BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES For more information regarding the Company’s significant accounting policies and estimates, please refer to “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” contained in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 30, 2023. Interim Financial Information —The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared by the Company’s management in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Certain information and note disclosures required for annual financial statements have been condensed or excluded pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. Accordingly, the interim consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying financial information reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of the Company’s management, of a normal recurring nature and necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023. The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, included in the 2022 Form 10-K. Principles of Consolidation —The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In determining whether the Company has controlling interests in an entity and the requirement to consolidate the accounts in that entity, the Company analyzes its investments in real estate in accordance with standards set forth in GAAP to determine whether they are variable interest entities (“VIEs”), and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company’s judgment with respect to its level of influence or control over an entity and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE involves consideration of various factors, including the form of the Company’s ownership interest, the Company’s voting interest, the size of the Company’s investment (including loans), and the Company’s ability to participate in major policy-making decisions. The Company’s ability to correctly assess its influence or control over an entity affects the presentation of these investments in real estate on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As of June 30, 2023, the Company has determined that the trust formed for the benefit of the note holders (the “Trust”) for the securitization of the unguaranteed portion of certain of the Company’s SBA 7(a) loans receivable is considered a VIE. Applying the consolidation requirements for VIEs, the Company determined that it is the primary beneficiary based on its power to direct activities through its role as servicer and its obligations to absorb losses and right to receive benefits. In addition, as of June 30, 2023, the Company has determined that its Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (as defined below) are considered VIEs. Applying the consolidation requirements for VIEs, the Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary based on its lack of power to direct activities and its obligations to absorb losses and right to receive benefits. Therefore, the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures do not qualify for consolidation. The Company accounts for its investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as equity method investments. Investments in Real Estate —Investments in real estate are stated at depreciated cost. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows: Buildings and improvements 15 - 40 years Furniture, fixtures, and equipment 3 - 5 years Tenant improvements Lesser of useful life or lease term The fair value of real estate acquired is recorded to acquired tangible assets, consisting primarily of land, land improvements, building and improvements, tenant improvements, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of acquired above-market and below-market leases, in-place leases and ground leases, if any, based in each case on their respective fair values. Loan premiums, in the case of above-market rate loans, or loan discounts, in the case of below-market rate loans, are recorded based on the fair value of any loans assumed in connection with acquiring the real estate. Capitalized Project Costs The Company capitalizes project costs, including pre-construction costs, interest expense, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, or construction of a project, while activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use are expensed as incurred. Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life, increase capacity, or improve the efficiency of the asset. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Recoverability of Investments in Real Estate —The Company continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of its real estate assets may not be recoverable. Investments in real estate are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If, and when, such events or changes in circumstances are present, the recoverability of assets to be held and used requires significant judgment and estimates and is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets and their eventual disposition. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. The process for evaluating real estate impairment requires management to make significant assumptions related to certain inputs, including rental rates, lease-up period, occupancy, estimated holding periods, capital expenditures, growth rates, market discount rates and terminal capitalization rates. These inputs require a subjective evaluation based on the specific property and market. Changes in the assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value, the amount of impairment charge, if any, or both. Any asset held for sale is reported at the lower of the asset’s carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. When an asset is identified by the Company as held for sale, the Company will cease recording depreciation and amortization of the asset. The Company did not recognize any impairment of long-lived assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (Note 3). Investments in Unconsolidated Entities —The Company accounts for its investments in the unconsolidated joint ventures (the “Unconsolidated Joint Ventures”) under the equity method, as the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investments. The Unconsolidated Joint Ventures record their assets and liabilities at fair value. As such, the Company records its share of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ unrealized gains or losses as well as its share of the revenues and expenses on a quarterly basis as an adjustment to the carrying value of the investment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and such share is recognized within the Company’s income from unconsolidated entities on the consolidated statements of operations. Derivative Financial Instruments —As part of risk management and operational strategies, from time to time, we may enter into derivative contracts with various counterparties. All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at their estimated fair value. On the date that we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative as a fair value hedge, a cash flow hedge, a foreign currency fair value or cash flow hedge, a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, or a trading or non-hedging instrument. Accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on the intended use and