates are made. See MD&A, “Critical Accounting Estimates,” under the caption “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” beginning on page 62 for a discussion of the Company’s reserving process and the factors considered by the Company’s actuaries in estimating the Company’s Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves.

Kemper’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on their results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hailstorms, explosions, severe winter weather, wildfires and pandemics, and may also include man-made events, such as terrorist attacks and hazardous material spills. The incidence, frequency and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable and may be impacted by the uncertain effects of climate change. The extent of the Company’s losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of its insured exposure in the geographic area affected by the event and the severity of the event. The Company could experience more than one severe catastrophic event in any given period.

The property and casualty insurance subsidiaries use catastrophe modeling tools developed by third parties to project their potential exposure to property damage resulting from certain types of catastrophic events under various scenarios. These models are based on various assumptions and judgments which may turn out to be wrong. The actual impact of one or more catastrophic events could adversely and materially differ from these projections.

Kemper’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries seek to reduce their exposure to catastrophe losses through the purchase of catastrophe reinsurance. Catastrophe reinsurance does not relieve these subsidiaries of their direct liability to their policyholders. As long as the reinsurers meet their obligations, the net liability for each subsidiary is limited to the amount of risk it retains. While Kemper’s subsidiaries’ principal reinsurers are each rated “A-” or better by A.M. Best at the time reinsurance is purchased, the Company cannot be certain that reinsurers will pay the amounts due from them either now, in the future, or on a timely basis. A reinsurer’s insolvency or inability to make payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement could materially and adversely affect the Company’s financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

In addition, market conditions beyond the Company’s control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection that Kemper’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries may purchase. A decrease in the amount of reinsurance coverage that these subsidiaries purchase generally should increase their risk of a more severe loss. If the amount of available reinsurance is reduced, the cost to obtain reinsurance may increase or Kemper’s subsidiaries may be unable to obtain sufficient reinsurance on acceptable terms, which could adversely affect their ability to write future insurance policies or result in their retaining more risk with respect to those policies.

Kemper’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries also manage their exposure to catastrophe losses through underwriting strategies such as reducing exposures in, or withdrawing from, catastrophe-prone areas, establishing appropriate guidelines for insurable structures, and setting appropriate rates, deductibles, exclusions and policy limits. The extent to which Kemper’s subsidiaries can manage their exposure through these strategies may be limited by law or regulatory action. For example, laws and regulations may limit the rate or timing at which insurers may non-renew insurance policies in catastrophe-prone areas or require insurers to participate in wind pools and joint underwriting associations. Generally, participation in these pools and associations is based on an insurer’s market share determined on a state-wide basis. Accordingly, even though Kemper’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries may not incur a direct insured loss as a result of managing direct catastrophe exposures, they may incur indirect losses from required participation in pools and associations. In addition, laws and regulations requiring prior approval of policy forms and premium rates may limit the ability of Kemper’s property and casualty insurance

subsidiaries to increase rates or deductibles on a timely basis, which may result in additional losses or lower returns than otherwise would have occurred in an unregulated market.

Third-party rating agencies assess the financial strength and rate the claims-paying ability of insurance companies based on criteria established by the rating agencies. Third-party ratings are important competitive factors in the insurance industry. Financial strength ratings are used to assess the financial strength and quality of insurers. Ratings agencies may downgrade the ratings of Kemper and/or its insurance subsidiaries or require Kemper to retain more capital in its insurance businesses to maintain existing ratings following developments that they deem negative. This can include factors directly related to the Company, such as an increase in the catastrophic risk retained by Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries, or developments in industry or general economic conditions. A downgrade by A.M. Best in the ratings of Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries below A-, particularly those operating in the preferred and standard market or offering homeowners insurance, could result in a substantial loss of business if independent agents and brokers or policyholders move to other companies with higher claims-paying and financial strength ratings. Any substantial loss of business could materially and adversely affect the financial condition and results of operations of such subsidiaries. A downgrade in Kemper’s credit rating by Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), Moody’s Investors Services (“Moody’s”) or Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) may reduce Kemper’s ability to cost-effectively access the capital markets or may increase the cost to refinance existing debt.

