Asset Quality | 4. Asset Quality ALLL We estimate the appropriate level of the ALLL on at least a quarterly basis. The methodology is described in Note 1 ("Summary of Significant Accounting Policies") under the heading "Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses" beginning on page 109 of our 2023 Form 10-K. The ALLL at March 31, 2024, represents our current estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at that date. The changes in the ALLL by loan category for the periods indicated are as follows: Three months ended March 31, 2024: Dollars in millions December 31, 2023 Provision Charge-offs Recoveries March 31, 2024 Commercial and Industrial $ 556 $ 151 $ (62) $ 8 $ 653 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 419 (25) (5) — 389 Real estate — construction 52 9 — — 61 Total commercial real estate loans 471 (16) (5) — 450 Commercial lease financing 33 (7) — 2 28 Total commercial loans 1,060 128 (67) 10 1,131 Real estate — residential mortgage 162 (42) (1) 2 121 Home equity loans 86 (7) (1) 1 79 Other consumer loans 122 25 (16) 2 133 Credit cards 78 11 (12) 1 78 Total consumer loans 448 (13) (30) 6 411 Total ALLL — continuing operations 1,508 115 (a) (97) 16 1,542 Discontinued operations 16 — (1) — 15 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 1,524 $ 115 $ (98) $ 16 $ 1,557 (a) Excludes a credit for losses on lending-related commitments of $14 million. Three months ended March 31, 2023: Dollars in millions December 31, 2022 Provision Charge-offs Recoveries March 31, 2023 Commercial and Industrial $ 601 $ 31 $ (35) $ 8 $ 605 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 203 20 (5) — 218 Real estate — construction 28 — — — 28 Total commercial real estate loans 231 20 (5) — 246 Commercial lease financing 32 (1) 1 1 33 Total commercial loans 864 50 (39) 9 884 Real estate — residential mortgage 196 15 — 1 212 Home equity loans 98 (2) (1) 1 96 Other consumer loans 113 12 (11) 3 117 Credit cards 66 13 (9) 1 71 Total consumer loans 473 38 (21) 6 496 Total ALLL — continuing operations 1,337 88 (a) (60) 15 1,380 Discontinued operations 21 (1) (1) — 19 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 1,358 $ 87 $ (61) $ 15 $ 1,399 (a) Excludes a provision for losses on lending-related commitments of $51 million. As described in Note 1 ("Summary of Significant Accounting Policies"), under the heading “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” beginning on page 109 of our 2023 Form 10-K, we estimate the ALLL using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current economic and portfolio conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In our estimation of expected credit losses, we use a two year reasonable and supportable period across all products. Following this two year period in which supportable forecasts can be generated, for all modeled loan portfolios, we revert expected credit losses to a level that is consistent with our historical information by reverting the macroeconomic variables (model inputs) to their long run average. We revert to historical loss rates for less complex estimation methods for smaller portfolios. A 20-year fixed length look back period is used to calculate the long run average of the macroeconomic variables. A four quarter reversion period is used where the macroeconomic variables linearly revert to their long run average following the two year reasonable and supportable period. We develop our reasonable and supportable forecasts using relevant data including, but not limited to, changes in economic output, unemployment rates, property values, and other factors associated with the credit losses on financial assets. Some macroeconomic variables apply to all portfolio segments, while others are more portfolio specific. The following table discloses key macroeconomic variables for each loan portfolio. Segment Portfolio Key Macroeconomic Variables (a) Commercial Commercial and industrial BBB corporate bond rate (spread), fixed investment, business bankruptcies, GDP, industrial production, unemployment rate, and Producer Price Index Commercial real estate Property & real estate price indices, unemployment rate, business bankruptcies, GDP, and SOFR Commercial lease financing BBB corporate bond rate (spread), GDP, and unemployment rate Consumer Real estate — residential mortgage