designation of the derivative instrument. The Company has interest rate caps that are used to manage exposure to interest rate movements, but do not meet the requirements to be designated as hedging instruments. The change in fair value of the derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges is recorded directly to earnings as interest expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. See Note 8 for further disclosures about our derivative financial instruments and hedging activities. Revenue Recognition —At the inception of a revenue-producing contract, the Company determines if a contract qualifies as a lease and if not, then as a customer contract. Based on this determination, the appropriate treatment in accordance with GAAP is applied to the contract, including its revenue recognition. Revenue from leasing activities The Company operates as a lessor of both office and multifamily real estate assets. When the Company enters into a contract or amends an existing contract, the Company evaluates if the contracts meet the definition of a lease using the following criteria: • One party (lessor) must hold an identified asset; • The counterparty (lessee) must have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the period of the contract; and • The counterparty (lessee) must have the right to direct the use of the identified asset throughout the period of the contract. The Company determined that the Company’s contracts with its tenants explicitly identify the premises and that any substitution rights to relocate tenants to other premises within the same building stated in the contract are not substantive. Additionally, so long as payments are made timely under such contracts, the Company’s tenants have the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset and can direct how and for what purpose the premises are used to conduct their operations. Therefore, the contracts with the Company’s tenants constitute leases. All leases are classified as operating leases and minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases when collectability is probable and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is recorded as deferred rent. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, the Company determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or the Company. When the Company is the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is considered the owner of the improvements, any tenant improvement allowance that is funded is treated as an incentive. Lease incentives paid to tenants are included in other assets and amortized as a reduction to rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, lease incentives of $3.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively, are presented net of accumulated amortization of $3.1 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Reimbursements from tenants, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance, and other recoverable costs, are recognized as revenue and are included in rental and other property income in the period the expenses are incurred, with the corresponding expenses included in rental and other property operating expense. Tenant reimbursements are recognized and presented on a gross basis when the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service and control that specified good or service before it is transferred to the tenant. The Company has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components as the pattern of revenue recognition does not differ for the two components, and the non-lease component is not the primary component in the Company’s leases. In addition to minimum rents, certain leases, including the Company’s parking leases with third-party operators, provide for additional rents based upon varying percentages of tenants’ sales in excess of annual minimums. Percentage rent is recognized once lessees’ specified sales targets have been met. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized rental income as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Rental and other property income Fixed lease payments (1) $ 15,198 $ 11,561 $ 27,672 $ 23,184 Variable lease payments (2) 2,854 2,633 5,266 5,106 Rental and other property income $ 18,052 $ 14,194 $ 32,938 $ 28,290 ______________________ (1) Fixed lease payments include contractual rents under lease agreements with tenants recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including amortization of acquired above-market leases, below-market leases and lease incentives. (2) Variable lease payments include expense reimbursements billed to tenants and percentage rent, net of bad debt expense from the Company’s operating leases plus cash payments from tenants deemed not probable of collection. Collectability of Lease-Related Receivables The Company continually reviews whether collection of lease-related receivables, including any straight-line rent, and current and future operating expense reimbursements from tenants is probable. The determination of whether collectability is probable takes into consideration the tenant’s payment history, the financial condition of the tenant, business conditions in the industry in which the tenant operates and economic conditions in the area in which the property is located. Upon the determination that the collectability of a receivable is not probable, the Company will record a reduction to rental and other property income and a decrease in the outstanding receivable. Revenue from leases where collection is deemed to be not probable is recorded on a cash basis until collectability becomes probable. Management’s estimate of the collectability of lease-related receivables is based on the best information available at the time of estimate. The Company does not use a general reserve approach. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had identified certain tenants where collection was no longer considered probable and decreased outstanding receivables by $663,000 and $387,000, respectively, across all operating leases. Revenue from lending activities Interest income included in interest and other income is comprised of interest earned on loans and the Company’s short-term investments and the accretion of loan discounts. Interest income on loans is accrued as earned with the accrual of interest suspended when the related loan becomes a Non-Accrual Loan (as defined below). Revenue from hotel activities The Company recognizes revenue from hotel activities separate from its leasing activities. At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods and services promised in its contracts with customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct. To identify the performance obligations, the Company considers all of the goods or services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or implied by customary business practices. Various performance obligations of hotel revenues can be categorized as follows: • cancellable and noncancelable room revenues from reservations and • ancillary services including facility usage and food or beverage. Cancellable reservations represent a single performance obligation of providing lodging services at the hotel. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these reservations over time as services are rendered to the customer. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with noncancelable reservations at the earlier of (i) the date on which the customer cancels the reservation or (ii) over time as services are rendered to the customer. Ancillary services include facilities usage and providing food and beverage. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these services at a point in time when the good or service is delivered to the customer. At inception of a contract with a customer for hotel goods and services, the contractual price is equivalent to the transaction price as there are no elements of variable consideration to estimate. The Company presents hotel revenues net of sales, occupancy, and other taxes. Below is a reconciliation of the hotel revenue from contracts with customers to the total hotel segment revenue disclosed in Note 17 (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Hotel properties Hotel income $ 11,182 $ 9,107 $ 22,105 $ 16,511 Rental and other property income 402 448 892 822 Interest and other income 84 21 163 36 Hotel revenues $ 11,668 $ 9,576 $ 23,160 $ 17,369 Tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements Tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements are related to construction projects in which the Company’s tenants have agreed to fully reimburse the Company for all costs related to construction. These services include architectural, permit expediter and construction services. At inception of the contract with the customer, the contractual price is equivalent to the transaction price as there are no elements of variable consideration to estimate. While these individual services are distinct, in the context of the arrangement with the customer, all of these services are bundled together and represent a single package of construction services requested by the customer. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these services over time as the construction is completed. No such amounts were recognized for tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. As of June 30, 2023, there were no remaining performance obligations associated with tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements. Loans Receivable —The Company’s loans receivable are carried at their unamortized principal balance less unamortized acquisition discounts and premiums, retained loan discounts and reserves for expected credit losses. Acquisition discounts or premiums, origination fees and retained loan discounts are amortized as a component of interest and other income using the effective interest method over the expected life of the respective loans, or on a straight-line basis when it approximates the effective interest method. All loans were originated pursuant to programs sponsored by the Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) under the SBA 7(a) Small Business Loan Program (the “SBA 7(a) Program”). Pursuant to the SBA 7(a) Program, the Company sells the portion of the loan that is guaranteed by the SBA. Upon sale of the SBA guaranteed portion of the loans, which are accounted for as sales, the unguaranteed portion of the loan retained by the Company is recorded at fair value and a discount is recorded as a reduction in basis of the retained portion of the loan. Unamortized retained loan discounts were $8.7 million and $9.0 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. A loan receivable is generally classified as non-accrual (a “Non-Accrual Loan”) if (i) it is past due as to payment of principal or interest for a period of 60 days or more, (ii) any portion of the loan is classified as doubtful or is charged-off or (iii) the repayment in full of the principal and or interest is in doubt. Generally, loans are charged-off when management determines that the Company will be unable to collect any remaining amounts due under the loan agreement, either through liquidation of collateral or other means. Interest income, included in interest and other income, on a Non-Accrual Loan is recognized on the cost recovery basis. Current Expected Credit Losses — On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses , and subsequent amendments (“ASU 2016-13”). The current expected credit losses (“CECL”) required under ASU 2016-13 reflects the Company’s current estimate of potential credit losses related to the Company’s loans receivable included in the consolidated balance sheets. The initial current expected credit losses recorded on January 1, 2023 is reflected as a direct charge to distributions in excess of earnings on the Company’s consolidated statements of equity; however subsequent changes to the current expected credit losses are recognized through net income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. While ASU 2016-13 does not require any particular method for determining the current expected credit losses, it does specify the allowance should be based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current portfolio and market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts for the duration of each respective loan. In addition, other than a few narrow exceptions, ASU 2016-13 requires that all financial instruments subject to the credit loss model have some amount of loss reserve to reflect the GAAP principal underlying the credit loss model that all loans, debt securities, and similar assets have some inherent risk of loss, regardless of credit quality, subordinate capital, or other mitigating factors. The Company estimates the current expected credit loss for its loans primarily using its historical experience with loan write-offs, historical charge-offs from third-party firms, and the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity method, which has been identified as an acceptable method for estimating CECL reserves in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Staff Q&A Topic 326, No. 1. This method requires the Company to reference historical loan loss data across a comparable data set and apply such loss rate to each loan investment over its expected remaining term, taking into consideration expected economic conditions over the relevant timeframe. The Company considers loans that are both (i) expected to be substantially repaid through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, and (ii) for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, to be “collateral-dependent” loans. For such loans that the Company determines that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, the Company measures the expected losses based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. For collateral-dependent loans with respect to which the Company determines foreclosure is not probable, the Company applies a practical expedient to estimate expected losses using the difference between the collateral’s fair value (less costs to sell the asset if repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. The Company may use other acceptable alternative approaches in the future depending on, among other factors, the type of loan, underlying collateral, and availability of relevant historical market loan loss data. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. The Company recorded a cumulative-effective adjustment to the opening distributions in excess of earnings in its consolidated statement of equity as of January 1, 2023 of $619,000. This represents a total CECL reserve transition adjustment of approximately $783,000, net of a $164,000 deferred tax asset. Prior to adoption, the Company considered a loan to be impaired when the Company did not expect to collect all of the contractual interest and principal payments as scheduled in the loan agreements . The Company also established a general loan loss reserve when available information indicated that it was probable a loss had occurred based on the carrying value of the portfolio and if the amount of the loss could be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had loan loss reserves of $1.1 million, which is recorded as a reduction to the loans receivable, net balance on the consolidated balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had a total current expected credit loss of $1.7 million. Deferred Rent Receivable and Charges —Deferred rent receivable and charges consist of deferred rent, deferred leasing costs, deferred offering costs (Note 11) deferred financing costs and other deferred costs. Deferred leasing costs, which represent lease commissions and other direct costs associated with the acquisition of tenants, are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. Deferred offering costs represent direct costs incurred in connection with the Company’s offerings of Series A1 Preferred Stock (as defined below), Series A Preferred Stock (as defined below), and, after January 2020, Series A Preferred Stock (as defined below) and Series D Preferred Stock (as defined below), excluding costs specifically identifiable to a closing, such as commissions, dealer-manager fees, and other offering fees and expenses. Generally, for a specific issuance of securities, issuance-specific offering costs are recorded as a reduction of proceeds raised on the issuance date and offering costs incurred but not directly related to a specifically identifiable closing of a security are deferred. Deferred offering costs are first allocated to each issuance of a security on a pro-rata basis equal to the ratio of the number of securities issued in a given issuance to the maximum number of securities that are expected to be issued in the related offering. In the case of the Series A Preferred Stock issued prior to February 2020, the issuance-specific offering costs and the deferred offering costs allocated to such issuance were further allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Preferred Warrants issued in such issuance based on the relative fair value of the instruments on the date of issuance. The deferred offering costs allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Preferred Warrants are reductions to temporary equity and permanent equity, respectively. Deferred financing costs related to the securing of a revolving line of credit are presented as an asset and amortized ratably over the term of the line of credit arrangement. As such, the Company’s current and corresponding prior period total deferred costs, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets relate only to the revolving loan portion of the credit facilities. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deferred rent receivable and charges consist of the following (in thousands): June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Deferred rent receivable $ 17,807 $ 20,949 Deferred leasing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $9,794 and $9,637, respectively 7,293 8,319 Deferred offering costs 5,389 5,664 Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $395 and $30, respectively 1,793 2,120 Other deferred costs 491 491 Deferred rent receivable and charges, net $ 32,773 $ 37,543 Redeemable Preferred Stock —Beginning on the date of original issuance of any given shares of Series A1 Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series A1 Preferred Stock”), with an initial stated value of $25.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A1 Preferred Stock Stated Value”), Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series A Preferred Stock”) with an initial stated value of $25.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A Preferred Stock Stated Value”), or Series D Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series D Preferred Stock”), with an initial stated value of $25.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series D Preferred Stock Stated Value”), the holder of such shares has the right to require the Company to redeem such shares, subject to certain limitations as discussed in Note 11. The Company records the activity related to the Series A1 Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Warrants and Series D Preferred Stock in permanent equity. In the event a holder of Series A Preferred Stock requests redemption of such shares and such redemption takes place prior to the first anniversary of the date of original issuance, the Company is required to pay such redemption in cash. As a result, the Company recorded issuances of Series A Preferred Stock in temporary equity. On the first anniversary of the date of original issuance of a particular share of Series A Preferred Stock, the Company reclassifies such share of Series A Preferred Stock from temporary equity to permanent equity because the feature giving rise to temporary equity classification, the requirement to satisfy redemption requests in cash, lapses on the first anniversary date. Noncontrolling Interests —Noncontrolling interests represent the interests in various properties owned by third-parties. Restricted Cash —The Company’s mortgage loan and hotel management agreements provide for depositing cash into restricted accounts reserved for capital expenditures, free rent, tenant improvement and leasing commission obligations. Restricted cash also includes cash required to be segregated in connection with certain of the Company’s loans receivable and with its SBA 7(a) loan-backed notes. Use of Estimates —The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases such estimates on historical experience, information available at the time, and assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances at such time. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements —In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments , which was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASU 2018-19”) in November 2018. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, ASU No. 2019-05, ASU No. 2019-10, ASU No. 2019-11 and ASU No. 2020-02 to provide additional guidance on the credit losses standard. ASU 2016-13 and the related updates improve financial reporting requiring more timely recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, including loans held-for-investment, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investment in leases and other such commitments. ASU 2016-13 requires that financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected, through an allowance for credit losses that is deducted from the amortized cost basis. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 require the Company to measure all expected credit losses based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the financial assets and eliminates the “incurred loss” methodology under curr |