VolitionRx Limited (VNRX) PRE 14APreliminary proxy

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No.   )

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

To Be Held on Tuesday, July 2, 2024

To Our Stockholders:

Notice is hereby given that the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the Annual Meeting, of VolitionRx Limited, which we refer to as VolitionRx, the Company, we or us, will be held at 93-95 Gloucester Place, London, W1U 6JQ, United Kingdom, at 1:00 p.m. British Summer Time on Tuesday, July 2, 2024, for the following purposes:

The Company’s board of directors unanimously recommends that you vote “FOR” the election of each of the director nominees named in Proposal 1, and “FOR” Proposals 2, 3, 4, and 5.

The Company’s board of directors has fixed the close of business on May 8, 2024, as the Record Date for the determination of stockholders that are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting and any adjournment or postponement thereof. Only stockholders of record, and holders of shares in street name as represented by a bank or broker statement certifying the number of shares in their possession, as of the close of business on the Record Date are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting and any adjournment or postponement thereof.

Your vote is very important. Whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, we encourage you to read the Proxy Statement and submit your proxy and voting instructions as soon as possible. For specific instructions on how to vote your shares, please refer to the instructions on the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials you received in the mail, the section entitled How to Vote in the Proxy Statement or, if you requested to receive printed proxy materials, your enclosed proxy card.

Approximate Date of Mailing of Notice of

Internet Availability of Proxy Materials:

May 17, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLITIONRX LIMITED

1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110

Henderson, Nevada 89014

Telephone: +1 (646) 650-1351

PROXY STATEMENT

FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

To Be Held on Tuesday, July 2, 2024 at

93-95 Gloucester Place, London, W1U 6JQ, United Kingdom

GENERAL INFORMATION

VolitionRx Limited has made this Proxy Statement, as well as the Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, or collectively, the Proxy Materials, available to you on the Internet or, upon your request, in paper or e-mail form, in connection with the solicitation of proxies by the board of directors of VolitionRx Limited for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the Annual Meeting, to be held on Tuesday, July 2, 2024, and any adjournment or postponement of the Annual Meeting. In addition to the Proxy Materials, proxies may be solicited personally or by telephone, mail, facsimile or other electronic means. Directors, officers and employees will not be paid any additional compensation for soliciting proxies, but Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. will be paid a customary fee of approximately $9,000, exclusive of printing and mailing fees, for its services relating to the distribution of the Proxy Materials and the facilitation and tabulation of votes, and Georgeson, LLC, a proxy solicitation firm, will be paid a fee of $10,500, plus disbursements for proxy solicitation services provided. We will, upon request, also reimburse brokerage firms and others for their reasonable expenses in forwarding solicitation material to the beneficial owners of shares of common stock held of record by such persons. The cost of solicitation will be borne by the Company.

The Company is taking advantage of the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, that allow us to furnish our Proxy Materials over the Internet to our stockholders rather than in paper form. We believe this delivery process will expedite our stockholders’ receipt of our Proxy Materials, reduce the environmental impact of the Annual Meeting and lower the costs of printing and distributing our Proxy Materials. Accordingly, you will receive a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, or the Notice, which we expect to mail on or about May 17, 2024. The Notice provides instructions on how to access our Proxy Materials through the Internet and request receipt of our Proxy Materials in paper or e-mail form.

In this Proxy Statement, except as otherwise indicated by the context, references to “Company,” “VolitionRx,” “Volition,” “we,” “us,” and “our” are references to VolitionRx Limited and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Singapore Volition Pte. Limited, a Singapore-registered company, or Singapore Volition, Belgian Volition SRL, a Belgium-registered company, or Belgian Volition, Volition Diagnostics UK Limited, a company registered in the United Kingdom, or Volition Diagnostics, Volition Germany GmbH (formerly Octamer GmbH), a company with limited liability organized under the laws of Germany, or Volition Germany, Volition Global Services SRL, a Belgium-registered company, or Volition Global Services, and Volition America, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Volition America, as well as majority-owned subsidiary Volition Veterinary Diagnostics Development LLC, a Texas limited liability company, or Volition Vet. Additionally, in this Proxy Statement we use the term “Share Exchange Agreement” to refer to the share exchange agreement with Singapore Volition and the former shareholders of Singapore Volition dated September 26, 2011, pursuant to which we acquired Singapore Volition through an exchange of shares with the former Singapore Volition shareholders effective October 6, 2011.

ABOUT THE MEETING

We are holding our Annual Meeting at 93-95 Gloucester Place, London, W1U 6JQ, United Kingdom, on Tuesday, July 2, 2024, at 1:00 p.m. British Summer Time. At our Annual Meeting, our stockholders will act upon the matters outlined herein. In addition, our management will respond to questions from stockholders.

Attendance at the Annual Meeting will be limited to stockholders of the Company. Stockholders will be required to furnish valid identification and proof of ownership of the Company’s common stock as of the close of business on the Record Date before being admitted to the Annual Meeting. Stockholders holding shares in street name are requested to bring a statement from the bank, broker or other holder of record confirming their ownership of the Company’s common stock. For directions to the Annual Meeting, you may contact the Company’s Corporate Secretary, Rodney Rootsaert, by writing to VolitionRx’s principal executive offices at 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, by email to investorrelations@volition.com, or by telephone at +1 (646) 650-1351.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Proxy Statement contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements may relate to our future financial performance, business operations, executive compensation decisions, plans for amending our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, or our Restated Certificate, or other future events. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “believe,” “continue,” or the negative of such terms, or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements also include the assumptions underlying or relating to such statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The outcomes of the events described in these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, or the 2023 Annual Report, as well as the other reports we file with the SEC. We cannot assure you that the events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this Proxy Statement relate only to events as of the date of this Proxy Statement. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made.

VOTING INFORMATION

Subject to any revocation, all shares represented by properly executed proxies received by the board of directors of VolitionRx Limited pursuant to this solicitation will be voted in accordance with the holder’s directions specified on the proxy. If no directions have been specified using the Internet voting site, toll-free number or by marking the appropriate places on a Proxy Card, the shares will be voted in accordance with the board of directors’ recommendations, which are:

You may either vote “FOR” or “WITHHOLD” authority to vote for each director nominee. You may vote “FOR” or “AGAINST” (or “ABSTAIN” from voting on) any of the other Proposals. Your vote on any one of these Proposals will not affect your vote on any of the other Proposals, except that approval of Proposal 5 (the approval of the 2024 Plan) is contingent upon the approval of Proposal 4 (the Amendment to the Restated Certificate increasing the number of authorized shares of common stock from 100,000,000 to 175,000,000). Accordingly, if Proposal 4 is not approved, the 2024 Plan will not go into effect, even if approved by our stockholders. We intend to file the Amendment to the Restated Certificate with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware promptly after stockholder approval is obtained. However, our board of directors may delay or abandon the filing of the Amendment to the Restated Certificate before or after adoption and approval by our stockholders.

When using Internet or telephone voting, the voting systems will verify that you are a stockholder through the use of a company number for VolitionRx and a 16-digit control number or QR code unique to you, which is printed on the Notice you receive in the mail. If you vote by Internet or telephone, please do not also mail a Proxy Card.

If you plan to vote in person at the Annual Meeting, please bring valid identification. Even if you currently plan to attend the Annual Meeting, we recommend that you also submit your proxy so that your vote will be counted if you later decide not to attend the Annual Meeting.

Record Date

You may vote all shares that you owned as of May 8, 2024, which is the Record Date for the Annual Meeting. As of May 8, 2024, we had [  ] shares of common stock issued and outstanding held of record by approximately [  ] stockholders. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote on each matter properly brought before the Annual Meeting.

A complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting will be open to examination by any stockholder for purposes germane to the meeting, during normal business hours for ten days prior to the date of the Annual Meeting at the Company’s offices at 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014. If you wish to inspect the stockholder list, please contact the Company’s Corporate Secretary, Rodney Rootsaert, by writing to Corporate Secretary c/o VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, or by telephone at +1 (646) 650-1351.

Ownership of Shares

If your shares are registered directly in your name, you are the holder of record of these shares, and we are sending the Notice or, if requested, paper or e-mail copies of the Proxy Materials directly to you. As the holder of record, you have the right to give your proxy directly to us or to vote in person at the Annual Meeting.

If you hold your shares in a brokerage account or through a bank or other holder of record, you hold the shares in “street name,” and your broker, bank or other holder of record is sending the Notice or Proxy Materials to you. As a holder in street name, you have the right to direct your broker, bank or other holder of record how to vote by filling out a voting instruction form that accompanies your Proxy Materials. Regardless of how you hold your shares, we invite you to attend the Annual Meeting.

If you receive more than one Notice or set of Proxy Materials, your shares may be registered in more than one name or in different accounts. Please follow the voting instructions to ensure that all of your shares are voted.

How to Vote

Your Vote Is Important. We encourage you to vote promptly. You may vote in any of the following ways:

By Internet – www.proxyvote.com: Use the Internet to submit your proxy by going to www.proxyvote.com and following the instructions on how to complete an electronic proxy card up until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Monday, July 1, 2024, the day before the Annual Meeting. You will need the 16-digit control number or QR code included on your Notice or your Proxy Card in order to vote by Internet.

By Telephone – 1-800-690-6903: Use any touch-tone telephone to submit your proxy by dialing 1-800-690-6903 up until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Monday, July 1, 2024, the day before the Annual Meeting. You will need the 16-digit control number included on your Notice or your Proxy Card in order to vote by telephone.

By Mail: You may request a paper copy of the Proxy Materials from us by following the instructions on your Notice. When you receive the Proxy Card, mark your selections on the Proxy Card, date and sign your name exactly as it appears on your Proxy Card and mail it in the postage-paid envelope that will be provided to you.  Return your Proxy Card by 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Monday, July 1, 2024.

At the Annual Meeting: If you vote your shares now it will not limit your right to change your vote at the Annual Meeting if you attend in person. If you hold your shares in street name, you must obtain a proxy, executed in your favor, from your bank, broker or other holder of record, if you wish to vote your shares at the Annual Meeting.

All shares that have been properly voted and not revoked will be voted at the meeting. If you vote using the Internet voting site or the toll-free number, or by signing and returning a Proxy Card in each case without any voting instructions, your shares will be voted as the board of directors recommends.

Revocation of Proxies

You can revoke your proxy (or voting instructions if you hold your shares in street name) at any time before your shares are voted at the Annual Meeting if you: (1) send a written notice by mail to our Corporate Secretary indicating that you want to revoke your proxy by writing to VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, Attention: Rodney Rootsaert, Corporate Secretary, which notice is received prior to the Annual Meeting; (2) vote after delivery of your proxy and before the Annual Meeting by using the Internet voting site or toll-free number or deliver to our Corporate Secretary a duly executed Proxy Card bearing a later date, which revokes all previous proxies; or (3) attend the Annual Meeting in person and, at the meeting, give written notice of revocation of your proxy to the Corporate Secretary of the Annual Meeting prior to the voting of your proxy and vote your shares in person, although your attendance at the meeting will not by itself revoke your proxy.

Quorum and Required Vote

Quorum

We will have a quorum and will be able to conduct the business of the Annual Meeting if the holders of 33 1/3% of the voting power of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote are present at the meeting, either in person or by proxy. In determining whether we have a quorum, we count abstentions and broker non-votes as present and entitled to vote.

Vote Required for Proposals

Dissenters’ Rights

Under Delaware law, stockholders are not entitled to dissenters’ rights of appraisal on any Proposal referred to herein.

Cumulative Voting

Stockholders are not entitled to cumulate votes with respect to voting on the election of directors or any other Proposal referred to herein.

Voting Results

Preliminary voting results will be announced at the Annual Meeting. Final voting results will be published in a Current Report on Form 8-K that we plan to file with the SEC within four business days after the Annual Meeting. If final voting results are not available to us in time to file a Form 8-K within four business days after the Annual Meeting, we intend to file a Form 8-K to publish preliminary results and, within four business days after the final results are known to us, file an amended Form 8-K to publish the final results.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the number of shares of our common stock owned beneficially as of April 1, 2024, by: (i) each of our directors and director nominees; (ii) each of our named executive officers; (iii) all of our directors and director nominees, and executive officers as a group; and (iv) each person or group known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under the rules of the SEC, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of such security, or investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of such security. A person is also deemed to be a beneficial owner of any securities of which the person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days. Under these rules more than one person may be deemed a beneficial owner of the same securities and a person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of securities as to which such person has no economic interest.

Unless otherwise indicated below, to the best of our knowledge each beneficial owner named in the table (i) has the sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned, subject to community property laws where applicable, and (ii) has the following address: 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014.

Changes in Control

We are not aware of any arrangements that have resulted, or may at a subsequent date result, in a change in control of the Company.

DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Identification of Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth the names and ages of the Company’s directors and executive officers as of the Record Date, except as otherwise noted:

The background and business experience during the past five years of the persons listed above, other than Dr. Martin Faulkes who is not standing for re-election as a director and will no longer be serving as Executive Chairman following the Annual Meeting and Dr. Edward Futcher who is not standing for re-election as a director, are as follows:

CAMERON REYNOLDS serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer and is a director of the Company. Information regarding Mr. Reynolds is provided under Proposal 1 – Election of Directors of this Proxy Statement.

TERIG HUGHES serves as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. He has also served as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of both Volition America since December 1, 2022, and of Volition Vet since March 17, 2023, as well as a Director of Volition Global Services since September 2, 2021. Between September 1, 2021 and August 8, 2022, Mr. Hughes served as a Director of Singapore Volition. Mr. Hughes joined the Company from AUM Biosciences Pte. Ltd., a fast-growing biotechnology company focused on developing novel drugs for cancer treatment, where he was the Chief Financial Officer based in Singapore, and oversaw all aspects of business and finance, from initial start-up in 2018 through to first revenue in 2020. Prior to 2018, Mr. Hughes held a number of senior finance and business leadership positions at Elsevier, a division of RELX Group plc (formerly Reed Elsevier), an FTSE 100 company. From 2014 to 2017, Mr. Hughes was the regional Managing Director of RELX Group plc for India and Southeast Asia, overseeing all aspects of the business including sales, marketing, and product development. From 2006 to 2014, he served as the company’s Finance Director for Asia Pacific, during which he managed and oversaw accounting and finance functions, including financial planning and analysis. During this period, he also oversaw a successful finance transformation project, which included systems implementation, transition to a shared-services model, and outsourcing of various work streams, as well as a number of mergers and acquisitions projects in China. From 2003 to 2006, Mr. Hughes was the Vice President Finance of Elsevier’s US Journals and Pharma Communications Division where he provided commercial support to senior management, oversaw implementation of internal control standards as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and managed the annual pricing process. Mr. Hughes has over 25 years of accounting, finance and business management experience gained through an international career spanning the United States, Europe and Asia. Mr. Hughes received a B.Sc. in Accounting and Law from De Montfort University, Leicester in the United Kingdom.

DR. GAETAN MICHEL serves as our Chief Operating Officer. In addition, Dr. Michel has served as Director and Chief Executive Officer of Volition America since November 16, 2021, as Chief Executive Officer and Manager of Volition Global Services since September 15, 2021 and September 1, 2021, respectively, as Manager and President of Volition Veterinary since August 7, 2019 and May 1, 2021, respectively, and as Chief Executive Officer and Manager of Belgian Volition since November 15, 2022.  In addition, from June 22, 2015 to November 4, 2021, Dr. Michel served as Manager of Belgian Volition, from July 1, 2015 to September 14, 2021 as Chief Executive Officer of Belgian Volition, from August 14, 2020 to May 1, 2021 as Chief Executive Officer of Volition Veterinary, and from January 10, 2020 to October 23, 2020, as a Managing Director of Volition Germany.  Dr. Michel also previously served as Belgian Volition’s Chief Operations Officer from July 2014 to June 2018. Dr. Michel has over ten years of experience in production management. Prior to joining Belgian Volition, from 2010 to 2014 Dr. Michel worked as production director for Bone Therapeutics SA (Euronext Brussels and Paris: BOTHE), a bone cell therapy-based pharmaceutical company, where his responsibilities included establishing two new production plants to commence manufacturing for two phase III clinical trials, developing quality systems for new products in negotiation with the Belgian health authorities, and establishing a product plant for an injectable medical device. From 2007 to 2010, Dr. Michel worked for KitoZyme, a global manufacturer of biopolymers of fungal origin with its core business in weight management, digestive and cardiovascular health. During this period, Dr. Michel established both the production and process development departments and oversaw the commencement of the company’s industrial phase culminating in the roll out of first products. Prior to joining KitoZyme, following the completion of his Ph.D. in 2002, Dr. Michel joined Advanced Array Technologies, or AAT, a University of Namur spin-off company as project manager in proteomics. AAT later became Eppendorf Array Technologies, part of the German Eppendorf biotech company, where Dr. Michel became production manager and was involved in establishing production processes and equipment. Dr. Michel received a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Namur, Belgium.

DR. JACOB MICALLEF serves as our Chief Scientific Officer. Dr. Micallef previously served as a Director of Belgian Volition between August 10, 2011 and March 31, 2016. Prior to the Share Exchange Agreement, he served as Chief Scientific Officer of Belgian Volition from October 11, 2010 to December 31, 2014, but was not otherwise involved with Singapore Volition. Dr. Micallef joined Cronos Therapeutics Limited, or Cronos, a company developing oncology drugs, in 2004, and in 2006, Cronos was listed in the United Kingdom on the Alternative Investment Market, or AIM, becoming ValiRx plc, or ValiRx (AIM:VAL). Dr. Micallef continued to work as Technical Officer for ValiRx, where he in-licensed the Nucleosomics^TM technology and co-founded ValiBio SA, which is now Belgian Volition. From 2004 to 2007, he taught “science and enterprise” to science research workers from four universities at CASS Business School before joining Cronos. In 2001, Dr. Micallef co-founded Gene Expression Technologies, a company developing oncology drugs, where he successfully led the development of the chemistry of the GeneICE technology and implemented the manufacture of GeneICE molecules. He also played a major role in business development and procured a GeneICE contract with Bayer AG. Over a 15-year period, starting in 1985, Dr. Micallef worked for the World Health Organization, or WHO. While working for WHO, Dr. Micallef developed new diagnostic products in the areas of reproductive health and cancer. In 1990, he commenced development of a new diagnostic technology platform for WHO which was launched in 1992 and supported 13 tests. Dr. Micallef also initiated and implemented in-house manufacture, previously outsourced to Abbott Diagnostics Inc., and world-wide distribution of these products for WHO. Also, in 1990, he started a “not-for-profit” WHO company, Immunometrics Ltd., which marketed and distributed those diagnostic products worldwide. Dr. Micallef has over 20 years of experience in research and development and in the management of early-stage biotechnical companies, including the manufacture of biotechnology products and the establishment of manufacturing operations. Dr. Micallef received his M.B.A. from Imperial College, University of London and his Ph.D. from King’s College, University of London.

DR. ANDREW RETTER serves as our Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Andrew Retter is a United Kingdom-based doctor with over 20 years of experience. Dr. Retter has been on the Specialist Register of the General Medical Council in Hematology and Intensive Care Medicine since 2014 and joined the team at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in London in 2014. Dr. Retter has been involved in clinical trials and research studies and has published over 50 articles in peer-reviewed medical journals. His areas of expertise include the management of hematological malignancies and the management of complex coagulopathies, anticoagulation, and sepsis. In addition to his clinical work, Dr. Retter is also an accomplished educator and mentor. He teaches and trains medical students, residents, and fellows, and has served as a faculty member for educational courses. Dr. Retter obtained his medical degree from St. George’s Hospital Medical School in 2001 and completed his postgraduate training in hematology and intensive care medicine at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London in 2013.

GAEL FORTERRE serves as our Chief Commercial Officer. He has almost twenty years of experience investing in and scaling fast-growing companies. Since October 2013, Mr. Forterre has served as the Managing Partner of Armori Capital Management, LLC, or Armori, an investment advisory firm. Mr. Forterre launched Armori in October 2013, for which he conducted a series of investments on behalf of family offices and institutional investors, and actively supported the growth of its portfolio companies. From December 2021 to February, 2024, Mr. Forterre served as a non-executive director for Integrated Wellness Acquisition Corp., a special purpose acquisition company. Mr. Forterre also served as the Chief Executive Officer of Ucroo Incorporated, or Ucroo (now Pathify Holdings, Inc.), a SaaS EdTech company, between January 2019 and December 2020, during which period he supervised the launch of its product suite and tripled sales two years in a row; he also served as its Chief Financial Officer between January 2018 and December 2018 and acted as its consultant from August 2017 to December 2017. Mr. Forterre also served as a board member of Ucroo between August 2019 and March 2021, and as a board member of ARTICLE22, a design-focused social enterprise that he co-founded in 2013, from July 2013 to June 2021. Between 2005 and 2012, Mr. Forterre worked in various positions including as a structurer, an analyst and a trader for BNP Paribas in the corporate and investment banking division, in both New York and Paris, where he was selected to join the top talent program. Mr. Forterre received an M.S. in finance from Sorbonne Paris I and a double M.B.A. from both Columbia Business School and the London Business School.

NICHOLAS PLUMMER serves as our Group General Counsel.  Mr. Plummer is a solicitor qualified in England. From 1995 to 2004, Mr. Plummer worked at the United Kingdom and international law firm Ashurst as a corporate lawyer, before moving into his first in-house role as General Counsel and Company Secretary of Ark Therapeutics Group PLC, a UK-listed biotech company, from 2004 to 2008. From 2013 to 2021, Mr. Plummer served as the EU Managing Counsel at Patheon, subsequently Pharma Services Group of Thermo Fisher Scientific, a contract drug developer and manufacturer. Mr. Plummer has over twenty-five years of legal experience in private practice and in-house roles, primarily in the healthcare sector. Mr. Plummer holds a LL.B. law degree (Hons) from Reading University and was admitted as a Solicitor to the Supreme Court of England and Wales in 1997.

LOUISE BATCHELOR serves as our Group Chief Marketing and Communications Officer. Ms. Batchelor joined the Company in April 2016 from ACULD Limited, a strategic marketing consultancy specializing in healthcare where she served as director and owner since August 2011. From April 2006 to January 2009, Ms. Batchelor was the global brand marketing manager for Reckitt Benckiser Plc, a British, multinational consumer goods company, where she led the development of the global brand for the Lysol^® germ protection range. From 2001 to 2009, Ms. Batchelor also served as the European business unit director for Reckitt Benckiser, based in Paris, France, where she was responsible for general management of the European business and led the European regulatory strategy and launch of multiple products. Prior to joining Reckitt Benckiser, Ms. Batchelor was a product manager, marketing executive, primary care field sales manager and a senior market research executive at Zeneca Pharmaceuticals Ltd in the United Kingdom, from August 1993 to October 2000. Ms. Batchelor has thirty years of global marketing, sales and leadership experience gained through an international career spanning the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom.  Ms. Batchelor received a B.A. in business studies from Sheffield Hallam University.

RODNEY ROOTSAERT serves as our Corporate Secretary. Prior to the completion of the transactions under the Share Exchange Agreement, he was the Administration and Legal Officer of Singapore Volition, a position he held since August 6, 2010. Mr. Rootsaert became a Director of Singapore Volition on December 15, 2015. He has been a Director and Secretary of Belgian Volition since October 4, 2010, a Director of Volition Diagnostics since November 13, 2015, Secretary of Volition Vet since August 7, 2019, and Secretary of Volition America since November 16, 2021. Between August 7, 2019 and March 17, 2023, Mr. Rootsaert served as Treasurer of Volition Vet.  Mr. Rootsaert served as director and corporate secretary of Mining House Ltd., a company providing consultancy and office support services, between 2007 and 2018. His responsibilities included ensuring compliance with all relevant statutory and regulatory requirements. From 2007 until 2011, Mr. Rootsaert served as corporate secretary for Magellan Copper and Gold Plc., a mineral exploration company, where his duties included maintaining and preparing company documents, accounts and contracts. Mr. Rootsaert has over 15 years of experience in providing corporate, legal and administrative services.  Mr. Rootsaert holds an LL.B. degree from the University of Western Australia.

DR. SALVATORE THOMAS BUTERA serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Volition Veterinary. Dr. Butera previously served as a Director of the Company between December 1, 2020 and March 25, 2021, before resigning in order to prepare to assume the role of Chief Executive Officer of Volition Veterinary, effective May 1, 2021.  Between 2016 and April 2021, Dr. Butera served as Business Development Director at Veterinary Centers of America, or VCA, which is in the practice and business of veterinary medicine, part of Mars Veterinary Health, or Mars, and was actively involved in business development roles with Mars, leading divisions such as Pet Partners, LLC, or PPL, Banfield Pet Hospitals and VCA, and serving as Co-Founder, Board Member and Chief Medical Officer of PPL prior to its acquisition by Mars. Dr. Butera received his B.A. from Fairfield University and his D.V.M. from the University of Missouri Veterinary School.

