Unisys (UIS) 10-K2023 FY Annual report

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Unisys Corporation, a Delaware corporation (Unisys, we, our, or the company), is a global information technology (IT) solutions company that powers breakthroughs for the world’s leading organizations. Our clients rely on us to help solve many of their toughest business and technology challenges in highly complex, regulated and heterogeneous environments. Our solutions and services are provided through global delivery capabilities, which allows us to execute large-scale, rapid technology migration and modernization projects. From our origins dating back to 1873 through the formation of Unisys in 1986, we have built a legacy of innovation and a reputation of trust.

In recent decades, enterprise and government interactions with customers, suppliers, employees and citizens have shifted increasingly to digital channels. Cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and quantum computing have pushed the required pace of innovation and led to a proliferation of data. At the same time, organizations face rising costs and complexity of managing IT infrastructure, data, security and compliance while integrating new technologies. We have a long track record of helping clients navigate technological change and architecting innovative solutions that simplify and accelerate digital transformation.

The markets in which we operate are broad and rapidly evolving, encompassing a wide range of technologies, services and solutions aimed at helping organizations leverage technology to improve their operations and achieve their business objectives. Organizations across the globe are harnessing technology to reimagine their business models and create competitive advantages. In addition to technical proficiency, our clients look to us for industry-specific expertise to help maximize the impact of their technology investments.

We believe our portfolio of solutions is aligned with the markets we serve and the secular trends shaping market demand. Some examples of those trends are as follows:

Hybrid work has become the new standard of working. However, organizations are challenged by the constantly evolving workforce dynamics and finding the right balance between flexibility, collaboration, corporate culture, employee morale, productivity and financial results. Organizations are urgently looking to technology solutions to help them facilitate a work-from-anywhere environment where collaboration, culture and productivity are not sacrificed.

Organizations are migrating workloads to the cloud to seek flexibility in their deployments. This flexibility enables organizations to modernize incrementally and strike the most appropriate balance between resiliency, cost, scalability and security for their unique data and applications. Designing, maintaining and modernizing hybrid infrastructures require deep expertise in traditional IT infrastructure (e.g., data centers, servers and networking hardware).

Citizens and businesses are beginning to expect a digital experience when engaging government services such as voter registration, tax filing and application processes for licenses, permits, visas or passports. Governments and law enforcement agencies are also seeking to automate processes, leverage data to make better decisions and improve transparency, and better share information across agencies and localities. Governments are prioritizing digital transformation and strategies for evaluating and measuring their IT investments. Similarly, customers, employees, suppliers and alliance partners expect a digital experience when interacting with enterprises. Enterprise IT organizations must evaluate myriad technologies, software platforms and tools to manage and optimize their technology infrastructure and environments that support mission-critical workloads to meet these expectations while maintaining business continuity.

The growing use of digital platforms, connected devices and enterprise digitization generates vast amounts of structured and unstructured data, often from disparate sources or stored within disconnected environments. Collecting, cleaning, structuring and governing disparate data has become critical to maximizing the value of an organization’s data while meeting complex compliance and regulatory standards. As a result, data engineering, data infrastructure and next-generation computing capabilities have become progressively more important. Predictive analytics is increasingly utilized for forecasting trends, optimizing supply chain management, enhancing user experience and productivity, and minimizing risk. AI and machine learning play pivotal roles in enabling companies to derive meaningful insights from large datasets and make informed decisions, which recent advancements in generative AI have augmented.

A key application of AI is automation, with organizations deploying AI to streamline or eliminate repetitive tasks, enhance productivity and reduce operational costs. Customer and employee experience is being transformed through generative AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants, providing personalized and responsive interactions. Research and development costs and development timelines are being reduced through code generation technologies leveraging large language models. In marketing, AI and generative AI enable targeted campaigns, personalized recommendations and customer segmentation, leading to more effective and data-driven strategies. Overall, integrating AI and generative AI into business processes enhances decision-making, operational agility and customer service, contributing to a competitive advantage in the modern business landscape.

Maximizing the value of data requires organizations to process their structured and unstructured data rapidly and at scale, across disparate environments. This involves complex orchestration across storage and encryption, data integration and extraction, and data execution. To effectively execute advanced analytics and AI at scale, organizations must develop diverse, advanced computing capabilities such as quantum, edge and serverless computing to support workloads across these layers. They must also move quickly to deploy new techniques, such as post-quantum encryption, to protect data being processed across environments. Clients are also transitioning to data-driven application layers that are industry-specific and optimized to achieve relevant business outcomes. Effective leveraging of next-generation computing capabilities to unlock powerful business insights rapidly, efficiently and securely requires combining data, computing and industry expertise.

Increased reliance on technology, growth of the internet, remote work adoption, greater cloud use and the evolving sophistication of threat actors have all contributed to the proliferation of cyber attacks. Now more than ever, an organization’s security posture is critically important to its ongoing ability to operate successfully. Organizations are placing a growing emphasis on end-to-end security and implementing cybersecurity solutions across organizations from laptops, desktops, tablets and sensors to servers, networks and the cloud. They must also protect against advancements in techniques deployed by threat actors, which are continually evolving.

We provide our global clients with advice and essential capabilities to architect, develop, modernize, implement and integrate the technologies that power their organizations. Our solutions may be delivered on a standalone basis or through integrated offerings that may incorporate proprietary Unisys products, a Unisys-managed service offering, and/or offerings of our trusted partners. We regularly collaborate with our global network of partners, to develop joint solution offerings and to build, market and co-sell these joint solutions.

Our organizational structure aligns with our clients’ evolving needs, reflected in three reportable segments:

We help clients shape the future of their workplace – in-office, remote, or hybrid – to help employees be more efficient and productive, which improves retention, collaboration and company performance. We advise and execute the deployment, integration and management of enterprise technologies, applications and data-driven management to orchestrate a seamless workplace experience.

We classify our DWS offerings as either “Modern Workplace” or “Traditional Workplace.” Our Modern Workplace offerings are proactive, experience-based digital solutions that transform technology support to elevate employee experience,

communication and collaboration. In contrast, our Traditional Workplace solutions typically seek to deliver cost efficiencies for our clients.

Our Modern Workplace offerings include:

Our Traditional Workplace solutions deliver convenient, efficient technology support services at scale. Our solutions in areas such as traditional service desk, device management and field services help clients elevate employee experience and productivity while reducing the cost of support.

We accelerate digital transformation in the critical areas of cloud migration and management, as well as application and infrastructure transformation and modernization. Our solutions accelerate multi-cloud adoption and help our clients leverage the flexibility and efficiency of the cloud to deliver business growth. Our in-house developers also design and build customized enterprise applications that address our clients’ needs with long-term support to manage and evolve applications over time. Our CA&I offerings often incorporate cybersecurity services and solutions to enable secure environments. We classify our solutions within CA&I as either “Digital Platforms and Applications” or “Infrastructure.”

Our Digital Platforms and Applications (DP&A) solutions include:

Our Infrastructure solutions include the design, implementation, monitoring, automation and management of dedicated on-premises or hosted infrastructure.

We deliver proprietary and hybrid compute capabilities in the cloud and on-premises. We extend value through services to operate and manage these environments and the application workloads that run on them. We use industry expertise to create data-intensive, AI-enabled solutions to provide next-level business outcomes in financial services, travel and transportation, telecommunications, and other industries. We classify our solutions within ECS as either “License and Support” or “Specialized Services and Next-Gen Compute.”

Our License and Support solutions include ClearPath Forward® and other Unisys IP-related licenses and associated support services. ClearPath Forward is an operating and data processing environment for high-intensity enterprise computing.

Our Specialized Services and Next-Gen Compute (SS&C) solutions include:

We also provide clients with a wide range of micro-market and business process solutions. Through local market teams, we enable mission critical functions spanning digital mortgage processing for financial services clients, integrated portfolio and investment management for clients with large capital investments, and data aggregation and presentation solutions for public and local law enforcement agencies, among other solutions. These solutions often involve a high level of customization, automation, and in many cases, technology and knowledge that is proprietary to Unisys. Many of our business process solutions clients seek to meet requirements for 24x7 operations or to increase business flexibility and operational efficiency through process automation, especially for high-volume or labor and time-intensive workflows.

We classify our Modern Workplace, DP&A, SS&C and certain micro-market solutions as our “Next-Gen Solutions.” These solutions may incorporate advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, hyper-automation, or quantum computing and encryption, among others. We believe our Next-Gen Solutions create significant cross-sell and up-sell opportunities with our existing clients as well as attract new clients to the Unisys platform of services. We plan to continue to invest in our Next-Gen Solutions to develop and deliver innovative products and services to effectively support our clients on their business transformation and modernization journeys.

We have developed a portfolio of enterprise software and technology solutions. This ecosystem differentiates our offerings and may be sold as part of our solutions or, in some cases, provided by our partners directly. Elements of this ecosystem include:

An integrated suite of technologies for omnichannel support, advanced analytics, automation, AI, machine learning and identity authentication that transforms service desks into intelligent, user-centric experiences for the modern workplace.

Communication and collaboration software that empowers enterprise IT teams to manage, optimize and secure multi-platform UCC environments from a unified set of dashboards. PowerSuite integrates six key areas critical to UCC platform success: user experience, administration and automation, governance, intelligent reporting, monitoring and security analytics.

A software application program that optimizes capacity, freight and route processes for the cargo logistics industry and blends AI predictive modeling, ML, proprietary optimizing tools and quantum annealing to compile disparate data sources and enable near real-time decision making with continuous improvement.

service system to identify and provision private, public and hybrid cloud services, real-time analytics, and capabilities for industrial grade modernization of legacy applications.

We market our products and solutions primarily through a direct sales force and a central marketing department focused on increasing awareness and visibility for our portfolio of solutions and services within the industry, including managing our relationships with industry analysts and consultants who can influence client decisions. Complementing our direct sales force, we leverage a select group of resellers and alliance partners to market our solution and services portfolio. In many cases, we may jointly develop integrated solutions with our partners that we directly or jointly sell to our clients. In certain countries, we market primarily through distributors.

Our direct global sales force consists of sales executives focused on attracting new clients and client executives responsible for account retention, services growth and client satisfaction. Our sales teams work and collaborate closely with industry solution specialists, solution architects and technologists with domain expertise from each segment.

To support collaboration and cross-selling across our global client teams, our commission structure is based on a combination of individual targets aligned with our business objectives such as growing revenue with existing clients and prospects, expanding our Next-Gen Solutions and generating in-year revenue, among others.

