The Sherwin-Williams Company (SHW) 10-Q2023 Q2 Quarterly report

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of The Sherwin-Williams Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by US GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included.

The Company has historically experienced, and expects to continue to experience, variability in quarterly results. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not indicative of the results to be expected for the full year as business is seasonal in nature with the majority of Net sales for the Reportable Segments traditionally occurring during the second and third quarters. However, periods of economic uncertainty can alter the Company's seasonal patterns.

The following represents updates to certain significant accounting policy disclosures. For further details on the Company’s significant accounting policies, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.” This ASU requires an acquiring entity to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

During 2023, the Company revised the purchase price allocation from Goodwill to the various net assets acquired through its 2022 acquisition of ICA. Goodwill decreased $149.6 million and deferred tax liabilities increased $59.0 million, offset by an increase in finite-lived intangible assets of $192.7 million, with the remaining purchase price allocated to various other assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction. There was no material impact on previously reported financial results from these adjustments. Furthermore, in accordance with certain purchase agreements, the Company paid $22.9 million in 2023 related to holdbacks for acquisitions completed in prior years. The Company has finalized the purchase price allocation for Sika AG and expects to complete this process for the remaining 2022 acquisitions within the allowable measurement period. The results of operations for the acquisitions have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the respective

acquisition dates. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial results is not material.

During the second quarter of 2023, the Company determined the China architectural business within the Consumer Brands Group reportable segment met the criteria to be classified as held for sale in accordance with the Property, Plant, and Equipment Topic of the ASC. The assets and liabilities held for sale as of June 30, 2023 are measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell and were determined to not meet the criteria of a discontinued operation as the pending divestiture did not represent a strategic shift for the Company. Depreciation and amortization expense was not recorded for the period in which the long-lived assets were classified as held for sale.

Following the prescribed order of impairment testing, the Company first reviewed individual tangible and intangible assets under their applicable Topic of the ASC to determine if their carrying value was higher than their respective fair value. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.9 million within the Consumer Brands Group related to China architectural trademarks using the royalty savings valuation method. For more information on the Company’s Goodwill and Intangible Assets critical accounting policy, refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 1 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company then compared the updated carrying value of the assets and liabilities comprising the disposal group as a whole to its respective fair value which was determined to be equal to the selling price, less costs to sell. As a result of this comparison, the Company recorded an additional impairment charge of $27.1 million within the Administrative segment in the second quarter of 2023 and classified the remaining assets as Other current assets and remaining liabilities as Other accruals at June 30, 2023. The disposal group is classified as level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as it is based on a specific price and other observable inputs for similar items with no active market.

The assets, liabilities and valuation adjustment held for sale at June 30, 2023 were as follows:

In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company announced a business restructuring plan (Restructuring Plan) to simplify the Company’s operating model and portfolio of brands within the Consumer Brands Group and to reduce costs in all regions in the Consumer Brands Group, Performance Coatings Group and the Administrative segment. The actions taken under the Restructuring Plan better position the Company to continue to add long-term shareholder value. Key focus areas within the Consumer Brands Group include the China architectural business, aerosol portfolio and optimization of the overall retail portfolio. Multiple alternatives were considered to determine the course of action related to the focus areas. The Company ultimately determined that divestiture, rather than restructuring, of the China architectural business and a non-core domestic aerosol business was the highest and best use of resources to drive long-term shareholder value. For more information on these divestitures, see Note 3. As a result of continuing evaluation in the second quarter of 2023, the Company determined that these divestitures and previous actions under the Restructuring Plan achieved the original objectives of the focus areas. Accordingly, and in conjunction with other restructuring actions during 2023, there is no additional expense expected to be incurred under the Restructuring Plan.