DR. JASMINE KWAY serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Singapore Volition. Dr. Kway previously served as Singapore Volition’s Vice President of Asia from January 2017 until June 2018.  Prior to joining Singapore Volition, during 2016 Dr. Kway served as Chief Executive Officer of intellectual property practice at RHT i-Assets Advisory, or RHTiAA, one of the leading companies of the RHT Group of Companies and RHT Holdings, a Singapore-headquartered integrated leading professional services company providing professional services in Asia. While at RHTiAA, Dr. Kway was focused on managing buy-side and sell-side clients globally in technology and intellectual property transactions, business development, and fund raising.  Prior to RHTiAA, Dr. Kway worked in both the private and public sectors, including as Executive Vice President, Business Development at Transpacific IP Group Limited, a full-service intellectual property company, from 2010 to 2015, and as Director of Industry Liaison of the National University of Singapore from 2005 to 2010. In these positions, Dr. Kway formulated and implemented national intellectual property policies, corporate intellectual property strategies and management, intellectual property and technology development, commercialization, fundraising, and investment. Dr. Kway received her Bachelor of Engineering (Honors) and Doctorate degrees from the National University of Singapore.

DR. PHILLIP BARNES serves as a director. Information regarding Dr. Barnes is provided under the Proposal 1 – Election of Directors section of this Proxy Statement.

DR. ALAN COLMAN serves as a director. Information regarding Dr. Colman is provided under the Proposal 1 – Election of Directors section of this Proxy Statement.

MICKIE HENSHALL serves as a director. Information regarding Ms. Henshall is provided under the Proposal 1 – Election of Directors section of this Proxy Statement.

GUY INNES serves as a director. Information regarding Mr. Innes is provided under the Proposal 1 – Election of Directors section of this Proxy Statement.

KIM NGUYEN serves as a director. Information regarding Ms. Nguyen is provided under the Proposal 1 – Election of Directors section of this Proxy Statement.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF THE COMPANY

Our business is managed by the Company’s board of directors. Our board members are informed of our business through discussions with management, materials provided to them, visits to the Company’s offices and facilities, and their participation in meetings of the board of directors.

Corporate Governance Practices and Policies

Our board of directors has been carefully following the corporate governance developments that have been taking place as a result of the adoption of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the rules promulgated thereunder by the SEC, and other corporate governance recommendations. Our board of directors addresses, among other things, the board of directors’ composition, qualifications and responsibilities, director education and stockholder communication with directors.

Director Independence

For purposes of determining director independence, the board of directors reviews a summary of the relationships of each director, including any of his or her family members or related parties, with the Company or management and other facts relevant to the analysis of whether the directors qualify as “independent directors” under the NYSE American Company Guide §803(A)(2). No director qualifies as independent unless the board of directors affirmatively determines that the director does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of his or her independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities as a director. In addition, the NYSE American Company Guide provides a non-exclusive list of persons who may not be considered independent.

The board of directors has affirmatively determined that each of Drs. Barnes, Colman and Futcher, Mss. Henshall and Nguyen, and Mr. Innes, is an independent director under the NYSE American Company Guide. In addition, the members of the Audit Committee are independent directors pursuant to the heightened independence criteria for members of Audit Committees set forth in the applicable SEC rules.

Our independent directors meet as often as is necessary to fulfill their responsibilities but at least annually in executive session without management or non-independent directors in accordance with the requirements of NYSE American Company Guide §802(c).

Board Composition and Attributes

Our Nominations and Governance Committee continually assesses the board of directors and the skill sets, experiences and characteristics represented by the directors to ensure alignment with the Company’s strategic objectives and evolving needs and expectations. The board of directors believes that its membership should reflect a diversity of industries, experience, gender, race, ethnicity and age to help ensure that it serves the long-term interests of stockholders and promotes the best interests of the Company.  Additionally, the Nominations and Governance Committee is committed to considering the candidacy of women and racially and ethnically diverse candidates for future vacancies on the Board. The below skills matrix and diversity matrix represents the current members of the board of directors as of the date of this Proxy Statement.  These matrices are re-assessed regularly and evolves with the needs of the organization.

Term of Office for Directors and Officers

Each director serves until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until each such director’s successor is duly elected and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. Each officer serves for such term as determined by the board of directors.

Family Relationships

None of the executive officers or directors of our Company, or any nominees therefor, are related to each other.

Certain Arrangements and Understandings

There are no arrangements or understandings between any director, executive officer or director nominee and any other person pursuant to which any person was nominated as a director or selected as an executive officer.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

During the past ten years no director, executive officer or director nominee of VolitionRx has been involved in any legal proceedings required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K. Additionally, no director, executive officer or director nominee of VolitionRx is party to, or has any material interests in, any material legal proceedings that are adverse to the Company or its subsidiaries.

Board and Committee Meetings; Annual Meeting Attendance

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023: the board of directors held six regularly scheduled meetings and acted by written consent eight times; the Audit Committee held five regularly scheduled meetings and acted by written consent eight times; the Compensation Committee held one regularly scheduled meeting and acted by written consent 12 times; and the Nominations and Governance Committee held two regularly scheduled meeting and acted by written consent two times. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, all directors attended, in person or by telephone, at least 75% of the total number of meetings of both our board of directors and the committees of our board of directors on which such director served, during their respective periods of service.

While the Company does not have a policy with regard to the attendance of the members of the board of directors at annual meetings of stockholders, directors are strongly encouraged to attend the annual meetings of stockholders whether in person or by telephone. Seven of the nine directors then serving on the board of directors attended in person or by telephone the annual meeting of stockholders held on June 23, 2023. A quorum was not present at this meeting, so the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders was adjourned and reconvened on June 28, 2023. Four of the nine directors then serving on the board of directors attended the reconvened meeting in person or by telephone.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominations and Governance Committee. The Committees operate pursuant to written charters adopted by the board of directors, copies of which are available on our website at https://ir.volition.com/committee-charters. However, the reference to our website in this Proxy Statement does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on or available through our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this Proxy Statement. In addition, from time to time, our board of directors may establish special committees when necessary to address specific issues. The composition and functions of each of our Audit, Compensation and Nominations and Governance Committees are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors.

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee currently consists of four members, Mr. Innes (Chair), and Drs. Barnes, Colman and Futcher, each of whom has been determined to be an independent director under applicable SEC rules and the NYSE American Company Guide.  Following the Annual Meeting, assuming the election of the director nominees set forth in Proposal 1 – Election of Directors of this Proxy Statement, our Audit Committee shall consist of three members, Mr. Innes (Chair), and Drs. Barnes and Colman.  The Audit Committee shall at all times be composed exclusively of directors who are, in the opinion of our board of directors, free from any relationship which would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment as a committee member and who possess an understanding of financial statements and generally accepted accounting principles.

The Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:

The board of directors has affirmatively determined that Mr. Innes is designated as an “Audit Committee financial expert.”

Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee currently consists of three members, Mss. Nguyen (Chair) and Henshall, and Dr. Barnes, each of whom has been determined to be an independent director under the NYSE American Company Guide.  Following the Annual Meeting, assuming the election of the director nominees set forth in Proposal 1 – Election of Directors of this Proxy Statement, our Compensation Committee shall consist of the same three members.

The Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other things:

In fulfilling its responsibilities, the Compensation Committee has the authority to delegate any or all of its responsibilities to a subcommittee of the Compensation Committee.

Nominations and Governance Committee

Our Nominations and Governance Committee currently consists of four members, Dr. Futcher (Chair), Mss. Nguyen and Henshall and Mr. Innes, each of whom has been determined to be an independent director under the NYSE American Company Guide.  Following the Annual Meeting, assuming the election of the director nominees set forth in Proposal 1 – Election of Directors of this Proxy Statement, our Nominations and Governance Committee shall consist of three members, Mr. Innes (Chair), and Mss. Nguyen and Henshall.

The Nominations and Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things:

Nominating Procedures

The Nominations and Governance Committee considers candidates for the board of directors from any reasonable source, including stockholder recommendations. The Committee will not evaluate candidates differently based on who has made the proposal. The Committee has the authority under its charter to hire and pay a fee to consultants or search firms to assist in the process of identifying and evaluating candidates. The Nominations and Governance Committee, and our board of directors, believe that directors should possess the highest personal and professional ethics, integrity and values, and be committed to representing the long-term interests of the Company’s stockholders. Each director must also be able to dedicate the time and resources sufficient to ensure the diligent performance of his or her duties. Further, our board of directors is intended to encompass a range of talents, experience, skills, backgrounds, and expertise sufficient to provide sound and prudent guidance with respect to the operations and interests of the Company and its stockholders. The Company values diversity and seeks to achieve a diversity of professional experiences, personal backgrounds, and personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, age, gender and sexual orientation, on our board of directors, but no specific policy regarding board diversity has been adopted. We have adopted the Rooney Rule to increase diversity of board candidates for future elections.

Stockholders who wish to suggest qualified candidates should write to the Chair of the Nominations and Governance Committee c/o VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, in accordance with the time periods and information requirements set forth in the Restated Bylaws, specifying the name of the candidates and stating in detail the qualifications of such persons for consideration by the Committee. A written statement from the candidate consenting to be named as a candidate and, if nominated and elected, to serve as a director should accompany any such recommendation. See the section of this Proxy Statement entitled Deadline for Receipt of Stockholder Proposals for the Next Annual Meeting. No director nominations by stockholders have been received as of the filing of this Proxy Statement.

Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight

Our board of directors does not have a formal policy regarding the separation of the roles of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. Our board of directors believes that it is in the best interests of our organization to make that determination from time to time based on the position and the direction of our organization and the membership of our board of directors.

The roles of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board are currently separated with Dr. Martin Faulkes serving as the Executive Chairman of our board of directors and Guy Innes serving as our lead independent director. As the lead independent director, Mr. Innes regularly consults with the Executive Chairman of our board of directors and management on the key issues concerning the Company. Cameron Reynolds, our Chief Executive Officer and principal executive officer, also serves as a director of the Company. Due to Mr. Reynolds’ executive officer position, he is not an independent director. Our board of directors views this arrangement as providing an efficient connection between our management and board of directors, enabling our board to obtain information pertaining to operational matters expeditiously and enabling our Executive Chairman and our Chief Executive Officer to bring areas of concern before the board in a timely manner.  Dr. Faulkes is not standing for re-election to the board of directors at our Annual Meeting and will no longer serve as the Executive Chairman following the meeting. Assuming the re-election of Guy Innes as a director, Mr. Innes will serve as the interim Chairman of the Board in addition to his role as lead independent director while the Company searches for a permanent Chairman.  Pursuant to the terms of his employment agreement, Dr. Faulkes will remain as an employee for three months following the Annual Meeting to assist in the transition of the Chairman position among other duties.

One of our board of directors’ key functions is informed oversight of our risk management process. Our board of directors does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through the board as a whole, as well as through various board standing committees that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, including a determination of the nature and level of risk appropriate for us. Each committee of our board of directors meets in executive session with key management personnel and representatives of outside advisors as necessary to oversee risks associated with their respective principal areas of focus. Our Audit Committee oversees management of financial risks. Our Compensation Committee oversees the management of risks related to our executive compensation plans and arrangements. Our Nominations and Governance Committee manages risks associated with the independence of our board and potential conflicts of interest. Although each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, the entire board of directors is regularly informed through committee reports about such risks. While our board of directors, through its committees, oversees our risk management, our management team is responsible for day-to-day risk-management processes to ensure that such risks are being adequately managed.

Communications with the Board of Directors

Our board of directors encourages stockholders and other interested parties to send communications to the board of directors or to individual members of the board of directors. Such communications, whether by letter, e-mail or telephone, should be directed to the Chairman of the board of directors who will forward them to the intended recipients. However, unsolicited advertisements or invitations to conferences or promotional material, in the discretion of the Chairman or his designee, may not be forwarded to the directors.

If a stockholder or other interested party wishes to communicate to our board of directors regarding a concern relating to the Company’s financial statements, accounting practices or internal controls, the concern should be submitted in writing to the board of directors in care of the Chairman at the Company’s headquarters. If the concern relates to the Company’s governance practices, business ethics or corporate conduct, the concern likewise should be submitted in writing to the Chairman at the Company’s headquarters address. If the stockholder or other interested party is unsure as to which category his or her concern relates, he or she may communicate it to any one of the directors in care of the Company’s Corporate Secretary.

Stockholders or other interested parties who wish to contact members of our board of directors either individually or as a group may do so by writing to Corporate Secretary c/o VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, by email to investorrelations@volition.com, or by telephone at +1 (646) 650-1351, specifying whether the communication is directed to the entire board of directors or to a particular director. Such communications are screened by Company personnel to filter out improper or irrelevant topics, such as solicitations, and to confirm that they relate to matters that are within the scope of responsibilities of the board of directors.