We deliver advanced IT solutions and services to some of the largest commercial and public sector clients around the world. Our public sector clients primarily consist of state, local and non-U.S. governments and agencies, as well as global not-for-profit organizations. Overall, our commercial clients are well-diversified across sectors. However, certain of our enterprise computing and business process solutions have a more concentrated client base, particularly in the areas of travel and transportation, financial services and healthcare. In 2023, no single client accounted for more than 10% of our revenue.

Our primary objective is to increase the value we create for our clients to support our financial objectives of improving our revenue growth, profitability and free cash flow. In that spirit, we continually evolve our solutions and services to enable our clients to continue making breakthroughs, optimizing their processes and furthering our mission to grow through our clients’ successes. Our efforts include developing, evolving and upskilling our global associate workforce.

In addition to innovating and continually upskilling our global talent, we are executing against five key elements:

We operate in a highly competitive market that is affected by rapid changes in technology in the information services and technology industries. We face competition from many domestic and foreign companies. Our primary competitors are systems integrators, consulting and other professional services firms, outsourcing providers, infrastructure services providers, computer hardware manufacturers and software providers.

Unisys purchases components and supplies from a number of suppliers around the world. We rely on a single or limited number of suppliers for certain technology products, although we attempt to ensure that alternative sources are available if the need arises. The failure of our suppliers to deliver components and supplies in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner could adversely affect our business. For more information on the risks associated with purchasing components and supplies, see “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K).

As of January 31, 2024, Unisys owns over 420 active U.S. patents and over 35 active patents granted in eight non-U.S. jurisdictions. These patents cover systems and methods related to a wide variety of technologies, including, but not limited to, information security, cloud computing, virtualization, database encryption/management and user interfaces. We have granted licenses covering both single patents and particular groups of patents, to others. Likewise, we have active licensing agreements granting us rights under patents owned by other entities. Our business is not materially dependent upon any single patent, patent license or related group thereof.

Unisys also maintains 25 U.S. trademark and service mark registrations, and over 285 additional trademark and service mark registrations in fifty-four non-U.S. jurisdictions as of January 31, 2024. These marks are valuable assets used on or in connection with our services and products, and as such are actively monitored and protected by Unisys and its agents.

Our revenue is affected by factors such as the introduction of new services and solutions, the length of sales cycles and the seasonality of purchases. Seasonality generally has not resulted in material quarterly revenue changes. Changes in timing or terms of renewals from client to client can lead to fluctuations in software license revenue from period to period since accounting rules require that software license revenue be recognized when the license term begins.

At December 31, 2023, firm order backlog was $3.0 billion, compared to $2.9 billion at December 31, 2022. Approximately $1.3 billion (44%) of 2023 backlog is expected to be converted to revenue in 2024. Although we believe that this backlog will be executed, the orders may be canceled, in some cases with or without penalty.

At December 31, 2023, we employed approximately 16,500 professionals, of which 2,600 are located in the United States and 13,900 are located in other countries around the world. We are committed to providing a productive, ethical, diverse and safe working environment for our employees.

We welcome qualified employees and do not discriminate on any legally protected characteristics. We are committed to our culture of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion not only as the “right thing to do,” but also as a business imperative. We believe creating an equitable workplace improves our organization, local communities and society.

At Unisys, we are focused on having a workforce that represents the diverse communities in which we live and serve. Based on our continued efforts to improve diverse representation, women now make up 34% of our workforce globally and employees from Underrepresented Ethnic Groups make up 33% of our U.S workforce. Although we are proud of our progress, we continue to focus our efforts on creating a culture of belonging and inclusivity.

In addition, understanding our employees’ perspectives and experiences - their engagement - is critical to our success. Each year we measure employees’ engagement through a survey and develop action plans to improve based on that feedback. This year, more than 80% of our employees participated in our annual engagement survey with 71% of participating employees indicating they felt engaged. Fostering an inclusive culture is a key component of engagement and 80% of participating employees indicated they “feel comfortable being themselves at work.” We sponsor several Associate Impact Groups, which are employee-led groups that provide support, career development and professional networking for their members. These groups center on gender, race and ethnicity, LGBTQ+, veterans and people with diverse abilities.

We recognize that continuous learning and professional development are key factors for our success. We offer a range of skill development programs that focus on leadership, AI, digital transformation, information technology, cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, diversity, anti-harassment, ethics and more.

We are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees a wide range of offerings through a range of benefits and resources, including health and welfare benefits, flexible time-off and employee assistance programs.

We also promote a culture of ethics and integrity through our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, policies and training, and all employees must adhere to our Code. We assess human capital risk using data analytics, an annual risk assessment, investigations and other compliance-related initiatives.

Our investor website is located at www.unisys.com/investor. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), as soon as reasonably practicable after this material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. We also make available on our website our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, Amended and Restated Bylaws, Guidelines on Significant Corporate Governance Issues, the charters of the Audit and Finance Committee, Compensation and Human Resources Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Security and Risk Committee of our board of directors, and our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. This information is also available in print to stockholders upon request. We do not intend for information on our website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There is no family relationship among any of the above-named executive officers. Our Amended and Restated By-Laws provide that the officers of Unisys shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors and that each officer shall hold office for a term of one year and until a successor is elected and qualified, or until the officer’s earlier resignation or removal.

Our business includes managing, processing, storing and transmitting information, including proprietary, confidential, client, employee and personal information, intellectual property and proprietary business information. This information is housed within our own information systems (made of a combination of on-premise and third-party cloud providers), the cloud and those that we design, develop, host or manage for clients. These systems are critical to our and our clients’ business activities and unauthorized access to, disruption of, or attacks on these systems pose serious risks, including inadvertent loss or disclosure of company, information and employee and client data. In addition, negligent or improper conduct of our employees or third parties working on our behalf with access to these systems and the sensitive information housed therein have and may in the future adversely affect our business and reputation.

We have experienced, and will continue to experience, cybersecurity attacks and other security breaches that have and, in the future, could result in access to, or in some instances, loss or disclosure of, sensitive information that would require significant human and financial resources to respond. These include cyberattacks from computer hackers, cyber criminals, including nation states and nation state-sponsored actors, insiders and other malicious internet-based adversaries. The occurrence of cybersecurity attacks and other security breaches continue to increase globally, and our systems, including the systems of our outsourced service providers, have been and may in the future be targeted by attacks such as denial of service attacks, wireless network attacks, viruses and worms, malicious software, ransomware, malware, misconfigurations, supply chain attacks, application centric attacks, peer-to-peer attacks, phishing, vishing and smishing attempts, backdoor trojans, distributed denial of service attacks, social engineering, business email compromises and cyber-extortion, among other cybersecurity threats. As a known provider of IT solutions, we are and will remain an attractive target for such attacks. Furthermore, our industry subjects us to elevated risk and, accordingly, security vulnerabilities can occur and will continue to occur across a broad range of hardware, software or other infrastructure, increasing for us the potential of occurrence and the cost of response and remediation. These attacks have been successful against us and those of our third-party service providers and have resulted in, and in the future could result in, misappropriation, misuse, alteration, theft, loss, corruption, leakage, falsification, and accidental or premature release or improper disclosure of confidential or other information, including intellectual property, personal information, and data of the company, third parties, employees, clients or others. For example, in 2022, the company disclosed a cyber attack involving our software lab environment, which caused no service disruptions for our operations or, to our knowledge, to our clients, but resulted in the exfiltration of source code for our cybersecurity and product and platform software. The techniques used by computer hackers and cyber criminals to obtain unauthorized access to data or to sabotage computer systems change frequently and are growing in sophistication, which increases the risk and severity when they occur. Additionally, limitations in the ability of our IT teams to remain up-to-date with the tools necessary to thwart these threat actors could lead to attacks not being detected until after the attack has occurred. In addition, we rely on our suppliers’ tools and services to adequately detect, report and respond to cyber incidents and security breaches, which could affect our ability to report or address these incidents effectively or in a timely manner. An increase in consumption of public cloud services also elevates the risk to our environment, as securing cloud workload regularly involves new skills, tools and processes. The introduction of AI and quantum computing is also raising the risk level as it opens new possibilities for threat actors to launch complex attacks combining social engineering and classic hacking techniques. Similarly, the threat of malicious cyber activity from nation states and other sophisticated actors continues to increase, particularly with the rise of global conflicts like in the Ukraine.

Any disruption, termination or substandard provision of services, including by us or third-party cloud providers, could materially and adversely affect our business by disrupting normal IT operations, customer service, accounting and technology functions, affecting our ability to comply with our financing arrangements and otherwise impacting our ability to manage our business. Disruption, termination or substandard provision of services could be the result of localized conditions (such as power outages, telecommunications failures, fire or explosion), failure of our systems to function as designed, or as the result of events or circumstances of broader geographic impact (such as storms, earthquakes, floods, epidemics, strikes, acts of war, civil unrest

or terrorist acts). We have incurred such disruptions, which have resulted and could result in further substantial repair or replacement costs and/or data loss or other impediments that affect our ability to run our business. To date these disruptions have not had a material impact on our operations; however, there is no assurance that such impacts will not be material in the future, and such disruptions have in the past and may in the future have the impacts discussed below.

Cyber incidents, security breaches and other disruptions in our IT systems have exposed, and in the future could expose, us to liability, litigation and regulatory or other government action, which could result in the loss of existing or potential clients, damage to our brand and reputation, damage to our competitive position and financial loss. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of responding to cyber incidents and security breaches and implementing remediation measures is and could continue to be significant. These financial consequences include the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining cyber insurance.

While we work to continuously evaluate our security perimeter to strengthen and enhance our security posture, our efforts may not meet the ever-evolving level of sophistication, volume, persistence and novelty of the threats, or our efforts may not be complete or sufficient to adequately maintain the confidentiality, security, or availability of the data we collect, store and use to operate our business.

For information on our cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance, see Item 1C. - Cybersecurity.

A significant portion of our revenue is derived from our installed base, many of which are subject to long-term contracts. We continue to invest in our solutions to retain and extend our existing client base as well as attract new clients. If legacy clients do not believe in the value provided by our solutions and exit their contracts, or if they choose not to renew their contracts, or not to renew these contracts on terms at least as favorable as the current contracts, our revenue could decline meaningfully and there could be a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We could also lose clients because of their merger, acquisition or business failure. We may not be able to replace the revenue and earnings from any such lost client. We are expecting revenue, margin and market share expansion due to our differentiated solutions and the decision by some of our competitors to exit or de-emphasize their focus on our targets markets. If some or all of these competitors focus on our target markets, it could adversely affect our ability to gain market share or otherwise adversely affect future results.

Furthermore, if ClearPath Forward is sold in the form of Software as a Service (SaaS) at an accelerated pace, this would have a negative timing impact on our short- and medium-term cash position and could adversely impact our operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Additionally, we invest in and sell new solutions and related services. If we invest insufficiently or are unsuccessful in selling these other solutions and related services, there may not be a meaningful return on these investments. Further, the revenues generated by newer solutions and related services may be insufficient to offset any revenue declines caused if we are unable to retain the revenues generated by our installed base.