The following table summarizes the activity and remaining liabilities associated with the Restructuring Plan:

In accordance with the Goodwill and Other Intangibles Topic of the ASC, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter, and interim impairment tests are performed whenever an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate an impairment has more likely than not occurred. As a result of the Latin America architectural paint business moving to the Consumer Brands Group reportable segment, the Company performed a quantitative impairment analysis for the impacted reporting units and determined both before and after the change, there was no indication of impairment. In addition, see Note 4 for information on the impairment test performed as a result of the China architectural business classification change to held for sale.

The following table summarizes the Company’s outstanding debt:

The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s net periodic benefit cost (credit) for domestic and foreign defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits:

Service cost is recorded in Cost of goods sold and Selling, general and administrative expenses. All other components are recorded in Other (income) expense - net. For further details on the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefits, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The operations of the Company, like those of other companies in its industry, are subject to various domestic and foreign environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations not only govern current operations and products, but also impose potential liability on the Company for past operations. Management expects environmental laws and regulations to impose increasingly stringent requirements upon the Company and the industry in the future. Management believes that the Company conducts its operations in compliance with applicable environmental laws, regulations and requirements and has implemented various programs designed to protect the environment and promote continued compliance.

The Company is involved with environmental investigation and remediation activities at some of its currently and formerly owned sites (including sites which were previously owned and/or operated by businesses acquired by the Company). In addition, the Company, together with other parties, has been designated a potentially responsible party under federal and state environmental protection laws for the investigation and remediation of environmental contamination and hazardous waste at a number of third-party sites, primarily Superfund sites. In general, these laws provide that potentially responsible parties may be held jointly and severally liable for investigation and remediation costs regardless of fault. The Company may be similarly designated with respect to additional third-party sites in the future.

The Company initially provides for estimated costs of environmental-related activities relating to its past operations and third-party sites for which commitments or clean-up plans have been developed and when such costs can be reasonably estimated based on industry standards and professional judgment. These estimated costs, which are mostly undiscounted, are determined based on currently available facts regarding each site. If the reasonably estimable costs can only be identified as a range and no specific amount within that range can be determined more likely than any other amount within the range, the minimum of the range is provided.

The largest and most complex of the Major Sites is the Gibbsboro, New Jersey site (Gibbsboro) which comprises the substantial majority of the environmental-related accrual. Gibbsboro, a former manufacturing plant, and related areas, which ceased operations in 1978, has had various areas included on the National Priorities List since 1999. This location has soil, sediment, waterbodies, and groundwater contamination related to the historic operations of the facility. Gibbsboro has been divided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) into six operable units (OUs) based on location and characteristics, whose investigation and remediation efforts are likely to occur over an extended period of time. Each of the OUs are in various phases of investigation and remediation with the EPA that provide enough information to reasonably estimate cost ranges and record environmental-related accruals. The most significant assumptions underlying the reliability and precision of remediation cost

estimates for the Gibbsboro site are the type and extent of future remedies to be selected by the EPA and the costs of implementing those remedies.

The remaining three Major Sites comprising the majority of the accrual include (1) a multi-party Superfund site that (a) has received a record of decision from the federal EPA and is currently in the remedial design phase for one OU, (b) has received a record of decision from the federal EPA for an interim remedy for another OU, and (c) has a remedial investigation ongoing for another OU, (2) a closed paint manufacturing facility that is in the operation and maintenance phase of remediation under both federal and state EPA programs, and (3) a formerly-owned site containing warehouse and office space that is in the remedial investigation/design phase under a state EPA program. Each of these three Major Sites are in phases of investigation and remediation that provide sufficient information to reasonably estimate cost ranges and record environmental-related accruals.

Excluding the Major Sites discussed above, no sites are individually material to the total accrual balance. There are multiple, future events yet to occur, including further remedy selection and design, remedy implementation and execution, and securing applicable governmental agency approvals, all of which have the potential to contribute to the uncertainty surrounding these future events. As these events occur and to the extent that the cost estimates of the environmental remediation change, the existing reserve will be adjusted.