Stockholder Engagement

We undertake quarterly engagement efforts with our significant stockholders (representing approximately 28% of our outstanding shares during the first quarter 2024). Typically, Mr. Reynolds (President and Group Chief Executive Officer), Mr. Hughes (Group Chief Financial Officer) and Ms. Batchelor (Group Chief Marketing & Communications Officer) participate in these meetings. Topics discussed in these meetings generally focus on business and financial updates and include the steps we have taken to strengthen corporate governance, improve compensation practices and remediate material weaknesses. We value the time and input given to us by these stockholders and actively consider stockholder feedback in shaping our practices.

Remediation of material weaknesses.

Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and our ability to continue as a going concern have historically impacted the level of stockholder support received by our directors, particularly the chair of our Audit Committee. During the year ended December 31, 2023, as disclosed in our 2023 Annual Report, our management, with oversight from our Audit Committee, continued to implement the following remediation steps to address and mitigate the underlying deficiencies which gave rise to the previously disclosed material weaknesses and to improve our internal control over financial reporting:

During 2024, we intend to take additional measures to strengthen certain processes we have identified which we believe once implemented in conjunction with the completed actions above will mitigate and remedy the previously disclosed material weaknesses.

With respect to our ability to continue as a going concern, our ability to do so is dependent upon our successful transition to commercialization as well as continued capital contributions and financing.

Compensation Practices. Commencing in 2022 and continuing to date, following feedback received in our stockholder engagement program, we modified our compensation scheme for certain key executives to tie the achievement of certain share price performance targets to the vesting of their equity awards. This modification is in addition to the short- and long-term incentives tied to corporate goals which was first introduced in 2021.

Governance Practices. During 2023, we reviewed and further strengthened our insider trading policy to, among other things, include additional requirements with respect to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to address recent regulations as well as to prohibit certain transactions in our equity securities including hedging the value of our equity securities, and trading in any interest or position relating to the future price of our equity securities, including short sales, put or call options or other derivatives securities. We have also reviewed, updated and published our Committee charters.

Succession Planning. During late 2022 and early 2023, our Nominations and Governance Committee oversaw the development of a succession plan for our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer. The Nominations and Governance Committee regularly reviews these succession plans, including plans for emergency scenarios.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available on our Company website at https://ir.volition.com/governance-documents. Amendments to our Code of Ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller or persons performing similar functions, if any, will be posted on our website at https://ir.volition.com/governance-documents. We will disclose any waivers of provisions of our Code of Ethics that apply to such persons by disclosing such information on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Employee, Director and Officer Hedging

Our insider trading policy prohibits all of our employees, including our named executive officers, and our directors from engaging in transactions that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, decreases in the market value of our equity securities, including, but not limited to, prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds.

Transactions with Related Persons

We provide indemnification to our directors and officers so that they will be free from undue concern about personal liability in connection with their service to the Company. Under our Restated Bylaws and Restated Certificate, we are required to indemnify our directors and officers to the extent permitted by Delaware law. Additionally, as part of the engagement letters and/or Independent Director Agreements with each of our directors and/or executive officers, certain indemnification provisions may require us, among other things, to indemnify our directors and executive officers for expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by a director or officer in any action or proceeding arising out of his or her service as one of our directors or officers.

Other than the foregoing, we are not aware of any transaction to which we are a party that has occurred during the past two fiscal years, or in any currently proposed transaction, involving our directors, nominees for directors, executive officers, or any person who owned of record or was known to own beneficially more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock, or any associate or affiliate of such persons or companies, where such person or entity has any material interest, direct or indirect, in such transaction and that requires disclosure under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K.

Policy on the Review, Approval or Ratification of Transactions with Related Persons

The Company has not adopted a separate written policy for the approval or ratification of all transactions with related persons that are required to be reported under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K. Rather, pursuant to its charter, and unless otherwise provided by the board of directors, the Audit Committee reviews the material facts of all such transactions and either ratifies, approves or disapproves of the Company’s entry into the transaction.

No director is allowed to participate in the approval of a transaction for which he or she is a related person, and directors must provide all material information concerning such transactions to the Audit Committee. 

REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE

The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for assisting our board of directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities regarding the Company’s financial accounting and reporting process, system of internal control, audit process, and process for monitoring compliance with laws and regulations. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a written charter, a copy of which is posted on our website at https://ir.volition.com/committee-charters. The Audit Committee met five times and acted by written consent eight times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. All members of the Audit Committee are non-employee directors and satisfy the current NYSE American Company Guide and SEC requirements with respect to independence, financial literacy and experience.

Management of the Company has the primary responsibility for the Company’s consolidated financial statements as well as the Company’s financial reporting process, accounting principles and internal controls. Sadler, Gibb & Associates, LLC, the independent registered public accounting firm for the Company in 2023, is responsible for performing an audit of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and expressing an opinion as to the conformity of such financial statements with generally accepted accounting principles.

In this context, the Audit Committee has reviewed and discussed the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, with the Company’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee has discussed with the independent registered public accounting firm the matters required to be discussed by the applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, and the SEC. The Audit Committee has also received the written disclosures and the letter from the independent registered public accounting firm required by applicable requirements of the PCAOB (Rule 3526) regarding the independent accountants’ communications with the Audit Committee concerning independence, and has discussed with the independent registered public accounting firm the accounting firm’s independence.

Based on the foregoing, the Audit Committee has recommended to our board of directors the inclusion of the audited consolidated financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

The foregoing Report of the Audit Committee does not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate this Report by reference therein.

COMPENSATION OF NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth the principal positions of the named executive officers of the Company and the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to such persons for all services rendered in all capacities to the Company and its subsidiaries, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

Employment and Consulting Agreements

Cameron Reynolds

Effective December 1, 2020, Singapore Volition and PB Commodities, a Singapore corporation, entered into a Consulting Services Agreement, or the Reynolds Consulting Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Reynolds Consulting Agreement, Singapore Volition will make available the services of Mr. Reynolds, as Group Chief Executive Officer, to VolitionRx and its subsidiaries, pursuant to the services agreements entered into by and between Singapore Volition and VolitionRx or its subsidiaries. The term of the Reynolds Consulting Agreement is perpetual until terminated upon six months’ prior notice. The agreement includes a six-month non-compete following termination of the agreement. PB Commodities received a monthly fee of $50,994 SGD (increased from $48,450 SGD on May 1, 2022) in exchange for the services provided by Mr. Reynolds, subject to annual review and adjustment. Effective March 1, 2023, Mr. Reynolds entered into an Employment Agreement with Singapore Volition, or the Reynolds Employment Agreement, which superseded and replaced the Reynolds Consulting Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Reynolds Employment Agreement, Mr. Reynolds shall serve as Group Chief Executive Officer of Singapore Volition. Singapore Volition will also make available the services of Mr. Reynolds, as Group Chief Executive Officer, to VolitionRx and its other subsidiaries, pursuant to services agreements entered into by and between Singapore Volition and VolitionRx or its subsidiaries. In exchange for his services, Mr. Reynolds shall receive, among other things (i) $39,495 per month (increased from $37,525 on May 1, 2023) from Singapore Volition (subject to annual review and adjustment), (ii) payment of up to $1,500 per month towards the premiums of a health insurance policy for Mr. Reynolds and his dependents, (iii) payment of 3% of the aggregate of Mr. Reynolds’ salary and any cash bonus awards towards Mr. Reynolds’ personal pension scheme and (iv) a lump sum severance payment if terminated by Singapore Volition without cause (as per the agreement) equal to the salary that he would have received between the date of termination and the completion of a six-month notice period. The foregoing description of each of the Reynolds Consulting Agreement and the Reynolds Employment Agreement does not purport to summarize all terms and conditions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 21, 2020, and Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.

Dr. Gaetan Michel

On September 15, 2021, Dr. Michel entered into an Employment Agreement with Volition America, or the Michel Employment Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Michel Employment Agreement, Dr. Michel shall serve as Chief Operating Officer of Volition America. Volition America will also make available the services of Dr. Michel, as Chief Operating Officer, to VolitionRx and its other subsidiaries, pursuant to services agreements entered into by and between Volition America and VolitionRx or its subsidiaries. In exchange for his services, Dr. Michel shall receive (i) $30,873 per month (increased from $28,067 on May 1, 2023 and subject to annual review and adjustment), and (ii) a lump sum severance payment if terminated by Volition America without cause (as per the agreement) equal to the salary that he would have received between the date of termination and the completion of a three-month notice period. On September 15, 2021, Volition Global Services and 3F Management entered into a Consulting Services Agreement, or the Michel Consulting Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Michel Consulting Agreement, 3F Management will make available the services of Dr. Michel as Chief Executive Officer of Volition Global Services. 3F Management receives a monthly fee of €2,430 (increased from €2,210 on May 1, 2023) in exchange for the services provided by Dr. Michel, subject to annual review and adjustment. The foregoing description of each of the Michel Employment Agreement, and the Michel Consulting Agreement does not purport to summarize all terms and conditions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 10, 2021, and Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 10, 2021.

Dr. Salvatore Thomas Butera

Effective May 1, 2021, Dr. Butera entered into an Employment Agreement with Volition Vet, or the Butera Employment Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Butera Employment Agreement, Dr. Butera shall serve as Chief Executive Officer of Volition Vet. In exchange for his services, Dr. Butera shall receive (i) $28,198 per month (increased from $26,792 on May 1, 2023 and subject to annual review and adjustment), (ii) an annual cash bonus of up to 40% of his base salary unless raised by the VolitionRx Board of Directors, its Compensation Committee or the Company’s Board of Managers, as applicable, and (iii) a lump sum severance payment if terminated by Volition Vet without cause (as per the agreement) equal to the salary that he would have received between the date of termination and the completion of a two-month notice period. The foregoing description of the Butera Employment Agreement does not purport to summarize all terms and conditions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 11, 2021.

Role of Executive Officers with Compensation Decisions

To determine the compensation of our executive officers, including our named executive officers other than our Chief Executive Officer, the Compensation Committee considers recommendations of our Chief Executive Officer. The Compensation Committee then takes the recommendations of the Chief Executive Officer and makes a determination on the amount of any cash or equity incentive awards payable to the other executive officers. The other executive officers and other senior management personnel also are generally not present at meetings of the Compensation Committee and do not participate in its discussions regarding executive compensation decisions.

While our Chief Executive Officer discusses his compensation recommendations with the Compensation Committee for other executive officers, he does not participate in any Compensation Committee deliberation or determination with respect to his own compensation. The determination of the amount of compensation paid to the Chief Executive Officer is made by the Compensation Committee and subject to the terms of his employment agreement.

With respect to compensation of non-employee directors, the Compensation Committee considers the recommendations of our Chief Executive Officer and makes a determination on the amount of compensation, including equity awards, to such directors subject to the terms of their independent director agreements.

Compensation Consultant

No compensation consultant was used or hired during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Outstanding Equity Awards Tables

The following table summarizes the outstanding restricted stock unit awards for our named executive officers as of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table sets forth the outstanding stock option awards for our named executive officers as of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Long-Term Incentive Plans

Since July 1, 2021, we have offered to our eligible U.S.-based salaried employees, including our U.S.-based named executive officers, a customary, tax-qualified defined contribution retirement (401(k)) plan. For 2022, we provided a company match on employee contributions of 100% on the first 3% of an employee’s pay, which we believe to be in line with prevailing practices for major U.S. corporations.

Volition Diagnostics operates a Group Personal Pension Plan, or the Pension Plan, and makes defined monthly contributions into a separate fund on behalf of its eligible United Kingdom employees, as required by the Pensions Act 2008 (UK). Certain of the Company’s executive officers who are based in the United Kingdom are eligible to participate in the Pension Plan. Volition Diagnostics contributes five percent of the gross salary paid to those of its eligible employees to the Pension Plan. Those eligible employees are also required to contribute to the Pension Plan. All risks associated with this type of plan are assumed by the employees. The Pension Plan was effective commencing April 6, 2017.

Other than the foregoing, there are no arrangements or plans in which VolitionRx or its direct or indirect subsidiaries provides pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors or executive officers.

Severance and Change-of-Control Benefits

In the event of a termination of employment under certain circumstances, the named executive officers are entitled to severance payments as detailed in the section of this Proxy Statement entitled Employment and Consulting Agreements.

Additionally, under certain circumstances involving a change of control, merger, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other similar corporate transaction, where the successor or acquiring corporation (if any) refuses to assume, convert, replace or substitute awards, then the vesting of unvested awards will accelerate pursuant to the terms of the 2015 Plan.

Pay Versus Performance

Pursuant to Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act, the following table sets forth information about the relationship between the compensation actually paid to our principal executive officer, or PEO, and non-PEO named executive officers, or Non-PEO NEOs, and certain performance metrics of the Company. For further information regarding executive compensation for our named executive officers, refer to the section entitled Compensation of Named Executive Officers of this Proxy Statement.