Our strategy places an emphasis on growing revenue, including specifically from higher-value and higher-margin offerings and our ability to profitably grow revenue and generate cash flows in our businesses depends on our ability to win contracts with clients for higher growth and higher-margin solutions. This in turn depends on our ability to offer solutions that meet client needs. It also depends on an efficient utilization of delivery personnel and the ability to meet our clients’ technological needs. Revenue and profit margin in these businesses are a function of both the portfolio of solutions sold and the rates we charge. The rates we charge for our solutions are affected by several factors, including clients’ perception of our ability to add value, introduction of new offerings by us or our alliance partners, market pricing pressure, and general economic conditions such as inflation or an economic downturn, or the perception of the risk of these occurrences. Chargeability is also affected by several factors, including our ability to transition resources from completed projects to new engagements and across geographies, and our ability to forecast demand for services and thereby maintain appropriate resource levels. Our results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely impacted if sales of higher-margin offerings do not offset declines in revenue and profitability of lower-margin offerings, including contracts that we voluntarily exit.

Approximately 56% of our total revenue for 2023 was derived from international operations. Given our global operations, macroeconomic conditions, like foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, currency restrictions and devaluations, increases in inflation rates and weaker intellectual property protections in some jurisdictions, as well as geopolitical conditions affect us, our

clients’ businesses and the markets they serve. Volatile, negative and uncertain economic and political conditions have in the past, and could in the future, undermine business confidence in markets where we operate or plan to operate, which could cause our clients to reduce, defer or eliminate spending on new initiatives and technologies or existing contracts, both of which could negatively affect our business. Growth in some markets we serve has slowed and could continue to slow, stagnate or contract. The same could occur in other markets where we do business or plant to do business. Because we operate globally and have significant businesses in many markets, an economic slowdown in any of key markets such as in the United States or Europe could adversely affect our results of operations.

Ongoing economic and political volatility and uncertainty and changing demand patterns affect our business in several ways, including making it more difficult to accurately forecast client demand and effectively build our revenue and resource plans. Economic and political volatility and uncertainty is particularly challenging because it may take time for the effects and changes in demand patterns resulting from these and other factors to manifest themselves in our business and results of operations. Additionally, our business has been, and can in the future be, adversely impacted by acts of war, terrorism, natural disasters and the widespread outbreak of infectious diseases, like the COVID-19 pandemic, as such events have unpredictable consequences on the world economy and our operations. Changing demand patterns from economic and political volatility and uncertainty, including because of increasing geopolitical tensions, inflation, economic downturns and changes in global trade policies and their impact on us, our clients and the industries we serve, have in the past had a negative impact and could in the future have a significant negative impact on our results of operations.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to develop and implement services and solutions that anticipate and respond to rapid and continuing changes in technology and offerings to serve the changing needs of our clients. Our services and solutions are continually evolving because of as machine learning and AI, including generative AI, augmented and virtual reality, automation, Internet of Things, hybrid computing architectures like quantum, high performance and edge computing, infrastructure and network engineering and intelligent connected solutions. As we expand our services and solutions, we may be exposed to operational, legal, regulatory, ethical, technological and other risks specific to these new areas, which may negatively affect our results of operations, cash flows, reputation and demand for our services and solutions. Technological developments may materially affect the cost and use of technology by our clients and, in the case of cloud, data and AI solutions, could affect the nature of how we generate revenue. Some of these technological developments have reduced and replaced some of our historical services and solutions and will continue to do so in the future. This has caused, and may in the future cause, clients to delay spending under existing contracts and delay entering into new contracts while they evaluate new technologies. Furthermore, if we are unable to introduce new pricing or commercial models that reflect the value of technological innovation or if the pace and level of spending on new technological developments are not sufficient to make up any shortfall.

Developments in the industries we serve, which may be rapid, could also shift demand to new services and solutions. If, we are unable to offer new services and solutions that match client demand because of changes in the industries we serve, we may be less competitive and need to make significant investment to adapt. For example, if we fail to continue to develop leading machine learning and AI services and solutions, including generative AI, we may lose future opportunities.

Our growth strategy focuses on responding to technological developments by driving innovation that will enable us to expand our business into new growth areas. We are applying machine learning and AI to our services, how we deliver work to our clients, and to our own internal operations. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition, including from our clients, who may develop their own internal AI-related capabilities, which can lead to reduced demand for our services and solutions. If we do not invest in new technology, adapt to industry developments, evolve and expand our business at sufficient speed and scale, or if we do not make the right strategic investments to respond to these developments and successfully drive innovation, our services and solutions, our results of operations and our ability to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and to execute on our growth strategy could be adversely affected.

A significant amount of our business comes from government and public sector clients. Our clients include national, provincial, state and local government entities, located in a variety of countries. This work carries various inherent risks, including, but not limited to, the right to audit our contract costs and conduct inquiries and investigations of our business practices and compliance with government and public sector contract requirements, such as security clearance, and the inherent limitations of internal controls may not prevent or detect all improper or illegal activities. Negative findings in such audits, investigations or inquiries could affect our future sales and profitability due to a wide range of consequences, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from doing business with new and existing government

and public sector clients. In the ordinary course of business, we have had findings in connection with audits, investigations and inquiries related to government work and public sector clients. We have experienced some adverse consequences, as a result, and may in the future experience further adverse consequences because of our work with government and public sector clients, which could materially affect our future results of operations.

Government and public sector clients typically fund projects through appropriated monies. While these projects are often planned and executed as multi-year projects, government and public sector clients usually reserve the right to change the scope of, or terminate these projects for lack of approved funding at their convenience. Changes in government or political developments, including changes in administrations or regimes, government closures or shutdowns, budget deficits, shortfalls or uncertainties, government spending reductions or other debt constraints could result in our projects being reduced in price or scope or terminated altogether, which also could limit our recovery of incurred costs, reimbursable expenses and profits on work completed prior to the termination. Furthermore, if insufficient funding is appropriated to the government or public sector client to cover termination costs, we may not be able to fully recover our investments.

Political and economic factors such as pending elections, the outcome of recent elections, changes in leadership among key executive or legislative decision makers, revisions to governmental tax or other policies and reduced tax revenues could affect the number and terms of new government and public sector contracts signed or the speed at which new contracts are signed, decrease future levels of spending and authorizations for programs that we bid, shift spending priorities to programs in areas for which we do not provide services and/or lead to changes in enforcement or how compliance with relevant rules or laws is assessed. The occurrences or conditions described above have had an adverse impact on our results of operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business or our results of operations in the future.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $485 million aggregate principal amount of our 6.875% Senior Secured Notes due November 1, 2027 (the 2027 Notes). Our business may not generate cash flows from operations sufficient to pay off these notes and we expect that we will need to refinance these notes prior to maturity or explore additional sources of debt and/or equity to repay theses notes. The agencies rating our indebtedness regularly evaluate us and determine our credit ratings based on several factors. These factors include our financial strength and ability to generate earnings and cash flows, as well as factors not entirely within our control, such as rising interest rates, conditions affecting the information technology industry and the economy and changes in rating methodologies.

A downgrade of our credit ratings could adversely affect our access to liquidity and capital; particularly as we plan to refinance the 2027 Notes prior to maturity, an adverse change in our credit rating could significantly increase our cost of funds, decrease the number of investors and counterparties willing to lend to us or purchase our securities and impact our ability to utilize surety bonds or other financial instruments we use to run our business. Rising interest rates and other market conditions may also impact our ability to utilize surety bonds, letters of credit, foreign exchange derivatives or other financial instruments we use to conduct our business. These impacts could affect our growth, profitability, and financial condition, including liquidity. If we are unable to access the financing markets, we would be required to use cash on hand to fund operations and our required pension contributions and repay outstanding debt as it comes due. There is no assurance that we will generate sufficient cash to fund our operations, pension contributions and refinance such debt, including because of impaired access to financing markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our success is dependent, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain employees with market-leading skills and capabilities like AI and machine learning in line with global client demand. We must reskill, retain and inspire appropriate numbers of talented employees with diverse skills in order to serve our clients, respond quickly to rapid and ongoing changes in demand, technology, industry and the macroeconomic environment, and continuously innovate to grow our business. If we are unable to do so, we may not be able to innovate and deliver new services and solutions to fulfill client demand.

In addition, the unionization of certain of our associate populations results in higher costs and unique operational challenges. At certain times and in certain geographical regions, we can find it difficult to attract and retain enough employees with the skills or backgrounds to meet current and/or future demand. In these cases, we may need to redeploy existing employees or increase our reliance on subcontractors to fill certain labor needs. If we are not successful in these initiatives, our results of operations could be adversely affected. If our utilization rate of our employees is too high or too low, it could have an adverse effect on associate engagement and attrition, the quality of the work performed and our ability to staff projects.

We are dependent on retaining members of the Unisys management team and other employees with critical capabilities. If we are unable to do so, our ability to innovate, generate new business opportunities and effectively lead large and complex transformations and client relationships could be jeopardized. Our equity-based incentive compensation plans and other variable

cash compensation programs, as well as promotions, are designed to reward high-performing employees for their contributions and provide incentives for them to remain with us. If the anticipated value of such incentives or the pace of promotions does not materialize because of company performance or volatility or lack of positive performance in our stock price, or if our total compensation package is not viewed as being competitive, our ability to attract and retain key employees could be adversely affected.

We have significant underfunded obligations under our U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans. In 2023, we made cash contributions of $42.4 million, primarily for our international defined benefit pension plans. Based on current legislation, global regulations, recent interest rates and expected returns, we estimate cash contributions of approximately $21 million in 2024, primarily for our international defined benefit pension plans. We estimate that cash contributions to our U.S. defined benefit pension plans will begin to increase in 2025, increasing the total estimated contributions for our U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans to approximately $110 million in 2025 and approximately $770 million in the aggregate from 2026 through 2033. Estimates for future cash contributions are likely to change based on several factors including volatility in the capital markets, discount rate changes, asset return changes, or changes in economic or demographic trends. There have been significant increases in forecasted contributions to our U.S. plans and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans in the past and such forecasts can be significantly impacted in the future.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to pay the required future cash contributions, we may not be able to obtain additional funding to satisfy these obligations. In such a case, we may be forced to reduce or delay business activities, acquisitions, investments and/or capital expenditures; sell assets; restructure or refinance our indebtedness; or seek additional equity capital, waiver or bankruptcy protection, and we may not be able to effect any of these remedies when necessary, or on satisfactory terms.

