| Derivatives and Hedging Activities | Derivatives and Hedging Activities Derivative Activities Derivatives are instruments that derive their value from underlying asset prices, indices, reference rates and other inputs, or a combination of these factors. Derivatives may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded) or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are usually referred to as OTC derivatives. Certain of the firm’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (OTC-cleared), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (bilateral OTC). Market Making. As a market maker, the firm enters into derivative transactions to provide liquidity to clients and to facilitate the transfer and hedging of their risks. In this role, the firm typically acts as principal and is required to commit capital to provide execution, and maintains market-making positions in response to, or in anticipation of, client demand. Risk Management. The firm also enters into derivatives to actively manage risk exposures that arise from its market-making and investing and financing activities. The firm’s holdings and exposures are hedged, in many cases, on either a portfolio or risk-specific basis, as opposed to an instrument-by-instrument basis. The offsetting impact of this economic hedging is reflected in the same business segment as the related revenues. In addition, the firm may enter into derivatives designated as hedges under U.S. GAAP. These derivatives are used to manage interest rate exposure of certain fixed-rate unsecured borrowings and deposits and certain U.S. and non-U.S. government securities classified as available-for-sale, foreign exchange risk of certain available-for-sale securities and the net investment in certain non-U.S. operations. The firm enters into various types of derivatives, including: • Futures and Forwards. Contracts that commit counterparties to purchase or sell financial instruments, commodities or currencies in the future. • Swaps. Contracts that require counterparties to exchange cash flows, such as currency or interest payment streams. The amounts exchanged are based on the specific terms of the contract with reference to specified rates, financial instruments, commodities, currencies or indices. • Options. Contracts in which the option purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, to purchase from or sell to the option writer financial instruments, commodities or currencies within a defined time period for a specified price. Derivatives are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis (i.e., the net payable or receivable for derivative assets and liabilities for a given counterparty) when a legal right of setoff exists under an enforceable netting agreement (counterparty netting). Derivatives are accounted for at fair value, net of cash collateral received or posted under enforceable credit support agreements (cash collateral netting). Derivative assets are included in trading assets trading liabilities Realized and unrealized gains and losses The tables below present the gross fair value and the notional amounts of derivative contracts by major product type, the amounts of counterparty and cash collateral netting in the consolidated balance sheets, as well as cash and securities collateral posted and received under enforceable credit support agreements that do not meet the criteria for netting under U.S. GAAP. As of December 2023 As of December 2022 $ in millions Derivative Derivative Derivative Derivative Not accounted for as hedges Exchange-traded $ 3,401 $ 1,129 $ 675 $ 1,385 OTC-cleared 67,815 64,490 74,297 72,979 Bilateral OTC 171,109 149,444 195,052 174,687 Total interest rates 242,325 215,063 270,024 249,051 OTC-cleared 1,271 1,533 1,516 1,802 Bilateral OTC 11,554 8,601 10,751 9,478 Total credit 12,825 10,134 12,267 11,280 Exchange-traded 708 15 1,041 22 OTC-cleared 1,033 1,632 520 589 Bilateral OTC 88,158 95,742 102,301 111,276 Total currencies 89,899 97,389 103,862 111,887 Exchange-traded 5,468 5,998 9,225 9,542 OTC-cleared 635 711 698 838 Bilateral OTC 10,739 11,234 30,017 22,745 Total commodities 16,842 17,943 39,940 33,125 Exchange-traded 31,315 39,247 26,302 26,607 OTC-cleared 122 171 685 19 Bilateral OTC 28,601 40,696 23,574 30,157 Total equities 60,038 80,114 50,561 56,783 Subtotal 421,929 420,643 476,654 462,126 Accounted