LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES | NOTE 5 – LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The fundamental lending business of the Company is based on understanding, measuring, and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company's loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. These risks entail both general risks, which are inherent in the lending process, and risks specific to individual borrowers. The Company's credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry, or collateral type. The Company currently manages its credit products and the respective exposure to credit losses by specific portfolio segments and classes, which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses. The Company believes each portfolio segment has unique risk characteristics. The Company's loans held for investment is divided into three portfolio segments: loans secured by real estate, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans. Each of these segments is further divided into loan classes for the purpose of estimating the allowance for credit losses. The following table is a summary of loans receivable by loan portfolio segment and class. September 30, December 31, 2024 2023 (dollars in thousands) Amount % Amount % Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ 7,292 4 $ 4,636 3 Farmland 316 — 325 — Single-family residential 99,905 48 86,887 50 Multi-family 5,059 2 5,165 3 Commercial 50,200 24 39,217 22 Total loans secured by real estate 162,772 136,230 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 16,240 8 10,850 6 SBA guaranty 5,759 3 5,924 3 Total commercial and industrial loans 21,999 16,774 Consumer Loans Consumer 3,168 2 2,039 1 Automobile 19,036 9 21,264 12 Total consumer loans 22,204 23,303 Loans, net of deferred fees and costs 206,975 100 176,307 100 Less: Allowance for credit losses (2,748) (2,157) Loans, net $ 204,227 $ 174,150 The Bank’s net loans totaled %. Construction and land loans increased from %. Farmland loans were million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Single-family residential loans increased from %. Multi-family residential loans were %. Commercial real estate loans increased million on December 31, 2023. Commercial and industrial loans increased by million on December 31, 2023. SBA guaranty loans were %. Consumer loans increased by million on December 31, 2023. Automobile loans decreased from Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses . Credit risk is the risk of loss arising from the inability of a borrower to meet his or her obligations and entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risks specific to individual borrowers. Credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry, or collateral type. Residential mortgage and home equity loans and lines generally have the lowest credit loss experience. Loans secured by personal property, such as auto loans, generally experience medium credit losses. Unsecured loan products, such as personal revolving credit, have the highest credit loss experience and for that reason, the Bank has chosen not to engage in a significant amount of this type of lending. Credit risk in commercial lending can vary significantly, as losses as a percentage of outstanding loans can shift widely during economic cycles and are particularly sensitive to changing economic conditions. Generally, improving economic conditions result in improved operating results on the part of commercial customers, enhancing their ability to meet their particular debt service requirements. Improvements, if any, in operating cash flows can be offset by the impact of rising interest rates that may occur during improved economic times. Inconsistent economic conditions may have an adverse effect on the operating results of commercial customers, reducing their ability to meet debt service obligations. The Company applies ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASC 326”) for estimating credit losses. The CECL model requires the immediate recognition of expected credit losses over the contractual term for financial instruments that fall within the scope of CECL at the date of origination or purchase of the financial instrument. The CECL model, which is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures, affects the Company’s estimates of the allowance for credit losses for our loan portfolio and the reserve for our off-balance sheet credit exposures related to loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. The allowance, based on all available information from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing the collectability of loans over their contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate, is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb possible losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The evaluations are performed for each class of loans and take into consideration factors such as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, review of specific problem loans, value of collateral securing the loans and current economic conditions and trends that may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay. For example, delinquencies in unsecured loans and indirect automobile installment loans will be reserved for at significantly higher ratios than loans secured by real estate. Finally, the Company considers forecasts about future economic conditions or changes in collateral values that are reasonable and supportable. Based on that analysis, the Bank deems its allowance for credit losses in proportion to the total nonaccrual loans and past due loans to be sufficient. Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows: Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans September 30, 2024 Construction Single-family Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty Consumer Automobile Total Balance, beginning of year $ 31 $ 18 $ 1,290 $ 96 $ 190 $ 304 $ 21 $ 30 $ 177 $ 2,157 Charge-offs — — — — — (299) — (18) (54) (371) Recoveries — — — — — — — 132 57 189 (Release) provision for credit losses 2 (2) 259 133 187 277 16 (93) (6) 773 Balance, end of quarter $ 33 $ 16 $ 1,549 $ 229 $ 377 $ 282 $ 37 $ 51 $ 174 $ 2,748 Individually evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ — $ — $ 19 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 19 Related loan balance — — 36 — — 129 — — — 165 Collectively evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ 33 $ 16 $ 1,530 $ 229 $ 377 $ 282 $ 37 $ 51 $ 174 $ 2,729 Related loan balance 7,292 316 99,869 5,059 50,200 16,111 5,759 3,168 19,036 206,810 Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans December 31, 2023 Construction Single-family Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty Consumer Automobile Total Balance, beginning of year $ 44 $ 20 $ 1,230 $ 103 $ 221 $ 174 $ 22 $ 23 $ 325 $ 2,162 Charge-offs — — — — — — — (79) (124) (203) Recoveries — — — — — — — 1 101 102 (Release) provision for credit losses (13) (2) 60 (7) (31) 130 (1) 85 (125) 96 Balance, end of the year $ 31 $ 18 $ 1,290 $ 96 $ 190 $ 304 $ 21 $ 30 $ 177 $ 2,157 Individually evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ — $ — $ 21 $ — $ — $ 179 $ — $ — $ — $ 200 Related loan balance — — 30 — — 299 — — — 329 Collectively evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ 31 $ 18 $ 1,269 $ 96 $ 190 $ 125 $ 21 $ 30 $ 177 $ 1,957 Related loan balance 4,636 325 86,857 5,165 39,217 10,551 5,924 2,039 21,264 175,978 September 30, September 30, (dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 Average loans $ 188,627 $ 181,234 Net charge offs to average loans (annualized) 0.13 % 0.05 % During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, loans to 11 borrowers and related entities totaling approximately $371,000 were determined to be uncollectible and were charged off. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, loans to The following table provides current period gross charge-offs by the year of origination for each period shown: Gross Charge-offs September 30, 2024 Term Loans by Origination Year (dollars in thousands) Revolving 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Loans Total Commercial and Industrial Loans Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ — $ 299 $ — $ — $ — $ 299 Consumer Loans Consumer — — 13 — — 5 — 18 Automobile — — — — 38 16 — 54 Total gross charge-offs this period $ — $ — $ 13 $ 299 $ 38 $ 21 $ — $ 371 Gross Charge-offs December 31, 2023 Term Loans by Origination Year (dollars in thousands) Revolving 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Loans Total Consumer Loans Consumer $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 79 $ — $ 79 Automobile — — 47 43 27 7 — 124 Total gross charge-offs this period $ — $ — $ 47 $ 43 $ 27 $ 86 $ — $ 203 Reserve for Unfunded Commitments . Loan commitments and unused lines of credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. The Bank generally requires collateral to support financial instruments with credit risk on the same basis as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The collateral requirement is based on management's credit evaluation of the counter party. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer's creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank had outstanding commitments totaling $31.6 million. The reserve for unfunded commitments represents the expected lifetime credit losses on off-balance sheet obligations such as commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is determined by estimating future draws, including the effects of risk mitigation actions, and applying the expected loss rates on those draws. Loss rates are estimated by utilizing the same loss rates calculated for the allowance for credit losses related to the respective loan portfolio class. The following table shows the Bank’s reserve for unfunded commitments arising from these transactions: Nine Months Ended September 30, (dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 Beginning balance $ 473 $ 477 Reduction of unfunded reserve (157) (52) Provisions charged to operations 281 23 Ending balance $ 597 $ 448 Contractual Obligations and Commitments. No material changes, outside the normal course of business, have been made during the first nine months of 2024. Asset Quality . The following tables set forth the amount of the Bank’s current, past due, and non-accrual loans by categories of loans and restructured loans, at the dates indicated. At September 30, 2024 90 Days or (dollars in thousands) 30-89 Days More and Current Past Due Still Accruing Nonaccrual