Summary of significant accounting policies | 2 . SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of preparation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Maxar Technologies Inc., and all consolidated subsidiary entities. The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated on consolidation. The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars and have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial assets and liabilities including derivative financial instruments which are stated at fair value. References to “C$” refer to Canadian currency. Unless otherwise indicated, amounts provided in the Notes pertain to continuing operations (See Note 4 for information on discontinued operations). Use of estimates, assumptions and judgments The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the reporting date, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared using the most current and best available information; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Leases The Company has both operating and finance leases. The majority of the Company’s leases are operating leases related to buildings. The Company’s finance leases are primarily related to furniture and equipment. The Company determines if a contract is or contains a lease at inception based on whether it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset. The Company recognizes lease liabilities and right-of-use assets based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Right-of-use assets are adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received, and initial direct costs incurred. If the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate with a similar term to the lease term is used to determine the present value of future payments and appropriate lease classification. The lease term includes renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. For adoption, the Company elected to consider the remaining lease term and payments as of the adoption date. The Company elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components. The Company also elected to include in minimum lease payments any executory costs that are part of the fixed lease payment. Some of the Company’s building lease agreements contain incentives for leasehold improvements. If the leasehold improvement has been determined to be owned by the lessee, the Company generally records a deferred rent liability and amortizes the deferred rent over the term of the lease as a reduction to rent expense. The Company uses the date of initial possession as the commencement date, which is generally when the Company has been given rights to access the space. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Certain leasing arrangements require variable payments, such as insurance and tax payments. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate are excluded from lease payments in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability and are recognized as expense in the period in which the payment occurs. The Company does not have any material restrictions or covenants in our lease agreements, sale leaseback transactions or residual value guarantees. The Company recognizes fixed lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis Business combinations and divestitures Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration for an acquisition is measured at the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities assumed and the equity interests issued at the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs that are incurred in connection with a business combination, other than costs associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, are expensed as incurred. The Company reports the results of operations of a business as discontinued operations if a disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results when the business is classified as held for sale. The results of discontinued operations are reported in Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for current and prior periods, including any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less cost to sell. Assets and liabilities of a discontinued operation are reported separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as held for sale and classified as either current or non-current in the prior periods. If it is probable that the sale will occur and proceeds will be collected within one year of meeting the held for sale criteria both assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are reported in the current period Consolidated Balance Sheet as current. Foreign currency Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in local currencies are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, with the resulting translation adjustments, net of tax, recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within the Stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and expense accounts are translated at average monthly exchange rates during the year. Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized in accordance with the five-step model set forth by ASC 606, which involves identification of the contract(s), identification of performance obligations in the contract, determination of the transaction price, allocation of the transaction price to the previously identified performance obligations and recognition of revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied. Revenue is measured at the fair value of consideration received or receivable, net of discounts and after eliminating intercompany sales. When consideration received from customers includes advance payments that contain a financing element, the Company imputes interest on such advance payments and recognizes such amounts as a component of revenue. Contract costs generally include direct costs such as materials, labor, and subcontract costs. Costs are expensed as incurred except for incremental costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract, which are capitalized and amortized on a systematic basis consistent with the transfer of goods or services to the customer to which the capitalized costs relate. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, current costs to obtain or fulfill a contract were $6 million and $3 million, respectively, and are included in Prepaid and other current assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, non-current costs to obtain or fulfill a contract were $37 million and $30 million, respectively, and are included in Other non-current assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Space Infrastructure Revenue in the Space Infrastructure segment is primarily generated from long-term construction contracts. Due to the long-term nature of these contracts, the Company generally recognizes revenue over time using the cost-to-cost method to measure progress. Under the cost-to-cost method, revenue is recognized based on the proportion of total costs incurred to estimated total costs-at-completion ("EAC"). An EAC includes all direct costs and indirect costs directly attributable to a program or allocable based on program cost pooling arrangements. Estimates regarding the Company’s cost associated with the design, manufacture and delivery of products and services are used in determining the EAC. Changes to