for as hedges Bilateral OTC 298 9 335 11 Total interest rates 298 9 335 11 OTC-cleared – 7 29 29 Bilateral OTC 5 208 53 256 Total currencies 5 215 82 285 Subtotal 303 224 417 296 Total gross fair value $ 422,232 $ 420,867 $ 477,071 $ 462,422 Offset in the consolidated balance sheets Exchange-traded $ (32,722) $ (32,722) $ (31,229) $ (31,229) OTC-cleared (67,272) (67,272) (75,349) (75,349) Bilateral OTC (221,395) (221,395) (254,304) (254,304) Counterparty netting (321,389) (321,389) (360,882) (360,882) OTC-cleared (1,335) (486) (1,388) (406) Bilateral OTC (48,388) (42,238) (55,388) (46,399) Cash collateral netting (49,723) (42,724) (56,776) (46,805) Total amounts offset $ (371,112) $ (364,113) $ (417,658) $ (407,687) Included in the consolidated balance sheets Exchange-traded $ 8,170 $ 13,667 $ 6,014 $ 6,327 OTC-cleared 2,269 786 1,008 501 Bilateral OTC 40,681 42,301 52,391 47,907 Total $ 51,120 $ 56,754 $ 59,413 $ 54,735 Not offset in the consolidated balance sheets Cash collateral $ (877) $ (2,732) $ (298) $ (1,887) Securities collateral (13,425) (6,516) (15,229) (4,329) Total $ 36,818 $ 47,506 $ 43,886 $ 48,519 Notional Amounts as of December $ in millions 2023 2022 Not accounted for as hedges Exchange-traded $ 3,854,689 $ 4,241,937 OTC-cleared 16,007,915 13,104,682 Bilateral OTC 12,390,595 11,137,127 Total interest rates 32,253,199 28,483,746 Exchange-traded 299 369 OTC-cleared 498,720 529,543 Bilateral OTC 619,975 577,542 Total credit 1,118,994 1,107,454 Exchange-traded 11,586 9,012 OTC-cleared 268,293 150,561 Bilateral OTC 6,363,700 5,304,069 Total currencies 6,643,579 5,463,642 Exchange-traded 306,787 341,526 OTC-cleared 3,323 3,188 Bilateral OTC 199,270 255,208 Total commodities 509,380 599,922 Exchange-traded 1,564,341 1,107,659 OTC-cleared 1,487 1,639 Bilateral OTC 1,204,140 1,026,736 Total equities 2,769,968 2,136,034 Subtotal 43,295,120 37,790,798 Accounted for as hedges OTC-cleared 241,160 257,739 Bilateral OTC 2,914 3,156 Total interest rates 244,074 260,895 OTC-cleared 1,227 2,048 Bilateral OTC 9,130 7,701 Total currencies 10,357 9,749 Subtotal 254,431 270,644 Total notional amounts $ 43,549,551 $ 38,061,442 In the tables above: • Gross fair values exclude the effects of both counterparty netting and collateral, and therefore are not representative of the firm’s exposure. • Where the firm has received or posted collateral under credit support agreements, but has not yet determined such agreements are enforceable, the related collateral has not been netted. • Notional amounts, which represent the sum of gross long and short derivative contracts, provide an indication of the volume of the firm’s derivative activity and do not represent anticipated losses. • Total gross fair value of derivatives included derivative assets of $8.98 billion as of December 2023 and $10.08 billion as of December 2022, a nd derivative liabilities of $16.03 billion as of December 2023 and $12.71 billion as of December 2022, which are not subject to an enforceable netting agreement or are subject to a netting agreement that the firm has not yet determined to be enforceable. OTC Derivatives The table below presents OTC derivative assets and liabilities by tenor and major product type. $ in millions Less than 1 - 5 Greater than 5 Years Total As of December 2023 Assets Interest rates $ 9,511 $ 12,178 $ 49,045 $ 70,734 Credit 1,814 3,283 1,961 7,058 Currencies 9,117 7,579 5,479 22,175 Commodities 2,993 2,574 1,451 7,018 Equities 6,625 3,155 1,655 11,435 Counterparty netting in tenors (3,046) (2,765) (3,648) (9,459) Subtotal $ 27,014 $ 26,004 $ 55,943 $ 108,961 Cross-tenor counterparty netting (16,288) Cash collateral netting (49,723) Total OTC derivative assets $ 42,950 Liabilities Interest rates $ 11,952 $ 15,972 $ 17,540 $ 45,464 Credit 792 2,508 1,067 4,367 Currencies 15,335 7,934 7,299 30,568 Commodities 2,526 3,643 1,419 7,588 Equities 10,183 10,048 3,340 23,571 Counterparty netting in tenors (3,046) (2,765) (3,648) (9,459) Subtotal $ 37,742 $ 37,340 $ 27,017 $ 102,099 Cross-tenor counterparty netting (16,288) Cash collateral netting (42,724) Total OTC derivative liabilities $ 43,087 As of December 2022 Assets Interest rates $ 5,509 $ 16,963 $ 53,943 $ 76,415 Credit 921 2,622 2,142 5,685 Currencies 12,284 7,819 7,085 27,188 Commodities 10,525 7,513 2,574 20,612 Equities 5,346 4,007 1,782 11,135 Counterparty