GDP, home price index, unemployment rate, and 30 year mortgage rate Home equity Home price index, unemployment rate, and 30 year mortgage rate Other consumer Unemployment rate and U.S. household income Credit cards Unemployment rate and U.S. household income Discontinued operations Unemployment rate (a) Variables include all transformations and interactions with other risk drivers. Additionally, variables may have varying impacts at different points in the economic cycle. In addition to macroeconomic drivers, portfolio attributes such as remaining term, outstanding balance, risk ratings, utilization, FICO, LTV, and delinquency also drive ALLL changes. Our ALLL models were designed to capture the correlation between economic and portfolio changes. As such, evaluating shifts in individual portfolio attributes and macroeconomic variables in isolation may not be indicative of past or future performance. Economic Outlook As of March 31, 2024, economic uncertainty remains elevated. Unemployment rates remain at relatively low levels, but job growth is moderating. Inflation, in the United States, is more persistent than anticipated, but has eased as the restrictive monetary policy and higher interest rates have made an impact. Commercial real estate values remain under pressure, with office being the most vulnerable asset class. We utilized the Moody’s February 2024 Consensus forecast as our baseline forecast to estimate our expected credit losses as of March 31, 2024. We determined such forecast to be a reasonable view of the outlook for the economy given all available information at quarter end. The baseline scenario reflects remaining weaknesses and the economy is expected to slow down through 2024. U.S. GDP is expected to grow at an annual rate of approximately 2.0% and 1.6% for 2024 and 2025, respectively, down from 2.5% in 2023. The national unemployment rate is expected to reach 4.3% by the fourth quarter of 2024; forecasted values remain at or above 4% through 2025. The U.S. Consumer Price Index annualized rate is forecasted at 2.7% for 2024 and expected to return to the Fed’s 2% target in 2025. The national home price index is expected to remain generally stable over 2024, while the commercial real estate price index is forecasted to drop approximately 6% in 2024. To the extent we identified credit risk considerations that were not captured by the third-party economic forecast, we addressed the risk through management’s qualitative adjustments to the ALLL. As a result of the current economic uncertainty, our future loss estimates may vary considerably from our March 31, 2024 assumptions. Commercial Loan Portfolio The ALLL from continuing operations for the commercial segment increased by $71 million, or 6.7%, fro m December 31, 2023. The overall increase in the commercial allowance is driven by fluctuations in portfolio activity, partly offset by economic changes and t he impact of balance sheet optimization efforts. The reserve levels continue to reflect portfolio migration, considering the extended period of higher interest rates and the current inflationary environment. The increase in reserves from the previous quarter is concentrated in the commercial and industrial portfolio, reflecting downgrades and higher criticized levels. The increase is offset by decreasing reserves for the commercial real estate portfolio, driven by changes in the property price index economic projections. Consumer Loan Portfolio The ALLL from continuing operations for the consumer segment decreased by $37 million, or 8.3%, from December 31, 2023 . The overall decrease in the consumer allowance was driven by improvement in the economic forecast, partly offset by credit quality normalization post-pandemic. Reserve movements largely reflect favorable changes in the economic outlook quarter-over-quarter for home prices. Credit Risk Profile The prevalent risk characteristic for both commercial and consumer loans is the risk of loss arising from an obligor’s inability or failure to meet contractual payment or performance terms. Evaluation of this risk is stratified and monitored by the loan risk rating grades assigned for the commercial loan portfolios and the refreshed FICO score assigned for the consumer loan portfolios. The internal risk grades assigned to loans follow our definitions of Pass and