Total Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ 7,292 $ — $ — $ — $ 7,292 Farmland 316 — — — 316 Single-family residential 99,718 86 — 101 99,905 Multi-family 5,059 — — — 5,059 Commercial 49,970 101 — 129 50,200 Total loans secured by real estate 162,355 187 — 230 162,772 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 16,240 — — — 16,240 SBA guaranty 5,287 472 — — 5,759 Total commercial and industrial loans 21,527 472 — — 21,999 Consumer Loans Consumer 3,168 — — — 3,168 Automobile 18,802 171 — 63 19,036 Total consumer loans 21,970 171 — 63 22,204 $ 205,852 $ 830 $ — $ 293 $ 206,975 At December 31, 2023 90 Days or (dollars in thousands) 30-89 Days More and Current Past Due Still Accruing Nonaccrual Total Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ 4,636 $ — $ — $ — $ 4,636 Farmland 325 — — — 325 Single-family residential 86,233 509 — 145 86,887 Multi-family 5,165 — — — 5,165 Commercial 39,217 — — — 39,217 Total loans secured by real estate 135,576 509 — 145 136,230 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 10,551 — — 299 10,850 SBA guaranty 5,924 — — — 5,924 Total commercial and industrial loans 16,475 — — 299 16,774 Consumer Loans Consumer 1,981 58 — — 2,039 Automobile 20,794 387 — 83 21,264 Total consumer loans 22,775 445 — 83 23,303 $ 174,826 $ 954 $ — $ 527 $ 176,307 The balances in the above tables have not been reduced by the allowance for credit losses. For the period ended September 30, 2024, the allowance for credit loss is $ million. For the period ended December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit loss is Non-accrual loans with specific reserves at September 30, 2024 are comprised of: Single–family residential established for the loan. This was a restructured loan to a borrower with financial difficulty. Below is a summary of the recorded investment amount and related allowance for losses of the Bank’s impaired loans at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. September 30, 2024 Unpaid Interest Average (dollars in thousands) Recorded Principal Income Specific Recorded Investment Balance Recognized Reserve Investment Impaired loans with specific reserves: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland — — — — — Single-family residential 8 27 3 19 48 Multi-family — — — — — Commercial — — — — — Total loans secured by real estate 8 27 3 19 48 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial — — — — — SBA guaranty — — — — — Total commercial and industrial loans — — — — — Consumer Loans Consumer — — — — — Automobile — — — — — Total consumer loans — — — — — Total impaired loans with specific reserves $ 8 $ 27 $ 3 $ 19 $ 48 Impaired loans with no specific reserve: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ n/a $ — Farmland — — — n/a — Single-family residential 74 74 8 n/a 91 Multi-family — — — n/a — Commercial 129 129 7 n/a 138 Total loans secured by real estate 203 203 15 — 229 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial — — — n/a — SBA guaranty — — — n/a — Total commercial and industrial loans — — — — — Consumer Loans Consumer — — — n/a — Automobile 92 92 4 n/a 85 Total consumer loans 92 92 4 n/a 85 Total impaired loans with no specific reserve $ 295 $ 295 $ 19 $ — $ 314 December 31, 2023 Unpaid Interest Average (dollars in thousands) Recorded Principal Income Specific Recorded Investment Balance Recognized Reserve Investment Impaired loans with specific reserves: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland — — — — — Single-family residential 9 30 4 21 48 Multi-family — — — — — Commercial — — — — — Total loans secured by real estate 9 30 4 21 48 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 120 299 — 179 499 SBA guaranty — — — — — Total commercial and industrial loans 120 299 — 179 499 Consumer Loans Consumer — — — — — Automobile — — — — — Total consumer loans — — — — — Total impaired loans with specific reserves $ 129 $ 329 $ 4 $ 200 $ 547 Impaired loans with no specific reserve: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ n/a $ — Farmland — — — n/a — Single-family residential 115 115 5 n/a 130 Multi-family — — — n/a — Commercial — — — n/a — Total loans secured by real estate 115 115 5 — 130 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial — — — n/a — SBA guaranty — — — n/a — Total commercial and industrial loans — — — — — Consumer Loans Consumer — — — n/a — Automobile 154 154 6 n/a 104 Total consumer loans 154 154 6 n/a 104 Total impaired loans with no specific reserve $ 269 $ 269 $ 11 $ — $ 234 September 30, December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 Restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty $ 27 $ 30 Non-accrual and 90+ days past due and still accruing loans to average loans 0.14 % 0.29 % Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual & 90+ days past due and still accruing loans 937.5 % 409.3 % At September 30, 2024, there was one restructured loan to a borrower with financial difficulty consisting of a single-family residential loan in the amount of $27,000 . This loan is in a nonaccrual status. The following table shows the activity for non-accrual loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Commercial and Loans Secured By Real Estate Industrial Loans Consumer Loans Single-family Commercial (dollars in thousands) Residential Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty Consumer Automobile Total December 31, 2022 $ 104 $ — $ 299 $ — $ — $ 85 $ 488 Transfers into nonaccrual 307 — — — — 145 452 Loans paid down/payoffs (262) — — — — (24) (286) Loans returned to accrual status — — — — — (16) (16) Loans charged off — — — — — (57) (57) September 30, 2023 $ 149 $ — $ 299 $ — $ — $ 133 $ 581 December 31, 2023 $ 145 $ — $ 299 $ — $ — $ 83 $ 527 Transfers into nonaccrual — 141 — — — 50 191 Loans paid down/payoffs (44) (12) — — — (30) (86) Loans returned to accrual status — — — — — — — Loans charged off — — (299) — — (40) (339) September 30, 2024 $ 101 $ 129 $ — $ — $ — $ 63 $ 293 Other Real Estate Owned. The Company had no real estate acquired in partial or total satisfaction of debt at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. All such properties are initially recorded at a lower of cost or fair value (net realizable value) at the date acquired and carried on the balance sheet as other real estate owned. Losses arising at the date of acquisition are charged against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent write-downs that may be required and the expense of operation are included in noninterest expense. Gains and losses realized from the sale of other real estate owned were included in noninterest income. Credit Quality Information In addition to monitoring the performance status of the loan portfolio, the Company utilizes a risk rating scale (1-8) to evaluate loan asset quality for all loans. Loans that are rated 1-4 are classified as pass credits. For the pass-rated loans, management believes there is a low risk of loss related to these loans and, as necessary, credit may be strengthened through improved borrower performance and/or additional collateral. The Bank’s internal risk ratings are as follows: 1 – 4 (Pass) - Pass credits are loans in grades “superior” through “acceptable”. These are at least considered to be credits with acceptable risks and would be granted in the normal course of lending operations. 5 (Special Mention) - Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credits or in the Bank’s credit position at some future date. If weaknesses cannot be identified, classification as special mention is not appropriate. Special mention credits are not adversely classified and do not expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant an adverse classification. No apparent loss of principal or interest is expected. 6 (Substandard) - Substandard credits are inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged. Financial statements normally reveal some or all of the following: poor trends, lack of earnings and cash flow, excessive debt, lack of liquidity, and the absence of creditor protection. Credits so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. 7 (Doubtful) - A doubtful credit has all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard asset with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the asset, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans. Doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded Substandard. The following tables provides information with respect to the Company's credit quality indicators by loan portfolio segment on September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023: Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans September 30, 2024 Construction Single-family Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty Consumer Automobile Total Pass $ 7,292 $ 316 $ 99,804 $ 5,059 $ 50,071 $ 16,240 $ 5,759 $ 3,168 $ 18,944 $ 206,653 Special mention — — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — 101 — 129 — — — 92 322 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — — — $ 7,292 $ 316 $ 99,905 $ 5,059 $ 50,200 $ 16,240 $ 5,759 $ 3,168 $ 19,036 $ 206,975 Nonaccrual $ — $ — $ 101 $ — $ 129 $ — $ — $ — $ 63 $ 293 Restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty $ — $ — $ 27 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 27 Number restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty — — 1 — — — — — — 1 Non-performing restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty $ — $ — $ 27 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 27 Number of non-performing restructured loan accounts — — 1 — — — — — — 1 Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans December 31, 2023 Construction Single-family Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty Consumer Automobile Total Pass $ 4,636 $ 325 $ 86,742 $ 5,165 $ 39,217 $ 10,551 $ 5,924 $ 2,039 $ 21,110 $ 175,709 Special mention — — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — 145 — — 299 — — 154 598 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — — Loss — — — — — — — — — — $ 4,636 $ 325 $ 86,887 $ 5,165 $ 39,217 $ 10,850 $ 5,924 $ 2,039 $ 21,264 $ 176,307 Nonaccrual $ — $ — $ 145 $ — $ — $ 299 $ — $ — $ 83 $ 527 Restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty $ — $ — $ 30 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 30 Number restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty — — 1 — — — — — — 1 Non-performing restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty $ — $ — $ 30 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 30 Number of non-performing restructured loan accounts — — 1 — — — — — — 1 |