netting in tenors (2,661) (3,942) (4,830) (11,433) Subtotal $ 31,924 $ 34,982 $ 62,696 $ 129,602 Cross-tenor counterparty netting (19,427) Cash collateral netting (56,776) Total OTC derivative assets $ 53,399 Liabilities Interest rates $ 9,351 $ 23,589 $ 21,467 $ 54,407 Credit 993 2,635 1,071 4,699 Currencies 18,987 8,736 8,712 36,435 Commodities 6,400 6,135 945 13,480 Equities 7,629 7,249 2,174 17,052 Counterparty netting in tenors (2,661) (3,942) (4,830) (11,433) Subtotal $ 40,699 $ 44,402 $ 29,539 $ 114,640 Cross-tenor counterparty netting (19,427) Cash collateral netting (46,805) Total OTC derivative liabilities $ 48,408 In the table above: • Tenor is based on remaining contractual maturity. • Counterparty netting within the same product type and tenor category is included within such product type and tenor category. • Counterparty netting across product types within the same tenor category is included in counterparty netting in tenors. Where the counterparty netting is across tenor categories, the netting is included in cross-tenor counterparty netting. See Note 4 for an overview of the firm’s fair value measurement policies, valuation techniques and significant inputs used to determine the fair value of derivatives, and Note 5 for information about derivatives within the fair value hierarchy. Credit Derivatives The firm enters into a broad array of credit derivatives to facilitate client transactions and to manage the credit risk associated with market-making and investing and financing activities. Credit derivatives are actively managed based on the firm’s net risk position. Credit derivatives are generally individually negotiated contracts and can have various settlement and payment conventions. Credit events include failure to pay, bankruptcy, acceleration of indebtedness, restructuring, repudiation and dissolution of the reference entity. The firm enters into the following types of credit derivatives: • Credit Default Swaps. Single-name credit default swaps protect the buyer against the loss of principal on one or more bonds, loans or mortgages (reference obligations) in the event the issuer of the reference obligations suffers a credit event. The buyer of protection pays an initial or periodic premium to the seller and receives protection for the period of the contract. If there is no credit event, as defined in the contract, the seller of protection makes no payments to the buyer. If a credit event occurs, the seller of protection is required to make a payment to the buyer, calculated according to the terms of the contract. • Credit Options. In a credit option, the option writer assumes the obligation to purchase or sell a reference obligation at a specified price or credit spread. The option purchaser buys the right, but does not assume the obligation, to sell the reference obligation to, or purchase it from, the option writer. The payments on credit options depend either on a particular credit spread or the price of the reference obligation. • Credit Indices, Baskets and Tranches. Credit derivatives may reference a basket of single-name credit default swaps or a broad-based index. If a credit event occurs in one of the underlying reference obligations, the protection seller pays the protection buyer. The payment is typically a pro-rata portion of the transaction’s total notional amount based on the underlying defaulted reference obligation. In certain transactions, the credit risk of a basket or index is separated into various portions (tranches), each having different levels of subordination. The most junior tranches cover initial defaults and once losses exceed the notional amount of these junior tranches, any excess loss is covered by the next most senior tranche. • Total Return Swaps. A total return swap transfers the risks relating to economic performance of a reference obligation from the protection buyer to the protection seller. Typically, the protection buyer receives a floating rate of interest and protection against any reduction in fair value of the reference obligation, and the protection seller receives the cash flows associated with the reference obligation, plus any increase in the fair value of the reference obligation. The firm economically hedges its exposure to written credit derivatives primarily by entering into offsetting purchased credit derivatives with identical