Management expects these contingent environmental-related liabilities to be resolved over an extended period of time. Management is unable to provide a more specific time frame due to the indeterminate amount of time to conduct investigation activities at any site, the indeterminate amount of time to obtain environmental agency approval, as necessary, with respect to investigation and remediation activities, and the indeterminate amount of time necessary to conduct remediation activities.

The Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations Topic of the ASC requires a liability to be recognized for the fair value of a conditional asset retirement obligation if a settlement date and fair value can be reasonably estimated. The Company recognizes a liability for any conditional asset retirement obligation when sufficient information is available to reasonably estimate a settlement date to determine the fair value of such a liability. The Company has identified certain conditional asset retirement obligations at various current and closed manufacturing, distribution and store facilities. These obligations relate primarily to asbestos abatement, hazardous waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) closures, well abandonment, transformers and used oil disposals and underground storage tank closures. Using investigative, remediation and disposal methods that are currently available to the Company, the estimated costs of these obligations were accrued and are not significant. The recording of additional liabilities for future conditional asset retirement obligations may result in a material impact on net income for the annual or interim period during which the costs are accrued. Management does not believe that any potential liability ultimately attributed to the Company for its conditional asset retirement obligations will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, liquidity, or cash flow due to the extended period of time over which sufficient information may become available regarding the closure or modification of any one or group of the Company’s facilities. An estimate of the potential impact on the Company’s operations cannot be made due to the aforementioned uncertainties.

In the course of its business, the Company is subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits, including, but not limited to, litigation relating to product liability and warranty, personal injury, environmental, intellectual property, commercial, contractual and antitrust claims that are inherently subject to many uncertainties regarding the possibility of a loss to the Company. These uncertainties will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur confirming the incurrence of a liability or the reduction of a liability. In accordance with the Contingencies Topic of the ASC, the Company accrues for these contingencies by a charge to income when it is both probable that one or more future events will occur confirming the fact of a loss and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In the event that the Company’s loss contingency is ultimately determined to be significantly higher than currently accrued, the recording of the additional liability may result in a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition for the annual or interim period during which such additional liability is accrued. In those cases where no accrual is recorded because it is not probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of any such loss cannot be reasonably estimated, any potential liability ultimately determined to be attributable to the Company may result in a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition for the annual or interim period during which such liability is accrued. In those cases where no accrual is recorded or exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued, the Contingencies Topic of the ASC requires disclosure of the contingency when there is a reasonable possibility that a loss or additional loss may have been incurred.

Notwithstanding the Company’s views on the merits, litigation is inherently subject to many uncertainties, and the Company ultimately may not prevail. Adverse court rulings or determinations of liability, among other factors, could affect the lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation against the Company and encourage an increase in the number and nature of future claims and proceedings. In addition, from time to time, various legislation and administrative regulations have been enacted, promulgated or proposed to impose obligations on present and former manufacturers of lead pigments and lead-based paints respecting asserted health concerns associated with such products or to overturn the effect of court decisions in which the Company and other manufacturers have been successful.

Due to the uncertainties involved, management is unable to predict the outcome of the lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation, the number or nature of possible future claims and proceedings or the effect that any legislation and/or administrative regulations may have on the litigation or against the Company. In addition, management cannot reasonably determine the scope or amount of the potential costs and liabilities related to such litigation, or resulting from any such legislation and regulations. Except with respect to the litigation in California discussed below, the Company has not accrued any amounts for such litigation because the Company does not believe it is probable that a loss has occurred, and the Company believes it is not possible to estimate the range of potential losses as there is no substantive information upon which an estimate could be based. In addition, any potential liability that may result from any changes to legislation and regulations cannot reasonably be estimated. Due to the uncertainties associated with the amount of any such liability and/or the nature of any other remedy which may be imposed in such litigation, any potential liability determined to be attributable to the Company arising out of such litigation may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition. An estimate of the potential impact on the Company’s results of operations, cash flow, liquidity or financial condition cannot be made due to the aforementioned uncertainties.