The inability to compete effectively in any of the Company’s insurance businesses could materially reduce the Company’s customer base and revenues and could materially and adversely affect the future results and financial condition of the Company.

See “Competition” in Item 1 of Part I beginning on page 9 and page 11 for more information on the competitive rankings in the property and casualty insurance markets and the life and health insurance markets, respectively, in the United States.

Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries operate under an extensive insurance regulatory system. Current laws and regulations affect a wide variety of matters, including policy forms, premium rates, licensing, market conduct, trade practices, claims handling

practices, reserve and loss ratio requirements, investment standards, statutory capital and surplus requirements, restrictions on the payment of dividends, approvals of transactions involving a change in control of one or more insurance companies, restrictions on transactions among affiliates and consumer privacy and data security. Kemper subsidiaries must also file annual and quarterly financial reports and holding company reports. Pre-approval requirements often restrict or delay actions to implement premium rate changes for insurance policies, or to introduce new, or make changes to existing, policy forms and many other actions. These delays can adversely impact Kemper’s business, especially where external factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may result in a pricing imbalance for the Company’s insurance products.

Insurance regulators conduct periodic examinations of Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries and can suspend or delay operations or licenses, require corrective actions, and impose penalties or other remedies available for compliance failures. For a more detailed discussion of the regulations applicable to Kemper’s subsidiaries and related emerging developments, see “Regulation” in Item 1, beginning on page 12.

These laws and regulations, and their application by regulators and courts, are subject to continuous interpretation and revision. The legal and regulatory landscape within which Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries conduct their businesses is often unpredictable. As industry practices and regulatory, judicial, political, social and other conditions change, new issues may emerge. These changes and emerging issues could adversely affect Kemper’s business in a variety of ways, including, for example, by expanding coverages beyond the underwriting intent, increasing the number or size of claims, accelerating the payment of claims or otherwise adding to operational costs or adversely affecting the Company’s competitive advantages. Practices in the industry or within the Company that were once considered approved, compliant and reasonable may suddenly be deemed unacceptable by virtue of a court or regulatory ruling or changes in regulatory enforcement policies and practices. It is not possible for the Company to predict such shifts in legal or regulatory enforcement or to accurately estimate the impact they may have on the Company and its operations.

One area where the legal and regulatory landscape experienced significant change is in connection with the mandated use of death verification databases by life insurance companies. A majority of states now have laws requiring insurers to proactively use such databases, including the Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (the “DMF”), in order to ascertain if an insured may be deceased. Kemper cannot predict whether additional states will enact similar legislation. These laws require the insurer to initiate the claims process even though the insureds’ beneficiaries have not submitted a claim and the insurer was otherwise unaware of the insured’s death. In a related development, many states expanded their unclaimed property laws, particularly as they relate to life insurance proceeds, and have examined life insurance companies with respect to the reporting and remittance of such proceeds under these laws. The push to alter practices previously considered lawful and appropriate relative to both claims handling and remittance of life insurance proceeds has led to the Company’s involvement in compliance audits, market conduct examinations and litigation. The Company has a comprehensive process in place to compare life insurance records against the DMF and other databases to determine if any of its insureds may be deceased. See Note 2, “Summary of Accounting Policies and Accounting Changes,” and Note 24 “Contingencies,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

In addition, there is increased legislative and regulatory focus on cybersecurity and on amendments to state holding company laws that expand the oversight and examination powers of insurance regulators beyond licensed insurance companies to include non-insurance affiliates and their organizations as a whole, particularly with respect to enterprise risk. See the discussion of these matters under “Regulation” in Item 1, beginning on page 12.

These developments and significant changes in, or new interpretations of, existing laws and regulations could make it more expensive for Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries to conduct and grow their businesses which could materially impact the Company’s operating results.

Kemper and its subsidiaries are from time to time involved in lawsuits, regulatory inquiries and other legal proceedings arising out of the ordinary course of their businesses. Some of these proceedings may involve matters particular to Kemper or one or more of its subsidiaries, while others may pertain to industry business practices. Some lawsuits may seek class action status that, if granted, could expose the Company to potentially significant liability by virtue of the size of the putative classes. These matters often raise difficult factual and legal issues and are subject to uncertainties and complexities. The outcomes of these matters are difficult to predict, and the amounts or ranges of potential loss at particular stages in the proceedings are in most cases difficult or impossible to ascertain. Even where the possibility of an adverse outcome is remote under traditional legal analysis, juries sometimes substitute their subjective views in place of facts and established legal principles. Given the unpredictability of the legal and regulatory landscape in which the Company operates, there can be no assurance that one or more of these matters will not produce a result that could materially and adversely affect the Company’s financial results for any given period.