Our future performance is largely dependent on our ability to compete successfully and expand in the markets we currently serve. The market in which we operate includes many companies vying for clients and market share both domestically and internationally. Our competitors include systems integrators, consulting and other professional services firms, outsourcing providers, infrastructure services providers, computer hardware manufacturers and software providers. If we are unable to differentiate our offerings from those of our competitors and renew and expand on existing contracts and win new contracts, our revenues may significantly decline.

Some of our competitors may develop competing solutions and services that offer better price for performance or that reach the market before our offerings. Some competitors have and may continue to have greater financial and other resources than we have, providing them with the enhanced ability to compete for market share, including by providing significant economic incentives and discounts to secure contracts.

Additionally, competitors may generally offer more aggressive pricing or contractual terms, which may affect our ability to win work. Even if we have potential offerings that address marketplace or client needs better than others, competitors may be more successful at selling similar services they offer, including to our clients. Furthermore, some competitors are more established in certain markets, which may make executing our growth strategy to expand in these markets more challenging. Some may be better able to compete for skilled professionals, innovate and/or provide new services and solutions faster than us, or may be able to anticipate the need for services and solutions before we do. Our competitors may also team together to create competing offerings. If we are unable to compete successfully, we could lose market share and clients to competitors, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We also may face greater competition due to consolidation of companies in the technology sector through strategic mergers, acquisitions or teaming arrangements. Consolidation activity may result in new competitors with greater scale, a broader footprint or offerings that are more attractive than ours. New services or technologies offered by competitors, our alliance partners or new entrants may make our offerings less differentiated or less competitive when compared to other alternatives, which may adversely affect our businesses and results of operations.

We maintain business relationships and transact with our alliance partners, suppliers and other third parties that have complementary solutions, services or skills. Future results will depend, in part, on the pricing, performance and capabilities of these third parties. Inflation may lead to higher labor and other costs charged by these third parties, and supply chain disruptions

may cause the inability by them to deliver in a timely manner, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, the financial condition of, and our relationship with, distributors and other indirect partners can impact our ability to serve current and potential clients and end users effectively and efficiently.

In many of our long-term solutions and services contracts, revenue is based on the volume of solutions and services provided. As a result, revenue levels anticipated at contract inception are not guaranteed. Some of our contracts may permit termination at the client’s discretion before the end of the contract term or may permit termination or impose other penalties if we do not meet the performance levels specified in the contracts, particularly for government and public sector clients. In addition, from time to time, the company is involved in disputes and legal proceedings with our clients concerning solutions and services that the company has provided. Some of our commercial contracts require customized solutions, features, configurations and functions, and, in such a customized environment, there have been and may continue to be claims for failure to perform. In such cases, we have not, and in the future may not, achieve expected revenue and profit from certain commercial contracts.

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our proprietary platforms, methodologies, processes, software, hardware and other solutions. Existing laws of the various countries in which we provide services or solutions may offer only limited intellectual property protection. We rely upon a combination of confidentiality policies and procedures, nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements, and patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. These laws are subject to change at any time and could further limit our ability to obtain or maintain intellectual property protection. There is uncertainty concerning the scope of patent and other intellectual property protection for software and business methods, which are fields in which we rely on intellectual property laws to protect our rights. Even where we obtain intellectual property protection, our intellectual property rights may not prevent or deter competitors, current or former employees, or other third parties from reverse engineering our solutions or proprietary methodologies and processes or independently developing services or solutions similar to, or duplicative of, ours. Further, the steps we take in this regard might not be adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property by competitors, current or former employees or other third parties, and we might not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. For example, we have brought and may continue to bring lawsuits to protect our intellectual property, proprietary and other confidential information. Enforcing our rights requires considerable time, money and oversight, and we may not be successful in enforcing our rights.

In addition, we cannot be sure that our services and solutions, including, for example, our software and hardware solutions, or the solutions of others that we offer to our clients, do not infringe on the intellectual property rights of third parties (including competitors as well as non-practicing holders of intellectual property assets), and these third parties could claim that we or our clients are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. Furthermore, although we have established policies and procedures to respect the intellectual property rights of third parties and that prohibit the unauthorized use of intellectual property, we may not be aware if our associates have misappropriated and/or misused intellectual property, and their actions could result in claims of intellectual property misappropriation and/or infringement from third parties. These claims could harm our reputation, cause us to incur substantial costs or prevent us from offering some services or solutions in the future. Any related proceedings could require us to expend significant resources over an extended period of time. In most of our contracts, we agree to indemnify our clients for expenses and liabilities resulting from claimed infringements of the intellectual property rights of third parties used to provide our solutions or perform our services. In some instances, the amount of these indemnities could be greater than the revenues we receive from the client. Any claims or litigation in this area could be time-consuming and costly, damage our reputation and/or require us to incur additional costs to obtain the right to continue to offer a service or solution to our clients. If we cannot secure this right at all or on reasonable terms, or we are unable to implement alternative technology in a cost-effective manner, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected. The risk of infringement claims against us may increase as we expand our business.

Further, we rely on third-party software, hardware and other intellectual property in providing some of our services and solutions. If we lose our ability to continue using any such software, hardware or intellectual property for any reason, including because it is found to infringe the rights of others, we will need to obtain substitutes or seek alternative means of obtaining the technology necessary to continue to provide such services and solutions. Our inability to replace such software, hardware or intellectual property effectively or in a timely and cost-effective manner could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

If we fail again to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, we will not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and result in significant expenses to remediate.

Following the identification during the fourth quarter of 2022 of material weaknesses in our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which has since been remediated, we have expended, and anticipate we will continue to expend, significant resources including accounting-related costs and costs associated with significant management oversight to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, we may experience material weaknesses in our controls, which could result in material misstatements in our financial statements and a failure to meet our reporting and financial obligations, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. If we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In addition, testing and maintaining internal controls may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business.

We have received, and may receive in the future, regulatory, investigative and enforcement inquiries, subpoenas or demands arising from, related to, or in connection with these matters, including as disclosed in Note 18, “Litigation and contingencies” in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Professional costs resulting from litigation and contingencies have been significant and are expected to continue to be significant, in particular, if litigation costs grow. Although we believe that no significant business has been lost to date, it is possible that a change in the perceptions of our clients could occur as a result. In addition, as a result of the investigation and remediation efforts, certain operational changes have occurred and may continue to occur in the future. Any or all of these could directly or indirectly have a material adverse effect on our operations and/or financial performance.

Protecting information, including information of our clients, is a top priority. We have expertise, dedicated resources and technology to identify, assess, respond to and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Global Information Security organization (GIS), led by our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), establishes and maintains our company-wide information security management program and provides guidance for information security activities and controls at Unisys. Through our GIS, we:

Our process for integrating cybersecurity risk management into our overall risk management system

Our overall cybersecurity and privacy strategy is to protect and enable the business. We aim to protect ours and our customers’ information and assets to enable agility in the business. Our GIS manages Unisys’ cybersecurity risk identification, assessment, response, remediation and mitigation processes, and interfaces with other departments, including business units, the information technology department and enterprise risk management, to facilitate the risk processes and ensure the policies and procedures established by the GIS are integrated into our overall enterprise risk management system. The GIS’s processes also work in tandem with the processes maintained by our Global Privacy Office (GPO). Through our GPO, we deploy functional and business unit-specific approaches to data and privacy compliance. Taking into consideration the processes established by the GIS, our GPO has developed a framework of policies, procedures and other initiatives that are implemented across Unisys to help meet data privacy requirements.

Our GPO:

We have also adopted physical, technological and administrative cybersecurity controls including, among other items:

We engage third-party service providers to assist us with our cybersecurity risk management system

Third-party cybersecurity experts regularly supplement our cybersecurity risk management efforts, including those we engage to conduct periodic cybersecurity risk assessments. During 2023, Unisys engaged cybersecurity risk experts and external legal counsel to conduct a review of, and advise us on, our cybersecurity risk management processes, current cybersecurity risk environment, leading board governance practices, strategic cyber reporting and cyber resiliency. Following the review, we have further revised our processes for identifying material cybersecurity incidents and enhanced our written policy regarding identification, classification of severity and escalation of cybersecurity incidents.

In 2023, Unisys engaged a leading cybersecurity firm to consult on several technical matters relating to cyber resiliency. This resulted in significant changes to our security technical stack and improvements to our processes and organization.

Our processes to oversee and identify risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers

Unisys recognizes the importance of overseeing and identifying material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers. We have a Third Party Risk Management (TPRM) program, which is integrated into our procurement process and involves cybersecurity risk oversight and identification components. Our TPRM program includes policies and standards requiring that we perform cybersecurity due diligence reviews on our vendors based on the risk profile of a particular supplier or service provider or the service they provide. We also monitor certain of our principal suppliers and service providers on an ongoing basis by conducting additional periodic reviews.

Cybersecurity risk oversight continues to remain a top priority for the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors is responsible for oversight of Unisys’ information security program, including compliance and risk management, and the review of cybersecurity risks. The Security and Risk Committee (S&RC), a Board committee comprised entirely of independent directors, assists the Board in these oversight responsibilities.

The S&RC’s responsibilities include:

Our S&RC chair previously served as the Chief Information Officer of a large healthcare company from 2011 to 2020 and as a Global Chief Information Officer at another company from 2004 to 2011. Other members of the S&RC have over forty years of executive and operational leadership experience at several global technology and telecommunications companies.

Additionally, the A&FC has general oversight over Unisys’ cybersecurity as it relates to responsibility for Unisys’ internal audit function, including cybersecurity practices, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and internal control over financial reporting. In November 2023, the A&FC charter was amended to ensure that it, in conjunction with the S&RC, reviews Unisys’ cybersecurity and other information technology controls and procedures no less than annually.

The Disclosure Committee assists in fulfilling our obligations to maintain disclosure controls and procedures and coordinates and oversees the process of preparing our periodic securities filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Cybersecurity incidents, based on their severity, are escalated to the Disclosure Committee by the SIRT. The Disclosure Committee is comprised of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Operating Officer (COO), Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. The COO represents the business units of the company and the CISO reports to the COO. The Disclosure Committee meets on a quarterly basis and more often, if necessary, and invites subject matter experts to meetings, as appropriate. We have policies and procedures in place designed to provide appropriate information of any matters to our Disclosure Committee that should be considered in advance of applicable public filings, including cybersecurity matters, and to address the proper handling and escalation of information to management and the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors.

In addition to the oversight of the Board of Directors, members of our management are responsible for assessing and managing material cybersecurity risks.

Our CISO served as the CISO for Hertz Global Holdings, Inc. (Hertz), and prior to joining Hertz, held progressively senior information security roles at Hitachi Vantara LLC, Hewlett-Packard Company, Symantec Corp. and Marketo, Inc.