Criticized, which are consistent with published definitions of regulatory risk classifications. Loans with a pass rating represent those loans not classified on our rating scale for credits, as minimal credit risk has been identified. Criticized loans are those loans that either have a potential weakness deserving management's close attention or have a well-defined weakness that may put full collection of contractual cash flows at risk. Borrower FICO scores provide information about the credit quality of our consumer loan portfolio as they provide an indication as to the likelihood that a debtor will repay its debts. The scores are obtained from a nationally recognized consumer rating agency and are presented in the tables below at the dates indicated. Most extensions of credit are subject to loan grading or scoring. Loan grades are assigned at the time of origination, verified by credit risk management, and periodically re-evaluated thereafter. This risk rating methodology blends our judgment with quantitative modeling. Commercial loans generally are assigned two internal risk ratings. The first rating reflects the probability that the borrower will default on an obligation; the second rating reflects expected recovery rates on the credit facility. Default probability is determined based on, among other factors, the financial strength of the borrower, an assessment of the borrower’s management, the borrower’s competitive position within its industry sector, and our view of industry risk in the context of the general economic outlook. Types of exposure, transaction structure, and collateral, including credit risk mitigants, affect the expected recovery assessment. Commercial Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category and Vintage (a)(b) As of March 31, 2024 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Internal Risk Rating Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total Commercial and Industrial Risk Rating: Pass $ 1,131 $ 3,722 $ 9,183 $ 5,411 $ 2,329 $ 5,282 $ 23,724 $ 127 $ 50,909 Criticized (Accruing) 39 221 639 517 304 376 1,409 19 3,524 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — 19 68 65 2 94 112 — 360 Total commercial and industrial 1,170 3,962 9,890 5,993 2,635 5,752 25,245 146 54,793 Current period gross write-offs — 4 10 24 — 1 23 — 62 Real estate — commercial mortgage Risk Rating: Pass 85 792 3,470 2,729 711 3,715 927 48 12,477 Criticized (Accruing) 3 65 796 476 70 521 16 3 1,950 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — 3 29 3 47 31 — 113 Total real estate — commercial mortgage 88 857 4,269 3,234 784 4,283 974 51 14,540 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — 4 1 — 5 Real estate — construction Risk Rating: Pass 8 508 1,156 812 93 103 22 2 2,704 Criticized (Accruing) — 10 87 65 73 74 — — 309 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — — — — — — — — Total real estate — construction 8 518 1,243 877 166 177 22 2 3,013 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — — — — — Commercial lease financing Risk Rating: Pass 52 550 749 491 318 1,027 — — 3,187 Criticized (Accruing) — 30 47 8 13 19 — — 117 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — — — — 1 — — 1 Total commercial lease financing 52 580 796 499 331 1,047 — 3,305 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — — — — — Total commercial loans $ 1,318 $ 5,917 $ 16,198 $ 10,603 $ 3,916 $ 11,259 $ 26,241 $ 199 $ 75,651 Total commercial loan current period gross write-offs $ — $ 4 $ 10 $ 24 $ — $ 5 $ 24 $ — $ 67 As of December 31, 2023 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Internal Risk Rating Dollars in millions 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Commercial and Industrial Risk Rating: Pass $ 4,020 $ 10,145 $ 6,141 $ 2,539 $ 2,064 $ 3,534 $ 24,395 $ 123 $ 52,961 Criticized (Accruing) 84 361 427 233 127 170 1,140 15 2,557 Criticized (Nonaccruing) 14 49 50 2 28 70 84 — 297 Total commercial and industrial 4,118 10,555 6,618 2,774 2,219 3,774 25,619 138 55,815 Current period gross write-offs 1 7 35 8 11 21 105 — 188 Real estate — commercial mortgage Risk Rating: Pass 1,084 3,664 2,922 804 1,545 2,507 1,017 66 13,609 Criticized (Accruing) 6 646 411 15 186 193 20 1 1,478 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — 1 3 7 55 34 — 100 Total real estate — commercial mortgage 1,090 4,310 