an EAC are recorded as a cumulative adjustment to revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company incurred an estimated program loss of $49 million on a commercial satellite contract within the Space Infrastructure segment due to a change in the estimated cost to complete the contract. The scope of this contract included significant development effort which is nearing completion. Satellite construction contracts may include performance incentives whereby payment for a portion of the purchase price is contingent upon in-orbit performance of the satellite. These performance incentives are structured in two forms. As a warranty payback, the customer pays the entire amount of the performance incentive during the period of the satellite construction and such incentives are subject to refund if satellite performance does not achieve certain predefined operating specifications. As an orbital receivable, the customer makes payment of performance incentives over the in-orbit life of the satellite. Performance incentives, whether warranty payback or orbital receivables, are included in revenue during the construction period based on amounts expected to be received. Orbital receivables are recorded at their fair value as of the launch date and adjustments to the amount receivable of the discount during the in-orbit period are recorded as orbital income. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, long-term orbital receivables were $382 million and $407 million, respectively and are included in Non-current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition to the in-orbit performance incentives, satellite construction contracts may include liquidated damages clauses. Liquidated damages can be incurred on programs as a result of delays due to slippage or for programs which fail to meet all milestone requirements as outlined within the contractual arrangements with customers. Losses related to liquidated damages result in a reduction of revenue recognition. Construction contracts have termination and default clauses. If a contract is terminated for convenience by a customer or due to a customer’s default, the Company is typically entitled to costs incurred plus a reasonable profit. Earth Intelligence Revenue in the Earth Intelligence segment is generated from imagery and geospatial intelligence service contracts. Revenue from imagery service contracts is recognized based on satellite capacity made available to the customer in a particular period, when imagery is delivered to the customer, or ratably over the subscription period. Many of our imagery service contracts relate to the transfer of a series of distinct goods or services over time for which management has determined are a single performance obligation. EnhancedView Follow-On Contract – The EnhancedView Follow-On contract (the “EnhancedView Contract”) includes one performance obligation to deliver a certain amount of capacity to the U.S. government over the 10-year three Direct Access Program – Direct Access Program arrangements generally include construction of the direct access facility, access to the satellites to task and download imagery and facility maintenance services. The facility is generally delivered at the beginning of the contractual period of performance with access and maintenance services delivered over the duration of the contractual term. Under ASC 606, the Company has determined that two performance obligations exist; the access and the facility promised goods/services are included together as a combined performance obligation with maintenance services representing a standalone performance obligation. The access and the facility are considered a single performance obligation as the customer cannot benefit from the facility on its own or with other readily available resources. The transaction price allocated to the combined performance obligation is recognized as access minutes are consumed during the contractual period. The remaining transaction price allocated to the maintenance services is recognized ratably over the maintenance period. Other Imagery Arrangements – Revenue is recognized for imagery licenses when the imagery is delivered to the customer. Revenues related to online imagery subscriptions are generally recognized ratably over the subscription period. Other imagery arrangements transfer a series of distinct goods or services over time for which management has determined are a single performance obligation or include multiple performance obligations. Revenue from geospatial intelligence service contracts is recognized from the rendering of services that compensate the Company at a cost-plus-fixed-fee, firm fixed price, or on a time and materials basis. Revenue is typically recognized for these contracts over time based on the stage of services completed to date as a percentage of total services to be performed, or on the basis of time plus reimbursable costs incurred during the period. As the customer typically controls the related work-in-progress, an input measure is the most appropriate basis with which to measure progress. Finally, as cost of labor is the predominant measure by which these contracts are structured, the Company recognizes revenue using a cost-incurred approach. Contract liabilities Contract liabilities primarily consist of advance payments from customers and deferred revenue. Changes in contract liabilities are primarily due to the timing difference between the Company’s performance of services and payments from customers. To determine revenue recognized from contract liabilities during the reporting periods, the Company allocates revenue to individual contract liability balances and applies revenue recognized during the reporting periods first to the beginning balances of contract liabilities until the revenue exceeds the balances. Earnings per share Earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per common share is computed by adjusting the basic income per common share calculation, as described above, for the effects of all potentially dilutive shares. The Company calculates the effects of all potentially dilutive shares using the treasury stock method unless they are anti-dilutive. Research and development Research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company expensed research and development costs of $10 million, $88 million, and $62 million, respectively in Selling, general and administrative within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest expense Interest expense is comprised of borrowing cost on debt, interest expense on advance payments from customers and other liabilities, interest expense on the orbital securitization liability, losses incurred on the extinguishment of debt, and interest expense on dissenting stockholders liability. Interest expense is recognized within Interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Debt issuance costs related to the Company’s revolving line of credit are recorded in Prepaid and other current assets and in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Debt issuance costs and debt discount related to the Company’s term loan and senior secured notes are recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt. Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities Derivative financial instruments used by the Company consist of foreign currency forward contracts and interest rate swap agreements. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to manage foreign exchange risk associated with the cash flows from long-term construction contracts where some portion of the cash flows are denominated in foreign currencies as part of the normal course of business. The Company uses interest rate swap agreements to manage interest rate risk associated with cash outflows from long-term debt. Derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value. When derivative financial instruments are designated in a qualifying hedging relationship and hedge accounting is applied, the effectiveness of the hedges is measured at the end of each reporting period and the effective portion of changes in fair value are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, exercised or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time, if the forecasted transaction within a cash flow hedge remains probable, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) is retained in equity until the forecasted transaction occurs. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is transferred to income. As of January 1, 2019, the Company has discontinued hedge accounting on foreign exchange forward contracts related to its manufacturing and service programs, however the Company will continue to hedge its exposure for economic purposes. The Company does not offset the fair value amounts recognized with derivative instruments against the change in fair value of assets, liabilities or firm commitments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting agreement. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents is comprised of cash on hand, cash balances with banks and similar institutions and term deposits redeemable within three months or less from date of acquisition with banks and similar institutions. Restricted cash is excluded from cash and cash equivalents and is included in Prepaid and other current assets or Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Trade and other receivables Trade and other receivables include amounts billed to customers, unbilled receivables in which the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional and current portion of orbital receivables (see Note 6). The Company bills customers as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals, upon achievement of contractual milestones or upon deliveries. The carrying amount of current trade receivables is stated at cost, net of allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments, which results in bad debt expense. The Company periodically determines the adequacy of this allowance by evaluating the comprehensive risk profiles of all individual customer receivable balances including, but not limited to, the customer’s financial condition, credit agency reports, financial statements, credit limit and overall current economic conditions. Investments Short-term investments consist of mutual funds and financial instruments purchased with a term to maturity at inception between three months and one year. Short-term investments are measured at fair value through net income. Short-term investments are included within Prepaid and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has investments in joint ventures where it does not have a controlling financial interest but has the ability to exercise significant influence. These investments are accounted for under the equity method and are included within Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s share of the joint venture’s net income or loss is included within Equity in (income) loss from joint ventures, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s most significant joint venture is Vricon Inc. (“Vricon”), a joint venture with Saab AB, specializing in the production of 3D models using high resolution imagery. The Company has an ownership interest of approximately 50% in Vricon. The following tables present summarized financial information for Vricon as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Summarized Consolidated Balance Sheets December 31, December 31, 2019 2018 Current assets $ 49 $ 12 Non-current assets 5 6 Total assets $ 54 $ 18 Total liabilities 1 $ 10 $ 5 1 Summarized Consolidated Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Revenues $ 54 $ 21 $ 14 Gross profit $ 51 $ 19 $ 14 Income from operations $ 32 $ 2 $ 1 Net income $ 24 $ 1 $ 1 Inventor Inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value and consist primarily of parts and sub-assemblies used in the manufacturing of satellites. The cost of inventories is determined on a first-in-first-out basis or weighted average cost basis, depending on the nature of the inventory. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expense. Inventory is impaired when it is probable inventory values exceed their net realizable value. Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost for satellite assets includes amounts related to design, construction, launch and commissioning. Cost for ground system assets include amounts related to construction and testing. Interest expense is capitalized on certain qualifying assets that take a substantial period of time to prepare for their intended use. When the costs of certain components of an item of property, plant and equipment are significant in relation to the total cost of the item and the components have different useful lives, they are accounted for and depreciated separately. Property, plant and equipment under construction are measured at cost less any impairment losses. Depreciation expense is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related asset to its residual value. Expected useful lives are reviewed at least annually. Land is not depreciated. The estimated useful lives are as follows: Estimated useful life Land improvements 20 years Buildings 7 - 45 years Leasehold improvements lesser of useful life or term of lease Equipment 2 - 40 years Satellites 1 11.5 - 14 years Furniture and fixtures 2 - 10 years Computer hardware 2 - 13 years 1 The estimated useful life over which the Company depreciates its satellites is determined once a satellite has been placed into orbit. The initial determination of a satellites useful life involves an analysis that considers design life, random part failure probabilities, expected component degradation and cycle life, predicted fuel consumption and experience with satellite parts, vendors and similar assets. Intangible assets Intangible assets consist of customer relationships, backlog, acquired technologies and software, image library, trade names, licenses and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition, or in the case of internally developed software, at cost. Image library intangibles assets are amortized using the double declining balance method. Intangible assets are currently amortized over the following estimated useful lives: Estimated useful life Customer relationships 9 - 21 years Backlog 3 - 5 years Technologies 5 - 13 years Software 3 - 10 years Image library 5 years Trade names and other 5 - 20 years Non-compete agreements 2 years Impairment Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets Intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets are tested for impairment at least annually on October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by an asset (or group of assets) are less than the asset’s carrying value. Any required impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its fair value and recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset . If a satellite were to fail during launch or while in-orbit, the resulting loss would be charged to expense in the period it is determined the satellite is not recoverable. The amount of loss would be reduced to the extent of insurance proceeds received. The timing of the loss and the insurance recovery will likely differ, as an insurance recovery generally cannot be recognized until final settlement with the insurance company is reached. In December 2018, the Company experienced a loss of the Worldview-4 satellite and in 2019, the Company received insurance recoveries of $183 million. The insurance proceeds are included in operating cash flows as they are considered business interruption insurance and represent the Company’s satellite’s loss of capacity to produce imagery for sale to the Company’s customers. Orbital Receivables The Company considers an orbital receivable to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it believes it is probable the carrying valuing of the amounts to be collected exceed the fair value of the receivables. Orbital receivables are reviewed for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter or whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the Company will not collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the satellite construction agreement. Orbital impairments are typically included in Impairment losses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Goodwill Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually on October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may be less than its recoverable amount. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. Management typically uses an income approach to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit. Management uses judgment to estimate the inputs to these assessments including cash flow projections, discount rates and tax rates, and any changes to these inputs could have a material impact on the impairment calculation. An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The Company evaluates the aggregate fair value of its reporting units against market data to support its fair value estimates. Warranty and after-sale service costs A liability for warranty and after-sale service costs is recognized when the underlying product or service is sold. Warranty and after-sale service provisions are based on management’s best estimate of the expected obligation using historical warranty data and experience. Warranty and after-sale service liabilities related to products and services delivered under construction contracts are included in the EAC for revenue recognition. Warranty and after-sale service liabilities are presented in Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Warranty and after-sale service costs are recognized within Product and Service costs, excluding depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Restructuring costs A liability for restructuring costs is recognized when the Company has approved a detailed and formal restructuring plan and the restructuring either has commenced or has been announced publicly. Employee benefits Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans The Company maintains defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans for certain employees within its Space Infrastructure business. The Space Infrastructure pension plan benefits were frozen on December 31, 2013. The Company recognizes the funded status of each pension and other postretirement benefit plan in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The calculation of pension and other postretirement benefit obligations is performed annually by qualified actuaries using the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. The projected benefit obligation is the sum of the actuarial present value of all pension benefits attributed to benefit service completed to the determination date. Pension and other postretirement plan liabilities are revalued annually, or when an event occurs that requires remeasurement, based on updated assumptions and information about the individuals covered by the plan. The Company’s net obligation in respect of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of associated plan assets. The Company elected to use the net asset value (“NAV”) practical expedient to measure the fair value of the plan’s commingled fund investments. The practical expedient is applied retrospectively for all periods presented. These commingled fund investments for which the fair value is measured using the NAV practical expedient are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. The Company recognizes the amortization of prior service costs as a component of Selling, general and administrative. All other costs are recognized outside of operating income within Other (income) expense, net. The Company recognizes administrative expenses related to frozen plans outside of Operating income (expense) within Other (income) expense, net. When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in the net benefit liability that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in Accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company recognizes gains or losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when settlement occurs. For the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans, accumulated actuarial gains and losses in excess of a 10 percent corridor and the prior service cost are amortized on a straight-line basis from the date recognized over the average remaining service period of active participants or over the average life expectancy for plans with significant inactive participants. Defined contribution plans The Company also maintains defined contribution plans for some of its employees whereby the Company pays contributions based on a percentage of the employees’ annual salary. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution pension plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in operating income as the services are provided. Stock-based compensation plans The Company maintains a number of stock-based compensation plans for certain employees and directors that may be settled with cash and/or equity. For certain stock-based compensation plans, the Company has the ability to mandate equity settlement by issuing reserved shares. Stock-based compensation plans are measured at fair value using either the Black-Scholes option pricing model or Monte Carlo simulation model and the fair value is expensed on a graded vesting schedule over the vesting period. Management uses judgment to determine the inputs to the models including the expected plan lives, underlying stock price volatility and forfeiture rates. Volatility is estimated by considering the Company’s historic stock price volatility over similar periods to the expected life of the awards under consideration. Changes in these assumptions will impact the calculation of fair value and the amount of compensation expense recognized within Selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of liability classified awar |