Our CPO previously served as the Global Data Privacy Officer for Hitachi Vantara LLC and prior to that practiced at the law firm of Littler Mendelson, P.C. as an attorney specializing in data privacy among other areas.

Our Chief Information Officer (CIO) has over 20 years at Unisys with experience and knowledge of IT infrastructure, systems and operations; and previously our CIO spent two years as the CIO for Whitney, Bradley & Brown, Inc. (n.k.a. Serco Inc.). At Unisys, the CIO partners with our CISO and CPO on cybersecurity risk management matters.

Unisys Common Stock is listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (trading symbol “UIS”).

At January 31, 2024, there were approximately 4,000 stockholders of record.

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Unisys common stock during the five fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, with the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and the Standard & Poor’s 500 IT Services Index. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2018, in Unisys common stock and in each of such indices and assumes reinvestment of any dividends.

Revenue for 2023 was $2.02 billion compared with $1.98 billion for 2022, an increase of 1.8%. Foreign currency fluctuations had a negligible impact on revenue in 2023 compared with 2022.

Revenue from international operations for both 2023 and 2022 was $1.13 billion. Foreign currency had a negligible impact on international revenue in 2023 compared with 2022. Revenue from U.S. operations was $889.0 million for 2023 compared with $854.9 million for 2022, an increase of 4.0%.

During 2023, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $9.3 million. The net charges related to workforce reductions were $8.3 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $15.2 million and (b) a credit of $6.9 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded net charges of $1.0 million comprised of charges of $4.7 million primarily related to professional fees and other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts and a credit of $3.7 million for net foreign currency gains related to exiting foreign countries. See Note 4, “Cost-reduction actions,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of the cost reduction activities.

During 2022, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $54.9 million. The net charges related to workforce reductions were $7.5 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $7.1 million and (b) a charge of $0.4 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $47.4 million comprised of $35.8 million for asset impairments, $8.7 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts and $2.9 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries.

The cost reduction charges (credits) were recorded in the following statement of income (loss) classifications:

Gross profit and gross profit margin were $551.3 million and 27.4% in 2023, respectively, and $529.6 million and 26.7% in 2022, respectively. The increase in gross profit and gross profit margin in 2023 were primarily due lower cost reduction charges in 2023 and gross profit improvement in the Cloud, Applications & Infrastructure Solutions (CA&I) segment, partially offset by lower gross profit in Enterprise Computing Solutions (ECS) segment.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $450.3 million in 2023 (22.3% of revenue) and $453.2 million in 2022 (22.9% of revenue).

Research and development (R&D) expenses in 2023 were $24.1 million compared with $24.2 million in 2022.

In 2023, the company reported an operating profit of $76.9 million compared with an operating profit of $52.2 million in 2022. The increase in 2023 was primarily driven by higher gross profit as discussed above.

Interest expense was $30.8 million in 2023 compared with $32.4 million in 2022.

Other (expense), net was expense of $393.9 million in 2023 compared with expense of $82.4 million in 2022. Other (expense), net in 2023 includes $348.9 million of pension settlement losses. See Note 6, “Other (expense), net,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of other (expense), net.

Pension expense in 2023 was $391.3 million compared with $47.1 million in 2022. Pension expense in 2023 included $348.9 million of settlement losses primarily related to the company’s U.S. defined benefits plans. See Note 17, “Employee plans,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of the settlement losses.

The loss before income taxes in 2023 was $347.8 million compared with a loss of $62.6 million in 2022. Included in the loss in 2023 were $348.9 million of settlement losses related to the company’s defined benefit pension plans.

The provision for income taxes in 2023 was $79.3 million compared with a provision of $42.3 million in 2022. The change in the tax provision is described below.

The company evaluates quarterly the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting such amount, if necessary. The company records a tax provision or benefit for those international subsidiaries that do not have a full valuation allowance against their deferred tax assets. Any profit or loss recorded for the company’s U.S. operations will have no provision or benefit associated with it due to the company’s valuation allowance, except with respect to refundable tax credits and withholding taxes not creditable against future taxable income. As a result, the company’s provision or benefit for taxes may vary significantly period to period depending on the geographic distribution of income.

The realization of the company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023, is primarily dependent on the ability to generate sustained taxable income in various jurisdictions. Judgment is required to estimate forecasted future taxable income, which may be impacted by future business developments, actual results, strategic operational and tax initiatives, legislative, and other economic factors and developments. Any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance would result in additional or lower income tax expense in that period and could have a significant impact on that period’s earnings. During 2023, the company determined that a portion of its non-U.S. net deferred tax assets required an additional valuation allowance. The net change in the valuation allowance impacting the effective tax rate in 2023 was approximately $2.1 million, primarily in Latin America. During 2022, the company determined that a portion of its non-U.S. net deferred tax assets no longer required a valuation allowance. The net change in the valuation allowances impacting the effective tax rate in 2022 was approximately $9.8 million of a tax benefit, primarily in the United Kingdom and other foreign jurisdictions.

Net loss attributable to Unisys Corporation for 2023 was $430.7 million, or $6.31 per diluted share, compared with a net loss of $106.0 million, or $1.57 per diluted share in 2022. Included in the loss in 2023 was $348.9 million of after-tax settlement losses related to the company’s defined benefit pension plans.

The accounting policies of each segment are the same as those followed by the company as a whole. The company evaluates segment performance based on gross profit exclusive of the service costs component of postretirement income or expense, restructuring charges, amortization of purchased intangibles and unusual and nonrecurring items, which are included in other gross profit.

Corporate assets are principally cash and cash equivalents, prepaid postretirement assets and deferred income taxes. The expense or income related to corporate assets and centrally incurred costs are allocated to the business segments. See Note 20, “Segment information,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Information by reportable segment is presented below:

DWS revenue was $546.1 million in 2023 and $509.9 million in 2022. The increase in revenue in 2023 was primarily driven by new business with existing clients. Foreign currency fluctuations had a negligible impact on DWS revenue in 2023 compared with 2022. Gross profit percent was 14.0% in both 2023 and 2022.

CA&I revenue was $531.0 million in 2023 and $520.3 million in 2022. Foreign currency fluctuations had a negligible impact on CA&I revenue in 2023 compared with 2022. Gross profit percent was 15.4% in 2023 and 9.1% in 2022. The increase in revenue and gross profit percent in 2023 compared with 2022 was primarily due to certain prior year contract exits and new business with existing clients.

ECS revenue was $648.0 million in 2023 and $669.7 million in 2022. Foreign currency fluctuations had a negligible impact on ECS revenue in 2023 compared with 2022. Gross profit percent was 61.2% in 2023 and 64.5% in 2022. The decrease in revenue and gross profit percent was driven by the timing of software license renewals.

See Note 2, “Recent accounting pronouncements and accounting changes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on the company’s consolidated financial statements.

The company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash from operations and its revolving credit facility, discussed below. The company and certain international subsidiaries have access to uncommitted lines of credit from various banks. The company believes that it will have adequate sources of liquidity to meet its expected cash requirements through at least the next twelve months.

Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 were $387.7 million compared with $391.8 million at December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, $232.2 million of cash and cash equivalents were held by the company’s foreign subsidiaries and branches operating outside of the U.S. The company may not be able to readily transfer approximately one-third of these funds out of the country in which they are located as a result of local restrictions, contractual or other legal arrangements or commercial considerations. Additionally, any transfers of these funds to the U.S. in the future may require the company to accrue or pay withholding or other taxes on a portion of the amount transferred. See Note 7, “Income taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding the company’s intention to indefinitely reinvest earnings of foreign subsidiaries.

During 2023, cash provided by operating activities was $74.2 million compared with cash provided by operations of $12.7 million during 2022. The increase in operating cash in 2023 was primarily due to improvements in working capital.

Cash used for investing activities during 2023 was $69.6 million compared with cash used for investing activities of $131.4 million during 2022. Net proceeds from investments were $11.2 million in 2023 compared with net purchases of $44.3 million in 2022. Proceeds from investments and purchases of investments represent derivative financial instruments used to manage the company’s currency exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, capital additions of properties were $21.3 million in 2023 compared with $31.0 million in 2022, capital additions of outsourcing assets were $11.4 million in 2023 compared with $8.6 million in 2022 and the investment in marketable software was $46.0 million in 2023 compared with $46.3 million in 2022.

Cash used for financing activities during 2023 was $17.3 million compared with cash used for financing activities of $21.6 million during 2022.

In March 2023, the company purchased a group annuity contract, with plan assets, for approximately $263 million to transfer projected benefit obligations related to approximately 8,650 retirees of one of the company’s U.S. defined benefit pension plans. This action resulted in a pre-tax settlement loss of $181.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In November 2023, the company purchased a group annuity contract, with plan assets, for approximately $253 million to transfer projected benefit obligations related to approximately 3,900 retirees of one of the company’s U.S. defined benefit pension plans. This action resulted in a pre-tax settlement loss of $167.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

After considering these most recent group annuity contract purchases, the company has successfully reduced its global defined benefit pension obligations since December 2020 by approximately $2.0 billion, including approximately $1.3 billion in the U.S. The company will continue to evaluate opportunities for additional reduction of its global defined benefit pension obligations in future periods depending on overall market conditions. Due to the company’s significant postretirement plans accumulated other comprehensive losses, future group annuity contract purchases could result in material non-cash settlement losses.

At the end of each year, the company estimates its future cash contributions to its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plans based on year-end pension data and assumptions. In 2023, we made cash contributions of $42.4 million, primarily for our international defined benefit pension plans. Based on current legislation, global regulations, recent interest rates and expected returns, the company estimates future cash contributions of approximately $21 million in 2024, primarily for our international defined benefit pension plans. The company estimates that cash contributions to its U.S. defined benefit pension plans will begin to increase in 2025, increasing the total estimated contributions for the company’s U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans to approximately $110 million in 2025 and approximately $770 million in the aggregate from 2026 through 2033. If the company is not able to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, we may need to obtain additional funding in order to make these contributions. Any material deterioration in the value of the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan assets, as well as changes in pension legislation, volatility in the capital markets, discount rate changes, asset return changes, or changes in economic or demographic trends, could require the company to make cash contributions to its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plans in different amounts and on a different schedule than previously contemplated.

The company has commitments under operating leases for certain facilities and equipment used in its operations. As of December 31, 2023, the company’s operating lease liabilities were $44.7 million. The company also has a number of finance leases for equipment, with lease liabilities totaling $0.3 million as of December 31, 2023. See Note 5, “Leases and commitments,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information pertaining to future minimum lease payments relating to the company’s operating and finance lease obligations.