In the Lehigh County action, the trial court denied the defendants’ preliminary objections on August 6, 2021. Defendants filed a motion to amend the order to allow an interlocutory appeal or, in the alternative, for reconsideration. The trial court denied the defendants’ motion on September 13, 2021. On September 27, 2021, the Company answered the complaint, asserted new matter and affirmative defenses, alleged counterclaims against Lehigh County, and filed a third-party complaint against certain County officials, other owners of pre-1980 housing, and lead abatement contractors who have been cited for violating state or local laws. On October 13, 2021, the defendants filed with the Superior Court, one of Pennsylvania’s intermediate appellate courts, a petition for permission to appeal the trial court’s order denying the defendants’ preliminary objections. On November 17, 2021, the Superior Court transferred the appeal to the Commonwealth Court, another one of Pennsylvania’s intermediate appellate courts.

In the Montgomery County action, the trial court denied the defendants’ preliminary objections on October 15, 2021. The defendants filed a motion to amend the order overruling their preliminary objections to allow an interlocutory appeal, which the trial court granted on November 9, 2021. On December 3, 2021, the defendants filed a petition for permission to appeal with the Commonwealth Court.

On May 20, 2021, the Company and the three other defendants filed motions for summary judgment to dismiss the claims of all plaintiffs then pending in the Eastern District of Wisconsin as a result of the Seventh Circuit’s decision in favor of the Company

in the Owens, Sifuentes and Burton cases. On March 3, 2022, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the Company and the other defendants on all claims then pending in the district court.

On August 24, 2021, the plaintiff in Arrieona Beal v. Armstrong Containers, Inc., et al. filed an amended complaint in Milwaukee County Circuit Court, naming the Company and other alleged former lead pigment manufacturers as defendants pursuant to the risk contribution liability theory. The defendants answered the plaintiff’s complaint on December 17, 2021. On March 2, 2022, the plaintiff filed a motion for declaratory judgment seeking to clarify Wisconsin law following the Seventh Circuit’s decision in favor of the Company in the Owens, Sifuentes and Burton cases, to which the Company responded on April 15, 2022. Prior to filing its response to the declaratory judgment motion, the Company removed the case to the Eastern District of Wisconsin on March 25, 2022. The plaintiff filed a motion to remand the case to the state circuit court on April 7, 2022, which the Company opposed. On May 10, 2022, the plaintiff filed a motion for sanctions related to the Company’s removal of the case to federal court, to which the Company responded on May 27, 2022.

An ultimate loss in the insurance coverage litigation would mean that insurance proceeds could be unavailable under the policies at issue to mitigate any ultimate abatement related costs and liabilities. The Company has not recorded any assets related to these insurance policies or otherwise assumed that proceeds from these insurance policies would be received in estimating any contingent liability accrual. Therefore, an ultimate loss in the insurance coverage litigation without a determination of liability against the Company in the lead pigment or lead-based paint litigation will have no impact on the Company’s results of operation, liquidity or financial condition. As previously stated, however, except with respect to the litigation in California discussed above, the Company has not accrued any amounts for the lead pigment or lead-based paint litigation and any significant liability ultimately determined to be attributable to the Company relating to such litigation may result in a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition for the annual or interim period during which such liability is accrued.

(collectively, the NJ DEP) filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Superior Court of New Jersey Law Division in Camden County, New Jersey. The NJ DEP seeks to recover natural resource damages, punitive damages, and litigation fees and costs, as well as other costs, damages, declaratory relief, and penalties pursuant to New Jersey state statutes and common law theories in connection with the alleged discharge of hazardous substances and pollutants at the Company’s Gibbsboro, New Jersey site, a former manufacturing plant and related facilities. The court has scheduled a trial date of September 16, 2024.

In February 2022, the Company received proceeds of $22.0 million in conjunction with the issuance of treasury shares to fund Company contributions to the domestic defined contribution pension plan.