Relationship Between Compensation Actually Paid and Cumulative Total Stockholder Return

As shown in the graph below, the compensation actually paid to our PEO, Mr. Reynolds, and the average amount of compensation actually paid to our Non-PEO NEOs during the covered fiscal years are negatively correlated with each other. While we utilize several performance measures to align executive compensation with our performance, they tend not to be financial performance measures, such as TSR. For example, part of the compensation our PEO and Non-PEO NEOs are eligible to receive consists of annual discretionary performance-based cash bonuses as well as restricted stock units with performance-based vesting, which are designed to incentivize our executives to achieve defined annual corporate goals and reward them for achievement of these goals.  Additionally, we believe stock options, which are an integral part of our executive compensation program, are related to company performance, although not directly tied to TSR, because they provide value only if the market price of our common stock increases, and if the executive officer continues in our employment over the vesting period. These stock option and performance-based restricted stock unit awards strongly align our executive officers’ interests with those of our stockholders by providing a continuing financial incentive to maximize long-term value for our stockholders and by encouraging our executive officers to continue in our employment for the long-term.

Compensation actually paid reflects the exclusions and inclusions to the Summary Compensation Table total for the PEO and the Non-PEO NEOs. The amounts excluded from the Summary Compensation Table total include the stock awards and option awards reported in the Summary Compensation Table for the covered years, as well as deemed compensation resulting from the extension of the terms of certain outstanding options from six years to ten years that occurred in 2021. The amounts added to the Summary Compensation Table total include: (i) the fair value as of the end of the fiscal year of outstanding and unvested equity awards granted in that year; (ii) the change in fair value during the year of equity awards granted in prior years that remained outstanding and unvested at the end of the year; (iii) the fair value as of the vesting date of equity awards that were granted and vested in that year, which was not applicable for each of the covered years presented; and (iv) the change in fair value during the year through the vesting date of equity awards granted in prior years that vested during that year. The fair value at the end of the prior year of awards granted in any prior year that failed to meet applicable vesting conditions during the covered year are subtracted. Equity values are calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718.

The graph below compares the compensation actually paid to our PEO, the average of the compensation actually paid to our Non-PEO NEOs, and the cumulative TSR. The TSR amounts in the graph assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2020, and that all distributions or dividends, if any, were reinvested on a quarterly basis.

Relationship Between Compensation Actually Paid and Net Income (Loss)

The graph below compares the compensation actually paid to our PEO and the average of the compensation actually paid to our Non-PEO NEOs with our net income (loss) as reported in our 2023 Annual Report and our 2021 Annual Report.

PROPOSAL 1 — ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

Our board of directors currently consists of eight annually elected directors and has no vacancies. Two of our current directors, Dr. Martin Faulkes and Dr. Edward Futcher, will not be standing for re-election at the Annual Meeting. Accordingly, our board of directors approved a reduction in the size of the board to six members, effective immediately prior to the Annual Meeting. Acting upon the recommendation of our Nominations and Governance Committee, the full board of directors nominated the persons set forth in the table below for election to our board of directors at the Annual Meeting. Each elected director will hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders, and until each such director’s successor is duly elected and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

Each of the nominees has consented to serve if elected. However, in the event that any nominee is unable or declines to serve as a director (which is not anticipated), the proxy holders will vote for such substitute nominee as recommended by the board of directors. See the Compensation of Directors Table below for information relating to compensatory agreements for the director nominees.

Except as disclosed in the notes to the Compensation of Directors Table, there are no arrangements or understandings between any director and any other person pursuant to which any director was nominated as a director.

Proxies

Proxies received in response to this solicitation will be voted “FOR” the election of each of the director nominees named below unless otherwise specified in the proxy.

Vote Required

Directors are elected by the vote of a plurality of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter, meaning the nominees receiving the highest number of votes “FOR” them will be elected to the board of directors. A properly executed proxy marked “WITHHOLD ALL” or “FOR ALL EXCEPT” with respect to the election of directors will not be voted with respect to the director or directors indicated. The election of directors is a non-routine matter under applicable stock exchange rules. Withheld votes, abstentions and broker non-votes, if any, will have no effect in determining which directors are elected at the Annual Meeting.

Board of Directors’ Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THE ELECTION OF EACH OF THE DIRECTOR NOMINEES SET FORTH BELOW.

Director Nominees

Set forth below is information as to each nominee for director (ages are as of the Record Date).

The business experience of each person listed above and his or her qualification to serve as a director is as follows:

DR. PHILLIP BARNES serves as a director. Dr. Barnes is currently retired. Between 2009 and 2016, he served on the Board of Directors of a number of United Kingdom National Health Service, or NHS, hospitals both as Chief Medical Officer and Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Barnes was also involved in a number of national and regional advisory groups for the NHS and pharmaceutical industry. Prior to his career as a physician executive, Dr. Barnes was Consultant Neurologist at King’s College Hospital, London between 1995 and 2009, and Hon. Senior Lecturer in Neurology at King’s College London between 1999 and 2009. He served as Clinical Director for Neurology, a managerial and administrative role, between 1995 and 1998, and from 1998 until 2008 was Chief of Service of the King’s Neurosciences Centre, the United Kingdom’s largest Regional Neuroscience Centre. Dr. Barnes received a B.Sc. in Basic Medical Sciences, a Ph.D. in Anatomy and Neuroendocrinology from the University of London and a clinical medical degree (B.M. B.Ch.) from the University of Oxford. Our board of directors believes that Dr. Barnes is qualified to serve as a director of the Company based on his extensive experience both as a clinician and Board member within the United Kingdom’s NHS and related academic institutions.

DR. ALAN COLMAN serves as a director. Prior to completion of the transactions under the Share Exchange Agreement, Dr. Colman served as a Director of Singapore Volition from April 1, 2011 to December 15, 2015. Dr. Colman currently serves as chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board of Belgian Volition, a position he has held since April 5, 2011. Dr. Colman is currently an Associate at the Harvard University Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and is also a director of Gaibian Associates Pte. Ltd., a consultancy company in Singapore. Until its acquisition by Vertex Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceuticals company, in October 2019, he served on the Scientific Advisory Board of Semma Therapeutics, Inc., a stem cell therapy company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a position he held since December 2014. From 2007 to 2013, Dr. Colman served as the Executive Director of the A*STAR Singapore Stem Cell Consortium, or A*STAR. Concurrently, Dr. Colman was Professor of Regenerative Medicine at king’s College, London, United Kingdom, from 2008 to 2009. Prior to joining the A*STAR, Dr. Colman was Chief Scientific Officer and then Chief Executive Officer for ES Cell International, a Singaporean human embryonic stem cell company, from 2002 to 2007. Dr. Colman was the research director at PPL Therapeutics in Edinburgh, United Kingdom., or PPL, from the late 1980s until 2002, where he was responsible for leading PPL’s research program strategy, also playing a role in PPL’s financing rounds, culminating in its listing on the London Stock Exchange in 1996. PPL attracted considerable media attention because of its participation in the technique of somatic nuclear transfer that led to the world’s first sheep cloned from an adult cell, Dolly, in 1996. Dr. Colman had a successful university career in the Universities of Oxford, Warwick, Birmingham, where he was Professor of Biochemistry, and London, as described above. Dr. Colman’s main current interest is the development of human disease models using induced pluripotent stem cells. Dr. Colman received a B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. from Oxford University. Dr. Colman has extensive experience in the molecular biology field where he has worked in the production of transgenic livestock, somatic nuclear transfer, and human disease models. Our board of directors believes that Dr. Colman is qualified to serve as a director of the Company and a member of the Scientific Advisory Board based on his extensive experience in biochemistry, stem cell research and pathology.

MICKIE HENSHALL serves as a director. Ms. Henshall currently serves as Chief Marketing Officer of REALM Idx, Inc. (formerly Konica Minolta Precision Medicine), the parent company of Ambry Genetics Corporation and Invicro, LLC, which is focused on pioneering developments in the field of integrated diagnostics by uniting genomics, imaging, radiology and pathology with advanced artificial intelligence to develop innovative healthcare solutions.  In her current role, which she has held since October 2020, Ms. Henshall has been responsible for the corporate name change and rebranding, restructuring the marketing organization, supporting the company’s commercial expansion and implementing formal product development processes.  Prior to joining REALM Idx, from April 2020 to October 2020, Ms. Henshall served as Chief Marketing Officer of Genomic Life, Inc., a health services company focused on expanding access to precision medicine.  She was responsible for corporate strategy and marketing of the company’s paid benefit program, Cancer Guardian, which provides genetic risk insights and comprehensive genomic profiling with support services for those diagnosed with cancer.  Prior to that, from 2017 to April 2020, Ms. Henshall was Vice President of Marketing at Agena Bioscience (now part of Mesa Laboratories, Inc. (NASDAQ: MLAB)), a molecular diagnostics company delivering instrument systems and assays for targeted analysis of genetic disease and variant profiling.  Ms. Henshall led Agena’s Corporate Marketing, Product Management, Scientific Affairs, Custom Assay Services, and the regional marketing teams in China, Australia, and Germany.  Between 2014 and 2017, Ms. Henshall served as Vice President of Marketing at Accriva Diagnostics, Inc., or Accriva, a hospital-focused, point-of-care cardiovascular diagnostics company, where she established a new marketing team, developed re-branding of Accriva’s point-of-care diagnostics products, generated a five-year portfolio roadmap and provided support in preparing Accriva for sale to Werfen Life.  From 2010 to 2014, Ms. Henshall was Vice President of Marketing at Biotix, Inc, a supplier of laboratory consumables, where she managed all aspects of global marketing initiatives, including corporate branding, channel marketing, public relations, and sales training.  From 2005 to 2010, Ms. Henshall had increasing levels of leadership roles at Illumina, Inc. (NASDAQ: ILMN), a global leader in genomic technologies, where she supported the company through many firsts, including developing its first diagnostic portfolio strategy, convening its first Diagnostic Advisory Board, onboarding its first diagnostics marketing team, and development and launch of its first FDA cleared system.  Ms. Henshall is a marketing executive with over 20 years’ experience in developing and implementing marketing and sales strategies for the IVD, clinical and life science markets.  Ms. Henshall holds a B.S. in Integrative Biology from the University of California, Berkeley. Our board of directors believes that Ms. Henshall is qualified to serve as a director of the Company based on her extensive marketing and commercial experience.

GUY INNES serves as a director. Prior to completion of the transactions under the Share Exchange Agreement, Mr. Innes served as a Director of Singapore Volition, a position he held from August 18, 2010 to December 15, 2015. Mr. Innes has served as a non-executive Director on the boards of mineral exploration companies such as Carbon Mining PLC and Magellan Copper & Gold PLC, both from 2007 to 2010, and on the board of ProBio Inc., a company that commercialized intellectual property in the animal biotechnology fields including transgenesis and cloning research from the University of Hawaii, from 2000 to 2006. Mr. Innes had a long career in banking and private equity, including advisory roles with Quartz Capital Partners Limited, or Quartz, a small London based investment bank specializing in new technology companies, from 1997 to 2000, where Mr. Innes served as Head of Corporate Finance and was responsible for managing the corporate finance department and leading the transactions undertaken by Quartz including initial public offerings, private placements and mergers and acquisitions; Baring Private Equity Partners Limited, a private equity investment firm, in London and Singapore from 1995 to 1997, where he was involved in the setting up, recruiting of managers and capital raising for an Asian media and communications private equity fund; and Baring Brothers & Co. Limited, a London based international investment bank, in London and Paris from 1984 to 1995, where he was involved in executing and advising on national and international mergers and acquisitions, as well as initial public offerings and capital raising. Mr. Innes is a chartered accountant and a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Mr. Innes has extensive experience in financing and managing technology companies. Mr. Innes received a B.Sc. in Geography from Bristol University. Our board of directors believes Mr. Innes is qualified to serve as a director of the Company based on his extensive technical, financial and managerial background.

KIM NGUYEN serves as a director. Ms. Nguyen is currently Group Director, Asia Pacific Human Resources, or APAC HR, for the London Stock Exchange Group, a position she has held since November 2023. Between January 2022 and November 2023, Ms. Nguyen served as Vice President of International HR of Binance, a blockchain company. From September 2017 and January 2022, Ms. Nguyen served as Head of HR for Google Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. Prior to that, Ms. Nguyen worked with Google UK Limited from April 2007 to September 2017, where she held a number of positions working across the Technology and Sales divisions across Europe and Latin America. Ms. Nguyen’s HR career spans over 20 years in Technology, FinTech and Financial Services businesses. She has built and led large teams driving business transformation, corporate reorganization, workforce planning, crisis management, mergers and acquisitions, as well as driving HR strategy for new market expansion. She has worked across all international markets and has helped companies navigate culture and talent needs in a global setting, while meeting local labour law requirements. With experience in both multinational and start up environments she can competently operate in more established environments or build structures and programs from the ground up. Ms. Nguyen received a B.S. in Psychology Honors from the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.  Our board of directors believes that Ms. Nguyen is qualified to serve as a director of the Company based on her extensive experience within international labor law and practice, leadership and talent management development, organizational design and HR analytics.