Additionally, as described in Note 4, “Cost-reduction actions,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the company expects to make payments of approximately $9.4 million in 2024 related to the company’s workforce reduction actions.

The company has a secured revolving credit facility (the Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility), which matures on October 29, 2025, and provides for revolving loans and letters of credit up to an aggregate amount of $145.0 million (with a limit on letters of credit of $40.0 million), with an accordion feature provision allowing for the aggregate amount available under the credit facility to be increased up to $175.0 million upon the satisfaction of certain specified conditions. The Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility was amended on June 2, 2023, primarily to replace the reference rate from the London Interbank Offered Rate to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. Availability under the credit facility is subject to a borrowing base calculated by reference to the company’s receivables. At December 31, 2023, the company had no borrowings and $7.1 million of letters of credit outstanding, and availability under the facility was $88.6 million net of letters of credit issued. Any borrowings under the facility will be subject to variable interest rates.

The Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility is subject to a springing maturity, under which the Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility will immediately mature 91 days prior to any date on which contributions to pension funds in the United States in an amount in excess of $100.0 million are required to be paid unless the company is able to meet certain conditions, including that the company has the liquidity (as defined in the Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility) to cash settle the amount of such pension payments, no default or event of default has occurred under the Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility, the company’s liquidity is above $130.0 million and the company is in compliance with the then applicable fixed charge coverage ratio on a pro forma basis.

The Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility is guaranteed by Unisys Holding Corporation, Unisys NPL, Inc. and Unisys AP Investment Company I, each of which is a U.S. corporation that is directly or indirectly owned by the company (the subsidiary guarantors). The facility is secured by the assets of the company and the subsidiary guarantors, other than certain excluded assets, under a security agreement entered into by the company and the subsidiary guarantors in favor of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent for the lenders under the credit facility.

The company is required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio if the availability under the Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility falls below the greater of 10% of the lenders’ commitments under the facility and $14.5 million.

The Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility contains customary representations and warranties, including, but not limited to, that there has been no material adverse change in the company’s business, properties, operations or financial condition. The Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility includes restrictions on the ability of the company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur other debt or liens, dispose of assets and make acquisitions, loans and investments, repurchase its equity, and prepay other debt. These restrictions are subject to several important limitations and exceptions. Events of default include non-payment, failure to comply with covenants, materially incorrect representations and warranties, change of control and default under other debt aggregating at least $50.0 million, subject to relevant cure periods, as applicable.

At December 31, 2023, the company had met all covenants and conditions under its various lending and funding agreements. The company expects to continue to meet these covenants and conditions through at least the next twelve months.

At December 31, 2023, the company had outstanding standby letters of credit and surety bonds totaling approximately $232 million related to performance and payment guarantees. On the basis of experience with these arrangements, the company believes that any obligations that may arise will not be material.

The company may, from time to time, redeem, tender for, or repurchase its securities in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions depending upon availability, market conditions and other factors.

The company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that are material or reasonably likely to become material to its financial condition or results of operations.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Certain accounting policies, methods and estimates are particularly important because of their significance to the financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting them may differ from management’s current judgments. The company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances; however, to the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments and assumptions and actual results, the financial statements will be affected. Although there are a number of accounting policies, methods and estimates affecting the company’s financial statements as described in Note 1, “Summary of significant accounting policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the following critical accounting policies reflect the significant estimates, judgments and assumptions. The development and selection of these critical accounting policies have been determined by management of the company and the related disclosures have been reviewed with the Audit and Finance Committee of the Board of Directors.

Many of the company’s sales agreements contain standard business terms and conditions; however, some agreements contain multiple performance obligations or non-standard terms and conditions. As discussed in Note 1, “Summary of significant accounting policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the company enters into arrangements that may include any combination of hardware, software or services. As a result, significant contract interpretation is sometimes required to determine the appropriate accounting, including how many performance obligations are present in an arrangement, whether

they should be treated as separate performance obligations and when to recognize revenue and under what method for each performance obligation.

Accounting rules governing income taxes require that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. These rules also require that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will not be realized.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the company had deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities of $1,263.2 million and $1,218.9 million, respectively. For the reasons cited below, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, management determined that it is more likely than not that $113.1 million and $108.4 million, respectively, of such assets will be realized, resulting in a valuation allowance of $1,150.1 million and $1,110.5 million, respectively.

The company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting such amount, if necessary. The realization of the company’s deferred tax assets is primarily dependent on the ability to generate sustained taxable income in various jurisdictions. Judgment is required to estimate forecasted future taxable income, which may be impacted by future business developments, actual results, strategic operational and tax initiatives, legislative, and other economic factors and developments. See “Risk Factors” (Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K). The company records a tax provision or benefit for those international subsidiaries that do not have a full valuation allowance against their deferred tax assets. Any profit or loss recorded for the company’s U.S. operations will have no provision or benefit associated with it due to the company’s valuation allowance, except with respect to refundable tax credits and withholding taxes not creditable against future taxable income. As a result, the company’s provision or benefit for taxes may vary significantly from period to period depending on the geographic distribution of income.

Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383 provide annual limitations with respect to the ability of a corporation to utilize its net operating loss (as well as certain built-in losses) and tax credit carryforwards, respectively (Tax Attributes), against future U.S. taxable income, if the corporation experiences an “ownership change.” In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The company regularly monitors ownership changes (as calculated for purposes of Section 382). The company has determined that, for purposes of the rules of Section 382 described above, an ownership change occurred in 2011. Any future transaction or transactions and the timing of such transaction or transactions could trigger additional ownership changes under Section 382.

As a result of the ownership change in 2011, utilization for certain of the company’s Tax Attributes, U.S. net operating losses and tax credits, is subject to an overall annual limitation of $70.6 million. The cumulative limitation as of December 31, 2023 is approximately $488 million. This limitation will be applied to any net operating losses and then to any other Tax Attributes. Any unused limitation may be carried over to later years. Based on presently available information and the existence of tax planning strategies, the company does not expect to incur a U.S. federal cash tax liability in the near term. The company maintains a full valuation allowance against the realization of all U.S. deferred tax assets as well as certain foreign deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities. See Note 7, “Income taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The company’s provision for income taxes and the determination of the resulting deferred tax assets and liabilities involve a significant amount of management judgment and are based on the best information available at the time. The company operates within federal, state and international taxing jurisdictions and is subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. As a result, the actual income tax liabilities in the jurisdictions with respect to any fiscal year are ultimately determined long after the financial statements have been published.

Accounting rules governing defined benefit pension plans require that amounts recognized in financial statements be determined on an actuarial basis. The measurement of the company’s pension obligations, costs and liabilities is dependent on a variety of assumptions selected by the company and used by the company’s actuaries. These assumptions include estimates of the present value of projected future pension payments to plan participants, taking into consideration the likelihood of potential future events such as demographic experience. The assumptions used in developing the required estimates include the following key factors: discount rates, retirement rates, inflation, expected return on plan assets and mortality rates.

As permitted for purposes of computing pension expense, the company uses a calculated value of plan assets (which is further described below). This allows the effects of the performance of the pension plan’s assets on the company’s computation of pension income or expense to be amortized over future periods. A substantial portion of the company’s pension plan assets relates to its qualified defined benefit plans in the United States.

Funding requirements for its U.S. qualified pension plans are calculated by the plan’s actuaries based on certain assumptions as permitted under current regulations. Changes to the benefit obligation caused by a 25 basis point change noted below are related to the balance sheet obligation and are not necessarily indicative of the impact on the funding liability.

At the end of each year, the company determines the discount rate to be used to calculate the present value of plan liabilities. Inherent in deriving the discount rate are significant assumptions with respect to the timing and magnitude of expected benefit payment obligations. The discount rate is an estimate of the current interest rate at which the pension liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. In estimating this rate, the company looks to rates of return on high-quality, fixed-income investments that (a) receive one of the two highest ratings given by a recognized ratings agency and (b) are currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefits. At December 31, 2023, the company determined this rate to be 5.70% for its U.S. defined benefit pension plans, a decrease of 34 basis points from the rate used at December 31, 2022, and 4.24% for the company’s non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans, a decrease of 56 basis points from the rate used at December 31, 2022. A change of 25 basis points in the U.S. and non-U.S. discount rates causes a change in 2024 pension expense of approximately $500 thousand and $800 thousand, respectively, and a change of approximately $42 million and $48 million, respectively, in the benefit obligation. These estimates are intended to be illustrative based on a single 25 basis point change. The sensitivity to rate changes is not linear and additional changes in rates may result in a different impact on the pension liability. The net effect of changes in the discount rate, as well as the net effect of other changes in actuarial assumptions and experience, has been deferred, as permitted.

A significant element in determining the company’s pension income or expense is the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. The company sets the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term return of the various asset categories in which it invests. The company considers the current expectations for future returns and the actual historical returns of each asset class. Also, because the company’s investment policy is to actively manage certain asset classes where the potential exists to outperform the broader market, the expected returns for those asset classes are adjusted to reflect the expected additional returns. For 2024, the company has assumed that the expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets will be 7.00%, and on the company’s non-U.S. plan assets will be 4.82%. A change of 25 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return for the company’s U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans causes a change of approximately $5 million and $4 million, respectively, in 2024 pension expense. The assumed long-term rate of return on assets is applied to a calculated value of plan assets, which recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets in a systematic manner over four years. This produces the expected return on plan assets that is included in pension income or expense. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred. The net deferral of past asset gains or losses affects the calculated value of plan assets and, ultimately, future pension income or expense. At December 31, 2023, for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plans, the calculated value of plan assets was $2.08 billion and the fair value was $1.82 billion.

Gains and losses are defined as changes in the amount of either the projected benefit obligation or plan assets resulting from experience different from that assumed and from changes in assumptions. Because gains and losses may reflect refinements in estimates as well as real changes in economic values and because some gains in one period may be offset by losses in another and vice versa, the accounting rules do not require recognition of gains and losses as components of net pension expense of the period in which they arise.

At a minimum, amortization of an unrecognized net gain or loss must be included as a component of net pension expense for a year if, as of the beginning of the year, that unrecognized net gain or loss exceeds 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the calculated value of plan assets. If amortization is required, the minimum amortization is that excess above the 10 percent divided by the average remaining life expectancy of the plan participants. For the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plans and the company’s non-U.S. pension plans, that period is approximately 14 and 21 years, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the estimated unrecognized loss for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plans and the company’s non-U.S. pension plans was $1.02 billion and $400 million, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the company recognized consolidated pension expense of $391.3 million (which includes $348.9 million of settlement losses) compared with $47.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For 2024, the company expects to recognize pension expense of approximately $57.7 million. See Note 17, “Employee plans,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The company reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter using data as of September 30 of that year, as well as whenever there are events or changes in circumstances (triggering events), which indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The company initially assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. This qualitative assessment considers all relevant factors specific to the reporting units, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, changes in share price and relevant entity-specific events.