3,334 822 1,738 2,755 1,071 67 15,187 Current period gross write-offs — 1 1 11 2 21 3 — 39 Real estate — construction Risk Rating: Pass 401 1,185 912 157 62 48 31 8 2,804 Criticized (Accruing) 10 40 60 64 41 47 — — 262 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — — — — — — — — Total real estate — construction 411 1,225 972 221 103 95 31 8 3,066 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — — — — — Commercial lease financing Risk Rating: Pass 520 878 575 352 307 808 — — 3,440 Criticized (Accruing) 11 30 9 9 8 16 — — 83 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — — — — — — — — Total commercial lease financing 531 908 584 361 315 824 — — 3,523 Current period gross write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total commercial loans $ 6,150 $ 16,998 $ 11,508 $ 4,178 $ 4,375 $ 7,448 $ 26,721 $ 213 $ 77,591 Total commercial loan current period gross write-offs $ 1 $ 8 $ 36 $ 19 $ 13 $ 42 $ 108 $ — $ 227 (a) Accrued intere st of $368 million a nd $383 million as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively, presented in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in these tables. (b) Gross write-off information is presented on a year-to-date basis for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. Consumer Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by FICO Score and Vintage (a)(b) As of March 31, 2024 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and FICO Score Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total Real estate — residential mortgage FICO Score: 750 and above $ 13 $ 708 $ 5,958 $ 7,553 $ 2,380 $ 1,661 $ — $ — $ 18,273 660 to 749 9 138 685 736 222 313 — — 2,103 Less than 660 — 16 65 57 21 146 — — 305 No Score — 2 1 1 1 17 1 — 23 Total real estate — residential mortgage 22 864 6,709 8,347 2,624 2,137 1 — 20,704 Current period gross write-offs 1 — — — — — — — 1 Home equity loans FICO Score: 750 and above 8 36 154 842 673 813 1,973 310 4,809 660 to 749 3 23 61 216 143 219 840 101 1,606 Less than 660 — 4 14 39 27 93 279 28 484 No Score — — — — — 2 4 — 6 Total home equity loans 11 63 229 1,097 843 1,127 3,096 439 6,905 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — 1 — — 1 Other consumer loans FICO Score: 750 and above 18 179 1,268 1,345 632 306 87 — 3,835 660 to 749 11 137 333 322 154 134 189 — 1,280 Less than 660 1 26 64 64 31 32 56 — 274 No Score 6 24 30 17 8 20 196 — 301 Total consumer direct loans 36 366 1,695 1,748 825 492 528 — 5,690 Current period gross write-offs — 1 4 3 2 2 4 — 16 Credit cards FICO Score: 750 and above — — — — — — 442 — 442 660 to 749 — — — — — — 381 — 381 Less than 660 — — — — — — 111 — 111 No Score — — — — — — 1 — 1 Total credit cards — — — — — — 935 — 935 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — — 12 — 12 Total consumer loans $ 69 $ 1,293 $ 8,633 $ 11,192 $ 4,292 $ 3,756 $ 4,560 $ 439 $ 34,234 Total consumer loan current period gross write-offs $ 1 $ 1 $ 4 $ 3 $ 2 $ 3 $ 16 $ — $ 30 As of December 31, 2023 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and FICO Score Dollars in millions 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Real estate — residential mortgage FICO Score: 750 and above $ 680 $ 5,992 $ 7,785 $ 2,392 $ 586 $ 923 $ — $ — $ 18,358 660 to 749 180 739 780 248 90 240 — — 2,277 Less than 660 15 58 56 22 17 130 — — 298 No Score 2 1 1 1 — 18 2 — 25 Total real estate — residential mortgage 877 6,790 8,622 2,663 693 1,311 2 — 20,958 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — 1 — — 1 Home equity loans FICO Score: 750 and above — 85 1,575 435 114 378 2,034 331 4,952 660 to 749 24 65 229 152 66 164 886 107 1,693 Less than 660 3 13 38 27 17 77 281 31 487 No Score 2 — — — — 1 4 — 7 Total home equity loans 29 163 1,842 614 197 620 3,205 469 7,139 Current period gross write-offs (1) — — — — 2 — 1 2 Other consumer loans FICO Score: 750 and above 185 1,187 1,455 660 277 112 97 — 3,973 660 to 749 150 365 342 171 83 60 199 — 1,370 Less than 660 24 64 65 32 17 16 57 — 275 No Score 30 33 17 11 10 12 185 — 298 Total consumer direct loans 389 1,649 1,879 874 387 200 538 — 5,916 Current period gross write-offs 1 12 10 6 5 3 14 — 51 Credit cards FICO Score: 750 and above — — — — — — 489 — 489 660 to 749 — — — — — — 400 — 400 Less than 660 — — — — — — 112 — 112 No Score — — — — — — 1 — 1 Total credit cards — — — — — — 1,002 — 1,002 Current period gross write-offs — — — — — — 37 — 37 Total consumer loans $ 1,295 $ 8,602 $ 12,343 $ 4,151 $ 1,277 $ 2,131 $ 4,747 $ 469 $ 35,015 Total consumer current period gross write-offs $ — $ 12 $ 10 $ 6 $ 5 $ 6 $ 51 $ 1 $ 91 (a) Accrued intere st of $140 million and $139 million as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively, presented in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in this table. (b) Gross write-off information is presented on a year-to-date basis for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. Nonperforming and Past Due Loans Our policies for determining past due loans, placing loans on nonaccrual, applying payments on nonaccrual loans, and resuming accrual of interest for our commercial and consumer loan portfolios are disclosed in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Nonperforming Loans” beginning on page 108 of our 2023 Form 10-K. The following aging analysis of past due and current loans as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, provides further information regarding Key’s credit exposure. Aging Analysis of Loan Portfolio (a) As of March 31, 2024 Current (b) 30-59 Days Past Due (b) 60-89 Days Past Due (b) 90 and Greater Days Past Due (b) Non-performing Total Past Due and Non-performing Loans (b) Total Loans (c) Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Commercial and industrial $ 54,247 $ 54 $ 50 $ 82 $ 360 $ 546 $ 54,793 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 14,355 34 26 12 113 185 14,540 Construction 3,012 1 — — — 1 3,013 Total commercial real estate loans 17,367 35 26 12 113 186 17,553 Commercial lease financing 3,303 — — 1 1 2 3,305 Total commercial loans $ 74,917 $ 89 $ 76 $ 95 $ 474 $ 734 $ 75,651 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 20,610 $ 9 $ 6 $ — $ 79 $ 94 $ 20,704 Home equity loans 6,776 24 6 4 95 129 6,905 Other consumer loans 5,655 14 8 9 4 35 5,690 Credit cards 908 5 5 11 6 27 935 Total consumer loans $ 33,949 $ 52 $ 25 $ 24 $ 184 $ 285 $ 34,234 Total loans $ 108,866 $ 141 $ 101 $ 119 $ 658 $ 1,019 $ 109,885 (a) Amounts in table represent amortized cost and exclude loans held for sale. (b) Accrued inter est of $508 million p resented in “Accrued income and other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in this table. (c) Net of unearned income, net of deferred fees and costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums. As of December 31, 2023 Current (b) 30-59 Days Past Due (b) 60-89 Days Past Due (b) 90 and Greater Days Past Due (b) Non-performing Loans Total Past Due and Non-performing Loans (b) Total Loans (c) Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Commercial and industrial $ 55,354 $ 62 $ 30 $ 72 $ 297 $ 461 $ 55,815 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 15,049 25 3 10 100 138 15,187 Construction 3,065 1 — — — 1 3,066 Total commercial real estate loans 18,114 26 3 10 100 139 18,253 Commercial lease financing 3,520 2 1 — — 3 3,523 Total commercial loans $ 76,988 $ 90 $ 34 $ 82 $ 397 $ 603 $ 77,591 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 20,863 $ 17 $ 7 $ — $ 71 $ 95 $ 20,958 Home equity loans 7,001 27 10 4 97 138 7,139 Other consumer loans 5,877 16 10 9 4 39 5,916 Credit cards 974 6 5 12 5 28 1,002 Total consumer loans $ 34,715 $ 66 $ 32 $ 25 $ 177 $ 300 $ 35,015 Total loans $ 111,703 $ 156 $ 66 $ 107 $ 574 $ 903 $ 112,606 (a) Amounts in table represent amortized cost and exclude loans held for sale. (b) Accrued interest of $522 million presented in “Accrued income and other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in this table. (c) Net of unearned income, net of deferred fees and costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums. At March 31, 2024, the approximate carrying amount of our commercial nonperforming loans outstanding represented 80% of their original contractual amount owed, total nonperforming loans outstanding represented 84% of their original contractual amount owed, and nonperforming assets in total were carried at 87% of their original contractual amount owed. Nonperforming loans reduced expected interest income by $13 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an d $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The amortized cost basis of nonperforming loans on nonaccrual status for which there is