CAMERON REYNOLDS serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director. He has served as a director of Belgian Volition since October 27, 2010, as the director and Chief Executive Officer of Volition Diagnostics since November 13, 2015, as a director of Volition America since February 3, 2017 and a manager of Volition Vet since August 7, 2019. Prior to completion of the transactions under the Share Exchange Agreement, Mr. Reynolds was the Chief Executive Officer of Singapore Volition, a position he held from August 5, 2010 to June 1, 2018, and a director of Singapore Volition from August 5, 2010 to September 1, 2021. He also served as the Managing Director of Belgian Volition between January 18, 2012 and July 24, 2015. Since February 2017, Mr. Reynolds has served as a non-executive director of Pathify Holdings, Inc. (formerly Ucroo Incorporated), a SaaS EdTech company, and since December 2023 has served as a non-executive director of GlycanAge Ltd, which manufactures and provides wellness tests which measure biological age. Further, from July 2018 and December 2021, he served as a non-executive director of Wellfully Limited (ASX: WFL) (formerly OBJ Limited), a developer of magnetic, micro-array drug and ingredient delivery technologies for use in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and skincare, and consumer healthcare industries. Between 2005 and 2011, Mr. Reynolds held a number of board directorships including Atlantic Mining PLC, Carbon Mining PLC, Magellan Copper and Gold PLC (Carbon Mining and Magellan Copper and Gold both became part of Solfotara Mining and Copper Development Corp.), KAL Energy Inc. (OTC: KALG), Iofina Natural Gas PLC (AIM: IOF), Canyon Copper Corp. (TSX-V: CNC, OTCBB: CNYC), and Hunter Bay Resources (TSX-V: HBY).  From 2004 until 2011, Mr. Reynolds founded and served as Managing Director and Director of Mining House Ltd., a company providing consultancy and office support services, where he was responsible for identifying potential mining projects, coordinating the preliminary evaluations and securing the financing with a view to listing the company on the AIM, the TSX and the U.S. OTC. From 1998 until 2001, Mr. Reynolds served as the commercialization director for Probio, Inc., a company that commercialized intellectual property in the animal biotechnology fields including transgenesis and cloning research from the University of Hawaii, where his duties and responsibilities included managing legal and contract issues with the University of Hawaii, implementing patenting strategy, managing stockholder issues including a merger and its legal and contractual documentation, overseeing office management, monitoring budgetary concerns, and team building and recruitment. Furthermore, Mr. Reynolds held a junior management position in 1996 at Integrated Coffee Technologies, a genetically modified coffee company where he was responsible for business plan creation, office management, recruitment, and business development. From 1994 to 1995, Mr. Reynolds worked for Southern China Group, a mineral exploration company, where, as regional manager, he established operations in Hong Kong and Yunnan.  Mr. Reynolds received a Bachelor of Commerce and an M.B.A. from the University of Western Australia. Our board of directors believes Mr. Reynolds brings the Company strong experience in management, structuring and strategic planning based on his over 30 years of entrepreneurial executive experience in the mining and biotechnology sectors and is qualified to serve as a director of the Company.

Compensation of Directors Table

The following table sets forth the compensation paid to the directors of VolitionRx for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 other than directors who also served as named executive officers. No executive officer is paid compensation for his role as a director. There are no employment agreements by and between the Company and the non-employee directors. See the section of this Proxy Statement entitled Compensation of Named Executive Officers – Summary Compensation Table for information on the compensation paid to named executive officers who were also directors.

PROPOSAL 2 — RATIFICATION OF SELECTION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work of our independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee has selected Sadler, Gibb & Associates, LLC, or Sadler Gibb, as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2024, and has further directed that management submit the selection of the independent registered public accounting firm for ratification by our stockholders at the Annual Meeting.

Although ratification by our stockholders is not a prerequisite to the Audit Committee’s ability to select our independent registered public accounting firm, the Audit Committee believes such ratification is advisable and in the best interests of our stockholders. Accordingly, stockholders are being requested to ratify, confirm and approve the selection of Sadler Gibb as our independent registered public accounting firm to conduct the annual audit of our consolidated financial statements for fiscal year 2024. If the stockholders do not ratify the selection of Sadler Gibb, the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm will be reconsidered by the Audit Committee; provided, however, the Audit Committee may select Sadler Gibb notwithstanding the failure of our stockholders to ratify its selection. If the appointment of Sadler Gibb is ratified, the Audit Committee will continue to conduct an ongoing review of Sadler Gibb’s scope of engagement, pricing and work quality, among other factors, and will retain the right to replace Sadler Gibb at any time.

Sadler Gibb has served as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm since November 29, 2011. Representatives from Sadler Gibb are not expected to be present at the Annual Meeting to be held on July 2, 2024.

Proxies

Proxies received in response to this solicitation will be voted “FOR” the approval of Sadler Gibb unless otherwise specified in the proxy.

Vote Required

The ratification of the selection of Sadler Gibb as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2024, requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter. A properly executed proxy marked “ABSTAIN” with respect to such matter will not be voted. Accordingly, an abstention will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” this Proposal. The ratification of the selection of Sadler, Gibb & Associates, LLC is a routine matter under applicable stock exchange rules. Accordingly, broker non-votes are not expected for this Proposal.

Board of Directors’ Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THE RATIFICATION OF THE SELECTION OF SADLER, GIBB & ASSOCIATES, LLC AS THE COMPANY’S INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2024.

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees

Sadler Gibb provides services to the Company including examination of the Company’s annual and quarterly financial statements. The following summarizes aggregate fees billed to us by our independent registered public accounting firm, Sadler Gibb, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Audit Fees

Represents the aggregate fees billed to us for each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered by the principal accountants for the audit of our annual financial statements and review of financial statements included in our Form 10-Q filings or services that are normally provided by the accountants in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagement for those fiscal years.

Audit-Related Fees

Represents the aggregate fees billed to us in each of the last two fiscal years for assurance and related services by the principal accountants that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements that are not already reported in Audit Fees. These services include accounting consultations and attestation services that are not required by statute.

Tax Fees

Represents the aggregate fees billed to us in each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered by the principal accountants for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning.

All Other Fees

Represents the aggregate fees billed in each of the last two fiscal years for products and services provided by the principal accountants to us, excluding those enumerated above.

Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditor

All audit and non-audit services by our independent registered public accounting firm are pre-approved by our Audit Committee. For audit services, the independent registered public accounting firm provides the Audit Committee with an audit plan, including proposed fees in advance of the annual audit. The Audit Committee approves the plan and fees for the audit.

Pursuant to its charter, the Audit Committee may establish pre-approval policies and procedures, subject to SEC and NYSE American rules and regulations, to approve audit and non-audit services; however, it has not yet done so.

PROPOSAL 3 — NON-BINDING ADVISORY VOTE TO APPROVE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION

We are asking our stockholders to approve, by a non-binding advisory vote, the compensation paid to our executive officers who are named in the Summary Compensation Table in this Proxy Statement, which we refer to as our named executive officers. We have disclosed the compensation of our named executive officers pursuant to rules adopted by the SEC.

The Compensation Committee has structured our executive compensation program to:

We believe that our executive compensation practices have fostered our success by:

We urge stockholders to carefully read the section of this Proxy Statement entitled Compensation of Named Executive Officers, which provides the Summary Compensation Table and related compensation disclosures that follow it. Our board of directors and the Compensation Committee believe that the compensation policies and procedures described in this Proxy Statement are effective in achieving our compensation objectives.

Therefore, in accordance with Section 14A of the Exchange Act, and as a matter of good corporate governance, we ask our stockholders to approve the following advisory resolution at the Annual Meeting:

“RESOLVED, that the Company’s stockholders approve, on a non-binding advisory basis, all of the compensation of the Company’s executive officers who are named in the Summary Compensation Table of the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement, as such compensation is disclosed in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement pursuant to the disclosure rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which disclosure includes the section entitled Compensation of Named Executive Officers, the Summary Compensation Table, and the related compensation tables, notes and narrative in the Proxy Statement for our Company’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.”

This vote is not intended to address any specific item of compensation, but rather the overall compensation of our named executive officers and the philosophy, policies and practices described in this Proxy Statement. Because your vote is advisory, it will not be binding on the board of directors, the Compensation Committee or the Company. However, our board of directors and Compensation Committee value the opinions of our stockholders and will take into account the outcome of the stockholder vote on this Proposal at the Annual Meeting when considering future executive compensation arrangements. Unless the board of directors modifies its policy on the frequency of future advisory votes regarding the compensation of our named executive officers, the next advisory vote on such matter will be held at the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders.

Proxies

Proxies received in response to this solicitation will be voted “FOR” the approval, on a non-binding advisory basis, of the compensation of our named executive officers disclosed in this Proxy Statement unless otherwise specified in the proxy.

Vote Required

The affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter will be required to approve, on a non-binding advisory basis, the compensation of our named executive officers as described herein. A properly executed proxy marked “ABSTAIN” with respect to such matter will not be voted. Accordingly, an abstention will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” this Proposal. The advisory vote on compensation is a non-routine matter under applicable stock exchange rules. Broker non-votes, if any, will have no effect on the outcome of this Proposal.

Board of Directors’ Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL, ON A NON-BINDING ADVISORY BASIS, OF THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.

PROPOSAL 4 — APPROVAL OF AMENDMENT TO RESTATED CERTIFICATE TO INCREASE AUTHORIZED SHARES

On April 24, 2024, the board of directors of the Company unanimously approved, subject to stockholder approval, the Amendment to the Restated Certificate to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, issuable under the Restated Certificate from 100,000,000 to 175,000,000.

The board of directors believes it is in the best interest of the Company and its stockholders to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock to give the Company greater flexibility in considering and planning for future potential business needs. Having the additional authorized shares available is important to our continued efforts to pursue our strategic goals. Other than with respect to Proposal 5 and our approximate $23.1 million of common stock remaining available to be sold from time to time under our Equity Distribution Agreement with Jefferies LLC dated May 20, 2022, or the 2022 EDA, the Company has no definitive plan, arrangement, or understanding to issue the additional shares of common stock. The additional shares of common stock will be available for issuance by the board of directors for various corporate purposes, including but not limited to, grants under employee stock plans, financings, potential strategic transactions, including mergers, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, divestitures, business combinations, stock splits, stock dividends, as well as other general corporate transactions. If the authorization of an increase in the available common stock is postponed until the foregoing specific needs arise, the delay and expense incident to obtaining approval of the stockholders at that time could impair our ability to achieve the corporate purposes set forth above.

In addition to the broader rationale noted above, as described in Proposal 5, the Board has approved, and we are seeking stockholder approval of, the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan including 7,500,000 shares of common stock to be reserved for issuance under the 2024 Plan. A portion of the authorized share increase will be used for the reservation of such shares for issuance under the 2024 Plan.

The Restated Certificate currently authorizes the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of common stock. As of April 1, 2024, we had 82,108,972 shares of common stock outstanding, plus: (i) 862,500 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, (ii) 8,231,849 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding equity awards under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, and (iii) 642,693 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan.  Accordingly, as of April 1, 2024, the Company had only 8,153,986 shares of common stock available for issuance out of the 100,000,000 shares of common stock currently authorized. Any shares of common stock the Company may issue and sell from time to time pursuant to the 2022 EDA will further reduce the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Restated Certificate.

The holders of any of the additional shares of common stock issued in the future would have the same rights and privileges as the holders of the shares of common stock currently authorized and outstanding. Those rights do not include preemptive rights with respect to the future issuance of any additional shares.

If this Proposal is approved, the additional authorized shares may be issued at the discretion of the board of directors without further stockholder action, except as may be required by law or the rules of the NYSE American market. The adoption of the Amendment to the Restated Certificate would not have any immediate dilutive effect on the proportionate voting power or other rights of existing stockholders. However, future issuances of shares of common stock could have a dilutive effect on earnings per share, voting power and percentage stockholdings of current stockholders. In addition, the availability of additional shares of common stock for issuance could, under certain circumstances, discourage or make more difficult any efforts to obtain control of the Company. We do not believe, however, that the proposed Amendment would have an anti-takeover effect. The board of directors does not view the proposed increase in authorized common stock to be an anti-takeover measure, and we have not proposed the increase in the authorized number of shares of common stock with the intention of using the additional shares for anti-takeover purposes.

We believe that the potential risks are outweighed by the benefit that an increase in the number of available shares would provide in terms of additional flexibility to raise capital, recruit and retain employees and other service providers and execute our business plan. The board of directors believes that retaining the ability to act quickly on future opportunities that may require or be facilitated by additional stock issuances will benefit existing stockholders.