If, after completing the qualitative assessment, the company determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the company proceeds to perform a subsequent quantitative goodwill impairment test. Alternatively, the company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test compares each reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value. If the reporting unit’s fair value exceeds its carrying value, no further procedures are required. However, if a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded in the amount of the excess.

When the company performs the quantitative goodwill impairment test for a reporting unit, it estimates the fair value of the reporting unit using both the income approach and the market approach. The methodology used to determine the fair values using the income and market approaches, as described below, are weighted to determine the fair value for each reporting unit.

The income approach is a forward-looking approach to estimating fair value and relies primarily on internal forecasts. Within the income approach, the method used is the discounted cash flow method. The company starts with a forecast of all expected net cash flows associated with the reporting unit, which includes the application of a terminal value, and then a reporting unit-specific discount rate is applied to arrive at a net present value amount. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include the amount and timing of projected net cash flows, long-term growth rate and the discount rate. Cash flow projections are based on management’s estimates of economic and market conditions, which drive key assumptions of revenue growth rates and operating margins. The discount rate, in turn, is based on various market factors and specific risk characteristics of each reporting unit.

The market approach relies primarily on external information for estimating the fair value. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include the selection of appropriate guideline companies and the selected performance metric used in this approach.

Estimating the fair value of reporting units requires the use of estimates and significant judgments about key assumptions. There are a number of factors, including potential events and changes in circumstances that could change in future periods, including: projected operating results; valuation multiples exhibited by the company and by companies considered comparable to the reporting units; and other macro-economic factors that could impact the discount rate. It is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods, which could have a significant impact on the fair value of the related reporting units.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test for each reporting unit. The quantitative assessment indicated that each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its carrying value, as such no impairment charge was recognized as of December 31, 2023. We estimated the fair value of the reporting units using a combination of discounted cash flows and market-based valuation methodologies as noted above. These methodologies involve significant assumptions that are subject to variability.

Based on the annual impairment analysis performed during the fourth quarter of 2023, all reporting units had a fair value in excess of book value. The reporting units that were closest to impairment were the CA&I and DWS reporting units with fair value in excess of book value, including goodwill, of 10% and 16%, respectively. All other reporting units had a fair value substantially in excess of book value.

The company continuously monitors and evaluates relevant events and circumstances that could unfavorably impact the significant assumptions noted above, including changes to U.S. treasury rates and equity risk premiums, tax rates, recent market valuations from transactions by comparable companies, volatility in the company’s market capitalization, and general industry, market and macro-economic conditions. It is possible that future changes in such circumstances or in the inputs and assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the reporting units, could require the company to record a non-cash impairment charge.

Goodwill by reporting unit at December 31, 2023, was as follows:

The company has exposure to interest rate risk from its debt. In an effort to manage interest rate exposures, the company strives to achieve an acceptable balance between fixed and variable debt positions. As of December 31, 2023, substantially all of the company’s total long-term debt is at a fixed rate and therefore does not expose the company to risk related to rising interest rates. See Note 15, “Debt,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Although at December 31, 2023 the company had no outstanding borrowings under the Amended and Restated ABL Credit Facility, future borrowings, if any, will be subject to variable interest rates.

As of December 31, 2023, the company had outstanding $480.4 million ($485.0 million face value) of 6.875% senior secured notes due 2027 (the 2027 Notes). As the 2027 Notes have a fixed interest rate, the company does not have financial and economic exposure related to rising interest rates with respect to the 2027 Notes. However, the fair value of fixed rate instruments fluctuates when interest rates change. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the 2027 Notes was $437.5 million.

The company is also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks. The company is a net receiver of currencies other than the U.S. dollar and, as such, can benefit from a weaker dollar, and can be adversely affected by a stronger dollar relative to currencies worldwide, primarily the euro and British pound sterling. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates, and in particular a strengthening of the U.S. dollar, may adversely affect consolidated revenue and operating margins as expressed in U.S. dollars. Currency exposure gains and losses are mitigated by purchasing components and incurring expenses in local currencies.

In addition, the company uses derivative financial instruments, primarily foreign exchange forward contracts, to reduce its exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates on intercompany balances. See Note 12, “Financial instruments and concentration of credit risks,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the company’s derivative financial instruments.

The company has performed a sensitivity analysis assuming a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates applied to these derivative financial instruments described above. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the analysis indicated that such market movements would have reduced the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments by approximately $49 million and $54 million, respectively. Based on changes in the timing and amount of interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate movements and the company’s actual exposures and hedges, actual gains and losses in the future may differ from the above analysis.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Unisys Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), equity (deficit), and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

As disclosed in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance related to the Digital Workspace Solutions (“DWS”) reporting unit was $140.8 million as of December 31, 2023. Management evaluates goodwill for impairment annually on October 1st of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment has occurred. We identified the Company’s determination of the fair value of the DWS reporting unit as part of its annual goodwill impairment test as a critical audit matter.

The principal considerations for our determination that the estimation of the fair value of the reporting unit is a critical audit matter are that there are significant judgments required by management when determining the fair value of the reporting unit using the income approach. In particular, the fair value estimate was sensitive to assumptions used to estimate future revenues and cash flows, including revenue growth rates, gross margin, and the discount rate, applied by the Company.

Our audit procedures related to the estimation of the fair value of the reporting unit included the following, among others:

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Unisys Corporation

We have audited the consolidated balance sheet of Unisys Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss), of comprehensive income, of equity (deficit) and of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022 appearing after the signatures page (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 1, 2023

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2020 to 2022.

Recoverability of these costs is subject to various business risks. Quarterly, the company compares the carrying value of these assets with the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by them to determine if there is impairment. If impaired, these assets are reduced to an estimated fair value on a discounted cash flow basis. The company prepares its cash flow estimates based on assumptions that it believes to be reasonable but are also inherently uncertain. Actual future cash flows could differ from these estimates. The gross amount of outsourcing assets totaled $563.4 million and $559.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and related accumulated amortization totaled $531.8 million and $493.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

technologies utilized, estimated economic life and external market factors, such as expected levels of competition, barriers to entry by potential competitors, stability in the market and governmental regulation. The company continually reassesses the estimated revenue-producing lives of the products and any change in the company’s estimate could result in the remaining amortization expense being accelerated or spread out over a longer period. As of December 31, 2023, the company believes that all unamortized costs are fully recoverable. The gross amount of marketable software totaled $2,213.9 million and $2,174.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and related accumulated amortization totaled $2,047.7 million and $2,009.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The company reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter using data as of September 30 of that year, as well as whenever there are events or changes in circumstances (triggering events) that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of one or more reporting units below its respective carrying amount. The company initially assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. This qualitative assessment considers all relevant factors specific to the reporting units, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, changes in share price and relevant entity-specific events.

If the company determines that it is not more likely that the carrying amount for a reporting unit is less than its fair value, then subsequent quantitative goodwill impairment testing is not required. If the company determines that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount for a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, then it proceeds with a subsequent quantitative goodwill impairment test. Under the quantitative test, the company compares the fair value of each of its reporting units to their respective carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, an impairment charge is recognized for the difference. Impaired goodwill is written down to its fair value through a charge to the consolidated statement of income (loss) in the period the impairment is identified.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test for each reporting unit, and estimated the fair value of the reporting units using both the income approach and the market approach.

The income approach incorporates the use of a discounted cash flow method in which the estimated future cash flows and terminal values for each reporting unit are discounted to present value. Cash flow projections are based on management’s estimates of economic and market conditions, which drive key assumptions of revenue growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures and working capital requirements. The discount rate in turn is based on various market factors and specific risk characteristics of each reporting unit.

The market approach estimates fair value by applying performance metric multiples to the reporting unit’s prior and expected operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit.

If the fair value of the reporting unit derived using the income approach is significantly different from the fair value estimate using the market approach, the company reevaluates its assumptions used in the two models. When considering the weighting between the market approach and income approach, the company gives more weighting to the income approach. The higher weighting assigned to the income approach takes into consideration that the guideline companies used in the market approach generally represent larger diversified companies relative to the reporting units and may have different long-term growth prospects, among other factors.

In order to assess the reasonableness of the calculated reporting unit fair values, the company also compares the sum of the reporting units’ fair values to its market capitalization (per share stock price multiplied by shares outstanding) and calculates an implied control premium (the excess of the sum of the reporting units’ fair values over the market capitalization).

The company’s quantitative assessment in the fourth quarter of 2023 indicated that each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its carrying value, as such no impairment charge was recognized as of December 31, 2023. All reporting units had a fair value in excess of book value.

Estimating the fair value of reporting units requires the use of estimates and significant judgments that are based on a number of factors including actual operating results. It is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods, which could have a significant impact on the fair value of the related reporting units.

The company continuously monitors and evaluates relevant events and circumstances that could unfavorably impact the significant assumptions noted above, including changes to U.S. treasury rates and equity risk premiums, tax rates, recent market valuations from transactions by comparable companies, volatility in the company’s market capitalization, and general industry, market and macro-economic conditions. It is possible that future changes in such circumstances or in the inputs and assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the reporting units, could require the company to record a non-cash impairment charge.

Finite-lived intangible assets purchased in a business combination are recorded at fair value and amortized to cost of revenue - technology and selling, general and administrative expense over their estimated useful lives. Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances would indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. An impairment charge would be recognized if the carrying value exceeds fair value in the consolidated statement of income (loss) in the period the impairment is identified.

At December 31 of each year, the company determines the fair value of its retirement benefits plan assets as well as the discount rate to be used to calculate the present value of plan liabilities. Management’s significant assumption used in the determination of the defined benefit pension plan obligations with respect to the U.S. pension plans, is the discount rate. Inherent in deriving the discount rate are significant assumptions with respect to the timing and magnitude of expected benefit payment obligations. The discount rate is an estimate of the interest rate at which the retirement benefits could be effectively settled. In estimating the discount rate, the company looks to rates of return on high-quality, fixed-income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the retirement benefits. The company uses a portfolio of fixed-income securities, which receive at least the second-highest rating given by a recognized ratings agency.

The company records an estimated environmental liability when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable based primarily on the expected costs of pending investigations, current remediation activities, environmental studies and other estimated costs within the identified sites. The company records a claim for recovery from third parties when its realization is probable. Both the liability and claim for recovery are recorded on a non-discounted basis.