underliers. Substantially all of the firm’s purchased credit derivative transactions are with financial institutions and are subject to stringent collateral thresholds. In addition, upon the occurrence of a specified trigger event, the firm may take possession of the reference obligations underlying a particular written credit derivative, and consequently may, upon liquidation of the reference obligations, recover amounts on the underlying reference obligations in the event of default. The table below presents information about credit derivatives. Credit Spread on Underlier (basis points) $ in millions 0 - 250 251 - 501 - Greater Total As of December 2023 Maximum Payout/Notional Amount of Written Credit Derivatives by Tenor Less than 1 year $ 126,667 $ 12,594 $ 892 $ 3,611 $ 143,764 1 - 5 years 324,577 11,371 5,613 5,802 347,363 Greater than 5 years 30,406 1,316 671 249 32,642 Total $ 481,650 $ 25,281 $ 7,176 $ 9,662 $ 523,769 Maximum Payout/Notional Amount of Purchased Credit Derivatives Offsetting $ 396,984 $ 11,857 $ 6,241 $ 8,246 $ 423,328 Other 155,468 12,862 1,948 1,619 171,897 Total $ 552,452 $ 24,719 $ 8,189 $ 9,865 $ 595,225 Fair Value of Written Credit Derivatives Asset $ 11,147 $ 654 $ 221 $ 165 $ 12,187 Liability 1,723 47 201 1,034 3,005 Net asset/(liability) $ 9,424 $ 607 $ 20 $ (869) $ 9,182 As of December 2022 Maximum Payout/Notional Amount of Written Credit Derivatives by Tenor Less than 1 year $ 108,703 $ 12,166 $ 1,879 $ 4,135 $ 126,883 1 - 5 years 306,484 28,188 13,724 9,092 357,488 Greater than 5 years 39,302 2,916 1,416 305 43,939 Total $ 454,489 $ 43,270 $ 17,019 $ 13,532 $ 528,310 Maximum Payout/Notional Amount of Purchased Credit Derivatives Offsetting $ 372,360 $ 33,149 $ 14,817 $ 11,757 $ 432,083 Other 128,828 13,211 2,615 2,407 147,061 Total $ 501,188 $ 46,360 $ 17,432 $ 14,164 $ 579,144 Fair Value of Written Credit Derivatives Asset $ 5,405 $ 460 $ 132 $ 84 $ 6,081 Liability 681 1,081 1,027 2,673 5,462 Net asset/(liability) $ 4,724 $ (621) $ (895) $ (2,589) $ 619 In the table above: • Fair values exclude the effects of both netting of receivable balances with payable balances under enforceable netting agreements, and netting of cash received or posted under enforceable credit support agreements, and therefore are not representative of the firm’s credit exposure. • Tenor is based on remaining contractual maturity. • The credit spread on the underlier, together with the tenor of the contract, are indicators of payment/performance risk. The firm is less likely to pay or otherwise be required to perform where the credit spread and the tenor are lower. • Offsetting purchased credit derivatives represent the notional amount of purchased credit derivatives that economically hedge written credit derivatives with identical underliers. • Other purchased credit derivatives represent the notional amount of all other purchased credit derivatives not included in offsetting. • Written and purchased credit derivatives primarily consist of credit default swaps. Impact of Credit and Funding Spreads on Derivatives The firm realizes gains or losses on its derivative contracts. These gains or losses include credit valuation adjustments (CVAs) relating to uncollateralized derivative assets and liabilities, which represent the gains or losses (including hedges) attributable to the impact of changes in credit exposure, counterparty credit spreads, liability funding spreads (which include the firm’s own credit), probability of default and assumed recovery. These gains or losses also include funding valuation adjustments (FVA) relating to uncollateralized derivative assets, which represent the gains or losses (including hedges) attributable to the impact of changes in expected funding exposures and funding spreads. The table below presents information about CVA and FVA. Year Ended December $ in millions 2023 2022 2021 CVA, net of hedges $ (139) $ 320 $ 25 FVA, net of hedges 131 (193) 60 Total $ (8) $ 127 $ 85 Bifurcated Embedded Derivatives The table below presents the fair value and the notional amount of derivatives that have been bifurcated from their related borrowings. As of December $ in millions 2023 2022 Fair value of assets $ 450 $ 288 Fair value of liabilities (307) (392) Net asset/(liability) $ 143 $ (104) Notional amount $ 8,082 $ 8,892 In the table above, derivatives that have been bifurcated