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), including the reclassification adjustments for items that were reclassified from AOCI to net income, are shown below.

During the term of the contracts, the Company will pay fixed-rate interest in Euros and receive fixed-rate interest in U.S. Dollars, thereby effectively converting a portion of the Company's U.S. Dollar denominated fixed-rate debt to Euro denominated fixed-rate debt.

The following table summarizes amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cross currency swap contracts. See Note 15 for additional information on the fair value of these contracts.

The changes in fair value of the cross currency swap contracts are recognized in the foreign currency translation adjustments component of AOCI. The following table summarizes the unrealized (losses) gains for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the ASC applies to the Company’s financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. The guidance applies when other standards require or permit the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities. Under the guidance, assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized as follows:

Except for the acquisition related fair value measurements described in Note 3, the assets held for sale described in Note 4, and the reporting unit impairment analysis described in Note 7, there were no assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The following table presents the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, categorized using the fair value hierarchy.

The deferred compensation plan assets consist of the investment funds maintained for the future payments under the Company’s executive deferred compensation plans, which are structured as rabbi trusts. The investments are marketable securities accounted for under the Debt and Equity Securities Topics of the ASC. The level 1 investments are valued using quoted market prices multiplied by the number of shares. The level 2 investments are valued based on vendor or broker models. The cost basis of the investment funds was $75.0 million and $67.2 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The qualified replacement plan assets consisted of investment funds maintained for future contributions to the Company’s domestic defined contribution pension plan. During the first quarter of 2023, the remaining balance was fully utilized to fund the Company’s domestic defined contribution pension plan. The cost basis of the investment funds was $29.8 million at December 31, 2022 and the fair value was based on quoted prices multiplied by the number of shares.

The net investment hedge asset and liability represent the fair value of outstanding cross currency swaps (see Note 14). The fair value is based on a valuation model that uses observable inputs, including interest rate curves and foreign currency rates.

The Company manufactures and sells paint, stains, supplies, equipment and floor covering through company-operated stores, branded and private label products through retailers, and a broad range of industrial coatings directly to global manufacturing customers through company-operated branches. A large portion of the Company’s revenue is recognized at a point in time and made to customers who are not engaged in a long-term supply agreement or any form of contract with the Company. These sales are paid for at the time of sale in cash, credit card or on account with the vast majority of customers having terms between 30 and 60 days, not to exceed one year. Many customers who purchase on account take advantage of early payment discounts offered by paying within 30 days of being invoiced. The Company estimates variable consideration for these sales on the basis of both historical information and current trends to estimate the expected amount of discounts to which customers are likely to be entitled.

The remaining revenue is governed by long-term supply agreements and related purchase orders (contracts) that specify shipping terms and aspects of the transaction price including rebates, discounts and other sales incentives, such as advertising support. Contracts are at standalone pricing. The performance obligation in these contracts is determined by each of the individual purchase orders and the respective stated quantities, with revenue being recognized at a point in time when obligations under the terms of the agreement are satisfied. This generally occurs with the transfer of control of our products to the customer. Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.

Refer to Note 20 for the Company's disaggregation of net sales by Reportable Segment. As the Reportable Segments are aligned by similar economic factors, trends and customers, this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Approximately 80% of the Company’s net external sales are in the Company’s North America region (which is comprised of the United States, Canada and the Caribbean region), slightly less than 10% in the EMEAI region (Europe, Middle East, Africa and India), with the remaining global regions accounting for the residual balance. No country outside of the United States is individually significant.

The Company has made payments or given credits for various incentives at the beginning of a long-term contract where future revenue is expected and before satisfaction of performance obligations. Under these circumstances, the Company recognizes a contract asset and amortizes these prepayments over the expected benefit life of the long-term contract typically on a straight-line basis.