Provisions for these matters are difficult to estimate due to unknown environmental conditions, including early stages of investigation in some cases, and changes in governmental laws, regulations and in cleanup technologies. As the company continues to perform investigation activities and if events and circumstances change, the company may incur future additional costs, which could have a material impact on the company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

At contract inception, the company assesses the goods and services promised in a contract with a customer and identifies as a performance obligation each promise to transfer to the customer either: (1) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct or (2) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. The company recognizes revenue only when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer.

The company must apply its judgment to determine the timing of the satisfaction of performance obligations as well as the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations including estimating variable consideration, adjusting the consideration for the effects of the time value of money and assessing whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained.

Revenue from hardware sales is recognized upon the transfer of control to a customer, which is defined as an entity’s ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits of an asset.

Revenue from software licenses is recognized at the inception of either the initial license term or the inception of an extension or renewal to the license term.

Revenue for operating leases is recognized on a monthly basis over the term of the lease and for sales-type leases at the inception of the lease term. Such revenue is not material to the company’s consolidated results of operations.

Revenue from equipment and software maintenance and post-contract support is recognized on a straight-line basis as earned over the terms of the respective contracts. Cost related to such contracts is recognized as incurred.

Revenue and profit under systems integration contracts are recognized over time as the company transfers control of goods or services. The company measures its progress toward satisfaction of its performance obligations using the cost-to-cost method, or when services have been performed, depending on the nature of the project. For contracts accounted for using the cost-to-cost method, revenue and profit recognized in any given accounting period are based on estimates of total projected contract costs. The estimates are continually reevaluated and revised, when necessary, throughout the life of a contract. Any adjustments to revenue and profit resulting from changes in estimates are accounted for in the period of the change in estimate. When estimates indicate that a loss will be incurred on a contract upon completion, a provision for the expected loss is recorded in the period in which the loss becomes evident. Revenue from such contracts is not material to the company’s consolidated results of operations.

In services arrangements, the company typically satisfies the performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time, because the client simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided as the company performs the services. The company’s services are provided on a time-and-materials basis, as a fixed-price contract or as a fixed-price per measure of output contract.

Revenue from time-and-material contracts is recognized on an output basis as labor hours are delivered.

In managed services, application management, business process outsourcing and other cloud-based services arrangements, the arrangement generally consists of a single performance obligation comprised of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer. The company applies a measure of progress (typically time-based) to any fixed consideration and allocates variable consideration to the periods of service, which are typically monthly or quarterly, based on usage. As a result, revenue is recognized over the period the services are provided either on a straight-line basis or on a usage basis, depending on the terms of the arrangement (such as whether the company is standing ready to perform or whether the contract has usage-based metrics). This results in revenue recognition that corresponds with the value to the client of the services transferred to date relative to the remaining services promised.

The company also enters into arrangements that may include any combination of hardware, software or services. For example, a client may purchase an enterprise server that includes operating system software. In addition, the arrangement may include post-contract support for the software and a contract for post-warranty maintenance for service of the hardware. These arrangements consist of multiple performance obligations, with control over hardware and software transferred in one reporting period and the software support and hardware maintenance services performed across multiple reporting periods. In another example, the company may provide desktop managed services to a client on a long-term multiple-year basis and periodically sell hardware and license software products to the client. The services are provided on a continuous basis across multiple reporting periods and control over the hardware and software products occurs in one reporting period.

The company allocates the total transaction price to be earned under an arrangement among the various performance obligations in proportion to their relative standalone selling prices. The standalone selling price for a performance obligation is the price at which the company would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer.

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the company allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using its best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary methods used to estimate standalone selling price are as follows: (1) the expected cost plus margin approach, under which the company forecasts its expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then adds an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service and (2) the percent discount off of list price approach.

In the Digital Workplace Solutions (DWS) and the Cloud, Applications & Infrastructure Solutions (CA&I) segments, substantially all of the company’s performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses and therefore substantially

all of the revenue in these segments is recognized over time. The company generally receives payment for these contracts over time as the performance obligations are satisfied.

In the Enterprise Computing Solutions (ECS) segment, substantially all of the company’s sales of software and hardware are transferred to customers at a single point in time. Revenue on these contracts is recognized when control over the product is transferred to the customer or a software license term begins. The company generally receives payment for these contracts upon signature or within 30 to 60 days.

The company discloses disaggregation of its customer revenue by geographic areas (see Note 20, “Segment information”).

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, contract assets and deferred revenue (contract liabilities).

Revenue excludes taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue producing transaction and collected by the company from a customer (e.g., sales, use and value-added taxes). Revenue includes payments for shipping and handling activities.

The company treats the global intangible low-tax income tax, or GILTI, as a period cost when included in U.S. taxable income, and the base erosion and anti-abuse tax, or BEAT, as a period cost when incurred.

For those international subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies, the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, and as such, nonmonetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates, and monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current exchange rates. Exchange gains and losses arising from remeasurement are included in other (expense), net.

Note 12, “Financial instruments and concentration of credit risks”), long-term debt (see Note 15, “Debt”), and to its postretirement plan assets (see Note 17, “Employee plans”).

On December 14, 2021, the company acquired 100% of CompuGain LLC (CompuGain), a leading cloud solutions provider, for a purchase price consideration of $85.3 million on a cash-free, debt-free basis. The company funded the cash consideration and acquisition-related costs with cash on hand.

During 2022, the company finalized its valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed resulting in measurement period adjustments that decreased goodwill by $27.5 million primarily related to an increase of $27.6 million in the fair value of the acquired intangible assets.

During 2022 and 2021, the company incurred and expensed acquisition-related costs of $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, included within selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income (loss).

The company’s consolidated financial statements include the results of CompuGain commencing as of the acquisition date.

Pro forma information and revenue and operating results of CompuGain have not been presented as the impact is not material to the company’s consolidated financial statements.

On June 3, 2021, the company acquired 100% of Unify Square, Inc. (Unify Square) for a purchase price consideration of $150.4 million on a cash-free, debt-free basis. The company funded the cash consideration and acquisition-related costs with cash on hand.

During 2021, the company incurred and expensed acquisition-related costs of $2.4 million, included within selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income (loss).

The company’s consolidated financial statements include the results of Unify Square commencing as of the acquisition date.

Pro forma information and revenue and operating results of Unify Square have not been presented as the impact is not material to the company’s consolidated financial statements.

The company from time to time initiates cost reduction actions designed to improve operating efficiency, reduce costs and align the company’s workforce and facility structures to its overall business plan.

During 2023, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $9.3 million. The net charges related to workforce reductions were $8.3 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $15.2 million and (b) a credit of $6.9 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded net charges of $1.0 million comprised of charges of $4.7 million primarily related to professional fees and other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts and a credit of $3.7 million for net foreign currency gains related to exiting foreign countries.

During 2022, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $54.9 million. The net charges related to workforce reductions were $7.5 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $7.1 million and (b) a charge of $0.4 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of

$47.4 million comprised of charges of $13.6 million related to held-for-sale assets (see Note 13, “Properties” for further details), $10.9 million for asset impairments, $11.3 million for idle leased facilities costs, $9.3 million for contract exit costs, $2.9 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries and a credit of $0.6 million for changes in estimates related to other cost-reduction efforts.

During 2021, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $23.2 million. The net charges related to workforce reductions were $0.4 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $12.3 million and (b) a credit of $11.9 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $22.8 million comprised of $12.6 million for asset impairments, $6.2 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts and $4.0 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries.

The charges (credits) were recorded in the following statement of income (loss) classifications:

Liabilities and expected future payments related to the company’s workforce reduction actions are as follows:

The company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys to the company the right to control the use of an explicitly or implicitly identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying asset is conveyed to the company if the company obtains the rights to direct the use of and to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from using the underlying asset. The company is the lessee in lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, which the company accounts for as a single lease component for all personal property leases. The company also has lease agreements in which it is the lessor that include lease and non-lease components. For these agreements, the company accounts for these components as a single lease component. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when the expense is incurred.

Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets, other accrued liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Operating lease payments are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Finance leases are included in outsourcing assets, net and long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. Finance lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are initially measured in the same manner as operating leases. Finance lease ROU assets are amortized using the straight-line method. Finance lease liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

The company has not capitalized leases with terms of twelve months or less.

As most of the company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the company uses its incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at the lease commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. The company determines the incremental borrowing rate using the portfolio approach considering lease term and lease currency.

The lease term for all of the company’s leases includes the non-cancelable period of the lease plus any additional periods covered by either a company option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that the company is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease controlled by the lessor.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are comprised of fixed payments, variable payments that depend on index or rate, amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee and the exercise of the company option to purchase the underlying asset, if reasonably certain.

Variable lease payments associated with the company’s leases are recognized when the event, activity, or circumstance in the lease agreement on which those payments are assessed occurs. Variable lease payments are presented as an operating expense in the company’s consolidated results of operations in the same line item as expense arising from fixed lease payments (operating leases) or amortization of the ROU asset (finance leases).

The company monitors for events or changes in circumstances that require a reassessment of its leases. When a reassessment results in the remeasurement of a lease liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the corresponding ROU asset unless doing so would reduce the carrying amount of the ROU asset to an amount less than zero. In that case, the amount of the adjustment that would result in a negative ROU asset balance is recorded in the consolidated statement of income (loss).

The company has commitments under operating leases for certain facilities and equipment used in its operations. The company also has finance leases for equipment. The company’s leases generally have initial lease terms ranging from 1 year to 8 years, most of which include options to extend or renew the leases for up to 5 years, and some of which may include options to terminate the leases within 1 year. Certain lease agreements contain provisions for future rent increases.

ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations are as follows:

For transactions where the company is considered the lessor, revenue for operating leases is recognized on a monthly basis over the term of the lease and for sales-type leases at the inception of the lease term. As of December 31, 2023, receivables under sales-type leases before the allowance for unearned income were collectible as follows:

At December 31, 2023, the company had outstanding standby letters of credit and surety bonds totaling approximately $232 million related to performance and payment guarantees. On the basis of experience with these arrangements, the company believes that any obligations that may arise will not be material. In addition, at December 31, 2023, the company had deposits and collateral of approximately $8 million in other long-term assets, principally related to tax contingencies in Brazil.

Other (expense), net is comprised of the following:

*Includes $348.9 million of settlement losses in 2023 and $499.4 million of settlement losses in 2021 related to the company’s defined benefit pension plans. See Note 17, “Employee plans.”

**Includes (credits) charges of $(3.7) million, $2.9 million and $4.0 million respectively, in 2023, 2022 and 2021 for net foreign currency (gains) losses related to substantial completion of liquidation of foreign subsidiaries.

***Environmental costs relate to previously disposed businesses.

Following is the total loss before income taxes and the provision (benefit) for income taxes.