from their related borrowings are recorded at fair value and primarily consist of interest rate, equity and commodity products. These derivatives are included in unsecured short- and long-term borrowings, as well as other secured financings, with the related borrowings. Derivatives with Credit-Related Contingent Features Certain of the firm’s derivatives have been transacted under bilateral agreements with counterparties who may require the firm to post collateral or terminate the transactions based on changes in the firm’s credit ratings. The firm assesses the impact of these bilateral agreements by determining the collateral or termination payments that would occur assuming a downgrade by all rating agencies. A downgrade by any one rating agency, depending on the agency’s relative ratings of the firm at the time of the downgrade, may have an impact which is comparable to the impact of a downgrade by all rating agencies. The table below presents information about net derivative liabilities under bilateral agreements (excluding collateral posted), the fair value of collateral posted and additional collateral or termination payments that could have been called by counterparties in the event of a one- or two-notch downgrade in the firm’s credit ratings. As of December $ in millions 2023 2022 Net derivative liabilities under bilateral agreements $ 30,021 $ 33,059 Collateral posted $ 20,758 $ 27,657 Additional collateral or termination payments: One-notch downgrade $ 271 $ 343 Two-notch downgrade $ 1,584 $ 1,115 Hedge Accounting The firm applies hedge accounting for (i) interest rate swaps used to manage the interest rate exposure of certain fixed-rate unsecured long- and short-term borrowings, certain fixed-rate certificates of deposit and certain U.S. and non-U.S. government securities classified as available-for-sale, (ii) foreign currency forward contracts used to manage the foreign exchange risk of certain securities classified as available-for-sale and (iii) foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency-denominated debt used to manage foreign exchange risk on the firm’s net investment in certain non-U.S. operations. To qualify for hedge accounting, the hedging instrument must be highly effective at reducing the risk from the exposure being hedged. Additionally, the firm must formally document the hedging relationship at inception and assess the hedging relationship at least on a quarterly basis to ensure the hedging instrument continues to be highly effective over the life of the hedging relationship. Fair Value Hedges The firm designates interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of certain fixed-rate unsecured long- and short-term debt and fixed-rate certificates of deposit and of certain U.S. and non-U.S. government securities classified as available-for-sale. These interest rate swaps hedge changes in fair value attributable to the designated benchmark interest rate (e.g., Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), Overnight Index Swap Rate or Sterling Overnight Index Average), effectively converting a substantial portion of these fixed-rate financial instruments into floating-rate financial instruments. The firm applies a statistical method that utilizes regression analysis when assessing the effectiveness of these hedging relationships in achieving offsetting changes in the fair values of the hedging instrument and the risk being hedged (i.e., interest rate risk). An interest rate swap is considered highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk when the regression analysis results in a coefficient of determination of 80% or greater and a slope between 80% and 125%. For qualifying interest rate fair value hedges, gains or losses on derivatives are included in interest income/expense. The change in fair value of the hedged items attributable to the risk being hedged is reported as an adjustment to its carrying value (hedging adjustment) and is also included in interest income/expense. When a derivative is no longer designated as a hedge, any remaining difference between the carrying value and par value of the hedged item is amortized in interest income/expense over the remaining life of the hedged item using the effective interest method. See Note 23 for further information about interest income and interest expense. The table below presents