The majority of variable consideration in the Company’s contracts include a form of volume rebate, discounts, and other incentives, where the customer receives a retrospective percentage rebate based on the amount of their purchases. In these situations, the rebates are accrued as a fixed percentage of sales and recorded as a reduction of net sales until paid to the customer per the terms of the contract. Forms of variable consideration such as tiered rebates, whereby a customer receives a retrospective price decrease dependent on the volume of their purchases, are calculated using a forecasted percentage to determine the most likely amount to accrue. Management creates a baseline calculation using historical sales and then utilizing forecast information, estimates the anticipated sales volume each quarter to calculate the expected reduction to sales. The remainder of the transaction price is fixed as agreed upon with the customer, limiting estimation of revenues including constraints.

The Company’s Accounts receivable and current and long-term contract assets and liabilities are summarized in the following table.

The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between the contractual performance obligation and the associated payment.

Provisions for estimated returns are established and the expected costs continue to be recognized as contra-revenue when the products are sold. The Company only offers an assurance type warranty on products sold, and there is no material service to the customer beyond fixing defects that existed at the time of sale and no warranties are sold separately.

Warranty liabilities are excluded from the table above. Amounts recognized from deferred revenue were not material. The Company records a right of return liability within each of its operations to accrue for expected customer returns. Historical actual returns are used to estimate future returns as a percentage of current sales. Obligations for returns and refunds were not material individually or in the aggregate.

The following table summarizes the movement in the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts:

Provisions for environmental matters - net represent initial provisions for site-specific estimated costs of environmental investigation or remediation and increases or decreases to environmental-related accruals as information becomes available upon which more accurate costs can be reasonably estimated and as additional accounting guidelines are issued. Environmental-related accruals are not recorded net of insurance proceeds in accordance with the Offsetting Subtopic of the Balance Sheet Topic of the ASC. See Note 10 for further details on the Company’s environmental-related activities.

The (Gains) losses on sale or disposition of assets represents net realized (gains) losses associated with the sale or disposal of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets previously used in the conduct of the primary business of the Company.

There were no items within the Other caption that were individually significant.

Investment (gains) losses primarily relate to the change in market value of the investments held in the deferred compensation plan and qualified replacement plan. See Note 15 for additional information on the fair value of these investments.

Foreign currency transaction related losses (gains) include the impact from foreign currency transactions and net realized losses (gains) from foreign currency option and forward contracts. See Note 14 for additional information regarding these foreign currency contracts.

Miscellaneous pension (credit) expense consists of the non-service components of net periodic benefit cost (credit). See Note 9.

Other income and Other expense includes items of revenue, gains, expenses and losses that were unrelated to the primary business purpose of the Company. There were no other items within the Other income or Other expense caption that were individually significant.

The effective tax rate was 21.6% and 21.9% for the second quarter and first six months of 2023, respectively, compared to 21.9% and 21.0% for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate was less favorably impacted by tax benefits related to employee share based payments in the first six months of 2023 than in the same period last year. The other significant components of the Company’s effective tax rate were consistent year over year.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had $242.4 million in unrecognized tax benefits, the recognition of which would have an effect of $230.3 million on the effective tax rate. Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022 was $92.7 million related to tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts could significantly change during the next twelve months.

The Company classifies all income tax related interest and penalties as income tax expense. At December 31, 2022, the Company had accrued $36.6 million for the potential payment of income tax interest and penalties.

There were no significant changes to any of the balances of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022 during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The IRS audited the Company's 2013 through 2016 income tax returns. As a result of these audits, certain adjustments have been agreed upon with the IRS. The Company continues to evaluate its position and believes that it is adequately reserved for any potential exposure. The IRS is currently auditing the Company’s 2017, 2018 and 2019 income tax returns. As of June 30, 2023, the federal statute of limitations had not expired for the 2013 through 2022 tax years.

At June 30, 2023, the Company is subject to non-U.S. income tax examinations for the tax years of 2014 through 2022. In addition, the Company is subject to state and local income tax examinations for the tax years 1998 through 2022.