If the proposal is not approved and we do not have a sufficient number of shares of common stock available for future issuance, it could (i) delay the commercialization of our technologies or completion of projects, (ii) limit our ability to execute on our business plan and (iii) adversely impact our ability to pursue opportunities in which shares of our common stock could be issued that the board of directors may determine would otherwise be in the best interest of the Company and our stockholders, including financing and strategic transaction opportunities and employee recruitment and retention purposes, as described above.

If the Amendment to the Restated Certificate is approved, the Company intends to promptly file the Amendment to the Restated Certificate with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to reflect the increase in the authorized number of shares of common stock.  However, the board of directors may delay or abandon the filing of the Amendment to the Restated Certificate before or after adoption and approval by our stockholders. The form of the proposed Amendment to the Restated Certificate to effect the increase in authorized shares is attached as Appendix A to this Proxy Statement.

Our directors and executive officers have no substantial interests, directly or indirectly, in the matters set forth in this proposed Amendment to the Restated Certificate, except to the extent of their direct or indirect ownership of shares of our common stock, restricted stock units or options exercisable for our common stock.

Proxies

Proxies received in response to this solicitation will be voted “FOR” the approval of the Amendment to the Restated Certificate as disclosed in this Proxy Statement unless otherwise specified in the proxy.

Vote Required

Approval of this Proposal 4 for the Amendment to Restated Certificate to increase authorized shares requires that the votes cast for the Amendment exceed the votes cast against the Amendment. A properly executed proxy marked “ABSTAIN” with respect to such matter will not be voted or counted as a vote cast and will have no effect on the outcome of this Proposal. The approval of the Amendment to Restated Certificate to increase authorized shares is a routine matter under applicable stock exchange rules. Accordingly, broker non-votes are not expected for this Proposal.

If this Proposal 4 is not approved by stockholders, Proposal 5 (Approval of 2024 Stock Incentive Plan) cannot become operative even if approved by stockholders.

Board of Directors’ Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THE AMENDMENT TO THE RESTATED CERTIFICATE TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF SHARES OF AUTHORIZED COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UNDER THE RESTATED CERTIFICATE FROM 100,000,000 TO 175,000,000.

PROPOSAL 5 — APPROVAL OF 2024 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN

On April 24, 2024, the board of directors of the Company unanimously approved, subject to stockholder approval, the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2024 Plan, which authorizes up to 7,500,000 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to awards granted under the Plan.  Our board of directors believes that our continued growth and success depends, in large part, on our ability to maintain a competitive position by attracting, retaining and motivating key employees and other service providers with experience and ability, which is vital to our future success, and to align our employees’ compensation with building stockholder value. The 2024 Plan is an integral part of this strategy while also helping to preserve our cash. The 2024 Plan is designed to attract, motivate and retain employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors of the Company and to further the growth and financial success of the Company by aligning the interests of such persons through ownership with the interests of our stockholders.

Our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, or the 2015 Plan, was originally adopted by our board of directors on August 18, 2015 and has a ten-year term that expires on August 18, 2025. As of April 1, 2024, the 2015 Plan had only 642,693 shares of our common stock remaining reserved for future issuance. Management believes that the number of shares of common stock currently available for issuance under the 2015 Plan is insufficient to meet its needs to provide for equity awards to participants for the next 12 months and inadequate to allow us the ability to compete successfully for talented employees and consultants.  While we intend to utilize the remaining shares of our common stock reserved under the 2015 Plan whether or not the 2024 Plan is approved by stockholders, in the event that the 2024 Plan is not approved we will be severely limited by the number of shares available for future awards and will not be able to grant any new awards under the 2015 Plan after August 18, 2025.

The board of directors believes that the adoption of the 2024 Plan is necessary and in the best interests of our Company because of the continuing need to provide equity-based incentives to attract and retain qualified personnel and to respond to relevant market changes in equity compensation practices. The use of equity compensation has historically been a significant part of our overall compensation philosophy and is a practice that we plan to continue. Our equity incentive plans serve as an important part of this practice and are a critical component of the overall compensation package that we offer to retain and motivate our service providers. In addition, awards under our equity incentive plans provide our service providers an opportunity to acquire or increase their ownership stake in us, and we believe this aligns their interests with those of our stockholders, creating strong incentives for our employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors to work hard for our future growth and success. If Proposal 4 is not approved by our stockholders, we believe our ability to attract and retain the talent we need to compete in our industry would be seriously and negatively impacted, and this could affect our long-term success.

A broad-based stock incentive plan focuses our employees who receive grants on achieving strong corporate performance, and we have embedded in our culture the necessity for employees to think and act as stockholders. This is an important component of our long-term employee incentive and retention plan and has been very effective in enabling us to attract and retain the talent critical for an innovative and growth-focused company. We also have granted, and in the future may grant, awards to certain employees on a targeted basis to incentivize retention and performance objectives.

In setting and recommending to our stockholders the aggregate number of shares to authorize under the 2024 Plan, our board of directors and Compensation Committee considered the historical number of equity awards granted under the 2015 Plan, as well as our three-year average burn rate for the preceding three fiscal years as follows:

Burn Rate Table

Our average burn rate for the preceding three fiscal years as set forth in the table above was 3.41%. The burn rate is the ratio of the number of shares underlying awards granted under the 2015 Plan during a fiscal year to our weighted-average number of common shares outstanding at the corresponding fiscal year end.

As of April 1, 2024, we had 292,000 stock options outstanding under the 2011 Plan with a weighted-average per share exercise price of $4.00 and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 0.08 years, subject to time-based vesting, and we had 4,407,569 stock options outstanding under the 2015 Plan with a weighted-average per share exercise price of $3.86 and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 3.90 years, subject to time-based vesting, plus 3,532,280 restricted stock units with a weighted-average per share price of $0.99 and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 1.59 years. The aggregate of 4,699,569 stock options outstanding under our 2011 Plan and our 2015 Plan, 3,532,280 restricted stock units outstanding under our 2015 Plan and 642,693 shares available for issuance under the 2015 Plan (excluding the 7,500,000 shares subject to approval under this Proposal 5) represent an overhang of approximately 9.8% based on our common shares outstanding as of April 1, 2024. The 7,500,000 additional shares proposed to be available for future grants under our 2024 Plan would increase the overhang to approximately 16.6% based on our common shares outstanding as of April 1, 2024. We calculate “overhang” as the (a) total number of shares underlying outstanding awards plus shares available for issuance under future equity awards, divided by (b) the total number of shares outstanding, shares underlying outstanding awards and shares available for issuance under future equity awards.

Outstanding awards previously granted under the 2011 Plan or the 2015 Plan would be unaffected by the adoption of the 2024 Plan, and they would remain outstanding under the terms pursuant to which they were previously granted.

Summary of the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan

The following summary highlights the significant terms of the 2024 Plan (assuming approval under this Proposal 5). This summary does not contain all of the information contained in the 2024 Plan, which is set forth in full as Appendix B to this Proxy Statement. To the extent there is a conflict between this summary and the terms of the 2024 Plan, the terms of the 2024 Plan will govern.

Purposes. The purposes of the 2024 Plan are to enhance our ability to attract and retain the services of qualified employees, officers, directors, consultants and other services providers and provide additional incentives for such persons to devote their effort and skill to the advancement of the Company by providing them an opportunity to participate in the ownership of the Company.

Shares Authorized. Seven million five hundred thousand (7,500,000) shares will be authorized under the 2024 Plan, subject to adjustment for stock splits and other similar changes in our capital structure. If any shares subject to awards are forfeited, expire or are otherwise terminated without shares being issued, or an award is settled for cash (in whole or in part) or otherwise does not result in the issuance of all or a portion of the shares subject to such award, such shares will be returned to the pool of shares available for grant and issuance under the 2024 Plan.

Limitations on Awards. No more than 7,500,000 shares may be issued pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options. Subject to adjustment for stock splits and other similar changes in our capital structure, no participant in the 2024 Plan may be granted options or stock appreciation rights during any 12-month period with respect to more than 750,000 shares (increased to two times such amount with respect to awards granted during the first calendar year of employment).

Eligible Participants. Incentive stock options may be granted only to Company employees. All other awards may be granted to any of our employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors that render bona fide services not in connection with the offer and sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction. The Compensation Committee determines which individuals will participate in the 2024 Plan. As of April 1, 2024, there were approximately 109 employees and consultants and six non-employee directors eligible to participate in the 2024 Plan.

Adjustments. If the number of outstanding shares of the Company is changed by a stock dividend, extraordinary dividends or distributions (whether in cash, shares or other property, other than a regular cash dividend), recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, subdivision, combination, reclassification, spin-off or similar change in our capital structure, then (a) the number of shares reserved for issuance and future grant under the 2024 Plan; (b) the exercise prices of and number of shares subject to outstanding options and stock appreciation rights; (c) the number of shares subject to other outstanding awards; (d) the maximum number of shares that may be issued as incentive stock options or other awards; and (e) the maximum number of shares that may be issued to an individual or to a new employee in any one calendar year, will be proportionately adjusted, subject to any required action by our board of directors or our stockholders and in compliance with applicable securities laws. No fraction of shares may be issued following any adjustment.

Award Types. The 2024 Plan permits the issuance of the following types of awards: non-qualified and incentive stock options, restricted stock awards, stock bonus awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and performance awards.

Non-Employee Directors. Under the 2024 Plan, non-employee directors may be granted awards either on a discretionary basis or pursuant to policy adopted by our board of directors, except that no non-employee director may be granted awards in any calendar year with a grant date fair value of more than $1 million (increased to two times such amount with respect to awards granted during the first calendar year of service).

Administration. The Compensation Committee will administer the 2024 Plan. Subject to the terms and limitations expressly set forth in the 2024 Plan, including the limited right to delegation of grant authority to employee directors by the board of directors or the Compensation Committee, the Compensation Committee selects the persons who receive awards, determines the number of shares covered thereby, and establishes the terms, conditions and other provisions of the grants. The Compensation Committee may construe and interpret the 2024 Plan and prescribe, amend and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the 2024 Plan.

Corporate Transactions. In the event of a change of control, merger, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other similar corporate transaction, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee, all outstanding awards may be assumed or replaced by the successor corporation. In the alternative, the successor corporation may substitute equivalent awards or provide substantially similar consideration to participants as was provided to stockholders (after taking into account the existing provisions of the awards). The successor corporation may also issue, in place of outstanding shares held by the participant, substantially similar shares or other property subject to repurchase restrictions no less favorable to the participant. In the event such successor or acquiring corporation (if any) refuses to assume, convert, replace or substitute awards, then the awards will have their vesting accelerate as to all shares subject to such award (and any applicable rights of repurchase fully lapse) immediately prior to the consummation of the corporate transaction. In addition, in the event such successor or acquiring corporation (if any) refuses to assume, convert, replace or substitute awards, then the Compensation Committee will notify the participants that such award will be exercisable for a period of time determined by the Compensation Committee, and such awards will terminate upon the expiration of such period. Awards need not be treated similarly in a corporate transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, subject to the approval of the Compensation Committee, in the event of a change of control, merger, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other similar corporate transaction, the vesting of all awards granted to non-employee directors will accelerate and such awards will become exercisable in full.

Minimum Vesting Provision. The 2024 Plan imposes a minimum one-year vesting requirement for all equity award types, which applies to no less than 95% of the shares authorized for grant under the 2024 Plan.

Method of Payment. The exercise price of options and the purchase price, if any, of other stock awards may be paid in cash or by check or, where expressly approved by the Compensation Committee and permitted by law, cancellation of indebtedness, surrender of shares, waiver of compensation, a broker-assisted or other form of cashless exercise program, any combination of the foregoing or any other method permitted by applicable law.

Transferability. Except as otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee, awards granted under the 2024 Plan may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of except by will or the laws of descent and distribution.

Repricing Prohibited. Repricing, or reducing the exercise price of outstanding options or stock appreciation rights, or canceling in exchange for cash outstanding options or stock appreciation rights when the exercise price per share exceeds the fair market value of one share is prohibited without stockholder approval under the 2024 Plan.

Term. The 2024 Plan will terminate on April 24, 2034, unless it is earlier terminated.

Amendments. Our board of directors may terminate or amend the 2024 Plan at any time, provided that no action may be taken by our board of directors (except for adjustment for stock splits and other similar changes in our capital structure described in “Adjustments” above) without the approval of our stockholders to:

Insider Trading Policy. Any participant that receives an award under the 2024 Plan must comply with our insider trading policy.

Clawback or Recoupment. Awards, including gains realized with respect to such awards, under the 2024 Plan will be subject to clawback or recoupment pursuant to any compensation clawback or recoupment policy adopted by our board of directors or required by law.