no related allowance for credit losses was $245 million at March 31, 2024 and $301 million at December 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, 48% of our nonperforming loans were contractually current versus 51% as of December 31, 2023. Collateral-dependent Financial Assets We classify financial assets as collateral-dependent when our borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and we expect repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Our commercial loans have collateral that includes cash, accounts receivable, inventory, commercial machinery, commercial properties, commercial real estate construction projects, enterprise value, and stock or ownership interests in the borrowing entity. When appropriate we also consider the enterprise value of the borrower as a repayment source for collateral-dependent loans. Our consumer loans have collateral that includes residential real estate, automobiles, boats, and RVs. At March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the recorded investment of consumer residential mortgage and home equity loans in the process of foreclosure was approximately $133 million and $156 million, respectively. There were no significant changes in the extent to which collateral secures our collateral-dependent financial assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024 . Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty The ALLL for loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is determined based on Key’s ALLL policy as described within Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) of our 2023 Form 10-K. Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty Our strategy in working with commercial borrowers is to allow them time to improve their financial position through loan modification. Commercial borrowers that are rated substandard or worse in accordance with the regulatory definition, or that cannot otherwise restructure at market terms and conditions, are considered to be experiencing financial difficulty. A modification of a loan is subject to the normal underwriting standards and processes for other similar credit extensions, both new and existing. The modified loan is evaluated to determine if it is a new loan or a continuation of the prior loan. Consumer loans in which a borrower requires a modification as a result of negative changes to their financial condition or to avoid default, generally indicate the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The primary modifications made to consumer loans are amortization, maturity date and interest rate changes. Consumer borrowers identified as experiencing financial difficulty are generally unable to refinance their loans through our normal origination channel or through other independent sources. The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the noted reporting periods of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty within the past 12 months or since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 for the reporting period in 2023. The tables do not include those modifications that only resulted in an insignificant payment delay. The tables do not include consumer loans that are still within a trial modification period. Trial modifications may be done for consumer borrowers where a trial payment plan period is offered in advance of a permanent loan modification. As of March 31, 2024, there were 79 loans totaling $11 million in a trial modification period. As of March 31, 2023, there were 136 loans totaling $17 million in a trial modification period. Commitments outstanding to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans were modified were $48 million and $23 million at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Other Combination Total Dollars in millions Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis % of Total Loan Type LOAN TYPE Commercial and Industrial $ — $ 173 $ 48 $ 33 $ 254 0.46 % Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 28 22 1 — 51 0.35 Construction — 19 — — 19 0.63 Total commercial real estate loans 28 41 1 — 70 0.40 Commercial lease financing — — — — — — Total commercial loans $ 28 $ 214 $ 49 $ 33 $ 324 0.43 % Real estate — residential mortgage 1 — — 12 13 0.06 Home equity loans 2 1 1 7 11 0.16 Other consumer loans — 1 — 2 3 0.05 Credit cards — — — 4 4 0.43 Total consumer loans 3 2 1 25 31 0.09 Total loans $ 31 $ 216 $ 50 $ 58 $ 355 0.32 % As of March 31, 2023 Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Other Combination Total Dollars in millions Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis % of Total Loan Type LOAN TYPE Commercial and Industrial $ — $ 79 $ 1 $ 4 $ 84 0.14 % Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage — 4 — — 4 0.02 Construction — — — — — — Total commercial real estate loans — 4 — — 4 0.02 Commercial lease financing — — — — — — Total commercial loans $ — $ 83 $ 1 $ 4 $ 88 0.11 % Real estate — residential mortgage — — — 1 1 — Home equity loans — — — 2 2 0.03 Other consumer loans — — — 1 1 0.02 Credit cards — — — 1 1 0.10 Total consumer loans — — — 5 5 0.01 Total loans $ — $ 83 $ 1 $ 9 $ 93 0.08 % Combination modifications consist primarily of loans modified with both an interest rate reduction and a term extension. Financial Effects of Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty The following table summarizes the financial impacts of loan modifications made to specific loans for the noted periods. Three months ended March 31, 2024 Weighted-average Interest Rate Change Weighted-average Term Extension (in years) LOAN TYPE Commercial and Industrial (6.40) % 0.33 Commercial mortgage (1.91) % 0.39 Construction — % 1.00 Real estate — residential mortgage (1.53) % 7.62 Home equity loans (2.78) % 5.74 Other consumer loans (1.43) % 0.70 Credit cards (14.11) % 0.25 Three months ended March 31, 2023 Weighted-average Interest Rate Change Weighted-average Term Extension (in years) LOAN TYPE Commercial and Industrial — % 1.03 Commercial mortgage — % 1.42 Real estate — residential mortgage (1.33) % 6.68 Home equity loans (3.72) % 2.90 Amortized Cost Basis of Modified Loans That Subsequently Defaulted There were $51 million of Commercial and Industrial loans that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that received term extension and other modifications and subsequently defaulted during the three-month period ended March 31, 2024. There were $4 million of Commercial and Industrial loans that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that received term extension and other modifications and subsequently defaulted during the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. Key closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty within the past 12 months. As of March 31, 2024 Current 30-89 90 and Total Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Commercial and Industrial $ 184 $ 16 $ 54 $ 254 Commercial real estate Commercial mortgage 29 22 — 51 Construction 19 — — 19 Total commercial real estate loans 232 38 54 324 Commercial lease financing — — — — Total commercial loans 232 38 54 324 Real estate — residential mortgage 11 2 — 13 Home equity loans 9 1 1 11 Other consumer loans 3 — — 3 Credit cards 4 — — 4 Total consumer loans $ 27 $ 3 $ 1 $ 31 Total loans $ 259 $ 41 $ 55 $ 355 The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023 Current 30-89 90 and Total Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Commercial and Industrial $ 80 $ 3 $ 1 $ 84 Commercial real estate Commercial mortgage 4 — — 4 Construction — — — — Total commercial real estate loans 84 3 1 88 Commercial lease financing — — — — Total commercial loans 84 3 1 88 Real estate — residential mortgage 1 — — 1 Home equity loans 2 — — 2 Other consumer loans 1 — — 1 Credit cards 1 — — 1 Total consumer loans $ 5 $ — $ — $ 5 Total loans $ 89 $ 3 $ 1 $ 93 Liability for Credit Losses on Off Balance Sheet Exposures The liability for credit losses on off balance sheet exposure is included in “accrued expense and other liabilities” on the balance sheet. This includes credit risk for recourse associated with loans sold under the Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting and Servicing program and credit losses inherent in unfunded lending-related commitments, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, and certain financial guarantees. Changes in the liability for credit losses for off balance sheet exposures are summarized as follows: Three months ended March 31, Dollars in millions 2024 2023 Balance at beginning of period $ 296 $ 225 Provision (credit) for losses on off balance sheet exposures (14) 51 Other (1) — Balance at end of period $ 281 $ 276 |