For information about the Company’s pending legal proceedings, see Note 24, “Contingencies,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

System security breaches can result in data loss, business interruption, ransom demands, investigations and litigation. The Company has been and may continue to be exposed to damages, regulatory penalties and other liabilities, reputational risk and significant increases in compliance and litigation costs.

The Company relies increasingly on electronic payments from policyholders, including, but not limited to, payment by credit and debit cards. Kemper’s ability to use electronic payments depends on its ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations and with the rules of the various payment networks. Failure to maintain compliance with laws and industry rules and regulations governing such transactions could result in additional costs and damages. For example, in the event of non-compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, an information security framework for organizations that handle cardholder information for the major debit, credit, prepaid, and other payment card methods, Kemper’s insurance

subsidiaries could be prohibited from collecting premium payments from customers by way of such methods and be subject to significant fines.

The Company’s business operations rely on the continuous availability of its own computer systems, systems and software hosted by vendors, and computer systems used by third party administrators and contractors working on behalf of the Company. From time to time these systems have been, and may again be, adversely affected or disrupted by cyber attacks or other data breaches, natural and man-made catastrophes or other significant events. The failure of the Company, or its third party administrators or other business partners, to maintain business continuity in the wake of such events may prevent the timely performance of critical processes across its operations, including, for example, insurance policy administration, claims processing, billing, payment processing, treasury and investment operations and payroll and other employer-related functions. These failures could result in significant loss of business, increased costs, fines and other adverse consequences.

Data and analytics play an increasingly important role in the insurance industry. The Company may periodically initiate multi-year technology projects to enhance operations or replace systems. While technology developments can facilitate the use and enhance the value of data and analytics, streamline business processes and ultimately reduce the cost of operations, technology initiatives can present significant economic and organizational challenges to the Company and potential short-term cost and implementation risks. In addition, projections of expenses and implementation schedules could change materially and costs could escalate over time, while the ultimate utility of a technology initiative could deteriorate over time.

Due to the highly-regulated nature of the financial services industry, the Company also faces rising costs and competing time constraints in adapting technology to meet compliance requirements of new and proposed regulations. The costs to develop and implement systems to replace the Company’s existing systems and to comply with new regulatory requirements as needed are expected to be material. Due to the complexities involved, there can be no assurances that new system development and implementation projects will be successful, that the costs for such projects will not exceed estimates and that the incurred costs will be recoverable. Furthermore, failure to implement replacement systems in a timely manner could result in loss of business from the Company’s delay or inability to design and introduce new insurance products that meet emerging consumer needs and competitive trends.

As a holding company, Kemper depends on the dividend income that it receives from its subsidiaries as a primary source of funds to meet its payment obligations. Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions under state insurance laws and regulations that limit their ability to declare and pay dividends. These laws and regulations impose minimum solvency and liquidity requirements on dividends between affiliated companies and require prior notice to, and may require approval from, state insurance regulators before dividends can be paid. In addition, third-party rating agencies monitor statutory capital and surplus levels for capital adequacy. Even though a dividend may be payable without regulatory approval, an insurance subsidiary may forgo paying a dividend to Kemper and retain the capital to maintain or improve ratings or to offset increases in required capital from increases in premium volume or investment risk. The inability of one or more of Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries to pay sufficient dividends to Kemper may materially affect Kemper’s ability to pay its debt obligations on time, pay dividends to its shareholders or undertake funding for targeted transactions.

The Company has no unresolved staff comments issued more than 180 days before December 31, 2021, the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Kemper’s subsidiaries together own and occupy twelve buildings located in seven states consisting of approximately 403,000 square feet in the aggregate. Kemper’s subsidiaries hold, solely for investment purposes, additional properties that are not occupied by Kemper or its subsidiaries. Included in Kemper’s owned and occupied properties is a corporate data processing facility with aggregate square footage of approximately 110,000 square feet.

The Company leases four floors, or approximately 92,000 square feet, in an 83-story office building in Chicago, Illinois, for its corporate headquarters. The lease expires on December 31, 2033. Kemper’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries lease facilities with an aggregate square footage of approximately 578,000 at 22 locations in nine states. The latest expiration date of the existing leases is in June 2031. Kemper’s life and health insurance subsidiaries lease facilities with aggregate square footage of approximately 460,000 at 121 locations in 27 states. The latest expiration date of the existing leases is in December 2026.

The properties described above are in good condition. The properties utilized in the Company’s operations consist of facilities suitable for general office space, call centers and data processing operations.

Information concerning pending legal proceedings is incorporated herein by reference to Note 24, “Contingencies,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Not applicable.

Kemper’s common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol of “KMPR.”

As of January 31, 2022, the number of record holders of Kemper’s common stock was 2,841.

Quarterly information pertaining to payment of dividends on Kemper’s common stock is presented below.

Kemper’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to various state insurance laws that may restrict the ability of these insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends without prior regulatory approval. See MD&A, “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 14, “Shareholders’ Equity,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on Kemper’s ability and intent to pay dividends.

On May 6, 2020, Kemper’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $200.0 million of Kemper common stock, in addition to the $133.0 million remaining under the August 6, 2014 authorization, bringing the remaining share repurchase authorization to approximately $333.3 million as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the remaining share repurchase authorization was $171.6 million under the repurchase program.

During the years ended 2021 and 2020, Kemper repurchased and retired approximately 2,085,000 and 1,617,000 shares, respectively, of its common stock under its share repurchase authorization for an aggregate cost of $161.7 million and $110.4 million and an average cost per share of $77.58 and $68.29, respectively.

These purchases were made in the open market in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

The comparisons in the graph below are based on historical data and are not intended to forecast the possible future performance of Kemper common stock.

[Reserved]

Net Loss was $120.5 million ($(1.87) per unrestricted common share) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to Net Income $409.9 million ($6.24 per unrestricted common share) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

A reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted Consolidated Net Operating Income (Loss) (a non-GAAP financial measure) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is presented below.

Net Income decreased by $530.4 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to lower Adjusted Consolidated Net Operating Income, partially offset by income from change in fair value of equity and convertible securities. Adjusted Consolidated Net Operating Income (Loss) decreased by $657.6 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to lower Specialty Property & Casualty Segment Insurance Net Operating Income, Corporate and Other Net Operating Income, Life & Health Insurance Segment Net Operating Income, and Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance Segment Net Operating Income.

See MD&A, “Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance”, “Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance” and “Life & Health Insurance,” for discussion of each respective segment’s results. Corporate and Other Net Operating Income (Loss) decreased due primarily to a gain recognized in 2020 for the satisfaction of the remaining balance of a final judgment received by the Company in connection with an arbitration award against Computer Sciences Corporation (the “CSC Judgment”).

Earned Premiums were $5,253.7 million in 2021, compared to $4,672.2 million in 2020, an increase of $581.5 million. Earned Premiums in the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment increased by $613.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Earned Premiums in the Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment decreased by $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. See MD&A, “Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance” and “Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance” for discussion of the changes in each segment’s earned premiums.

Net Investment Income increased by $79.1 million in 2021 due primarily to an increase in return from Alternative Investments, higher levels of investments in fixed income securities, and higher levels of investments and rate on Company-Owned Life Insurance, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities.

Loss from the change in value of Alternative Energy Partnership Investments was $61.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Tax benefits related to the Alternative Energy Partnership Investments were $79.0 million, resulting in net income attributable to Alternative Energy Partnership Investments of $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Other Income decreased by $89.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020. Other Income for the year ended December 31, 2020 included a gain of $89.4 million related to the partial satisfaction of a final judgment against Computer Sciences Corporation.

Net Realized Gains on Sales of Investments were $64.8 million in 2021, compared to $38.1 million in 2020. Impairment Losses were $11.0 million in 2021, compared to $19.5 million for the same period in 2020.

See MD&A, “Investment Results,” under the sub-captions “Net Realized Gains on Sales of Investments” and “Impairment Losses” for additional discussion. The Company cannot predict if or when similar investment gains or losses may occur in the future.

Catastrophes and natural disasters are inherent risks of the property and casualty insurance business. These catastrophic events and natural disasters include, without limitation, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, wildfires, high winds and winter storms. Such events result in insured losses that are, and will continue to be, a material factor in the results of operations and financial position of the Company’s property and casualty insurance companies. Further, because the level of these insured losses occurring in any one year cannot be accurately predicted, these losses may contribute to material year-to-year fluctuations in the results of operations and financial position of these companies. Specific types of catastrophic events are more likely to occur at certain times within the year than others. This factor adds an element of seasonality to property and casualty

insurance claims. The Company has adopted the industry-wide catastrophe classifications of storms and other events promulgated by ISO to track and report losses related to catastrophes. ISO classifies a disaster as a catastrophe when the event causes $25.0 million or more in direct insured losses to property and affects a significant number of policyholders and insurers. ISO-classified catastrophes are assigned a unique serial number recognized throughout the insurance industry.

The number of ISO-classified catastrophic events and catastrophe losses and LAE, net of reinsurance recoveries, (excluding loss and LAE reserve development) by range of loss and business segment for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are presented below.

See MD&A, “Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance,” MD&A, “Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance,” MD&A, “Life & Health Insurance,” and Note 6, “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s reserve development. See MD&A, “Critical Accounting Estimates,” of this 2021 Annual Report for additional information pertaining to the Company’s process of estimating property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE, and the estimated variability thereof, development of property and casualty insurance losses and LAE, and a discussion of some of the variables that may impact them.

Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, the Company is required to file consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The Company is permitted to include non-GAAP financial measures in its filings provided that they are defined along with an explanation of their usefulness to investors, are no more prominent than the comparable GAAP financial measures and are reconciled to such GAAP financial measures.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for the comparable GAAP financial measures, as they do not fully recognize the overall profitability of the Company’s businesses.

The following discussion of segment results uses the non-GAAP financial measures of (i) Underlying Losses and LAE and (ii) Underlying Combined Ratio. Underlying Losses and LAE (also referred to in the discussion as “Current Year Non-catastrophe Losses and LAE”) exclude the impact of catastrophe losses and loss and LAE reserve development from prior years from the Company’s Incurred Losses and LAE, which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

The Underlying Combined Ratio is computed by adding the Current Year Non-catastrophe Losses and LAE Ratio with the Insurance Expense Ratio. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is the Combined Ratio, which is computed by adding Total Incurred Losses and LAE Ratio, including the impact of catastrophe losses and loss and LAE reserve development from prior years, with the Insurance Expense Ratio.

The Company believes Underlying Losses and LAE and the Underlying Combined Ratio are useful to investors and uses these financial measures to reveal the trends in the Company’s Property & Casualty Insurance segment that may be obscured by catastrophe losses and prior-year reserve development. These catastrophe losses may cause the Company’s loss trends to vary significantly between periods as a result of their incidence of occurrence and magnitude and can have a significant impact on incurred losses and LAE and the Combined Ratio. Prior-year reserve developments are caused by unexpected loss development on historical reserves. Because reserve development relates to the re-estimation of losses from earlier periods, it has no bearing on the performance of the Company’s insurance products in the current period. The Company believes it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing the Company’s underwriting performance.

Adjusted Consolidated Net Operating Income (Loss) is an after-tax, non-GAAP financial measure and is computed by excluding from Net Income (Loss) the after-tax impact of:

Significant non-recurring items are excluded when (a) the nature of the charge or gain is such that it is reasonably unlikely to recur within two years, and (b) there has been no similar charge or gain within the prior two years. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is Net Income (Loss). There were no applicable significant non-recurring items that the Company excluded from the calculation of Adjusted Consolidated Net Operating Income for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019.

See MD&A, “Critical Accounting Estimates,” under the caption “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” for additional information pertaining to the Company’s process of estimating property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE, development of property and casualty insurance losses and LAE from prior accident years, also referred to as “reserve development” in the discussion of segment results, estimated variability of property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE, and a discussion of some of the variables that may impact development of property and casualty insurance losses and LAE and the estimated variability of property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE.

The Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment reported Segment Net Operating Loss of $196.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to Net Operating Income of $337.9 million in 2020. Segment net operating results decreased by $534.0 million due primarily to an increase in underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums related to higher claim frequency and severity trends and adverse loss reserve development, partially offset by higher net investment income. Underlying losses and LAE exclude the impact of catastrophes and loss and LAE reserve development.

Earned Premiums in the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment increased by $613.2 million in 2021, compared to 2020 driven by the acquisition of AAC, COVID-19 related premium credits in the prior period, and higher volume. Volumes were higher in both the Private Passenger Auto and Commercial Automobile product lines.

Net Investment Income in the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment increased by $38.4 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to an increase in return from Alternative Investments, higher levels of investments in fixed income securities, and higher levels of investments and rate on Company-Owned Life Insurance, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities.

Loss related to Changes in Value of Alternative Energy Partnership Investments was $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Tax benefits related to the Alternative Energy Partnership Investments were $37.4 million, resulting in net income attributable to Alternative Energy Partnership Investments of $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums were 88.1% in 2021, a deterioration of 17.7 percentage points, compared to 2020, due primarily to higher claim frequency and severity trends. Frequency trends increased as a result of driving activity returning to pre-pandemic levels. Severity trends increased due to rising inflation and supply chain constraints. Underlying losses and LAE exclude the impact of catastrophes and loss and LAE reserve development. Adverse loss and LAE reserve development (including catastrophe reserve development) was $97.7 million in 2021, compared to $15.3 million in

2020. Adverse loss and LAE reserve development in 2021 was largely driven by legal developments and increased severity in personal injury protection coverage in Florida and other liability coverages. Catastrophe losses and LAE (excluding reserve development) were $15.7 million in 2021, compared to $12.3 million in 2020, an increase of $3.4 million.

Insurance expenses were $774.5 million, or 19.6% of earned premiums, in 2021, compared to $651.9 million, or 19.5% of earned premiums, in 2020. Insurance expenses as a percentage of earned premium in 2021 included the amortization of intangible assets arising from the acquisition of AAC, which was offset by lower earned premium in 2020 due primarily to premium credits.

The Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment’s effective income tax rate differs from the federal statutory income tax rate due primarily to investment tax credits, tax-exempt investment income and dividends received deductions.

Selected financial information for the specialty personal automobile insurance product line for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is presented below.

Earned Premiums on specialty personal automobile insurance increased by $502.4 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to the acquisition of AAC, premium credits in the prior period, and higher volume. Incurred losses and LAE were $3,273.6 million, or 92.6% of earned premiums, in 2021, compared to $2,200.7 million, or 72.6% of earned premiums, in 2020. Incurred losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums increased due primarily to a deterioration in underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premium as well as higher adverse loss and LAE reserve development. Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of related earned premiums were 89.8% in 2021, compared to 71.3% in 2020, a deterioration of 18.5 points due to higher claim frequency and severity trends. Frequency trends increased as a result of driving activity returning to pre-pandemic levels. Severity trends increased due to rising inflation and supply chain constraints. Adverse loss and LAE reserve development was $85.3 million in 2021, compared to $28.2 million in 2020, primarily driven by legal developments and increased severity in personal injury protection coverage in Florida and other liability coverages. Catastrophe losses and LAE (excluding reserve development) were $14.4 million in 2021, compared to $11.6 million in 2020.

Selected financial information for the commercial automobile insurance product line is presented below.

Earned premiums in commercial automobile insurance increased by $110.8 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to higher volume and premium credits in the prior period. Incurred losses and LAE were $320.1 million, or 77.2% of earned premiums, in 2021, compared to $177.7 million, or 58.5% of earned premiums, in 2020. Incurred losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums increased due primarily to a deterioration in underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums as well as adverse loss and LAE reserve development. Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums were 73.9% in 2021, compared to 62.5% in 2020, a deterioration of 11.4 percentage points due primarily to higher claim severity trends. Severity trends increased due to rising inflation and supply chain constraints. Adverse loss and LAE reserve development was $12.4 million in 2021, compared to favorable reserve development of $12.9 million in 2020.

See MD&A, “Critical Accounting Estimates,” under the caption “Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” beginning on page 62 for additional information pertaining to the Company’s process of estimating property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE, development of property and casualty insurance losses and LAE from prior accident years, also referred to as “reserve development” in the discussion of segment results, estimated variability of property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE, and a discussion of some of the variables that may impact development of property and casualty insurance losses and LAE and the estimated variability of property and casualty insurance reserves for losses and LAE.

The Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment reported Segment Net Operating Loss of $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to Segment Net Operating Income of $3.5 million in 2020. Segment net operating results decreased by $16.0 million due primarily to higher underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums, partially offset by lower catastrophe losses and LAE, lower levels of adverse loss and LAE reserve development and higher net investment income.

Earned Premiums in the Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment decreased by $36.5 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to lower automobile and homeowners insurance volumes and ongoing profit improvement actions.

Net Investment Income in the Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment increased by $30.9 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to an increase in return from Alternative Investments, higher levels of investments in fixed income securities, and higher levels of investments and rate on Company-Owned Life Insurance, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities.

Loss related to Changes in Value of Alternative Energy Partnership Investments was $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Tax benefits related to the Alternative Energy Partnership Investments were $21.1 million, resulting in net income attributable to Alternative Energy Partnership Investments of $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums were 69.2% and 58.3% in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums increased primarily due to severity trends caused by ongoing supply chain issues and rising inflation. Catastrophe losses and LAE (excluding reserve development) were $79.1 million in 2021, compared to $82.0 million in 2020, which is a decrease of $2.9 million. Catastrophe losses and LAE (excluding reserve development) decreased due primarily to a decrease in severity of catastrophic events in 2021, compared to 2020, There were four catastrophic events above $5 million in 2021, compared to five catastrophic events above $5 million in 2020. Adverse loss and LAE reserve development (including catastrophe reserve development) was $7.9 million in 2021, compared to $20.2 million in 2020.

Insurance expenses were $206.4 million, or 31.7% of earned premiums, in 2021, an improvement of 0.4 percentage points compared to 2020.

The Preferred Property & Casualty Insurance segment’s effective income tax rate differs from the federal statutory income tax rate due primarily to investment tax credits, tax-exempt investment income and dividends received deductions

Selected financial information for the preferred personal automobile insurance product line is presented below.

Earned premiums in preferred personal automobile insurance decreased by $21.2 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to lower volume and ongoing profit improvement actions. Incurred losses and LAE were $349.9 million, or 85.2% of earned premiums, in 2021, compared to $311.0 million, or 72.0% of earned premiums, in 2020. Incurred losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums increased due primarily to a deterioration in the underlying loss and LAE ratio, partially offset by lower levels of adverse loss and LAE reserve development. Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of related earned premiums were 80.4% in 2021, compared to 64.8% in 2020, a deterioration of 15.6 percentage points primarily due to higher claim frequency and severity trends. Frequency trends increased as a result of driving activity returning to pre-pandemic levels. Severity trends increased due to rising inflation and supply chain constraints. Catastrophe losses and LAE (excluding reserve development) were $7.4 million in 2021, compared to $4.4 million in 2020. Adverse loss and LAE reserve development (including catastrophe loss reserve development) was $12.1 million in 2021, compared to $26.7 million in 2020.

Selected financial information for the homeowners insurance product line is presented below.

Earned premiums in homeowners insurance decreased by $13.4 million in 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to lower volume and ongoing profit improvement actions. Incurred losses and LAE were $167.8 million, or 80.9% of earned premiums, in 2021, compared to $177.8 million, or 80.6% of earned premiums, in 2020. Incurred losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums increased due primarily to lower incurred catastrophe losses (excluding loss reserve development), partially offset by higher underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums. Underlying losses and LAE as a percentage of earned premiums were 50.2% in 2021, compared to 49.3% in 2020, a deterioration of 0.9 percentage points. Catastrophe losses and LAE (excluding reserve development) were $70.2 million in 2021, compared to $71.2 million in 2020. There were four catastrophic events above $5 million in 2021, compared to five catastrophic events above $5 million in 2020. Favorable Loss and LAE reserve development (including catastrophe loss reserve development) was $6.5 million in 2021, compared to $2.1 million in 2020.