the gains/(losses) from interest rate derivatives accounted for as hedges and the related hedged items. Year Ended December $ in millions 2023 2022 2021 Investments Interest rate hedges $ (109) $ 366 $ – Hedged investments 111 (350) – Gains/(losses) $ 2 $ 16 $ – Borrowings and deposits Interest rate hedges $ 3,859 $ (22,183) $ (6,638) Hedged borrowings and deposits (4,344) 21,662 6,085 Gains/(losses) $ (485) $ (521) $ (553) The table below presents the carrying value of investments, deposits and unsecured borrowings that are designated in an interest rate hedging relationship and the related cumulative hedging adjustment (increase/(decrease)) from current and prior hedging relationships included in such carrying values. $ in millions Carrying Cumulative As of December 2023 Assets Investments $ 16,523 $ (104) Liabilities Deposits $ 3,435 $ (123) Unsecured short-term borrowings $ 14,449 $ (94) Unsecured long-term borrowings $ 134,992 $ (10,810) As of December 2022 Assets Investments $ 10,804 $ (350) Liabilities Deposits $ 6,311 $ (280) Unsecured short-term borrowings $ 7,295 $ (47) Unsecured long-term borrowings $ 151,215 $ (15,134) In the table above: • Cumulative hedging adjustment included $(5.63) billion as of December 2023 and $5.09 billion as of December 2022 of hedging adjustments from prior hedging relationships that were de-designated and substantially all were related to unsecured long-term borrowings. • The amortized cost of investments was $17.33 billion as of December 2023 and $11.49 billion as of December 2022. In addition, cumulative hedging adjustments for items no longer designated in a hedging relationship were not material as of December 2023 and were $111 million as of December 2022, primarily related to unsecured long-term borrowings. The firm designates foreign currency forward contracts as fair value hedges of the foreign exchange risk of non-U.S. government securities classified as available-for-sale. See Note 8 for information about the amortized cost and fair value of such securities. The effectiveness of such hedges is assessed based on changes in spot rates. The gains/(losses) on the hedges (relating to both spot and forward points) and the foreign exchange gains/(losses) on the related available-for-sale securities are included in market making. The net losses on hedges and the related hedged available-for-sale securities were $2 million (reflecting a loss of $127 million related to hedges and a gain of $125 million on the related hedged available-for-sale securities) for 2023 and were $30 million (reflecting a gain of $266 million related to hedges and a loss of $296 million on the related hedged available-for-sale securities) for 2022. The gross and net gains/(losses) were not material for 2021. Net Investment Hedges The firm seeks to reduce the impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on its net investments in certain non-U.S. operations through the use of foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency-denominated debt. For foreign currency forward contracts designated as hedges, the effectiveness of the hedge is assessed based on the overall changes in the fair value of the forward contracts (i.e., based on changes in forward rates). For foreign currency-denominated debt designated as a hedge, the effectiveness of the hedge is assessed based on changes in spot rates. For qualifying net investment hedges, all gains or losses on the hedging instruments are included in currency translation. The table below presents the gains/(losses) from net investment hedging. Year Ended December $ in millions 2023 2022 2021 Hedges: Foreign currency forward contract $ (276) $ 1,713 $ 755 Foreign currency-denominated debt $ (550) $ (269) $ 386 Gains or losses on individual net investments in non-U.S. operations are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) to other principal transactions in the consolidated statements of earnings when such net investments are sold or substantially liquidated. The net losses reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were $49 million (reflecting a gain of $90 million related to hedges and a loss of $139 million on the related net investments in non-U.S. operations) for 2023. The gross and net gains/(losses) reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were not material for both 2022 and 2021. |