New Plan Benefits. Future benefits to executive officers and employees under the amended 2024 Plan generally will be granted at the discretion of the Compensation Committee and are therefore not currently determinable.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth information about the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023. The 2015 Plan replaced the 2011 Plan which was also approved by the stockholders. No further grants will be made under the 2011 Plan.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a general summary as of the date of this Proxy Statement of the United States federal income tax consequences to us and participants in the 2024 Plan. The federal tax laws may change and the federal, state and local tax consequences for any participant will depend upon his or her individual circumstances. Each participant has been, and is, encouraged to seek the advice of a qualified tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of participation in the 2024 Plan.

Non-Qualified Stock Options. A participant will realize no taxable income at the time a non-qualified stock option is granted under the 2024 Plan, but generally at the time such non-qualified stock option is exercised, the participant will realize ordinary income in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise over the stock option exercise price. Upon a disposition of such shares, the difference between the amount received and the fair market value on the date of exercise will generally be treated as a long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on the holding period of the shares. We will generally be entitled to a deduction for federal income tax purposes at the same time and in the same amount as the participant is considered to have realized ordinary income in connection with the exercise of the non-qualified stock option.

Incentive Stock Options. A participant will realize no taxable income, and we will not be entitled to any related deduction, at the time any incentive stock option is granted. If certain employment conditions are satisfied, then no taxable income will result upon the exercise of such option, and we will not be entitled to any deduction in connection with the exercise of such stock option. Upon disposition of the shares after expiration of the statutory holding periods, any gain realized by a participant will be taxed as long-term capital gain and any loss sustained will be long-term capital loss, and we will not be entitled to a deduction in respect to such disposition. While no ordinary taxable income is recognized at exercise (unless there is a “disqualifying disposition,” see below), the excess of the fair market value of the shares over the stock option exercise price is a preference item that is recognized for alternative minimum tax purposes.

Except in the event of death, if shares acquired by a participant upon the exercise of an incentive stock option are disposed of by such participant before the expiration of the statutory holding periods (i.e., a “disqualifying disposition”), such participant will be considered to have realized as compensation taxed as ordinary income in the year of such disposition an amount, not exceeding the gain realized on such disposition, equal to the difference between the stock option exercise price and the fair market value of such shares on the date of exercise of such stock option. Generally, any gain realized on the disposition in excess of the amount treated as compensation or any loss realized on the disposition will constitute capital gain or loss, respectively. If a participant makes a “disqualifying disposition,” generally in the fiscal year of such “disqualifying disposition” we will be allowed a deduction for federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the compensation realized by such participant.

Restricted Stock. A participant receiving restricted stock may be taxed in one of two ways: the participant (i) pays tax when the restrictions lapse (i.e., with respect to the shares as they become vested), or (ii) makes an election under Section 83(b) of United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, to pay tax in the year the grant is made with respect to all of the shares subject to the grant. At either time the value of the award for tax purposes is the excess of the fair market value of the shares at that time over the amount (if any) paid for the shares. This value is taxed as ordinary income and if granted to an employee, is subject to income tax withholding. We receive a tax deduction at the same time and for the same amount taxable to the participant. If a participant makes an election under Section 83(b) of the Code to be taxed at grant, then, when the restrictions lapse, there will be no further tax consequences attributable to the awarded stock until the recipient disposes of the stock, at which point any gain or loss will be short-term or long-term capital gain or loss, depending on the holding period of the stock prior to such disposition.

Stock Bonuses. The participant will not realize income when a stock bonus (which can be settled in cash or our common stock) is granted, but will realize ordinary income when shares (or cash, if cash settled) are transferred to him or her. The amount of such income will be equal to the fair market value of such transferred shares (or cash, if cash settled) on the date of transfer. We generally will be entitled to a tax deduction at the time and in the amount that the participant recognizes ordinary income.

Stock Appreciation Rights. A grant of a stock appreciation right (which can be settled in cash or our common stock) has no federal income tax consequences at the time of grant. Upon the exercise of stock appreciation rights, the value received is generally taxable to the recipient as ordinary income, and we generally will be entitled to a corresponding tax deduction.

Restricted Stock Units. In general, no taxable income is realized upon the grant of a restricted stock unit award (which can be settled in cash or our common stock). The participant will generally include in ordinary income the fair market value of the award of stock (or cash, if cash settled) at the time shares of stock (or cash, if cash settled) are delivered to the participant or at the time the restricted stock unit vests. We generally will be entitled to a tax deduction at the time and in the amount that the participant recognizes ordinary income.

Performance Awards. The participant will not realize income when a performance award is granted (which can be settled in cash or our common stock), but will realize ordinary income when shares (or cash, if cash settled) are transferred to him or her. The amount of such income will be equal to the fair market value of such transferred shares (or cash, if cash settled) on the date of transfer. We generally will be entitled to a tax deduction at the time and in the amount that the participant recognizes ordinary income.

Withholding Tax Requirements. Whenever shares are to be issued in satisfaction of awards granted under the 2024 Plan or the applicable tax event occurs, we may require the participant to remit to us an amount sufficient to satisfy applicable withholding tax requirements. Whenever payments in satisfaction of an award are to be made in cash, such payment will be net of an amount sufficient to satisfy the applicable withholding tax requirements. The Compensation Committee may require or permit the participant to satisfy applicable withholding tax requirements, in whole or in part by paying cash, electing to have us withhold otherwise deliverable cash or shares having a fair market value equal to the minimum statutory amount required to be withheld (or such other amount that will not cause an adverse accounting consequence or cost), delivering to us already-owned shares having a fair market value equal to the minimum amount required to be withheld or withholding from the proceeds of the sale of otherwise deliverable shares acquired pursuant to an award either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by us.

ERISA Information

The 2024 Plan is not subject to any of the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended.

This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan attached hereto as Appendix B.

Proxies

Proxies received in response to this solicitation will be voted “FOR” the approval of the 2024 Plan unless otherwise specified in the proxy.

Vote Required

Approval of this Proposal 5 requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter. A properly executed proxy marked “ABSTAIN” with respect to such matter will not be voted. Accordingly, an abstention will have the same effect as a vote “AGAINST” this Proposal. The advisory vote on compensation is a non-routine matter under applicable stock exchange rules. Broker non-votes, if any, will have no effect on the outcome of this Proposal.

Unbundling with Other Proposals

This Proposal 5 is separate, but contingent on the approval of, Proposal 4 (Approval of Amendment to Restated Certificate to Increase Authorized Shares). Your vote on Proposal 4 does not affect your vote on Proposal 5, but Proposal 5 is contingent on approval of Proposal 4. Accordingly, if Proposal 4 is not approved, we will not implement the adoption of the 2024 Plan in Proposal 5, even if approved by our stockholders.  You can vote “FOR” or “AGAINST,” or “ABSTAIN” from voting on any of these Proposals.

Board of Directors’ Recommendation

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL AND ADOPTION OF THE 2024 PLAN.

INTEREST OF CERTAIN PERSONS IN MATTERS TO BE ACTED UPON

No director or officer of the Company, including former officers and directors whom held their respective positions since the beginning of the last fiscal year, nor any proposed nominee for election as a director of the Company, or associate or affiliate of any of the foregoing persons, has any material interest, direct or indirect, by way of beneficial ownership of securities or otherwise, in any matter to be acted upon at the Annual Meeting other than the election of directors, except as otherwise disclosed herein.

DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS TO STOCKHOLDERS SHARING AN ADDRESS

We will send only one copy of the Proxy Materials to stockholders who share a single address unless we receive contrary instructions from any stockholder at that address. This practice, known as “householding,” is designed to reduce our printing and postage costs. However, the Company will deliver promptly upon written or oral request a separate copy of the Notice or Proxy Materials to a stockholder at a shared address to which a single copy of the Notice or Proxy Materials was delivered. You may make such a written or oral request by calling the Company or sending a written notification, stating your name, your shared address and the address to which the Company should direct the additional copy of the Notice or Proxy Materials, to VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, Attention: Rodney Rootsaert, Corporate Secretary, or by telephone at +1 (646) 650-1351. If multiple stockholders sharing an address have received one copy of the Notice or Proxy Materials, or any other corporate mailing and would prefer the Company to mail each stockholder a separate copy of future mailings, you may mail notification to, or call the Company at, its principal executive offices to express your preference for future distributions. Additionally, if current stockholders with a shared address received multiple copies of the Notice or Proxy Materials or other corporate mailings and would prefer the Company to mail one copy of future mailings to stockholders at the shared address, such request may also be made by mail or telephone to the Company’s principal executive offices.

DEADLINE FOR RECEIPT OF STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS FOR THE NEXT ANNUAL MEETING

Under Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act, any stockholder desiring to include a proposal in our proxy statement with respect to our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2025 should arrange for such proposal to be delivered to us at our principal executive offices no later than January 18, 2025, in order to be considered for inclusion in our proxy statement relating to such annual meeting. Any notice of a stockholder proposal submitted after such date will be considered untimely. If the date of next year’s annual meeting is changed by more than 30 days from the date of this year’s Annual Meeting, then the deadline is a reasonable time before we begin to print and mail proxy materials. Matters pertaining to such proposals, and the eligibility of persons entitled to have such proposals included, are regulated by the Exchange Act and the rules of the SEC.

In addition, pursuant to our Restated Bylaws, any stockholder desiring to submit a proposal for action or nominate one or more persons for election as directors at our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders that will not be included in our proxy statement must submit a notice of the proposal or nomination including the information required by our Restated Bylaws to us April 2, 2025 and March 3, 2025, or else it will be considered untimely and ineligible to be properly brought before the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. However, if our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed by more than 60 days from the one-year anniversary of the date of the previous year’s annual meeting, under our Restated Bylaws, for the notice by the stockholders to be timely it must be received by the secretary not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders and not later than the close of business on the later of (a) the 90th day prior to the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, or (b) the tenth day following the date on which a Public Announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made. “Public Announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones New Services, Associated Press or a comparable national news service, in a document publicly filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 12, 14, or 15(d) of the 1934 Act.

Proposals should be delivered to VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014 Attention: Rodney Rootsaert, Corporate Secretary. To avoid controversy and establish timely receipt by the Company, it is suggested that stockholders send their proposals by certified mail, return receipt requested.

WHERE YOU CAN GET ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy our reports or other filings made with the SEC electronically on the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. Our filings with the SEC are also available without charge on our website at https://ir.volition.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings as soon as reasonably practicable after filing.

DELINQUENT SECTION 16(a) REPORTS

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers and stockholders who own more than ten percent of any registered class of our equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, or Reporting Persons, to file with reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of securities with the SEC. Based solely on our review of the reports that have been filed by or on behalf of such Reporting Persons in this regard, and the representations made by our directors and executive officers to us, we believe that there has been compliance with all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to such Reporting Persons with respect to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, except for one late Form 4 reporting a transaction for Mickie Henshall.

OTHER MATTERS

The board of directors knows of no other matters to be submitted at this Annual Meeting. If any other matters properly come before the Annual Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof, it is the intention of the persons named in the enclosed form of proxy to vote the shares they represent in accordance with their best judgment.

A Notice was mailed to our stockholders on or about May 17, 2024, which contained instructions on how to access the Proxy Materials on the Internet. You may obtain a complete copy of our 2023 Annual Report, with all exhibits filed therewith, from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov under EDGAR filings or from our website at https://ir.volition.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings. We will provide to you a copy of our 2023 Annual Report at no charge (excluding exhibits) by writing us c/o Corporate Secretary, VolitionRx Limited, 1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110, Henderson, Nevada 89014, or by telephone at +1 (646) 650-1351. Exhibits filed with our 2023 Annual Report will be provided by us upon written request, in the same manner noted above, at a nominal per page charge. Information on our website is not part of the proxy soliciting material and is not incorporated herein by reference.

Henderson, Nevada

May 17, 2024

APPENDIX A

FORM OF CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

OF

SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

OF

VOLITIONRX LIMITED,

a Delaware corporation

VolitionRx Limited, a Delaware corporation, organized and existing under and by virtue of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), does hereby certify that:

FIRST: The original Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation was filed with the office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Delaware Secretary”) on September 24, 1998 under the name “Standard Capital Corporation”, and amended and restated as filed with the Delaware Secretary on September 30, 2013.  The Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation was filed with the Delaware Secretary on October 7, 2016 (the “Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation”).

SECOND: The Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board of Directors”) has duly adopted resolutions proposing and declaring advisable the following amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, directing that said amendment be submitted to the stockholders of the Corporation for consideration thereof.  The resolution setting forth the proposed amendment is as follows:

RESOLVED, that Section 6.1 of Article 6 of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read in full as follows: